Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT
Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT
Global Change Abstracts The Swiss Contribution - SCNAT
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<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong><br />
O8.1
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong><br />
August 2007 – January 2008<br />
Published and distributed by:<br />
ProClim-<br />
Forum for Climate and <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong><br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Academy of Sciences<br />
Schwarztorstrasse 9 | CH-3007 Bern<br />
T (+41 31) 328 23 23 | F (+41 31) 328 23 20<br />
proclim@scnat.ch | www.proclim.ch<br />
Editor:<br />
Gabriele Müller-Ferch, ProClimmueller@scnat.ch<br />
Source:<br />
Science Citation Index®<br />
Social Science Citation Index®<br />
Institute for Scientific Information®<br />
Cover Pictures:<br />
Library: Image provided by H. Diaz<br />
Issue: GCA 08.1, May 2008, Bern, Switzerland
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Contents 3<br />
Contents<br />
Concept and Methods 4<br />
Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 5<br />
1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies 37<br />
1.1 Atmosphere 37<br />
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 67<br />
1.3 Soil and Litosphere 113<br />
1.4 Cryosphere 121<br />
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems 126<br />
1.6 Energy Balance 149<br />
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles 151<br />
2 Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s 156<br />
3 Human Dimensions 184<br />
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies 194<br />
5 General Topics 200<br />
Index of Authors 208<br />
Index of Disciplines 229
4 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Methods and Statistic<br />
Concept and Methods<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong><br />
(GCA) is a compendium of abstracts for papers on<br />
the topic of global environmental change. <strong>The</strong><br />
abstracts are written or co-authored by <strong>Swiss</strong> scientists<br />
and other experts working in Switzer land.<br />
<strong>The</strong> papers are published in one of the 6000 journals<br />
covered by the data bases Science Citation<br />
Index® and Social Sciences Citation Index®, which<br />
are compiled by the Institute for Scientific<br />
Information®.<br />
A total of 447 papers that were published during<br />
the period August 2007 – January 2008 are included<br />
in this issue. <strong>The</strong>se papers are classified according<br />
to the following categories, which are also<br />
used to order the abstracts in GCA (refer to the<br />
Table of Contents):<br />
1 Earth system process studies and<br />
methodologie<br />
1.1 Atmosphere<br />
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
1.3 Soil and Lithosphere<br />
1.4 Cryosphere<br />
1.5 Ocean/Fresh Water Systems<br />
1.6 Energy Balance<br />
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
2 Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
3 Human Dimensions<br />
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
5 General Topics<br />
<strong>The</strong> papers are also referenced by an alphabetical<br />
list of authors and by scientific discipline<br />
(as preassigned by the Institute for Scientific<br />
Information®).<br />
We use three different searches to identify the<br />
papers in GCA, namely: (i) a search in both databases<br />
mentioned above for the names of the principal<br />
investigators and their coworkers contained in<br />
the ProClim- Infosystem (about 800 names) or for<br />
projects with Switzer land as a country of origin;<br />
(ii) a search for additional <strong>Swiss</strong> papers that have<br />
been published in a selection of journals chosen<br />
from the Science Citation Index® based on the<br />
themes they cover (using “journal catagory codes”<br />
assigned by the database producer); (iii) a search<br />
in the database Social Sciences Citation Index® for<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> papers in the social sciences that contain<br />
one of over 50 keywords on the topic of global<br />
change. ProClim- staff then scan these selected<br />
papers to determine which are relevant for inclusion<br />
in GCA.<br />
GCA is available as PDF document only and is<br />
distributed by e-mail. Please send your request to<br />
proclim@scnat.ch. As a novelty, hyperlinks to the<br />
full text are included (in blue color, sources of<br />
the articles) whenever possible. So you can easily<br />
find the scientific article on the web by clicking<br />
on the corresponding link in the electronic GCA.<br />
Searching for keywords is also possible.<br />
You can also find all papers published in GCA on<br />
the ProClim- web site at www.proclim.ch/<br />
Publications.html. On this site you will find a<br />
database including all <strong>Swiss</strong> articles of the GCAs.<br />
If you are interested in ordering a copy of a paper<br />
quoted in this issue, you can get further information<br />
in the ProClim- database, for example the<br />
address of the first author. A double click on the<br />
selected article will show you more detailed information<br />
not printed in the following document.<br />
If you think a paper should be published in an<br />
issue of GCA, you can send it to ProClim- and we<br />
will consider including it in a future issue. We<br />
hope that <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
<strong>Contribution</strong> will facilitate the exchange of<br />
information and with it the interdisciplinarity<br />
among the global change research community.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 5<br />
Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1 Earth System Process Studies and Methodologies<br />
Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions<br />
(08.1-1)<br />
Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J, Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M, Baltensperger U<br />
A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium model (UHAERO): organic systems (08.1-2)<br />
Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H<br />
Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals to fiber filters used for aerosol studies (08.1-3)<br />
Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U<br />
Interference of organic signals in highly time resolved nitrate measurements by low mass resolution<br />
aerosol mass spectrometry (08.1-4)<br />
Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O, Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D, Venkatachari P, Hopke P K<br />
Small-scale cloud processes and climate (08.1-5)<br />
Baker M B, Peter T<br />
Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols (08.1-6)<br />
Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H<br />
Entering into the “greenhouse century”: Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are comparable<br />
to the upper temperature quantiles in a greenhouse climate (08.1-7)<br />
Beniston M<br />
Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container:<br />
<strong>The</strong> new CARIBIC system (08.1-8)<br />
Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke H, Friess<br />
U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M, Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M, Martinsson B G,<br />
Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S, Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M,<br />
Randa B, Reichelt M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D, Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D,<br />
Stock P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A, Xueref Remy<br />
I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H<br />
Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century (08.1-9)<br />
Brönnimann S<br />
Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation back to the early 1900s (08.1-10)<br />
Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D<br />
Temporal and spatial temperature variability and change over Spain during 1850-2005 (08.1-11)<br />
Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E, Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A, Lopez D<br />
A concept for a satellite mission to measure cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and cloud altitude<br />
(08.1-12)<br />
Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann U, Emde C, John<br />
V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P<br />
Concentration profiles of particles settling in the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer<br />
(08.1-13)<br />
Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C, Parlange M B<br />
37
6<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> influence of small aerosol particles on the properties of water and ice clouds (08.1-14)<br />
Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly P, Targino<br />
A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U, Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M<br />
Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent satellite and surface observations (08.1-15)<br />
Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M, Kahn R, Ohmura A<br />
Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (08.1-16)<br />
Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J, Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U<br />
Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the NAO and PNA (08.1-17)<br />
Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C<br />
FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport model (08.1-18)<br />
Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M<br />
Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880 (08.1-19)<br />
Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J, Wanner H<br />
Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and<br />
predictability (08.1-20)<br />
Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H, Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H<br />
Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and HDO in the tropical tropopause layer (08.1-21)<br />
Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S<br />
Some factors in the design of a regional prediction model: an examination based upon two MAP<br />
events (08.1-22)<br />
Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C<br />
Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley geo<br />
metry (08.1-23)<br />
Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani B, Dabas A,<br />
Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann T, Häberli C, Häller<br />
Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S, Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G<br />
Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century (08.1-24)<br />
Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke P, Brühl C,<br />
Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R, Gettelman A, Giorgetta M<br />
A, Kinnison D E, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S,<br />
Pitari G, Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B, Stolarski<br />
R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M<br />
Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical features in aircraft measurements and ECMWF<br />
analyses (08.1-25)<br />
Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N<br />
An improved low-flow thermodenuder (08.1-26)<br />
Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H<br />
Dynamics of orographically triggered banded convection in sheared moist orographic flows<br />
(08.1-27)<br />
Fuhrer O, Schär C
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 7<br />
A satellite- and model-based assessment of the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic region<br />
(08.1-28)<br />
Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M<br />
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 1:<br />
Model description and evaluations of air concentrations (08.1-29)<br />
Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T<br />
A global model study of ozone enhancement during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe (08.1-30)<br />
Guerova G, Jones N<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric<br />
surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods and some general results (08.1-31)<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric<br />
surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and related matters (08.1-32)<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric<br />
surface layer. Part 3. Temperature and joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives<br />
(08.1-33)<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B, Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Comparison and synergy of stratospheric ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders and the<br />
ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA (08.1-34)<br />
Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y M, Polyakov<br />
A V, Kyrola E<br />
Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus cloud-resolving scales (08.1-35)<br />
Hohenegger C, Schär C<br />
Predictability and error growth dynamics in cloud-resolving models (08.1-36)<br />
Hohenegger C, Schär C<br />
Upper-tropospheric flow features and the Alps: An overview (08.1-37)<br />
Hoinka K P, Davies H C<br />
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants - Part 2:<br />
<strong>Global</strong> transports and budgets of PCBs (08.1-38)<br />
Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A<br />
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements<br />
(08.1-39)<br />
Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J, Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid I S, Godin<br />
Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F,<br />
Knosp B W, Perun V S, Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B,<br />
Bodeker G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H, Leme<br />
N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J, Parrondos M C,<br />
Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P, Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte P, Vomel H, von der Gathen<br />
P, Yela M, Zablocki G<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of reducing the maximum speed limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km h(-1) on<br />
emissions and peak ozone (08.1-40)<br />
Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R, Prevot A S H
8<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures and total ozone compared to observed <strong>Swiss</strong> time<br />
series (08.1-41)<br />
Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C<br />
<strong>Global</strong> model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation<br />
budget (08.1-42)<br />
Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U<br />
Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road transport<br />
emissions (08.1-43)<br />
Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J, Young D, Stemmler K<br />
A photochemical modeling study of ozone and formaldehyde generation and budget in the Po basin<br />
(08.1-44)<br />
Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C, Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S, Astorga Llorens<br />
C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A<br />
Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM<br />
(08.1-45)<br />
Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S, Röckner E, Zhang J<br />
A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative collection of atmospheric ultrafine particles<br />
for microscopic analysis (08.1-46)<br />
Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B, Burtscher H<br />
Evidence for a modest undercount bias in early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts (08.1-47)<br />
Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U<br />
Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation on surrogates of mineral dust (08.1-48)<br />
Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B<br />
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in a coastal environment (08.1-49)<br />
Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P, Hayden K<br />
Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime Northern Hemisphere: Climatological analyses<br />
of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2 classification (08.1-50)<br />
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C<br />
Comparison between backscatter lidar and radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and nocturnal<br />
stratification in the lower troposphere (08.1-51)<br />
Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H<br />
Counterflow virtual impact or based collection of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds for the<br />
physico-chemical characterization of tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description and first case<br />
study (08.1-52)<br />
Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S, Baltensperger<br />
U, Weingartner E<br />
A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation system for fog prediction (08.1-53)<br />
Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E<br />
Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and leaf gas exchange<br />
in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species (08.1-54)<br />
Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 9<br />
Perturbation of the European free troposphere aerosol by North American forest fire plumes during<br />
the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer 2004 (08.1-55)<br />
Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K, Roiger A,<br />
Schlager H, Weingartner E<br />
Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic-European pressure patterns since 1850 classified by<br />
simulated annealing clustering (08.1-56)<br />
Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R, Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H<br />
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy<br />
assessment with ground-based AERONET measurements (08.1-57)<br />
Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S<br />
Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme: Findings from field experiments and<br />
simulations (08.1-58)<br />
Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B<br />
Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral dust particles (08.1-59)<br />
Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G<br />
A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric ozone column using the residual method (08.1-60)<br />
Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J, Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia P K,<br />
Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J, Bodeker G E, Hansen<br />
G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude<br />
H, Andersen S B, Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi<br />
R, Calpini B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F,<br />
Morris G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on the air quality of Zürich airport (08.1-61)<br />
Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H, Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B<br />
Dewpoint and humidity measurements and trends at the summit of Mount Washington, New<br />
Hampshire, 1935-2004 (08.1-62)<br />
Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J<br />
Assessment of the performance of ECC-ozonesondes under quasi-flight conditions in the environmental<br />
simulation chamber: Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison Experiment<br />
(JOSIE) (08.1-63)<br />
Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J, Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin F J, Northam<br />
T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd I, Posny F<br />
Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into the environment (08.1-64)<br />
Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W<br />
Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate and aggregate - revised international measuring<br />
convention (08.1-65)<br />
Steinle P<br />
Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid aerosol<br />
(08.1-66)<br />
Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J, Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M<br />
Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial water exchange: Integrating land surface models<br />
and Rhone catchment observations (08.1-67)<br />
Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C
10<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Direct assessment of international consistency of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy and<br />
implementation toward metrological traceability network in Asia (08.1-68)<br />
Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y, Kim K R, Lee<br />
M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F, Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H, Zellwegern C,<br />
Klausenn J<br />
<strong>The</strong> influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO (08.1-69)<br />
Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A, Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold M, Stocker T F,<br />
Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J<br />
Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview based on optical depth and in situ observations<br />
(08.1-70)<br />
Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews E, Sharma S,<br />
Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C, Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H,<br />
Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa<br />
M, Zielinski T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T<br />
Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial and the condensed phase in mixed-phase clouds<br />
(08.1-71)<br />
Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K, Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Choularton T,<br />
Baltensperger U<br />
Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates, growth rates,<br />
and yield (08.1-72)<br />
Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G, Hoppel W, Sullivan W<br />
Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation and applications (08.1-73)<br />
Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M<br />
Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen (H-2) from a tunnel study (08.1-74)<br />
Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B<br />
<strong>The</strong> effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free<br />
atmosphere (08.1-75)<br />
Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W<br />
Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected hazardous air pollutants in Seattle (08.1-76)<br />
Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg H H, Liu L J S<br />
Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating environments using a suction thermocouple<br />
apparatus (08.1-77)<br />
Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A<br />
Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia: Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate emission<br />
inventories (08.1-78)<br />
Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van den Bergh H<br />
Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced<br />
Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (08.1-79)<br />
Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D, Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook A 67<br />
M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T, Miyoshi T, Shimono<br />
A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams<br />
P, Bower K, Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 11<br />
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive<br />
success in nearby intensively managed farmland (08.1-80)<br />
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B<br />
Interaction diversity within quantified insect food webs in restored and adjacent intensively managed<br />
meadows (08.1-81)<br />
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B<br />
Sustaining agricultural production and food security in Southern Africa: an improved role for climate<br />
prediction? (08.1-82)<br />
Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K<br />
Importance of ecological compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas<br />
(08.1-83)<br />
Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L<br />
Effects of agri-environmental measures, site and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity of <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
grassland (08.1-84)<br />
Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F<br />
Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic landscapes: <strong>The</strong> role of farming practices and<br />
landscape mosaic (08.1-85)<br />
Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F<br />
Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects productivity and community composition of subalpine<br />
grassland after 3 yr of treatment (08.1-86)<br />
Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J<br />
Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic rates<br />
in the surrounding forests (08.1-87)<br />
Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F<br />
Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the<br />
Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania) (08.1-88)<br />
Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur A, Erhardt A<br />
Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous lichen community of limestone cliffs in the northern<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains (08.1-89)<br />
Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W<br />
Evaluating macrolichens and environmental variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic<br />
microlichens (08.1-90)<br />
Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C<br />
Which species will succesfully track climate change? <strong>The</strong> influence of intraspecific competition and<br />
density dependent dispersal on range shifting dynamics (08.1-91)<br />
Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J<br />
Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains (08.1-92)<br />
Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T<br />
Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368 experiences of the WWF network (08.1-93)<br />
Biksham G<br />
67
12<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Restoration of montane fen meadows by mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of abandonment<br />
(08.1-94)<br />
Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M<br />
Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone - A case study using different dendroecological<br />
approaches (08.1-95)<br />
Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M<br />
Methanol exchange between grassland and the atmosphere (08.1-96)<br />
Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C<br />
A standardized procedure for surveillance and monitoring European habitats and provision of spatial<br />
data (08.1-97)<br />
Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada L, Hofer G,<br />
Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A, Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M, Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes<br />
H, Wrbka T<br />
Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests<br />
(08.1-98)<br />
Bürgi M, Gimmi U<br />
Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings under competition, in an open-top chamber<br />
experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis (08.1-99)<br />
Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R<br />
Comparative typology in six european low-intensity systems of grassland management (08.1-100)<br />
Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon A, Roeder N,<br />
Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A<br />
Identification of priority areas for plant conservation in Madagascar using Red List criteria: rare and<br />
threatened Pandanaceae indicate sites in need of protection (08.1-101)<br />
Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S, Raminosoa<br />
T, Consiglio T K<br />
Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its implications<br />
for revegetation (08.1-102)<br />
Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R<br />
Dynamics of metal tolerant plant communities’ development in mine tailings from the Cartagena-<br />
La Union Mining District (SE Spain) and their interest for further revegetation purposes (08.1-103)<br />
Conesa H M, Garcia G, Faz A, Arnaldos R<br />
Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer<br />
drought (08.1-104)<br />
David T S, Henriques M O, Kurz Besson C, Nunes J, Valente F, Vaz M, Pereira J S, Siegwolf R, Chaves M M, Gazarini<br />
L C, David J S<br />
Impact of <strong>Swiss</strong> agricultural policies on nitrate leaching from arable land (08.1-105)<br />
Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F<br />
Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a rare species: combining evidence from experiments<br />
and long-term monitoring (08.1-106)<br />
Denoth M, Myers J H
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 13<br />
Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities<br />
(08.1-107)<br />
Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M, Hendrickx F,<br />
Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P, Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E, Zobel M<br />
Weak and variable relationships between environmental severity and small-scale co-occurrence in<br />
alpine plant communities (08.1-108)<br />
Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M, Brooker R, Nagy L, <strong>The</strong>urillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze O, Benito J<br />
L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D, Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A,<br />
Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G<br />
Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal concentrations detected in a temperate deciduous<br />
forest a year after an experimental slash-and-burn (08.1-109)<br />
Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I<br />
Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn experiment<br />
in a temperate deciduous forest (08.1-110)<br />
Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I, Schier W, Gerlach R<br />
Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic vegetation (08.1-111)<br />
Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H<br />
Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming<br />
systems under identical crop rotations (08.1-112)<br />
Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M, Fliessbach A<br />
Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance measurements using quantum cascade laser<br />
spectrometery over a <strong>Swiss</strong> forest (08.1-113)<br />
Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A, Buchmann N, Emmenegger L<br />
Improving predictive mapping in <strong>Swiss</strong> mire ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator values<br />
(08.1-114)<br />
Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L<br />
Effects of an extended drought period on grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland (08.1-115)<br />
Feller U, Signarbieux C<br />
Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity following a grazing decrease in a wooded pasture<br />
of the central <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps (08.1-116)<br />
Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F<br />
<strong>Change</strong>s of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought stress and<br />
during recovery (08.1-117)<br />
Galle A, Feller U<br />
Stochastic gene expression in switching environments (08.1-118)<br />
Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H<br />
Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for agricultural land abandonment in the <strong>Swiss</strong> mountains:<br />
a spatial statistical model based on geophysical and socio-economic variables (08.1-119)<br />
Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E<br />
Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem service rationale for conservation (08.1-120)<br />
Ghazoul J<br />
What you see is where you go? Modeling dispersal in mountainous landscapes (08.1-121)<br />
Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V
14<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
A predictive model of the density of airborne insects in agricultural environments (08.1-122)<br />
Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B<br />
Measured microwave radiative transfer properties of a deciduous forest canopy (08.1-123)<br />
Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H<br />
What matters for predicting the occurrences of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics?<br />
(08.1-124)<br />
Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H, Phillips S, Peterson A T<br />
Temporal changes in grazing intensity and herbage quality within a <strong>Swiss</strong> fen meadow (08.1-125)<br />
Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C<br />
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling the results of experimental and observational<br />
studies (08.1-126)<br />
Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley White E,<br />
Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A, Leadley P W, Loreau<br />
M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D, Terry A C, Troumbis A Y<br />
<strong>The</strong> generality of habitat suitability models: A practical test with two insect groups (08.1-127)<br />
Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R, Settele J, Schroeder B<br />
Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes (08.1-128)<br />
Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen K<br />
Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes (08.1-129)<br />
Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W<br />
Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow by pollen in a large continuous and a small isolated<br />
population of the scattered forest tree Sorbus torminalis (08.1-130)<br />
Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck S, Rotach P, Holderegger R<br />
Time series of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure and urban development:<br />
a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg, Germany (08.1-131)<br />
Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller M, Schmidt Lüttman M<br />
Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in the canopy of mature forest trees (08.1-132)<br />
Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C<br />
Identifying the early genetic consequences of habitat degradation in a highly threatened tropical<br />
conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels (08.1-133)<br />
Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B, Ennos R A<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance the negative influence of the exotic tree species<br />
Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the structure and functioning of soil microbial communities in a<br />
sahelian soil (08.1-134)<br />
Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana A, Lepage M,<br />
Duponnois R<br />
Response of net ecosystem productivity of three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9, pg 1128, 2006)<br />
(08.1-135)<br />
Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z<br />
Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment - Part 2: Generic characterization factors<br />
for local species diversity in central Europe (08.1-136)<br />
Köllner T, Scholz R W
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 15<br />
<strong>The</strong> use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research (08.1-137)<br />
Körner C<br />
Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases: <strong>The</strong> Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA-DIVERSITAS<br />
(08.1-138)<br />
Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C, Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J, Speers L, Spehn E M,<br />
Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P, Zbinden N<br />
Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland soils (08.1-139)<br />
Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M<br />
Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures in a mature temperate forest (08.1-140)<br />
Leuzinger S, Körner C<br />
Water savings in mature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO 2 (08.1-141)<br />
Leuzinger S, Körner C<br />
Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root growth<br />
orientation (08.1-142)<br />
Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W<br />
Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment (08.1-143)<br />
Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T, Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H, Graf U, Velimirov<br />
A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U<br />
No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European<br />
Lepidium draba populations (08.1-144)<br />
Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L, Schwarzlaender M<br />
Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid rain on growth and water use efficiency of a young<br />
model forest ecosystem (08.1-145)<br />
Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin R<br />
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of prey from<br />
Switzerland (08.1-146)<br />
Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L, Nägeli H<br />
Effects of experimental lead pollution on the microbial communities associated with Sphagnum<br />
fallax (Bryophyta) (08.1-147)<br />
Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P M, Bernard N<br />
High specificity but contrasting biodiversity of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant communities<br />
in bog ecosystems independent of the geographical region (08.1-148)<br />
Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G<br />
Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife<br />
(Canary Islands) (08.1-149)<br />
Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F<br />
Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP<br />
under drought stress and re- watering (08.1-150)<br />
Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J<br />
Integrating environmental and economic performance to assess modern silvoarable agroforestry in<br />
Europe (08.1-151)<br />
Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W, Herzog F
16<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
<strong>The</strong> odd man out? Might climate explain the lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests relative<br />
to Amazonian rain forests? (08.1-152)<br />
Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J, Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers F, Chatelain C,<br />
Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D, Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka<br />
L A, Leal M E, Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S<br />
M, Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van Valkenburg<br />
J L C H, Wöll H<br />
Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns<br />
observed in natural ecosystems? (08.1-153)<br />
Pautasso M, Parmentier I<br />
Common species determine richness patterns in biodiversity indicator taxa (08.1-154)<br />
Pearman P B, Weber D<br />
Earthworm populations in two low-input cereal farming systems (08.1-155)<br />
Pfiffner L, Luka H<br />
Combining probabilistic land-use change and tree population dynamics modelling to simulate<br />
responses in mountain forests (08.1-156)<br />
Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E<br />
Understanding the low-temperature limitations to forest growth through calibration of a forest<br />
dynamics model with tree-ring data (08.1-157)<br />
Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A, Zimmermann N E<br />
Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally heterogeneous<br />
grassland (08.1-158)<br />
Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A<br />
Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant diversity and species composition in subalpine forest<br />
belt (08.1-159)<br />
Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P<br />
<strong>The</strong> Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology (08.1-160)<br />
Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E, Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A<br />
Detecting the role of individual species for overyielding in experimental grassland communities<br />
composed of potentially dominant species (08.1-161)<br />
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B, Schulze E D<br />
A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic occupancy models (08.1-162)<br />
Royle J A, Kery M<br />
Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation to land<br />
use and natural environment (08.1-163)<br />
Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M, Stöcklin J<br />
Recent decline in precipitation and tree growth in the eastern Mediterranean (08.1-164)<br />
Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C<br />
Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity and ecosystem service hypotheses (08.1-165)<br />
Satake A, Rudel T K
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong> 17<br />
Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat species calls for a reassessment of their conservation<br />
status (08.1-166)<br />
Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R<br />
Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates of population dynamics obtained from limited<br />
data (08.1-167)<br />
Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R<br />
Tree species richness affects litter production and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity<br />
experiment (08.1-168)<br />
Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C<br />
Exploring the functional significance of forest diversity: A new long-term experiment with temperate<br />
tree species (BIOTREE) (08.1-169)<br />
Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher J, Weller E<br />
Patterns of variation of a common fern (Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population structure<br />
along and between altitudinal gradients (08.1-170)<br />
Schneller J, Liebst B<br />
Examining native and exotic species diversity in European riparian forests (08.1-171)<br />
Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M<br />
Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics with hybridization in changing environments<br />
(08.1-172)<br />
Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J<br />
Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper boundaries of open and closed forests in the Polar<br />
Urals in the 20th century (08.1-173)<br />
Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann N E<br />
Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change: a review (08.1-174)<br />
Soussana J F, Lüscher A<br />
Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a changing environment (08.1-175)<br />
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann A, Gonseth Y<br />
Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper species in cultural landscapes (08.1-176)<br />
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P<br />
Floral free fall in the <strong>Swiss</strong> lowlands: environmental determinants of local plant extinction in a<br />
peri-urban landscape (08.1-177)<br />
Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R<br />
Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two swiss upper<br />
montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities (08.1-178)<br />
Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D<br />
An improved canopy integration scheme for a land surface model with prognostic canopy structure<br />
(08.1-179)<br />
Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E<br />
Fitness-related parameters improve presence-only distribution modelling for conservation practice:<br />
<strong>The</strong> case of the red-backed shrike (08.1-180)<br />
Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny P
18<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and anthropogenic activity in the National Park of Pollino<br />
(Basilicata, Southern Italy) (08.1-181)<br />
Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E, Cherubinic P, Saracino A<br />
Regional assessment of climate change impacts on maize productivity and associated production<br />
risk in Switzerland (08.1-182)<br />
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston M, Fuhrer J<br />
Potential effects of changes in mean climate and climate variability on the yield of winter and<br />
spring crops in Switzerland (08.1-183)<br />
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M, Fuhrer J<br />
Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane<br />
emission of dairy cows (08.1-184)<br />
van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H, Kreuzer M<br />
Invasion biology and conservation biology: time to join forces to explore the links between species<br />
traits and extinction risk and invasiveness (08.1-185)<br />
van Kleunen M, Richardson D M<br />
How patch configuration affects the impact of disturbances on metapopulation persistence<br />
(08.1-186)<br />
Vuilleumier S, Wilcox C, Cairns B J, Possingham H P<br />
Prediction of lichen diversity in an UNESCO biosphere reserve - correlation of high resolution<br />
remote sensing data with field samples (08.1-187)<br />
Waser L T, Küchler M, Schwarz M, Ivits E, Stofer S, Scheidegger C<br />
Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-Alpine<br />
dry valley (08.1-188)<br />
Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A<br />
Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen (08.1-189)<br />
Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H, Csencsics D, Scheidegger C<br />
Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field conditions<br />
(08.1-190)<br />
Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T<br />
Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation outbreeding in small populations of a rare plant<br />
(08.1-191)<br />
Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M<br />
Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in southern<br />
Switzerland and northern Italy (08.1-192)<br />
Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula M<br />
Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented<br />
landscape (08.1-193)<br />
Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser U<br />
Remote sensing-based predictors improve distribution models of rare, early successional and broadleaf<br />
tree species in Utah (08.1-194)<br />
Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G, Frescino T S, Blackard J A
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree water relations: interpreting ecophysiological field<br />
data with a hydraulic plant model (08.1-195)<br />
Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J<br />
1.3 Soil and Litosphere<br />
Quantification of soil erosion rates related to ancient Maya deforestation (08.1-196)<br />
Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M, Rosenmeier M F<br />
Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical Zone (08.1-197)<br />
Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks D L<br />
Scale-dependent relationships between soil organic carbon and urease activity (08.1-198)<br />
Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M<br />
Effect of climate and vegetation on soil organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes, imogolite,<br />
kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily) (08.1-199)<br />
Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M, Verel R<br />
Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave (08.1-200)<br />
Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D, Schär C<br />
Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope movement:<br />
the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein) (08.1-201)<br />
Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L, Triguero V<br />
Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated<br />
calcareous soils (08.1-202)<br />
Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of Fe isotope fractionation by plants on the isotopic signature of soils (08.1-203)<br />
Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B, Kretzschmar R<br />
Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest SO 2 emitter in northern Europe (08.1-204)<br />
Koptsik G, Alewell C<br />
Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments<br />
based on microcosm experiments with C-13-labeled contaminants (08.1-205)<br />
Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D<br />
Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech Republic) -<br />
SAFE modeling and field results (08.1-206)<br />
Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J<br />
Elucidating differences in the sorption properties of 10 humic and fulvic acids for polar and nonpolar<br />
organic chemicals (08.1-207)<br />
Niederer C, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U<br />
Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation (08.1-208)<br />
Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T, Wick L Y<br />
New method for in situ characterization of loose material for landslide mapping purpose<br />
(08.1-209)<br />
Pantet A, Parriaux A, <strong>The</strong>lin P<br />
19<br />
113
20 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron contaminated sites (08.1-210)<br />
Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M, Clothier B E<br />
<strong>Change</strong>s in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural<br />
machinery: a morphometric study (08.1-211)<br />
Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R<br />
Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized grassland soils proves difficult in the short term<br />
(08.1-212)<br />
Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson A, Flühler H, Sinaj S<br />
Heavy metal contamination along a soil transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of Kremikovtzi<br />
(Bulgaria) (08.1-213)<br />
Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A, Keller A<br />
Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization on a shallow landslide in the northern <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
(08.1-214)<br />
Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D, Schlunegger F<br />
Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during NAFE’06 (08.1-215)<br />
Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O, Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A<br />
Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and soil respired CO 2 in a temperate grassland labelled<br />
with C-13 (08.1-216)<br />
<strong>The</strong>is D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H, Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W<br />
Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen counter- gradient in an unsaturated porous<br />
medium (08.1-217)<br />
Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J<br />
Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats and their availability to soil microorganisms<br />
(08.1-218)<br />
Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T<br />
Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns<br />
(08.1-219)<br />
Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B<br />
1.4 Cryosphere<br />
ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation results using GLI and MODIS data (08.1-220)<br />
Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A, Stamnes K,<br />
Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F<br />
Current status of Andean glaciers (08.1-221)<br />
Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G, Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C<br />
Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the alpine snowpack before snowmelt (08.1-222)<br />
Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus R, Barbante<br />
C, Cescon P, Boutron C<br />
Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals over the European Alps based on ASTER<br />
data (08.1-223)<br />
Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S, Meister R<br />
121
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence, mechanisms and impacts (08.1-224)<br />
Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M, Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J, Boxe C S, Carver G,<br />
Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D, Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey<br />
L G, Hutterli M, Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J, Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W<br />
R, Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W, Zhu T<br />
Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large areas using shallow water numerical methods and GIS<br />
(08.1-225)<br />
Gruber U, Bartelt P<br />
Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland, using a combined ice-flow mass-balance model<br />
(08.1-226)<br />
Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M<br />
Hazard assessment of potential periglacial debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling and<br />
geophysical field surveys: A case study in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps (08.1-227)<br />
Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W<br />
Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last 40 years<br />
(08.1-228)<br />
Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin S, Maselli D<br />
Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different snow zones in Finland (08.1-229)<br />
Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K, Kulmala M<br />
Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric<br />
monitoring (08.1-230)<br />
Roer I, Nyenhuis M<br />
Influence of different digital terrain models (DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling (08.1-231)<br />
Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M<br />
Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the global environmental fate and long-range transport<br />
potential of semivolatile organic compounds (08.1-232)<br />
Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F, Hungerbühler K<br />
Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc area)<br />
(08.1-233)<br />
Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E, Funk M<br />
Introduction to special section: Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground under a changing climate<br />
(08.1-234)<br />
Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S<br />
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river<br />
network (08.1-235)<br />
Acuna V, Dahm C N<br />
<strong>The</strong> tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements<br />
(08.1-236)<br />
Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N, Andersson P S, Baskaran M<br />
21<br />
126
22 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle transport and lacustrine sedimentation (08.1-237)<br />
Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S, Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M<br />
Flood events overrule fertiliser effects on biomass production and species richness in riverine grasslands<br />
(08.1-238)<br />
Beltman B, Willems J H, Güsewell S<br />
Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across Europe: a meta- analysis (08.1-239)<br />
Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T, Jarvinen M,<br />
Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile D, Teubner K<br />
<strong>The</strong> ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat<br />
(08.1-240)<br />
Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S<br />
Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a south-western<br />
French agricultural landscape (08.1-241)<br />
Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular natural ecosystem threatened by human activities<br />
(08.1-242)<br />
Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J<br />
Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring (08.1-243)<br />
Davidson N C, Finlayson C M<br />
Biodegradation and environmental behavior of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial study<br />
(08.1-244)<br />
Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R K, Arey J S, Reddy C M<br />
Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution and biodegradation of a multi-component, light<br />
nonaqueous-phase liquid (08.1-245)<br />
Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J<br />
Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics along a large Alpine alluvial corridor (Tagliamento<br />
River, Northeast Italy) (08.1-246)<br />
Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R, Tockner K<br />
Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient for modelling river- aquifer interactions (08.1-247)<br />
Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U, Stauffer F<br />
<strong>The</strong> GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated research for sustainable water management (08.1-248)<br />
Drexler C, Tielbörger K<br />
Hydropower production and river rehabilitation: A case study on an alpine river (08.1-249)<br />
Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B<br />
Effects of alpine hydropower operations on primary production in a downstream lake (08.1-250)<br />
Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B, Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A<br />
Comparing effects of oligotrophication and upstream hydropower dams on plankton and productivity<br />
in perialpine lakes (08.1-251)<br />
Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Characterizing water circulation and contaminant transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage<br />
tracer experiments and limnological methods (08.1-252)<br />
Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J<br />
Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated lake traced using noble gases (08.1-253)<br />
Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R<br />
Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for public<br />
health: A review (08.1-254)<br />
Ibelings B W, Chorus I<br />
Effects of upstream hydropower operation and oligotrophication on the light regime of a turbid<br />
peri-alpine lake (08.1-255)<br />
Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A<br />
Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (08.1-256)<br />
Johnson G C, Gruber N<br />
Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera remains and their environment: Implications for climate-change<br />
studies (08.1-257)<br />
Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R<br />
Implementation of a process-based catchment model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized<br />
Himalayan headwater (08.1-258)<br />
Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth S<br />
Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability and productivity in lakes (08.1-259)<br />
Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A, Wüest A<br />
Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera) good bioindicators for ponds? (08.1-260)<br />
Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne J B<br />
Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing bacteria in the Black Sea water column (08.1-261)<br />
Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M<br />
Impacts of environmental change on water resources in the Mt. Kenya region (08.1-262)<br />
Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R, Liniger H P<br />
Influence of temperature and high acetate concentrations on methanogenensis in lake sediment<br />
slurries (08.1-263)<br />
Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A, Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C<br />
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine ponds of the <strong>Swiss</strong> National Park (Cirque of<br />
Macun) and relation to environmental variables (08.1-264)<br />
Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H, Stoll A<br />
Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain<br />
channels (08.1-265)<br />
Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G<br />
Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera (08.1-266)<br />
Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J<br />
Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a warmer climate<br />
(08.1-267)<br />
Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M<br />
23
24 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious plants at Lake Constance: Long-term study<br />
and simulation (08.1-268)<br />
Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E<br />
Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal<br />
patterns, and composition (08.1-269)<br />
Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr<br />
One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium<br />
types in soritid foraminifera (08.1-270)<br />
Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E, Pawlowski J<br />
Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload<br />
impact sensors (08.1-271)<br />
Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W<br />
Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A signature of biological activity (08.1-272)<br />
Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N<br />
Density-dependent life history differences in a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent<br />
and intermittent stream reaches (08.1-273)<br />
Robinson C T, Buser T<br />
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation stream/lake network with an emphasis on the<br />
Chironomidae (08.1-274)<br />
Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B<br />
Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine stream-lake network in Switzerland (08.1-275)<br />
Robinson C T, Matthaei S<br />
Sources and sinks of methane in Lake Baikal: A synthesis of measurements and modeling<br />
(08.1-276)<br />
Schmid M, de Batist M, Granin N G, Kapitanov V A, Mcginnis D F, Mizandrontsev I B, Obzhirov A I, Wüest A<br />
Towards a hydrological classification of European soils: preliminary test of its predictive power for<br />
the base flow index using river discharge data (08.1-277)<br />
Schneider M K, Brunner F, Hollis J M, Stamm C<br />
Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface waters to veterinary medicines in Europe<br />
(08.1-278)<br />
Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K<br />
Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants in<br />
anoxic environments using compound- specific isotope analysis (08.1-279)<br />
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P<br />
Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic<br />
conditions (08.1-280)<br />
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D, Schwarzenbach R P<br />
Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limited-area ensemble prediction system: Selected case studies<br />
(08.1-281)<br />
Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C<br />
Where a springhead becomes a springbrook - a regional zonation of springs (08.1-282)<br />
von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in shallow northern European lakes (08.1-283)<br />
Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P, Noges T,<br />
Straile D<br />
Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake<br />
Victoria (08.1-284)<br />
Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O<br />
Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance of isotope<br />
exchange reactions with ambient water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP Site 1130)<br />
(08.1-285)<br />
Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M, Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K<br />
Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated water resources management (08.1-286)<br />
Yang H, Zehnder A<br />
Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin in china: Statistical model formulation and Bayesian<br />
inference (08.1-287)<br />
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H<br />
Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur River<br />
basin (Switzerland) (08.1-288)<br />
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C<br />
Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa oases region, Tunisia: results of a regional-scale hydrogeologic<br />
approach (08.1-289)<br />
Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S, Kinzelbach W<br />
Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps (08.1-290)<br />
Zappa M, Kan C<br />
Insights into the management of sea turtle internesting area through satellite telemetry (08.1-291)<br />
Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz R<br />
1.6 Energy Balance<br />
Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes<br />
(08.1-292)<br />
Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U<br />
Year-round observation of longwave radiative flux divergence in Greenland (08.1-293)<br />
Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A<br />
Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity at Earth, 1428-2005 (08.1-294)<br />
Mccracken K G, Beer J<br />
Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban area using remote sensing data (08.1-295)<br />
Rigo G, Parlow E<br />
25<br />
149
26 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle (08.1-296)<br />
Gruber N, Galloway J N<br />
Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in soils<br />
and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere (08.1-297)<br />
Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S, Gustafsson O,<br />
Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S, Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday<br />
W C, Smith Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B, Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L,<br />
Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C, Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser K, Rodionov A,<br />
Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E, Ding L<br />
Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage variations in regional climate simulations over Europe<br />
(08.1-298)<br />
Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C<br />
Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model simulations of the land surface water budget and its<br />
components over the GEWEX-CEOP regions (08.1-299)<br />
Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A<br />
Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes<br />
(08.1-300)<br />
Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell B H, Churkina<br />
G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H, Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets Asko, Stauch V J<br />
Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the<br />
ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2)<br />
(08.1-301)<br />
Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K, Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F, Lindsay K,<br />
Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K, Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R,<br />
Slater R D, Weirig M F, Yamanaka Y, Yool A<br />
Experimental assessment of N 2O background fluxes in grassland systems (08.1-302)<br />
Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger L, Zeyer K<br />
Effects of increased soil water availability on grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes (08.1-303)<br />
Risch A C, Frank D A<br />
Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical<br />
Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign (08.1-304)<br />
Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C, Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams J, Eerdekens<br />
G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R, Lelieveld J<br />
Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species (08.1-305)<br />
Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F, Skiba U, Di Marco<br />
C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F, Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher M W, Neftel A, Flechard<br />
C R, Herrmann B, Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas<br />
J, Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T, Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, <strong>The</strong>obald M R, Levy P,<br />
Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S<br />
Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European Alps to changes of climate and land cover (08.1-306)<br />
Zierl B, Bugmann H<br />
151
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
2 Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica (08.1-307)<br />
Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L, Severinghaus J P<br />
Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) (08.1-308)<br />
Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B<br />
Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e: New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece<br />
(08.1-309)<br />
Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R, Kramers J D<br />
Age and significance of former low-altitude corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands (08.1-310)<br />
Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S, Kubik P W<br />
Vegetation history, fire history and lake development recorded for 6300 years by pollen, charcoal,<br />
loss on ignition and chironomids at a small lake in southern Kyrgyzstan (Alay Range, Central Asia)<br />
(08.1-311)<br />
Beer R, Heiri O, Tinner W<br />
Pollen representation in surface samples of the Juniperus, Picea and Juglans forest belts of<br />
Kyrgyzstan, central Asia (08.1-312)<br />
Beer R, Tinner W, Carraro G, Grisa E<br />
Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines that may have formed during the Younger Dryas,<br />
8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age events (08.1-313)<br />
Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R<br />
Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain current patterns of spatial genetic variation in<br />
renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Asteraceae) (08.1-314)<br />
Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J<br />
Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved sediments<br />
of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps) (08.1-315)<br />
Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M<br />
Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in the sediments of a high- altitude <strong>Swiss</strong> lake (08.1-316)<br />
Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M<br />
A European pattern climatology 1766-2000 (08.1-317)<br />
Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher J<br />
Reconstructing recent environmental changes from proglacial lake sediments in the western Alps<br />
(Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes rousses massif, france) (08.1-318)<br />
Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret M, Melieres M A<br />
Long-term interactions between Mediterranean climate, vegetation and fire regime at Lago di<br />
Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy) (08.1-319)<br />
Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W<br />
Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern Switzerland<br />
(08.1-320)<br />
Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P<br />
27<br />
156
28 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a chronology<br />
of deep-sea terrigeneous systems (08.1-321)<br />
Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J, Giraudeau J, Mascle<br />
J<br />
Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal buildups in south Guizhou, China (08.1-322)<br />
Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z Baoliang S<br />
Long-term drought severity variations in Morocco (08.1-323)<br />
Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher J<br />
Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators in southern Europe (08.1-324)<br />
Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W, Lotter A F<br />
Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage<br />
using the deep EPICA ice cores from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica (08.1-325)<br />
Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A, Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi M, Wolff<br />
E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert F, Bigler M, Hansson M,<br />
Jonsell U, de Angelis M, Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P, Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P,<br />
Wagenbach D<br />
Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction<br />
(08.1-326)<br />
Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R<br />
Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific abyss during the last deglaciation (08.1-327)<br />
Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R<br />
Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence for global climatic change in the wake of the end-<br />
Permian biotic crisis (08.1-328)<br />
Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert H, Vigran J O<br />
Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost with Cl-36 (08.1-329)<br />
Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy P A,<br />
Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E<br />
Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean arc: Evidence from CO 2-rich fluid inclusions in<br />
olivines (08.1-330)<br />
Ginibre C, Dungan M A<br />
Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid algae in southern Guizhou, SW China (08.1-331)<br />
Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B, Sun B L<br />
Late Quaternary river development in the southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment from the<br />
Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast Nigeria) (08.1-332)<br />
Gumnior M, Preusser F<br />
Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland (08.1-333)<br />
Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F, Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt M W I,<br />
Cherubini P<br />
Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey island, NE Greenland (08.1-334)<br />
Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C<br />
Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic oceanic circulation of the Tethys: <strong>The</strong> delta C-13<br />
record from marine sections in Iran (08.1-335)<br />
Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L, Spoetl C
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation development<br />
(08.1-336)<br />
Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O<br />
Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination on carbonaceous particles in ice (08.1-337)<br />
Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W, Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M<br />
Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years (08.1-338)<br />
Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola J M,<br />
Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S, Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Raisbeck<br />
G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B, Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T<br />
F, Tison J L, Werner M, Wolff E W<br />
Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn, northeastern<br />
Siberia (08.1-339)<br />
Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U<br />
Unfractionated excess air: <strong>The</strong> result of incomplete dissolution of entrapped air? (08.1-340)<br />
Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R<br />
Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological conditions (08.1-341)<br />
Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R<br />
Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel coupling:<br />
Evidence from inner gorges in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps (08.1-342)<br />
Korup O, Schlunegger F<br />
Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen over Marine Isotopic<br />
Stage 4 (08.1-343)<br />
Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl Jensen D, Johnsen<br />
S<br />
Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications for deglaciation<br />
chronology (08.1-344)<br />
Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V<br />
Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar record?<br />
(08.1-345)<br />
Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W<br />
Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in Sphagnum (08.1-346)<br />
Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O, Robertson I, Gagen M<br />
Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in two<br />
hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland): A plate tectonic trigger? (08.1-347)<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P, Collin P Y, Weissert H<br />
Impact of methane seeps on the local carbon-isotope record: a case study from a Late Jurassic<br />
hemipelagic section (08.1-348)<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H<br />
Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2) and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic): Carbon isotope<br />
and modeling evidence (08.1-349)<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H<br />
New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr (08.1-350)<br />
Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M, Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J<br />
29
30 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland<br />
(08.1-351)<br />
Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer U, Smart P L<br />
Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local and<br />
global implications (08.1-352)<br />
Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B, Peterson L C, Thierstein H R<br />
Grape harvest dates as a proxy for <strong>Swiss</strong> April to August temperature reconstructions back to AD<br />
1480 (08.1-353)<br />
Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher J<br />
Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end<br />
moraine system (eastern Alps) (08.1-354)<br />
Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni G, Wick L<br />
European ammonoid diversity questions the spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the<br />
Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass extinction (08.1-355)<br />
Monnet C, Bucher H<br />
Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2<br />
(08.1-356)<br />
Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D<br />
<strong>The</strong> Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced productivity<br />
and/or better preservation? (08.1-357)<br />
Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D<br />
Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata L.<br />
(Brassicaceae) (08.1-358)<br />
Parisod C, Besnard G<br />
<strong>The</strong> EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice core (08.1-359)<br />
Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S, Jouzel J,<br />
Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Ruth<br />
U, Schwander J, Severi M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R, Waelbroeck C, Wolff E<br />
Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic transition<br />
(08.1-360)<br />
Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H<br />
Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium 10<br />
(08.1-361)<br />
Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F<br />
Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino, Switzerland)<br />
(08.1-362)<br />
Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S, Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M<br />
Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic “snowball” glacial epoch (08.1-363)<br />
Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T<br />
EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, over the<br />
last 150 000 years (08.1-364)<br />
Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T, Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P, Kaufmann P,<br />
Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A, Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R, Wilhelms F, Wolff E
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition in southern South America (Isla Navarino, Chile)<br />
(08.1-365)<br />
Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W<br />
Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature inference and indicator pollen tracking ca. 4,000 years<br />
of climate/land use dependency in the southern Austrian Alps (08.1-366)<br />
Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M<br />
Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature matching<br />
(08.1-367)<br />
Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts P, Wolff E,<br />
Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen J P<br />
A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate from Socotra<br />
Island, Yemen (08.1-368)<br />
Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D, Matter A, Al Subary A<br />
Climate changes and volcanic signals during the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record (08.1-369)<br />
Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E, Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz<br />
Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey)<br />
(08.1-370)<br />
Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V<br />
Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical review of the evidence (08.1-371)<br />
Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F<br />
Signal strength and climate calibration of a European tree-ring isotope network (08.1-372)<br />
Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z, Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N, Filot M,<br />
Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E, Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela Brundin M, Krapiec M,<br />
Leuenberger M, Loader N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S, Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds<br />
Henne C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M, Szychowska<br />
Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S, Weigl M, Schleser G H<br />
Oncoid growth and distribution controlled by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late Oxfordian,<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains) (08.1-373)<br />
Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W<br />
Interactions between climate and vegetation during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and<br />
mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland (08.1-374)<br />
Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R, Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W<br />
Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as monitors of a paleo- hydrological regime in the Dead<br />
Sea basin (08.1-375)<br />
Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M<br />
16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland)<br />
(08.1-376)<br />
Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B<br />
Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica<br />
(08.1-377)<br />
Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D, Steinhage D<br />
Leaf area index for northern and eastern North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a data-model<br />
comparison (08.1-378)<br />
Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O<br />
31
32 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming at hemispheric scales using tree ring data<br />
(08.1-379)<br />
Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J, Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D<br />
Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the<br />
Central Alps of Switzerland (08.1-380)<br />
Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T, Norton K P, Kubik P W<br />
<strong>The</strong> prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction predates a postulated bolide impact (08.1-381)<br />
Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X, Bottjer D J<br />
3 Human Dimensions<br />
Linking extreme climate events and economic impacts: Examples from the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
(08.1-382)<br />
Beniston M<br />
Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated age-related decline in lung function (08.1-383)<br />
Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller R, Kuenzli N,<br />
Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M, Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J, Ackermann Liebrich U<br />
Climate change-related health impacts in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (08.1-384)<br />
Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C<br />
Lasting management of the countryside. <strong>The</strong> lessons that new regional natural parks must take<br />
from the experience of old communities (08.1-385)<br />
Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P<br />
<strong>The</strong> sustainable management of the landscape: the lessons the new regional nature parks must<br />
draw from the experience of the old corporations (08.1-386)<br />
Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P<br />
Recognising the complexities of ecosystem management and the ecosystem service concept<br />
(08.1-387)<br />
Ghazoul J<br />
Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and development (08.1-388)<br />
Grey D, Sadoff C W<br />
Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and twenty-first centuries (08.1-389)<br />
Hoffmann V, Busch T<br />
Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory landscape planning (08.1-390)<br />
Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M<br />
Local learning-networks on energy efficiency in industry - Successful initiative in Germany<br />
(08.1-391)<br />
Jochem E, Gruber E<br />
Objectives of public participation: Which actors should be involved in the decision making for river<br />
restorations? (08.1-392)<br />
Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U<br />
184
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development<br />
assistance (08.1-393)<br />
Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A, Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L<br />
A MERGE model with endogenous technological change and the cost of carbon stabilization<br />
(08.1-394)<br />
Kypreos S<br />
Characterization of source-specific air pollution exposure for a large population-based <strong>Swiss</strong> Cohort<br />
(SAPALDIA) (08.1-395)<br />
Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N, Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C<br />
Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the trans disciplinary research (08.1-396)<br />
Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A<br />
Does climate policy promote development? (08.1-397)<br />
Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K<br />
Climate or development: is ODA diverted from its original purpose? (08.1-398)<br />
Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K<br />
Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a North- and<br />
South-facing altitudinal gradient on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland (08.1-399)<br />
Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair P F, Moret J, Gern L<br />
Integrated assessment of global climate change with learning-by-doing and energy-related research<br />
and development (08.1-400)<br />
Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G<br />
CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in India (08.1-401)<br />
Purohita P, Michaelowa A<br />
<strong>The</strong> economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia (08.1-402)<br />
Restuti D, Michaelowa A<br />
Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on mortality: An analysis within the APHEA project<br />
(08.1-403)<br />
Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R, Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik M, Skorkovsky<br />
J, Katsouyanni K<br />
A synopsis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol and<br />
Marrakech Accords (08.1-404)<br />
Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S, Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J, Fischlin A, Fearnside P,<br />
Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella<br />
L, Moutinho P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z, Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A,<br />
Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines E, Ward M, Yamagata Y<br />
How is climate change perceived in relation to other socioeconomic and environmental threats in<br />
Nairobi, Kenya? (08.1-405)<br />
Shisanya C A, Khayesi M<br />
<strong>The</strong> future of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps: A participatory sustainability assessment of agricultural and landscape<br />
scenarios (08.1-406)<br />
Soliva R<br />
33
34 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Output and abatement effects of allocation readjustment in permit trade (08.1-407)<br />
Sterner T, Müller A<br />
Does the current Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) deliver its sustainable development claim?<br />
An analysis of officially registered CDM projects (08.1-408)<br />
Sutter C, Parreno J C<br />
Technology in climate policy and climate models - Introduction (08.1-409)<br />
Thalmann P<br />
Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere reserves by local residents in Switzerland and Ukraine<br />
(08.1-410)<br />
Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M<br />
<strong>The</strong> concept of sustainable development - consequences for social theory. Research desiderata and a<br />
proposal for a research strategy in social geography (08.1-411)<br />
Zierhofer W<br />
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmo-economic optimization of a solid oxide fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system (08.1-412)<br />
Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D<br />
Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine burners<br />
(08.1-413)<br />
Biagioli F, Güthe F<br />
Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid electric<br />
drivetrain (08.1-414)<br />
Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger S A, Magne P<br />
A, Walser D, Olsommer D<br />
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2. Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by H-2 under<br />
lean conditions (08.1-415)<br />
Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A<br />
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1. Structure, thermal stability and reducibility (08.1-416)<br />
Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R, Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A<br />
Increase of passenger car engine efficiency with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural<br />
gas mixtures: A thermodynamic analysis (08.1-417)<br />
Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C, Boulouchos K<br />
Multi-regional long-term electricity supply scenarios with fusion (08.1-418)<br />
Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D<br />
Carbothermal reduction of alumina: <strong>The</strong>rmochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental<br />
investigation (08.1-419)<br />
Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A<br />
Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate filters: Copper- induced formation of PCDD/Fs<br />
(08.1-420)<br />
Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P, Emmenegger L, Ulrich<br />
A, Wenger D, Petermann J L, Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A<br />
194
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
Towards multi-source multi-product energy systems (08.1-421)<br />
Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson G<br />
An energy management method for the food industry (08.1-422)<br />
Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T, Roux P J<br />
H 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from the ZnO<br />
dissociation (08.1-423)<br />
Müller R, Steinfeld A<br />
Towards an improved architectural quality of building integrated solar thermal systems (BIST)<br />
(08.1-424)<br />
Munari Probst M C , Roecker C<br />
Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability (08.1-425)<br />
Opal C<br />
A methodology for thermo-economic modeling and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell systems<br />
(08.1-426)<br />
Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D<br />
Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor for steam-reforming of methane (08.1-427)<br />
Petrasch J, Steinfeld A<br />
Development steps for parabolic trough solar power technologies with maximum impact on cost<br />
reduction (08.1-428)<br />
Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A, Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O<br />
Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle - Part I (08.1-429)<br />
Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A<br />
Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration—<br />
Part II (08.1-430)<br />
Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A<br />
5 General Topics<br />
What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents<br />
(08.1-431)<br />
Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K<br />
Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on model microorganisms under improved and field SODIS<br />
conditions (08.1-432)<br />
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L, Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte M, Birrer<br />
C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M<br />
Cumulative energy extraction from the natural environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life cycle<br />
impact assessment method for resource accounting (08.1-433)<br />
Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J<br />
<strong>The</strong> environmental relevance of capital goods in life cycle assessments of products and services<br />
(08.1-434)<br />
Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T<br />
35<br />
200
36 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Short List of all <strong>Abstracts</strong><br />
New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies (08.1-435)<br />
Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A, Wacker L, Suter M<br />
Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of metals in life cycle assessment (LCA) (08.1-436)<br />
Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J<br />
Challenges for forestry and forest research - How to promote effective cooperation between science<br />
and practice? (08.1-437)<br />
Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J<br />
Environmental impacts of conventional and sustainable investment funds compared using inputoutput<br />
life-cycle assessment (08.1-438)<br />
Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W<br />
Problem-oriented environmental research: <strong>The</strong> view of geography and landscape ecology on science<br />
and application (08.1-439)<br />
Leser H<br />
Linking models of land use, resources, and economy to simulate the development of mountain<br />
regions (ALPSCAPE) (08.1-440)<br />
Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A, Bebi P<br />
Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles in the environment (08.1-441)<br />
Nowack B, Bucheli T D<br />
Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication industry: A review (08.1-442)<br />
Scharnhorst W<br />
Agricultural decline, landscape change, and outmigration: Debating the sustainability of three scenarios<br />
for a <strong>Swiss</strong> mountain region (08.1-443)<br />
Soliva R<br />
Advances in particle identification in AMS at low energies (08.1-444)<br />
Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M, Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L<br />
MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system (08.1-445)<br />
Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M<br />
Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain erosion to near natural benchmark levels (08.1-446)<br />
Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W<br />
Wooden building products in comparative LCA (08.1-447)<br />
Werner F, Richter K
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 37<br />
1.1 Atmosphere<br />
08.1-1<br />
Identification of the mass spectral signature of<br />
organic aerosols from wood burning emissions<br />
Alfarra M R, Prevot A S H, Szidatt S, Sandradewi J,<br />
Weimer S, Lanz V A, Schreiber D, Mohr M,<br />
Baltensperger U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Throughout the winter months, the village of Roveredo,<br />
Switzerland, frequently experiences strong<br />
temperature inversions that contribute to elevated<br />
levels of particulate matter. Wood is used as<br />
fuel for 75% of the domestic heating installations<br />
in Roveredo, which makes it a suitable location to<br />
study wood burning emissions in the atmosphere<br />
in winter. An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass<br />
spectrometer (Q-AMS) was used to characterize<br />
the composition of the submicrometer, non- refractory<br />
aerosol particles at this location during<br />
two field campaigns in March and December 2005.<br />
Wood burning was found to be a major source of<br />
aerosols at this location in winter. Organics dominated<br />
the composition of the aerosols from this<br />
source, contributing up to 85% of the total AMS<br />
measured mass during the afternoon and evening<br />
hours. Carbonaceous particle analysis showed<br />
that organic carbon composed up to 86% of the<br />
total carbon mass collected at evening times. Results<br />
from C-14 isotope determination revealed<br />
that up to 94% of the organic mass came from<br />
nonfossil sources, which can be attributed mostly<br />
to wood burning. <strong>The</strong> unique combination of offline<br />
C-14 isotope analysis and on-line aerosol mass<br />
spectrometry was used to identify periods during<br />
which organic mass was mainly from wood burning<br />
emissions and allowed for the identification<br />
of the AMS spectral signature of this source in the<br />
atmosphere. <strong>The</strong> identified ambient signature of<br />
wood burning was found to be very similar to the<br />
mass spectral signature obtained during the burning<br />
of chestnut wood samples in a small stove and<br />
also to the spectrum of levoglucosan. Particles<br />
from wood burning appeared to be composed of<br />
highly oxygenated organic compounds, and mass<br />
fragments 60, 73, and 137 have been suggested<br />
as marker fragments for wood burning aerosols.<br />
Mass fragment 44, which is used as a marker for<br />
oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA), contributed<br />
about 5% to the total organic signal from primary<br />
wood burning sources, <strong>The</strong> ratio of the organic<br />
mass emitted from wood burning to m/z 60 in<br />
Roveredo is 36. This ratio may be used to provide<br />
an estimate of the organic aerosol mass emitted<br />
from wood burning in other locations.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N16, AUG 15, pp 5770-5777.<br />
08.1-2<br />
A new atmospheric aerosol phase equilibrium<br />
model (UHAERO): organic systems<br />
Amundson N R, Caboussat A, He J W, Martynenko<br />
A V, Landry C, Tong C, Seinfeld J H<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
In atmospheric aerosols, water and volatile inorganic<br />
and organic species are distributed between<br />
the gas and aerosol phases in accordance with<br />
thermodynamic equilibrium. Within an atmospheric<br />
particle, liquid and solid phases can exist<br />
at equilibrium. Models exist for computation of<br />
phase equilibria for inorganic/water mixtures typical<br />
of atmospheric aerosols; when organic species<br />
are present, the phase equilibrium problem is<br />
complicated by organic /water interactions as well<br />
as the potentially large number of organic species.<br />
We present here an extension of the UHAERO inorganic<br />
thermodynamic model (Amundson et al.,<br />
2006c) to organic/water systems. Phase diagrams<br />
for a number of model organic/water systems<br />
characteristic of both primary and secondary<br />
organic aerosols are computed. Also calculated<br />
are inorganic/organic/water phase diagrams that<br />
show the effect of organics on inorganic deliquescence<br />
behavior. <strong>The</strong> effect of the choice of activity<br />
coefficient model for organics on the computed<br />
phase equilibria is explored.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N17, pp 4675-4698.<br />
08.1-3<br />
Equilibrium sorption of gaseous organic chemicals<br />
to fiber filters used for aerosol studies<br />
Arp H P H, Schwarzenbach R P, Goss K U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Engineering<br />
Fiber filters commonly used to collect aerosols<br />
for various analyses also collect gaseous organic<br />
chemicals during sampling. <strong>The</strong>se sorbed chemicals<br />
can lead to serious artifacts, particularly<br />
when analyzing aerosols for organic compounds<br />
and organic carbonaceous material. To date, this<br />
sorption process has only been looked at for a few<br />
types of filters and compound classes. This work<br />
presents a comprehensive study of this sorption<br />
process for various, widely used fiber filters and a<br />
broad variety of compound classes. Furthermore,<br />
important factors have been investigated, including<br />
relative humidity, temperature, baking and<br />
exposure to ambient air during sampling. From<br />
these data, poly-parameter linear-free energy relationships<br />
were derived that allow for estimations<br />
of sorption constants of gaseous organic<br />
compounds on different filter types. Based on the<br />
results, recommendations are provided to help
38<br />
predict, minimize and ensure reproducibility of<br />
artifacts caused by gaseous organic compounds<br />
sorbing to fiber filters..<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC,<br />
pp 8241-8252.<br />
08.1-4<br />
Interference of organic signals in highly time<br />
resolved nitrate measurements by low mass<br />
resolution aerosol mass spectrometry<br />
Bae M S, Schwab F J, Zhang Q, Hogrefe O,<br />
Demerjian K L, Weimer A, Rhoads K, Orsini D,<br />
Venkatachari P, Hopke P K<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Urban Studies<br />
Highly time resolved measurements of nitrate in<br />
ambient aerosols were conducted by an Aerodyne<br />
Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS<br />
or simply AMS) and a particle-into-liquid sampler<br />
(PILS) coupled to ion chromatography from field<br />
intensives at two sites: an urban site in New York<br />
City (Queens College; QC) for wintertime (22 January<br />
to 5 February 2004) and a rural site in southwestern<br />
New York state (Pinnacle State Park; PSP)<br />
for summertime (18 July to 6 August 2004). In this<br />
study, we report that in rural atmospheres the<br />
inorganic nitrate signal from Q-AMS may contain<br />
significant interferences from organic signals.<br />
Analysis of the QC data indicates a good agreement<br />
between the PILS-nitrate and AMS-nitrate<br />
measurements (R-2 = 0.94; linear regression slope<br />
= 1.05). In addition, the m/z 30 and m/z 46 (two<br />
dominant ion fragments in nitrate mass spectrum)<br />
signals tightly correlate at QC (R-2 = 0.98)<br />
and have an average ratio similar to that determined<br />
in the laboratory for NH 4NO 3 (m/z 30/m/z<br />
46 = 2.4). In contrast, at the PSP site the correlation<br />
between PILS- and AMS- nitrate was poor<br />
(R-2 = 0.34), the AMS reported nitrate values were<br />
substantially higher, and the m/z 30 to m/z 46 ratios<br />
were generally much larger than 2.4. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
observations, together with evaluations by aerosol<br />
phase ion balance, indicate that the AMS m/z<br />
30 signals at PSP have been strongly influenced<br />
by organic compounds that also produce signals<br />
at m/z 30, e. g., organic nitrates (NO+), oxygenated<br />
organics (CH 2O+), hydrocarbon-like organics<br />
(C2H6+), and nitrogen- containing organic compounds<br />
(CH 4N+).<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 24 ARTN: D22305.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
08.1-5<br />
Small-scale cloud processes and climate<br />
Baker M B, Peter T<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Clouds constitute the largest single source of<br />
uncertainty in climate prediction. A better understanding<br />
of small- scale cloud processes could<br />
shed light on the role of clouds in the climate system.<br />
Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 299-300.<br />
08.1-6<br />
Chemical analysis of atmospheric aerosols<br />
Baltensperger U, Prevot A S H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Urban Studies<br />
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2008, V390,<br />
N1, JAN, pp 277-280.<br />
08.1-7<br />
Entering into the “greenhouse century”:<br />
Recent record temperatures in Switzerland are<br />
comparable to the upper temperature quantiles<br />
in a greenhouse climate<br />
Beniston M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
This paper investigates the recent spate of recordbreaking<br />
warm seasons that have affected Switzerland<br />
in less than a decade and compares the<br />
seasonal statistics to those simulated for a ‘’greenhouse-gas’’<br />
climate by the end of the 21st century.<br />
<strong>The</strong> peaks of minimum and maximum temperatures<br />
observed during some the record seasons<br />
enter well into the 25%-75% temperature quantile<br />
range for the scenario climate simulated by a<br />
set of regional climate models. <strong>The</strong> anomalously<br />
warm seasons allow a ‘’preview’’ of conditions<br />
that may occur with greater frequency in the future.<br />
<strong>The</strong> use of current data as a form of proxy<br />
for the future enables an assessment of the possible<br />
impacts on the natural and socio-economic<br />
environments, and can help in considering possible<br />
adaptation strategies to reduce some of the<br />
associated risks of climatic change.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16,<br />
AUG 30 ARTN: L16710.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 39<br />
08.1-8<br />
Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of<br />
the atmosphere based on an instrumented<br />
container: <strong>The</strong> new CARIBIC system<br />
Brenninkmeijer C A M, Crutzen P, Boumard F, Dauer<br />
T, Dix B, Ebinghaus R, Filippi D, Fischer H, Franke<br />
H, Friess U, Heintzenberg J, Helleis F, Hermann M,<br />
Kock H H, Koeppel C, Lelieveld J, Leuenberger M,<br />
Martinsson B G, Miemczyk S, Moret H P, Nguyen<br />
H N, Nyfeler P, Oram D, Osullivan D, Penkett S,<br />
Platt U, Pupek M, Ramonet M, Randa B, Reichelt<br />
M, Rhee T S, Rohwer J, Rosenfeld K, Scharffe D,<br />
Schlager H, Schumann U, Slemr F, Sprung D, Stock<br />
P, Thaler R, Valentino F, van Velthoven P, Waibel<br />
A, Wandel A, Waschitschek K, Wiedensohler A,<br />
Xueref Remy I, Zahn A, Zech U, Ziereis H<br />
Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, England,<br />
Netherlands<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
An airfreight container with automated instruments<br />
for measurement of atmospheric gases and<br />
trace compounds was operated on a monthly basis<br />
onboard a Boeing 767-300 ER of LTU International<br />
Airways during long- distance flights from 1997<br />
to 2002 (CARIBIC, Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation<br />
of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument<br />
Container, http://www.caribic-atmospheric.<br />
com). Subsequently a more advanced system has<br />
been developed, using a larger capacity container<br />
with additional equipment and an improved inlet<br />
system. CARIBIC phase #2 was implemented on<br />
a new long-range aircraft type Airbus A340-600<br />
of the Lufthansa German Airlines (Star Alliance)<br />
in December 2004, creating a powerful flying<br />
observatory. <strong>The</strong> instrument package comprises<br />
detectors for the measurement of O-3, total and<br />
gaseous H 2O, NO and NOy, CO, CO 2, O-2, Hg, and<br />
number concentrations of sub- micrometer particles<br />
(>4 nm, >12 nm, and >18 nm diameter). Furthermore,<br />
an optical particle counter (OPC) and<br />
a proton transfer mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) are<br />
incorporated. Aerosol samples are collected for<br />
analysis of elemental composition and particle<br />
morphology after flight. Air samples are taken<br />
in glass containers for laboratory analyses of hydrocarbons,<br />
halocarbons and greenhouse gases<br />
(including isotopic composition of CO 2) in several<br />
laboratories. Absorption tubes collect oxygenated<br />
volatile organic compounds. Three differential optical<br />
absorption spectrometers (DOAS) with their<br />
telescopes mounted in the inlet system measure<br />
atmospheric trace gases such as BrO, HONO, and<br />
NO 2. A video camera mounted in the inlet provides<br />
information about clouds along the flight<br />
track. <strong>The</strong> flying observatory, its equipment and<br />
examples of measurement results are reported.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N18, pp 4953-4976.<br />
08.1-9<br />
Fires and climate linked in nineteenth century<br />
Brönnimann S<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , History ,<br />
Multidisciplinary Sciences<br />
Nature, 2007, V448, N7157, AUG 30, p 992.<br />
08.1-10<br />
Reconstructing the quasi-biennial oscillation<br />
back to the early 1900s<br />
Brönnimann S, Annis J L, Vogler C, Jones P D<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is important<br />
for understanding the dynamical and chemical<br />
variability of the global stratosphere. Currently<br />
available wind data from the equatorial stratosphere<br />
extend back to 1953. Here we present reconstructions<br />
of the QBO extending back to 1900<br />
that can be used to constrain climate model simulations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> reconstructions are based on historical<br />
pilot balloon data as well as hourly sea-level<br />
pressure (SLP) data from Jakarta, Indonesia. <strong>The</strong><br />
latter were used to extract the signal of the solar<br />
semi-diurnal tide in the middle atmosphere,<br />
which is modulated by the QBO. <strong>The</strong> reconstructions<br />
are in good agreement with the QBO signal<br />
extracted from historical total ozone data extending<br />
back to 1924. Further analyses suggest that<br />
the maximum phases of the QBO are captured<br />
relatively well after about 1910.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N22,<br />
NOV 20 ARTN: L22805.<br />
08.1-11<br />
Temporal and spatial temperature variability<br />
and change over Spain during 1850-2005<br />
Brunet M, Jones P D, Sigro J, Saladie O, Aguilar E,<br />
Moberg A, Della Marta P M, Lister D, Walther A,<br />
Lopez D<br />
Spain, England, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) We analyze temporal and spatial patterns of<br />
temperature change over Spain during the period<br />
1850 - 2005, using daily maximum (T-max) , minimum<br />
(T-min), and mean (T-mean) temperatures<br />
from the 22 longest and most reliable Spanish records.<br />
Over mainland Spain, a significant (at 0.01<br />
level) warming of 0.10 degrees C/decade is found<br />
for the annual average of T-mean. Autumn and<br />
winter contributed slightly more than spring and
40<br />
summer to the annual warming over the 1850 -<br />
2005 period. <strong>The</strong> overall warming is also associated<br />
with higher rates of change for T-max than<br />
T-min (0.11 degrees versus 0.08 degrees C /decade<br />
for 1850 - 2005). This asymmetric diurnal warming<br />
increased in the twentieth century (0.17 degrees<br />
versus 0.09 degrees C/decade during 1901<br />
- 2005). Nevertheless, at many (few) individual stations,<br />
the difference between T-max and T-min is<br />
not statistically significant over 1850 - 2005 (1901<br />
- 2005). Principal Component Analysis has been<br />
carried out to identify spatial modes of Spanish<br />
long-term temperature variability (1901 - 2005).<br />
Three principal spatial patterns are found, Northern<br />
Spain, Southeastern and Eastern Spain, and<br />
Southwestern Spain. All three patterns show<br />
similar significant warming trends. <strong>The</strong> overall<br />
warming has been more associated with reductions<br />
in cold extremes, as opposed to increases in<br />
warm extremes. Estimated trends in the number<br />
of moderately extreme cold days (T-max < 10th<br />
percentile) and moderately extreme cold nights<br />
(T-min < 10th percentile) show significant reductions<br />
of 0.74 and 0.54 days/decade, respectively,<br />
over 1850 - 2005. Moderately extreme warm days<br />
and nights (T-max and T-min > 90th percentile) increased<br />
significantly but at lower rates of 0.53 and<br />
0.49 days /decade.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND12, JUN 30 ARTN: D12117.<br />
08.1-12<br />
A concept for a satellite mission to measure<br />
cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and<br />
cloud altitude<br />
Bühler S A, Jimenez C, Evans K F, Eriksson P, Rydberg<br />
B, Heymsfield A J, Stubenrauch C J, Lohmann<br />
U, Emde C, John V O, Sreerekha T R, Davis C P<br />
Sweden, USA, France, Switzerland, Germany, England,<br />
Scotland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A passive satellite radiometer operating at submillimetre<br />
wavelengths can measure cloud ice<br />
water path (IWP), ice particle size, and cloud altitude.<br />
<strong>The</strong> paper first discusses the scientific background<br />
for such measurements. Formal scientific<br />
mission requirements are derived, based on this<br />
background and earlier assessments. <strong>The</strong> paper<br />
then presents a comprehensive prototype instrument<br />
and mission concept, and demonstrates<br />
that it meets the requirements. <strong>The</strong> instrument is<br />
a conically scanning 12-channel radiometer with<br />
channels between 183 and 664 GHz, proposed to<br />
fly in tandem with one of the Metop satellites. It<br />
can measure IWP with a relative accuracy of approximately<br />
20% and a detection threshold of ap-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
proximately 2 g m (-2). <strong>The</strong> median mass equivalent<br />
sphere diameter of the ice particles can be<br />
measured with an accuracy of approximately 30<br />
µm, and the median IWP cloud altitude can be<br />
measured with an accuracy of approximately 300<br />
m. All the above accuracies are median absolute<br />
error values; root mean square error values are approximately<br />
twice as high, due to rare outliers.<br />
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,<br />
2007, V133, OCT, S2, pp 109-128.<br />
08.1-13<br />
Concentration profiles of particles settling in<br />
the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary<br />
layer<br />
Chamecki M, van Hout R, Meneveau C,<br />
Parlange M B<br />
USA, Israel, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant<br />
Sciences , Forestry<br />
An expression for the vertical equilibrium concentration<br />
profile of heavy particles, including the effects<br />
of canopy on the eddy diffusivity as well as<br />
corrections for atmospheric stability, is proposed.<br />
This expression is validated against measurements<br />
of vertical concentration profiles of corn<br />
pollen above a corn field. <strong>The</strong> fitted theoretical<br />
profiles show that particle settling is correctly<br />
accounted for. <strong>The</strong> sensitivity to variations in the<br />
turbulent Schmidt number, settling velocity and<br />
stability corrections are explicitly characterized.<br />
<strong>The</strong> importance of independent measurements of<br />
the surface flux of pollen in future experiments<br />
is noted.<br />
Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N1,<br />
OCT, pp 25-38.<br />
08.1-14<br />
<strong>The</strong> influence of small aerosol particles on the<br />
properties of water and ice clouds<br />
Choularton T, Bower K N, Weingartner E, Crawford<br />
I, Coe H, Gallagher M W, Flynn M, Crosier J, Connolly<br />
P, Targino A, Alfarra M R, Baltensperger U,<br />
Sjogren S, Verheggen B, Cozic J, Gysel M<br />
England, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
In this paper, results are presented of the in. uence<br />
of small organic- and soot- containing particles on<br />
the formation of water and ice clouds. <strong>The</strong>re is<br />
strong evidence that these particles have grown<br />
from nano particle seeds produced by the combustion<br />
of oil products. Two series ofield experiments<br />
are selected to represent the observations made.<br />
<strong>The</strong>. first is the CLoud Aerosol Characterisation<br />
Experiment (CLACE) series of experiments performed<br />
at a high Alpine site (Jungfraujoch), where
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 41<br />
cloud was in contact with the ground and the<br />
measuring station. Both water and ice clouds were<br />
examined at different times of the year. <strong>The</strong> second<br />
series of experiments is the CLOud Processing<br />
of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and<br />
sea (CLOPAP) series, where ageing pollution aerosol<br />
from UK cities was observed, from an airborne<br />
platform, to interact with warm stratocumulus<br />
cloud in a cloud- capped atmospheric boundary<br />
layer. Combining the results it is shown that aged<br />
pollution aerosol consists of an internal mixture<br />
of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, the<br />
organic component is dominated by highly oxidized<br />
secondary material. <strong>The</strong> relative contributions<br />
and absolute loadings of the components<br />
vary with location and season. However, these<br />
aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)<br />
and much of the organic material, along with the<br />
other species, is incorporated into cloud droplets.<br />
In ice and mixed phase cloud, it is observed that<br />
very sharp transitions (extending over just a few<br />
metres) are present between highly glaciated regions<br />
and regions consisting of supercooled water.<br />
This is a unique. finding; however, aircraft<br />
observations in cumulus suggest that this kind of<br />
structure may be found in these cloud types too. It<br />
is suggested that this sharp transition is caused by<br />
ice nucleation initiated by oxidised organic aerosol<br />
coated with sulfate in more polluted regions<br />
of cloud, sometimes enhanced by secondary ice<br />
particle production in these regions.<br />
Faraday Discussions, 2008, V137, pp 205-222.<br />
08.1-15<br />
Limits on climate sensitivity derived from recent<br />
satellite and surface observations<br />
Chylek P, Lohmann U, Dubey M, Mishchenko M,<br />
Kahn R, Ohmura A<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
An analysis of satellite and surface measurements<br />
of aerosol optical depth suggests that global average<br />
of aerosol optical depth has been recently<br />
decreasing at the rate of around 0.0014/a. This<br />
decrease is nonuniform with the fastest decrease<br />
observed over the United States and Europe. <strong>The</strong><br />
observed rate of decreasing aerosol optical depth<br />
produces the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing<br />
that is comparable to forcing due to the current<br />
rate of increasing atmospheric concentration<br />
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.<br />
Consequently, both increasing atmospheric concentration<br />
of greenhouse gases and decreasing<br />
loading of atmospheric aerosols are major contributors<br />
to the top-of-atmosphere radiative forc-<br />
ing. We find that the climate sensitivity is reduced<br />
by at least a factor of 2 when direct and indirect<br />
effects of decreasing aerosols are included, compared<br />
to the case where the radiative forcing is<br />
ascribed only to increases in atmospheric concentrations<br />
of carbon dioxide. We find the empirical<br />
climate sensitivity to be between 0.29 and 0.48 K/<br />
Wm(-2) when aerosol direct and indirect radiative<br />
forcing is included.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 13 ARTN: D24S04.<br />
08.1-16<br />
Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables<br />
at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch<br />
Collaud Coen M, Weingartner E, Nyeki S, Cozic J,<br />
Henning S, Verheggen B, Gehrig R, Baltensperger U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
This study reports the first long-term trend analysis<br />
of aerosol optical measurements at the highalpine<br />
site Jungfraujoch, which started 10.5 years<br />
ago. Since the aerosol variables are approximately<br />
lognormally distributed, the seasonal Kendall test<br />
and Sen’s slope estimator were applied as nonparametric<br />
methods to detect the long- term trends for<br />
each month. <strong>The</strong> yearly trend was estimated by a<br />
least-mean-square fit, and the number of years<br />
necessary to detect this trend was calculated. <strong>The</strong><br />
most significant trend is the increase (4-7% yr(-1))<br />
in light-scattering coefficients during the September<br />
to December period. <strong>The</strong> light absorption and<br />
backscattering coefficients and the aerosol number<br />
concentration also show a positive trend during<br />
this time of the year. <strong>The</strong> hemispheric backscattering<br />
fraction and the scattering exponent<br />
calculated with the smaller wavelengths (450 and<br />
550 nm), which relate to the small aerosol size<br />
fraction, decrease except during the summer,<br />
whereas the scattering exponent calculated with<br />
the larger wavelengths (550 and 700 nm) remains<br />
constant. Generally, the summer months at the<br />
Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by<br />
planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show<br />
any long-term trend. <strong>The</strong> trends determined by<br />
least-mean-square fits of the scattering and backscattering<br />
coefficients, the hemispheric backscattering<br />
fractions, and the scattering exponent are<br />
significant, and the number of years necessary<br />
to detect them is shorter than 10 years. For these<br />
variables, the trends and the slopes estimated by<br />
the seasonal Kendall test are therefore confirmed<br />
by the least-mean- square fit results.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND13, JUL 13 ARTN: D13213.
42<br />
08.1-17<br />
Atmospheric blocking: space-time links to the<br />
NAO and PNA<br />
Croci Maspoli M, Schwierz C, Davies H C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Oceanography<br />
In the Northern hemisphere, regions characterized<br />
by an enhanced frequency of atmospheric<br />
blocking overlap significantly with those associated<br />
with the major extra-tropical patterns of largescale<br />
climate variability-namely the North Atlantic<br />
Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific North American<br />
(PNA) pattern. <strong>The</strong>re is likewise an overlap in the<br />
temporal band-width of blocks and these-climate<br />
patterns. Here the nature of the linkage between<br />
blocks and the climate patterns is explored by using<br />
the ERA-40 re-analysis data set to examine (1)<br />
their temporal and spatial correlation and (2) the<br />
interrelationship between blocks and the NAO/<br />
PNA. It is shown that a strong anti-correlation exists<br />
between blocking occurrence and the phase<br />
of the NAO (PNA) in the North Atlantic (western<br />
North Pacific), and that there are distinctive interbasin<br />
differences with a clear geographical (over<br />
North Atlantic) and quantitative (over North Pacific)<br />
separation of typical blocking genesis/lysis<br />
regions during the opposing phases of the climate<br />
patterns. An Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)<br />
analysis points to a significant influence of blocking<br />
upon the NAO pattern (identifiable as the<br />
leading EOF in the Euro- Atlantic), and a temporal<br />
analysis indicates that long-lasting blocks are associated<br />
with the development of negative NAO/<br />
PNA index values throughout their life-time. In<br />
addition an indication of a cause-and effect relationship<br />
is set-out for the North Atlantic linkage.<br />
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp<br />
713-725.<br />
08.1-18<br />
FinROSE - middle atmospheric chemistry transport<br />
model<br />
Damski J, Thlix L, Backman L, Taalas P, Kulmala M<br />
Finland, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
In this paper we describe the development and<br />
performance of a three- dimensional global middle<br />
atmospheric chemistry transport model Fin<br />
ROSE. <strong>The</strong> FinROSE chemistry transport model<br />
includes a numerical scheme for stratospheric<br />
chemistry with parameterizations for heterogeneous<br />
processing on polar stratospheric clouds<br />
(PSC) and on liquid binary aerosols together with<br />
a parameterisation of large nitric acid trihydrate<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
particles (i.e. NAT-rocks) and PSC sedimentation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> total number of trace species in the model is<br />
34 and the total number of gas-phase reactions,<br />
photodissociation processes and heterogeneous<br />
reactions is about 150. <strong>The</strong> model is forced by external<br />
wind and temperature fields. <strong>The</strong> simulations<br />
are normally performed in a 5 degrees x 10<br />
degrees (lat. x long.) grid from the surface up to<br />
around 0.1 hPa, with a vertical resolution of ca.<br />
1.5 km in the stratosphere. Long-term simulations<br />
(40 to 50 years) have been done using winds and<br />
temperatures from ECMWF ERA40 analyses. <strong>The</strong><br />
performance of the model in describing the stratospheric<br />
composition and chemistry is shown and<br />
evaluated in this paper. In general, the FinROSE<br />
results show a good comparison with measured<br />
total ozone. Also the timing, the depth and the<br />
deepening of the Antarctic ozone hole, and the<br />
responsible processes are captured well in the<br />
model simulations.<br />
Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N5, OCT<br />
24, pp 535-550.<br />
08.1-19<br />
Doubled length of western European summer<br />
heat waves since 1880<br />
Della Marta P M, Haylock M R, Luterbacher J,<br />
Wanner H<br />
Switzerland, Australia, England<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) We analyzed a new data set of 54 high-quality<br />
homogenized daily maximum temperature series<br />
from western Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia,<br />
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,<br />
Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,<br />
Switzerland, United Kingdom) to define more<br />
accurately the change in extreme warm Daily<br />
Summer Maximum Temperature (DSMT). Results<br />
from the daily temperature homogeneity analysis<br />
suggest that many instrumental measurements in<br />
the late 19th and early 20th centuries were warm-<br />
biased. Correcting for these biases, over the period<br />
1880 to 2005 the length of summer heat waves over<br />
western Europe has doubled and the frequency of<br />
hot days has almost tripled. <strong>The</strong> DSMT Probability<br />
Density Function (PDF) shows significant changes<br />
in the mean (+ 1.6 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and variance<br />
(+ 6 +/- 2%). <strong>The</strong>se conclusions help further the evidence<br />
that western Europe’s climate has become<br />
more extreme than previously thought and that<br />
the hypothesized increase in variance of future<br />
summer temperature has indeed been a reality<br />
over the last 126 years.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND15, AUG 3 ARTN: D15103.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 43<br />
08.1-20<br />
Summer heat waves over western Europe<br />
1880-2003, their relationship to large-scale<br />
forcings and predictability<br />
Della Marta P M, Luterbacher J, von Weissenfluh H,<br />
Xoplaki E, Brunet M, Wanner H<br />
Switzerland, Australia, Spain<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
We investigate the large-scale forcing and teleconnections<br />
between atmospheric circulation<br />
(sea level pressure, SLP), sea surface temperatures<br />
(SSTs), precipitation and heat wave events over<br />
western Europe using a new dataset of 54 daily<br />
maximum temperature time series. Forty four of<br />
these time series have been homogenised at the<br />
daily timescale to ensure that the presence of<br />
inhomogeneities has been minimised. <strong>The</strong> daily<br />
data have been used to create a seasonal index of<br />
the number of heat waves. Using canonical correlation<br />
analysis (CCA), heat waves over western<br />
Europe are shown to be related to anomalous high<br />
pressure over Scandinavia and central western Europe.<br />
Other forcing factors such as Atlantic SSTs<br />
and European precipitation, the later as a proxy<br />
for soil moisture, a known factor in strengthening<br />
land-atmosphere feedback processes, are also<br />
important. <strong>The</strong> strength of the relationship between<br />
summer SLP anomalies and heat waves is<br />
improved (from 35%) to account for around 46%<br />
of its variability when summer Atlantic and Mediterranean<br />
SSTs and summer European precipitation<br />
anomalies are included as predictors. This<br />
indicates that these predictors are not completely<br />
collinear rather that they each have some contribution<br />
to accounting for summer heat wave variability.<br />
However, the simplicity and scale of the<br />
statistical analysis masks this complex interaction<br />
between variables. <strong>The</strong>re is some useful predictive<br />
skill of summer heat waves using multiple lagged<br />
predictors. A CCA using preceding winter North<br />
Atlantic SSTs and preceding January to May Mediterranean<br />
total precipitation results in significant<br />
hindcast (1972-2003) Spearman rank correlation<br />
skill scores up to 0.55 with an average skill score<br />
over the domain equal to 0.28 +/- 0.28. In agreement<br />
with previous studies focused on mean<br />
summer temperature, there appears to be some<br />
predictability of heat wave events on the decadal<br />
scale from the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation<br />
(AMO), although the long-term global mean temperature<br />
is also well related to western European<br />
heat waves. Combining these results with the observed<br />
positive trends in summer continental European<br />
SLP, North Atlantic SSTs and indications of<br />
a decline in European summer precipitation then<br />
possibly these long-term changes are also related<br />
to increased heat wave occurrence and it is important<br />
that the physical processes controlling these<br />
changes be more fully understood.<br />
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N2-3, AUG, pp<br />
251-275.<br />
08.1-21<br />
Effects of convective ice lofting on H 2O and<br />
HDO in the tropical tropopause layer<br />
Dessler A E, Hanisco T F, Füglistaler S<br />
USA, Switzerland, England<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian<br />
trajectory model of tropical tropopause layer<br />
(TTL) water vapor (H 2O) and its stable isotopologue,<br />
HDO. <strong>The</strong> Lagrangian model has been previously<br />
shown to accurately simulate H 2O in the TTL and<br />
lower stratosphere. We show here that the model<br />
does a poor job reproducing the observed HDO<br />
depletion (delta D) in the TTL. When convective<br />
ice lofting to altitudes below the cold point (the<br />
point where air experiences its lowest H 2O saturation<br />
mixing ratio) is added to the model, there is<br />
little change in H 2O in the lower stratosphere, but<br />
a large change in delta D throughout the TTL that<br />
brings the model into better agreement with measurements.<br />
Thus convective ice lofting has the capacity<br />
to improve the model’s delta D simulation<br />
while not significantly degrading the agreement<br />
between simulated and measured H 2O. Convective<br />
ice lofting to altitudes above the cold point,<br />
on the other hand, has a large effect on lower<br />
stratospheric H 2O, suggesting that changes in<br />
convection reaching these altitudes could drive<br />
changes in lower stratospheric H 2O. This suggests<br />
a mechanism by which lower stratospheric H 2O<br />
trends may be at least partially decoupled from<br />
tropopause temperature trends. Such a disconnection<br />
was suggested by previous observations of<br />
simultaneously increasing stratospheric H 2O and<br />
a cooling tropical tropopause.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND18, SEP 26 ARTN: D18309.<br />
08.1-22<br />
Some factors in the design of a regional<br />
prediction model: an examination based upon<br />
two MAP events<br />
Didone M, Lüthi D, Davies H C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Consideration is given to the impact of both<br />
synoptic-scale flow features and different model<br />
configurations upon the performance of an<br />
Alpine-encompassing regional NWP model. <strong>The</strong><br />
so-called regional LM forecast model is used to
44<br />
simulate two events selected from the Mesoscale<br />
Alpine Programme (MAP), and simulations are<br />
undertaken with: different domain sizes (at 7 km<br />
resolution); lateral boundary data supplied from<br />
two data sets (the ECMWF’s operational and MAP<br />
Reanalysis fields); and an embedded domain (at 2<br />
km resolution). Quantitative evidence is provided<br />
showing (a) the specification of the incident and<br />
evolving synoptic-scale flow can exert a major<br />
impact upon the quality of the resulting simulations;<br />
(b) the simulation of the low-level meso-a<br />
scale features of the flow is helped considerably<br />
by the refined MAP Reanalysis data set; and (c) the<br />
simulated meso-beta scale precipitation distribution<br />
displays some skill but, at least for one of the<br />
two cases, major deficiencies are not offset by the<br />
use of Reanalysis data.<br />
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N3, pp<br />
261-273.<br />
08.1-23<br />
Föhn in the Rhine Valley during MAP: A review<br />
of its multiscale dynamics in complex valley<br />
geometry<br />
Drobinski P, Steinacker R, Richner H, Baumann<br />
Stanzer K, Beffrey G, Benech B, Berger H, Chimani<br />
B, Dabas A, Dorninger M, Dürr B, Flamant<br />
C, Frioud M, Furger M, Gröhn I, Gubser S, Gutermann<br />
T, Häberli C, Häller Scharnhorst E, Ratheiser<br />
G, Ruffieux D, Seiz G, Spatzierer M, Tschannett S,<br />
Vogt S, Werner R, Zängl G<br />
France, Austria, Switzerland, Germany<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
This paper summarizes the findings of seven years<br />
of research on fohn conducted within the project<br />
‘Fohn in the Rhine Valley during MAP’ (FORM) of<br />
the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). It starts<br />
with a brief historical review of fohn research in<br />
the Alps, reaching back to the middle of the 19th<br />
century. Afterwards, it provides an overview of the<br />
experimental and numerical challenges identified<br />
before the MAP field experiment and summarizes<br />
the key findings made during MAP in observation,<br />
simulation and theory. We specifically address<br />
the role of the upstream and cross-Alpine flow<br />
structure on fohn at a local scale and the processes<br />
driving fohn propagation in the Rhine Valley.<br />
<strong>The</strong> crucial importance of interactions between<br />
the fohn and cold-air pools frequently filling the<br />
lower Rhine Valley is highlighted. In addition, the<br />
dynamics of a low-level flow splitting occurring<br />
at a valley bifurcation between the Rhine Valley<br />
and the Seez Valley are examined. <strong>The</strong> advances<br />
in numerical modelling and forecasting of fohn<br />
events in the Rhine Valley are also underlined.<br />
Finally, we discuss the main differences between<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
fohn dynamics in the Rhine Valley area and in the<br />
Wipp/Inn Valley region and point out some open<br />
research questions needing further investigation.<br />
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,<br />
2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 897-916.<br />
08.1-24<br />
Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone<br />
in the 21st century<br />
Eyring V, Waugh D W, Bodeker G E, Cordero E, Akiyoshi<br />
H, Austin J, Beagley S R, Boville B A, Braesicke<br />
P, Brühl C, Butchart N, Chipperfield M P, Dameris<br />
M, Deckert R, Deushi M, Frith S M, Garcia R R,<br />
Gettelman A, Giorgetta M A, Kinnison D E, Mancini<br />
E, Manzini E, Marsh D R, Matthes S, Nagashima<br />
T, Newman P A, Nielsen J E, Pawson S, Pitari G,<br />
Plummer D A, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Scinocca J<br />
F, Semeniuk K, Shepherd T G, Shibata K, Steil B,<br />
Stolarski R S, Tian W, Yoshiki M<br />
Germany, USA, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, England,<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Simulations from eleven coupled chemistry-climate<br />
models (CCMs) employing nearly identical<br />
forcings have been used to project the evolution of<br />
stratospheric ozone throughout the 21st century.<br />
<strong>The</strong> model-to-model agreement in projected temperature<br />
trends is good, and all CCMs predict continued,<br />
global mean cooling of the stratosphere<br />
over the next 5 decades, increasing from around<br />
0.25 K/decade at 50 h Pa to around 1 K/decade at<br />
1 hPa under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate<br />
<strong>Change</strong> (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions<br />
Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario. In general, the<br />
simulated ozone evolution is mainly determined<br />
by decreases in halogen concentrations and continued<br />
cooling of the global stratosphere due to<br />
increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Column<br />
ozone is projected to increase as stratospheric<br />
halogen concentrations return to 1980s levels. Because<br />
of ozone increases in the middle and upper<br />
stratosphere due to GHG-induced cooling, total<br />
ozone averaged over midlatitudes, outside the polar<br />
regions, and globally, is projected to increase<br />
to 1980 values between 2035 and 2050 and before<br />
lowerstratospheric halogen amounts decrease to<br />
1980 values. In the polar regions the CCMs simulate<br />
small temperature trends in the first and<br />
second half of the 21st century in midwinter. Differences<br />
in stratospheric inorganic chlorine (Cl-y)<br />
among the CCMs are key to diagnosing the intermodel<br />
differences in simulated ozone recovery, in<br />
particular in the Antarctic. It is found that there<br />
are substantial quantitative differences in the<br />
simulated Cly, with the October mean Antarctic<br />
Cly peak value varying from less than 2 ppb to
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 45<br />
over 3.5 ppb in the CCMs, and the date at which<br />
the Cly returns to 1980 values varying from before<br />
2030 to after 2050. <strong>The</strong>re is a similar variation in<br />
the timing of recovery of Antarctic springtime column<br />
ozone back to 1980 values. As most models<br />
underestimate peak Cly near 2000, ozone recovery<br />
in the Antarctic could occur even later, between<br />
2060 and 2070. In the Arctic the column ozone increase<br />
in spring does not follow halogen decreases<br />
as closely as in the Antarctic, reaching 1980 values<br />
before Arctic halogen amounts decrease to<br />
1980 values and before the Antarctic. None of the<br />
CCMs predict future large decreases in the Arctic<br />
column ozone. By 2100, total column ozone is projected<br />
to be substantially above 1980 values in all<br />
regions except in the tropics.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16303.<br />
08.1-25<br />
Middle atmosphere water vapour and dynamical<br />
features in aircraft measurements and<br />
ECMWF analyses<br />
Feist D G, Geer A J, Müller S, Kämpfer N<br />
Switzerland, England, Germany<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> European Centre for Medium-Range Weather<br />
Forecasts (ECMWF) provides global analyses of atmospheric<br />
humidity from the ground to the lower mesosphere.<br />
Unlike in the troposphere, in the stratosphere<br />
no humidity observations are assimilated.<br />
Humidity analyses here are essentially the results of<br />
a free-running model constrained by the ECMWF’s<br />
analysed wind fields. So far only the broad-scale<br />
features of the resulting stratospheric water vapour<br />
distribution have been validated. This study provides<br />
the first in-depth comparison of stratospheric<br />
humidity from ECMWF with observations from an<br />
airborne microwave radiometer that has measured<br />
the distribution of stratospheric water vapour over<br />
an altitude range of roughly 15-60 km on several<br />
flight campaigns since 1998. <strong>The</strong> aircraft measurements<br />
provide a horizontal resolution that cannot<br />
be achieved by current satellite instruments. This<br />
study examines dynamical features in the moisture<br />
fields such as filamentation and the vortex edge,<br />
finding that features in the ERA-40 humidity analyses<br />
often do correspond to real atmospheric events<br />
that are seen in the aircraft measurements. However,<br />
the comparisons also show that in general the<br />
ECMWF model produces an unrealistically moist<br />
mesosphere. As a result it cannot replicate the descent<br />
of relatively dry mesospheric air into the polar<br />
vortex in winter and spring.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N20, pp 5291-5307.<br />
08.1-26<br />
An improved low-flow thermodenuder<br />
Fierz M, Vernooij M G C, Burtscher H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmodenuders are used to remove the volatile<br />
fraction of an aerosol. All designs until now<br />
have a cooled adsorption section where the volatile<br />
material is trapped, but theoretical considerations<br />
suggest that the adsorption section should<br />
be heated. <strong>The</strong>refore, we built a thermodenuder<br />
with a heated adsorption section. We tested its<br />
performance with respect to particle penetration<br />
and its ability to remove DEHS coated onto NaCl<br />
nuclei. <strong>The</strong> measured losses are lower than in previously<br />
published designs and the DEHS removal<br />
appears to be satisfactory. Additionally, the new<br />
thermodenuder is practical for field use thanks to<br />
its small size. It should therefore be a good alternative<br />
to previous designs.<br />
Journal of Aerosol Science, 2007, V38, N11, NOV,<br />
pp 1163-1168.<br />
08.1-27<br />
Dynamics of orographically triggered banded<br />
convection in sheared moist orographic flows<br />
Fuhrer O, Schär C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Shallow orographic convection embedded in an<br />
unstable cap cloud can organize into convective<br />
bands. Previous research has highlighted the<br />
important role of small-amplitude topographic<br />
variations in triggering and organizing banded<br />
convection. Here, the underlying dynamical<br />
mechanisms are systematically investigated by<br />
conducting three-dimensional simulations of<br />
moist flows past a two-dimensional mountain<br />
ridge using a cloud-resolving numerical model.<br />
Most simulations address a sheared environment<br />
to account for the observed wind profiles. Results<br />
confirm that small-amplitude topographic variations<br />
can enhance the development of embedded<br />
convection and anchor quasi-stationary convective<br />
bands to a fixed location in space. <strong>The</strong> resulting<br />
precipitation patterns exhibit tremendous<br />
spatial variability, since regions receiving heavy<br />
rainfall can be only kilometers away from regions<br />
receiving little or no rain. In addition, the presence<br />
of banded convection has important repercussions<br />
on the area-mean precipitation amounts.<br />
For the experimental setup here, the gravity wave<br />
response to small-amplitude topographic variations<br />
close to the upstream edge of the cap cloud<br />
(which is forced by the larger-scale topography)<br />
is found to be the dominant triggering mecha-
46<br />
nism. Small-scale variations in the underlying<br />
topography are found to force the location and<br />
spacing of convective bands over a wide range of<br />
scales. Further, a self- sufficient mode of unsteady<br />
banded convection is investigated that does not<br />
dependent on external perturbations and is able<br />
to propagate against the mean flow. Finally, the<br />
sensitivity of model simulations of banded convection<br />
with respect to horizontal computational<br />
resolution is investigated. Consistent with predictions<br />
from a linear stability analysis, convective<br />
bands of increasingly smaller scales are favored<br />
as the horizontal resolution is increased. However,<br />
small-amplitude topographic roughness is<br />
found to trigger banded convection and to control<br />
the spacing and location of the resulting bands.<br />
<strong>The</strong>reby, the robustness of numerical simulations<br />
with respect to an increase in horizontal resolution<br />
is increased in the presence of topographic<br />
variations.<br />
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64,<br />
N10, OCT, pp 3542-3561.<br />
08.1-28<br />
A satellite- and model-based assessment of<br />
the 2003 Russian fires: Impact on the Arctic<br />
region<br />
Generoso S, Bey I, Attie J L, Breon F M<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) In this paper, we address the issues of the representation<br />
of boreal fires in a global chemistry and<br />
transport model (GEOS-Chem) as well as their contribution<br />
to the Arctic aerosol optical thickness<br />
and black carbon (BC) deposition, with a focus on<br />
the 2003 Russian fires. We use satellite observations<br />
from the MOPITT, POLDER and MODIS sensors<br />
to evaluate the model performances in simulating<br />
the fire pollution export over the North<br />
Pacific. Our results show that aerosol and carbon<br />
monoxide (CO) outflow is best reproduced in our<br />
model when fire emissions are (1) increased to 72<br />
Tg for CO, 0.5 Tg C for BC, and 5.3 Tg C for organic<br />
carbon over the entire fire season; (2) prescribed<br />
on a daily basis; and (3) injected up to 4.5 km in<br />
July and August. <strong>The</strong> use of daily, rather than<br />
monthly, biomass burning emission inventories<br />
improves significantly the representation of the<br />
aerosol outflow, but has little impact on CO. <strong>The</strong><br />
injection of fire emissions above the boundary<br />
layer influences both the CO and aerosol columns<br />
but only during the late fire season. <strong>The</strong> model improvements<br />
with respect to the standard configuration<br />
induce an increase of a factor up to 2 on<br />
the aerosol optical thickness and the mass of BC<br />
deposited in the Northern Hemisphere. Accord-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
ing to our improved simulation, the 2003 Russian<br />
fires contributed to 16-33% of the aerosol optical<br />
thickness and to 40-56% of the mass of BC deposited,<br />
north of 75 degrees N in spring and summer.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y contribute to the aerosol optical thickness<br />
by more than 30% during the days of Arctic haze<br />
events in spring and summer.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND15, AUG 2 ARTN: D15302.<br />
08.1-29<br />
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for<br />
semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants -<br />
Part 1: Model description and evaluations of<br />
air concentrations<br />
Gong S L, Huang P, Zhao T L, Sahsuvar L, Barrie L<br />
A, Kaminski J W, Li Y F, Niu T<br />
Canada, Switzerland, Peoples R China<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
GEM/POPs was developed to simulate the transport,<br />
deposition and partitioning of semi-volatile<br />
persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere<br />
within the framework of Canadian weather<br />
forecasting model GEM. In addition to the general<br />
processes such as anthropogenic emissions, atmosphere/water<br />
and atmosphere/soil exchanges,<br />
GEM/POPs incorporates a dynamic aerosol module<br />
to provide the aerosol surface areas for the<br />
semi-volatile POPs to partition between gaseous<br />
and particle phases and a mechanism for particlebound<br />
POPs to be removed. Simulation results<br />
of three PCBs (28, 153 and 180) for the year 2000<br />
indicate that the model captured the main features<br />
of global atmospheric PCBs when compared<br />
with observations from EMEP, IADN and Alert stations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> annual averaged concentrations and<br />
the fractionation of the three PCBs as a function<br />
of latitudes agreed reasonably well with observations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> impacts of atmospheric aerosols on the<br />
transports and partitioning of the three PCBs are<br />
reasonably simulated. <strong>The</strong> ratio of particulate to<br />
gaseous PCBs in the atmospheric column ranges<br />
from less than 0.1 for PCB28 to as high as 100 for<br />
PCB180, increasing from the warm lower latitudes<br />
to the cold high latitudes. Application of GEM/<br />
POPs in a study of the global transports and budgets<br />
of various PCBs accompanies this paper.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N15, pp 4001-4013.<br />
08.1-30<br />
A global model study of ozone enhancement<br />
during the August 2003 heat wave in Europe<br />
Guerova G, Jones N<br />
Australia, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 47<br />
<strong>The</strong> European summer of 2003 was characterised<br />
by intense heat, prolonged isolation and suppressed<br />
ventilation of the boundary layer which,<br />
combined with large anthropogenic emissions<br />
and strong fires, resulted in a build up of an unprecedentedly<br />
high and long-lasting photochemical<br />
smog over large parts of the continent. In this<br />
work, a global chemistry and transport model<br />
GEOS-Chern is compared with surface O-3 concentrations<br />
observed in 2003 in order to examine<br />
the extent to which the model is capable of reproducing<br />
such an extreme event. <strong>The</strong> GEOS-Chem<br />
reproduces the temporal variation of O-3 at the<br />
Jungfraujoch mountain site, Switzerland, including<br />
the enhanced concentrations associated with<br />
the August 2003 heat wave (r = 0.84). <strong>The</strong> spatial<br />
distribution of the enhanced surface O-3 over<br />
Spain, France, Germany and Italy is also captured<br />
to some extent (r = 0.63), although the largest concentrations<br />
appear to be located over the Italian<br />
Peninsula in the model rather than over Central<br />
Europe as suggested by the surface O-3 observations.<br />
In general, the observed differences between<br />
the European averaged O-3 concentrations<br />
in the summer of 2003 to those in 2004 are larger<br />
in the observations than in the model, as the<br />
model reproduces relatively well the enhanced<br />
levels in 2003 but overestimates those observed in<br />
2004. Preliminary contributions of various sources<br />
to the O-3 surface concentrations over Europe<br />
during the heat wave indicate that anthropogenic<br />
emissions from Europe contribute the most to the<br />
O-3 build up near the surface (40 to 50%, i.e. 30<br />
ppb). <strong>The</strong> contribution from anthropogenic emissions<br />
from the other major source regions of the<br />
northern hemisphere, in particular North America,<br />
tends to be smaller than those of other years.<br />
<strong>The</strong> model indicates that the large fires that occurred<br />
in that year contributed up to 5% (3 ppb) to<br />
surface O-3 in close proximity to the fire regions<br />
and less elsewhere in Europe. Biogenic volatile<br />
organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by grass and<br />
forest areas contributed up to 10% (5-6 ppb) of surface<br />
O-3 over France, Germany and northern Italy,<br />
which represents a contribution that is twice as<br />
large than that found in 2004. <strong>The</strong>se results in<br />
terms of contributions from various sources, particularly<br />
biogenic emissions, should be seen as<br />
preliminary, as the response of vegetation to such<br />
extreme events may not be well represented in<br />
the model.<br />
Environmental Chemistry, 2007, V4, N5, pp<br />
285-292.<br />
08.1-31<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-<br />
Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric<br />
surface layer. Part 1. Facilities, methods<br />
and some general results<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B,<br />
Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Israel, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
This is a report on a field experiment in an atmospheric<br />
surface layer at heights between 0.8 and<br />
10m with the Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number<br />
in the range Re-lambda = 1.6 - 6.6 x 10(3). Explicit<br />
information is obtained on the full set of velocity<br />
and temperature derivatives both spatial and<br />
temporal, i.e. no use of Taylor hypothesis is made.<br />
<strong>The</strong> report consists of three parts. Part I is devoted<br />
to the description of facilities, methods and<br />
some general results. Certain results are similar<br />
to those reported before and give us confidence in<br />
both old and new data, since this is the first repetition<br />
of this kind of experiment at better data<br />
quality. Other results were not obtained before,<br />
the typical example being the so- called tear-drop<br />
R - Q plot and several others. Part 2 concerns accelerations<br />
and related matters. Part 3 is devoted to<br />
issues concerning temperature, with the emphasis<br />
on joint statistics of temperature and velocity<br />
derivatives. <strong>The</strong> results obtained in this work are<br />
similar to those obtained in experiments in laboratory<br />
turbulent grid flow and in direct numerical<br />
simulations of Navier- Stokes equations at much<br />
smaller Reynolds numbers Re-lambda similar to<br />
10(2), and this similarity is not only qualitative,<br />
but to a large extent quantitative. This is true of<br />
such basic processes as enstrophy and strain production,<br />
geometrical statistics, the role of concentrated<br />
vorticity and strain, reduction of nonlinearity<br />
and non- local effects. <strong>The</strong> present experiments<br />
went far beyond the previous ones in two main<br />
respects. (i) All the data were obtained without<br />
invoking the Taylor hypothesis, and therefore a<br />
variety of results on fluid particle accelerations<br />
became possible. (ii) Simultaneous measurements<br />
of temperature and its gradients with the emphasis<br />
on joint statistics of temperature and velocity<br />
derivatives. <strong>The</strong>se are reported in Parts 2 and 3.<br />
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25,<br />
pp 57-81.
48<br />
08.1-32<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in high-<br />
Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric<br />
surface layer. Part 2. Accelerations and<br />
related matters<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B,<br />
Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Israel, Switzerland<br />
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
We report the first results of an experiment, in<br />
which explicit information on all velocity derivatives<br />
(the nine spatial derivatives, partial derivative<br />
u(i)/partial derivative x(j), and the three temporal<br />
derivatives, partial derivative u(i)/partial derivative<br />
t) along with the three components of velocity<br />
fluctuations at a Reynolds number as high as Relambda<br />
similar to 10 (4) is obtained. No use of the<br />
Taylor hypothesis was made, and this allowed us<br />
to obtain a variety of results concerning acceleration<br />
and its different Eulerian components along<br />
with vorticity, strain and other small-scale quantities.<br />
<strong>The</strong> field experiments were performed at five<br />
heights between 0.8 and 10 in above the ground.<br />
<strong>The</strong> report consists of three parts. Part 1 is devoted<br />
to the description of facilities, methods and some<br />
general results. Part 2 concerns accelerations and<br />
related matters. Part 3 is devoted to the issues concerning<br />
temperature with the emphasis on joint<br />
statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives.<br />
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25,<br />
pp 83-102.<br />
08.1-33<br />
Velocity and temperature derivatives in<br />
high-Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the<br />
atmospheric surface layer. Part 3. Temperature<br />
and joint statistics of temperature and velocity<br />
derivatives<br />
Gulitski G, Kholmyansky M, Kinzelbach W, Lüthi B,<br />
Tsinober A, Yorish S<br />
Israel, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
This is part 3 of our work describing experiments<br />
in which explicit information was obtained on<br />
all the derivatives, i.e. spatial derivatives, partial<br />
derivative/partial derivative x(j), and temporal<br />
derivatives, partial derivative/partial derivative<br />
t, of velocity and temperature fields (and all the<br />
components of velocity fluctuations and temperature)<br />
at the Reynolds number Re-lambda similar<br />
to 10(4). This part is devoted to the issues concerning<br />
temperature with the emphasis on joint statistics<br />
of temperature and velocity derivatives, based<br />
on preliminary results from a jet facility and the<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
main results from a field experiment. Apart from<br />
a number of conventional results, these contain a<br />
variety of results concerning production of temperature<br />
gradients, such as role of vorticity and<br />
strain, eigen- contributions, geometrical statistics<br />
such as alignments of the temperature gradient<br />
and the eigenframe of the rate-of-strain tensor,<br />
tilting of the temperature gradient, comparison<br />
of the true production of the temperature gradient<br />
with its surrogate. Among the specific results<br />
of importance is the essential difference in the behaviour<br />
of the production of temperature gradients<br />
in regions dominated by vorticity and strain.<br />
Namely, the production of temperature gradients<br />
is much more intensive in regions dominated by<br />
strain, whereas production of temperature gradients<br />
is practically independent of the magnitude<br />
of vorticity. In contrast, vorticity and strain are<br />
contributing equally to the tilting of the vector of<br />
temperature gradients. <strong>The</strong> production of temperature<br />
gradients is mainly due to the fluctuative<br />
strain, the terms associated with mean fields are<br />
unimportant. It was checked directly (by looking<br />
at corresponding eigen-contributions and alignments),<br />
that the production of the temperature<br />
gradients is due to predominant compressing of<br />
fluid elements rather than stretching, which is<br />
true of other processes in turbulent flows, e.g. turbulent<br />
energy production in shear flows. Though<br />
the production of the temperature gradient and<br />
its surrogate possess similar univariate PDFs<br />
(which indicates the tendency to isotropy in small<br />
scales by this particular criterion), their joint PDF<br />
is not close to a bisector. This means that the true<br />
production of the temperature gradient is far<br />
from being fully represented by its surrogate. <strong>The</strong><br />
main technical achievement is demonstrating the<br />
possibility of obtaining experimentally Joint statistics<br />
of velocity and temperature gradients.<br />
Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2007, V589, OCT 25,<br />
pp 103-123.<br />
08.1-34<br />
Comparison and synergy of stratospheric<br />
ozone measurements by satellite limb sounders<br />
and the ground-based microwave radiometer<br />
SOMORA<br />
Hocke K, Kämpfer N, Ruffieux D, Froidevaux L, Parrish<br />
A, Boyd I, von Clarmann T, Steck T, Timofeyev Y<br />
M, Polyakov A V, Kyrola E<br />
Switzerland, USA, Germany, Russia, Finland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Stratospheric O-3 profiles obtained by the satellite<br />
limb sounders Aura/MLS, ENVISAT/ MIPAS,<br />
ENVISAT/ GOMOS, SAGE-II, SAGE-III, UARS /HALOE<br />
are compared to coincident O-3 profiles of the
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 49<br />
ground-based microwave radiometer SOMORA in<br />
Switzerland. Data from the various measurement<br />
techniques are within 10% at altitudes below 45<br />
km. At altitudes 45-60 km, the relative O-3 differences<br />
are within a range of 50%. Larger deviations<br />
at upper altitudes are attributed to larger relative<br />
measurement errors caused by lower O-3 concentrations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> spatiotemporal characteristics of the<br />
O-3 differences (satellite ground station) are investigated<br />
by analyzing about 2300 coincident profile<br />
pairs of Aura/MLS (retrieval version 1.5) and SO-<br />
MORA. <strong>The</strong> probability density function of the O-3<br />
differences is represented by a Gaussian normal<br />
distribution. <strong>The</strong> dependence of the O-3 differences<br />
on the horizontal distance between the sounding<br />
volumes of Aura/MLS and SOMORA is derived.<br />
While the mean bias (Aura/MLS - SOMORA) is constant<br />
with increasing horizontal distance (up to<br />
800 km), the standard deviation of the O-3 differences<br />
increases from around 8 to 11% in the midstratosphere.<br />
Geographical maps yield azimuthal<br />
dependences and horizontal gradients of the O-3<br />
difference field around the SOMORA ground station.<br />
Coherent oscillations of O-3 are present in<br />
the time series of Aura/MLS and SOMORA (e. g.,<br />
due to traveling planetary waves). Ground-and<br />
space-based measurements often complement<br />
one another. We discuss the double differencing<br />
technique which allows both the cross-validation<br />
of two satellites by means of a ground station and<br />
the cross-validation of distant ground stations<br />
by means of one satellite. Temporal atmospheric<br />
noise in the geographical ozone map over Payerne<br />
is significantly reduced by combination of the<br />
data from SOMORA and Aura/MLS. <strong>The</strong>se analyses<br />
illustrate the synergy of ground-based and spacebased<br />
measurements.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N15, pp 4117-4131.<br />
08.1-35<br />
Atmospheric predictability at synoptic versus<br />
cloud-resolving scales<br />
Hohenegger C, Schär C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> limited atmospheric predictability has been<br />
addressed by the development of ensemble prediction<br />
systems (EPS) that are now routinely applied<br />
for medium-range synoptic-scale numerical<br />
weather prediction (NWP). With the increase of<br />
computational power, interest is growing in the<br />
design of high-resolution (cloud resolving) NWP<br />
models and their associated short-range EPS.<br />
This development raises a series of fundamental<br />
questions, espe cially concerning the type of er-<br />
ror growth and the validity of the tangent-linear<br />
approximation. To address these issues, a comparison<br />
between perturbed medium-range (10<br />
day) synoptic-scale integrations (taken from the<br />
operational ECMWF EPS with a horizontal resolution<br />
of about 80 km) and short-range (1 day) highresolution<br />
simulations (based on the Lokal Modell<br />
of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling with<br />
a grid spacing of 2.2 km) is conducted. <strong>The</strong> differences<br />
between the two systems are interpreted in<br />
a nondimensional sense and illustrated with the<br />
help of the Lorenz attractor. Typical asymptotic<br />
perturbation-doubling times of cloud-resolving<br />
and synoptic-scale simulations amount to about<br />
4 and 40 h, respectively, and are primarily related<br />
to convective and baro- clinic instability. Thus,<br />
in terms of growth rates, integrating a 1-day :1<br />
Cloud- re solving forecast may be seen as equivalent<br />
to performing a 10-day synoptic-scale simulation.<br />
However, analysis of the prevailing linearity<br />
reveals that the two systems are fundamentally<br />
different in the following sense: the tangentlinear<br />
approximation breaks down at 1. 5 h for<br />
cloud resolving against 54 h for synoptic-scale<br />
forecasts. In terms of nonlinearity, a 10-day synoptic-scale<br />
integration thus corresponds to a very<br />
short cloud-resolving simulation of merely; about<br />
7 h. <strong>The</strong> higher degree of nonlinearity raises questions<br />
concerning the direct application of standard<br />
synoptic-scale forecasting methodologies<br />
(e.g., optimal perturbations, 4D variational data<br />
assimilation, or targeted observations) to 1-day<br />
cloud-resolving forecasting.<br />
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,<br />
2007, V88, N11, NOV, pp 1783-+.<br />
08.1-36<br />
Predictability and error growth dynamics in<br />
cloud-resolving models<br />
Hohenegger C, Schär C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
While the benefits of ensemble techniques over<br />
deterministic numerical weather predictions<br />
(NWP) are now widely recognized, the prospects<br />
of ensemble prediction systems (EPS) at high computational<br />
resolution are still largely unclear.<br />
Difficulties arise due to the poor knowledge of<br />
the mechanisms promoting rapid perturbation<br />
growth and propagation, as well as the role of<br />
nonlinearities. In this study, the dynamics associated<br />
with the growth and propagation of initial<br />
uncertainties is investigated by means of real-case<br />
high- resolution (cloud resolving) NWP integrations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> considered case is taken from the Mesoscale<br />
Alpine Programme intensive observing
50<br />
period 3 (MAP IOP3) and involves convection of<br />
intermediate intensity. To assess the underlying<br />
mechanisms and the degree of linearity upon the<br />
predictability of the flow, vastly different initial<br />
perturbation methodologies are compared, while<br />
all simulations use identical lateral boundary<br />
conditions to mimic a perfectly predictable synoptic-scale<br />
flow. Comparison of the perturbation<br />
methodologies indicates that the ensuing patterns<br />
of ensemble spread converge within 11 h,<br />
irrespective of the initial perturbations employed.<br />
All methodologies pinpoint the same meso-betascale<br />
regions of the flow as suffering from predictability<br />
limitations. This result reveals the important<br />
role of nonlinearities. Analysis also shows<br />
that hot spots of error growth can quickly (1-2 h<br />
after initialization) develop far away from the initial<br />
perturbations. This rapid radiation of the initial<br />
uncertainties throughout the computational<br />
domain is due to both sound and gravity waves,<br />
followed by the triggering and/or growth of perturbations<br />
over regions of convective instability.<br />
<strong>The</strong> growth of the uncertainties is then limited by<br />
saturation effects, which in turn are controlled by<br />
the larger-scale atmospheric environment. From<br />
a practical point of view, it is suggested that the<br />
combined effects of rapid propagation, sizeable<br />
amplification, and inherent nonlinearities may<br />
pose severe difficulties for the design of EPS or<br />
data assimilation techniques related to high-resolution<br />
quantitative precipitation forecasting.<br />
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64,<br />
N12, DEC, pp 4467-4478.<br />
08.1-37<br />
Upper-tropospheric flow features and the<br />
Alps: An overview<br />
Hoinka K P, Davies H C<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
One focus of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme<br />
(MAP) was the study of upper-tropospheric potential<br />
vorticity (PV) anomalies that take the form of<br />
narrow meridionally elongated troughs termed<br />
‘PV streamers’. A systematic effort was undertaken<br />
within the MAP framework to: establish a streamer<br />
climatology, develop appropriate instrumentation<br />
and undertake a measurement programme<br />
to better ascertain their structure, study both<br />
their intrinsic dynamics and their modification<br />
by the Alps, and perform model experiments to<br />
examine their significance for numerical weather<br />
prediction. Here an overview is given of the progress<br />
made toward achieving these objectives. In<br />
particular it is shown that PV streamers translating<br />
toward the Alpine region are dynamically<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
distinctive and constitute an identifiable precursor<br />
of and contribute seminally to heavy precipitation<br />
events on the south side of the Alps and<br />
possess rich mesoscale sub-structures that can be<br />
examined with novel water vapour absorption<br />
lidar instrumentation. It is also shown that the<br />
accurate representation of a streamer might well<br />
be a critical prerequisite for accurate quantitative<br />
prediction of mesoscale precipitation.<br />
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,<br />
2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 847-865.<br />
08.1-38<br />
GEM/POPs: a global 3-D dynamic model for<br />
semi-volatile persistent organic pollutants -<br />
Part 2: <strong>Global</strong> transports and budgets of PCBs<br />
Huang P, Gong S L, Zhao T L, Neary L, Barrie L A<br />
Canada, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>Global</strong> transports and budgets of three PCBs were<br />
investigated with a 3-D dynamic model for semivolatile<br />
persistent organic pollutants - GEM/POPs.<br />
Dominant pathways were identified for PCB transports<br />
in the atmosphere with a transport flux peaking<br />
below 8 km for gaseous and 14 km for particulate<br />
PCB28, and peaking below 4 km for gaseous<br />
and 6 km for particulate PCB180. <strong>The</strong> inter-continental<br />
transports of PCBs in the Northern Hemisphere<br />
(NH) are dominated in the zonal direction<br />
with their route changes regulated seasonally by<br />
the variation of westerly jet. <strong>The</strong> transport pathways<br />
from Europe and North Atlantic contributed<br />
the most PCBs to the Arctic. Inter-hemispheric<br />
transports of PCBs originated from the regions of<br />
Europe, Asia and North America in three different<br />
flow-paths, accompanying with easterly jet, Asian<br />
monsoon winds and trade winds. PCBs from the<br />
Southern Hemisphere (SH) could also be exported<br />
into the NH. According to the PCB emissions of<br />
year 2000, Europe, North America and Asia are the<br />
three largest sources of the three PCBs, contributing<br />
to the global background concentrations in<br />
the atmosphere, soil and water. <strong>Global</strong>ly, PCB28 in<br />
soil and water has become a comparable source to<br />
the anthropogenic emissions while heavier PCBs<br />
such as PCB153 and 180 are still transporting into<br />
soil and water. For all three congeners, particulate<br />
PCBs are concentrated in the higher levels than<br />
gaseous PCBs. More than half of the particulate<br />
PCB28 could reach up to the stratosphere, while<br />
most of the heavier counter-parts (PCB153 and<br />
PCB180) are stored in the troposphere including<br />
boundary layer with more than 99% gaseous<br />
PCB180 below 6 km.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N15, pp 4015-4025.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 51<br />
08.1-39<br />
Validation of Aura Microwave Limb Sounder<br />
Ozone by ozonesonde and lidar measurements<br />
Jiang Y B, Froidevaux L, Lambert A, Livesey N J,<br />
Read W G, Waters J W, Bojkov B, Leblanc T, Mcdermid<br />
I S, Godin Beekmann S, Filipiak M J, Harwood<br />
R S, Fuller R A, Daffer W H, Drouin B J, Cofield R<br />
E, Cuddy D T, Jarnot R F, Knosp B W, Perun V S,<br />
Schwartz M J, Snyder W V, Stek P C, Thurstans R<br />
P, Wagner P A, Allaart M, Andersen S B, Bodeker<br />
G E, Calpini B, Claude H, Coetzee G, Davies J, de<br />
Backer H, Dier H, Fujiwara M, Johnson B, Kelder H,<br />
Leme N P, Koenig Langlo G, Kyro E, Laneve G, Fook<br />
L S, Merrill J, Morris G, Newchurch M, Oltmans S J,<br />
Parrondos M C, Posny F, Schmidlin F, Skrivankova P,<br />
Stubi R, Tarasick D, Thompson A, Thouret V, Viatte<br />
P, Vomel H, von der Gathen P, Yela M, Zablocki G<br />
USA, France, Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark,<br />
New Zealand, Switzerland, Germany, South Africa,<br />
Canada, Belgium, Japan, Brazil, Finland, Italy, Malaysia,<br />
Spain, Czech Republic, Poland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
(1) We present validation studies of MLS version<br />
2.2 upper tropospheric and stratospheric ozone<br />
profiles using ozonesonde and lidar data as well<br />
as climatological data. Ozone measurements<br />
from over 60 ozonesonde stations worldwide and<br />
three lidar stations are compared with coincident<br />
MLS data. <strong>The</strong> MLS ozone stratospheric data between<br />
150 and 3 hPa agree well with ozonesonde<br />
measurements, within 8% for the global average.<br />
MLS values at 215 hPa are biased high compared<br />
to ozonesondes by similar to 20% at middle to<br />
high latitude, although there is a lot of variability<br />
in this altitude region. Comparisons between<br />
MLS and ground-based lidar measurements from<br />
Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from the Table Mountain<br />
Facility, California, and from the Observatoire<br />
de Haute-Provence, France, give very good agreement,<br />
within similar to 5%, for the stratospheric<br />
values. <strong>The</strong> comparisons between MLS and the<br />
Table Mountain Facility tropospheric ozone lidar<br />
show that MLS data are biased high by similar to<br />
30% at 215 hPa, consistent with that indicated by<br />
the ozonesonde data. We obtain better global average<br />
agreement between MLS and ozonesonde partial<br />
column values down to 215 hPa, although the<br />
average MLS values at low to middle latitudes are<br />
higher than the ozonesonde values by up to a few<br />
percent. MLS v2.2 ozone data agree better than<br />
the MLS v1.5 data with ozonesonde and lidar measurements.<br />
MLS tropical data show the wave one<br />
longitudinal pattern in the upper troposphere,<br />
with similarities to the average distribution from<br />
ozonesondes. High upper tropospheric ozone val-<br />
ues are also observed by MLS in the tropical Pacific<br />
from June to November.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24S34.<br />
08.1-40<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of reducing the maximum speed<br />
limit on motorways in Switzerland to 80 km<br />
h(-1) on emissions and peak ozone<br />
Keller J, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Tinguely M, Flemming<br />
J, Heldstab J, Keller M, Zbinden R,<br />
Prevot A S H<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Modelling<br />
Hot and dry conditions in summer 2003 led to<br />
ozone levels that substantially exceeded the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
ambient air quality standard. We investigated how<br />
emissions and ozone levels would have changed<br />
in this period if the maximum speed limit on<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> motorways were decreased from 120 to 80<br />
km h(-1). <strong>The</strong> air quality model package MM5 /<br />
CAMx was applied to two nested domains, both<br />
including Switzerland. Anthropogenic emissions<br />
were based on various European and <strong>Swiss</strong> data<br />
sources. <strong>The</strong> simulations for the reference case<br />
were based on current driving behaviour. In the<br />
reduction case, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions<br />
from road traffic were lower by about 4% with<br />
respect to the current total NOx release. Emissions<br />
of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were<br />
not significantly affected. <strong>The</strong> peak ozone levels<br />
decreased by less than 1%.<br />
Environmental Modelling Software, 2008, V23, N3,<br />
MAR, pp 322-332.<br />
08.1-41<br />
<strong>The</strong> evolution of ERA-40 surface temperatures<br />
and total ozone compared to observed <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
time series<br />
Kunz H, Scherrer S C, Liniger M A, Appenzeller C<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> aim of this paper is to compare long term<br />
changes derived from ERA-40 reanalysis with the<br />
corresponding changes found in carefully homogenized<br />
observational data. Focus is given on two<br />
climate key parameter, daily surface temperature<br />
(T2) and total ozone in the Alpine region for the<br />
period 1961-2000. Overall the two temperature<br />
data sets agree well. <strong>The</strong> reanalysed temperature<br />
trend (0.3 degrees C /decade) is similar to the trend<br />
in raw data but underestimates the trend derived<br />
from homogenized data by 0.1 degrees C/decade.<br />
Differences between ERA-40 and the observations<br />
decrease with time. <strong>The</strong> bias is reduced from +/- 2
52<br />
degrees in the 1960s to +/- 1 degrees in the 1990s.<br />
Differences show a distinct annual cycle. On average<br />
ERA-40 overestimates T2 in summer by 1.0<br />
degrees C and underestimates it by 0.4 degrees<br />
C in winter. A simple downscaling procedure is<br />
applied to compare the temperature values of<br />
single <strong>Swiss</strong> station series with ERA-40 data. <strong>The</strong><br />
technique makes use of a topographic lapse rate<br />
derived from observations. It is shown that the<br />
lapse rate has a distinct seasonal cycle in the Alpine<br />
region. <strong>The</strong> use of this seasonal varying lapse<br />
rate reduces considerably the seasonal bias found<br />
between ERA-40 and the observed series. In contrast<br />
to the temperature data the two ozone data<br />
sets show strong differences between time periods<br />
satellite data has been assimilated or not. In the<br />
episodes where ozone measurements from satellites<br />
are used, basically after 1979, the total ozone<br />
values agree well with ERA-40. <strong>The</strong> reanalysis data<br />
slightly overestimates the observations by 10 DU<br />
(Dobson Units). Before 1973 the error is a little bit<br />
larger with 12 DU, but the lack of satellite data<br />
assimilation in ERA-40 results in an enhanced seasonal<br />
bias with maximum errors in winter (about<br />
20 DU) . <strong>The</strong> strongest differences are found in the<br />
1970s, when radiance from satellite data was assimilated,<br />
but ozone was not. <strong>The</strong>re is a mean bias<br />
of 38 DU with maximum errors in winter of about<br />
70 DU.<br />
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2007, V16, N2, pp<br />
171-181.<br />
08.1-42<br />
<strong>Global</strong> model simulations of the impact of<br />
ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the<br />
radiation budget<br />
Lauer A, Eyring V, Hendricks J, Joeckel P, Lohmann U<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
International shipping contributes significantly<br />
to the fuel consumption of all transport related<br />
activities. Specific emissions of pollutants such<br />
as sulfur dioxide (SO 2) per kg of fuel emitted are<br />
higher than for road transport or aviation. Besides<br />
gaseous pollutants, ships also emit various<br />
types of particulate matter. <strong>The</strong> aerosol impacts<br />
the Earth’s radiation budget directly by scattering<br />
and absorbing the solar and thermal radiation<br />
and indirectly by changing cloud properties. Here<br />
we use ECHAM5/MESSy1-MADE, a global climate<br />
model with detailed aerosol and cloud microphysics<br />
to study the climate impacts of international<br />
shipping. <strong>The</strong> simulations show that emissions<br />
from ships significantly increase the cloud droplet<br />
number concentration of low marine water clouds<br />
by up to 5% to 30% depending on the ship emis-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
sion inventory and the geographic region. Whereas<br />
the cloud liquid water content remains nearly<br />
unchanged in these simulations, effective radii of<br />
cloud droplets decrease, leading to cloud optical<br />
thickness increase of up to 5 - 10%. <strong>The</strong> sensitivity<br />
of the results is estimated by using three different<br />
emission inventories for present-day conditions.<br />
<strong>The</strong> sensitivity analysis reveals that shipping contributes<br />
to 2.3% to 3.6% of the total sulfate burden<br />
and 0.4% to 1.4% to the total black carbon burden<br />
in the year 2000 on the global mean. In addition<br />
to changes in aerosol chemical composition, shipping<br />
increases the aerosol number concentration,<br />
e. g. up to 25% in the size range of the accumulation<br />
mode (typically > 0.1 µm) over the Atlantic.<br />
<strong>The</strong> total aerosol optical thickness over the Indian<br />
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Northeastern<br />
Pacific increases by up to 8 - 10% depending on<br />
the emission inventory. <strong>Change</strong>s in aerosol optical<br />
thickness caused by shipping induced modification<br />
of aerosol particle number concentration<br />
and chemical composition lead to a change in the<br />
shortwave radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere<br />
(ToA) under clear-sky condition of about -<br />
0.014 W/m(2) to - 0.038 W/m(2) for a global annual<br />
average. <strong>The</strong> corresponding all-sky direct aerosol<br />
forcing ranges between - 0.011 W/m(2) and - 0.013<br />
W/m(2). <strong>The</strong> indirect aerosol effect of ships on climate<br />
is found to be far larger than previously estimated.<br />
An indirect radiative effect of - 0.19 W/m<br />
(2) to - 0.60 W/m(2) (a change in the atmospheric<br />
shortwave radiative flux at ToA) is calculated here,<br />
contributing 17% to 39% of the total indirect effect<br />
of anthropogenic aerosols. This contribution<br />
is high because ship emissions are released in regions<br />
with frequent low marine clouds in an otherwise<br />
clean environment. In addition, the potential<br />
impact of particulate matter on the radiation<br />
budget is larger over the dark ocean surface than<br />
over polluted regions over land.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N19, pp 5061-5079.<br />
08.1-43<br />
Measurements of OVOCs and NMHCs in a<br />
swiss highway tunnel for estimation of road<br />
transport emissions<br />
Legreid G, Reimann S, Steinbacher M, Stähelin J,<br />
Young D, Stemmler K<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Eighteen oxygenated volatile organic compounds<br />
(OVOCs) and eight nonmethane hydrocarbons<br />
(NMHCs) were measured continuously during a<br />
two-week campaign in 2004 in the Gubrist highway<br />
tunnel (Switzerland) . <strong>The</strong> study aimed to es-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 53<br />
timate selected OVOC and NMHC emissions of the<br />
current vehicle fleet under highway conditions.<br />
For the measured OVOCs the highest EFs were<br />
found for ethanol (9.7 mg/km), isopropanol (3.2<br />
mg/km), and acetaldehyde (2.5 mg/km), followed<br />
by acetone, benzaldehyde, and acrolein. Formaldehyde,<br />
the most abundant OVOC measured in<br />
other studies, was not measured by the method applied.<br />
Relative emissions of the measured OVOCs<br />
were estimated to contribute approximately 6 and<br />
4% to the total road traffic VOC emissions from<br />
Switzerland and Europe, respectively. Results are<br />
compared with those from previous studies from<br />
the same tunnel performed in 1993 and 2002, and<br />
from campaigns in other tunnels. A continuous<br />
reduction in the emission factors (EFs) was determined<br />
for all measured compounds from 1993 until<br />
2004. <strong>The</strong> relative contributions of light-duty<br />
vehicles (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) to the<br />
total emissions indicated that OVOCs were mainly<br />
produced by the HDVs, whereas LDVs dominated<br />
the production of the NMHCs.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N20, OCT 15, pp 7060-7066.<br />
08.1-44<br />
A photochemical modeling study of ozone and<br />
formaldehyde generation and budget in the<br />
Po basin<br />
Liu L, Andreani Aksoyoglu S, Keller J, Ordonez C,<br />
Junkermann W, Hak C, Braathen G O, Reimann S,<br />
Astorga Llorens C, Schultz M, Prevot A S H, Isaksen I S A<br />
Norway, Switzerland, France, Germany, Sweden,<br />
Italy<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
In this work, a photochemical dispersion model,<br />
CAMx (Comprehensive Air quality Model with<br />
eXtensions) was used to simulate a high ozone<br />
episode observed in the Po basin during the 2003<br />
FORMAT (Formaldehyde as a Tracer of Oxidation<br />
in the Troposphere) campaign. <strong>The</strong> study focuses<br />
on formaldehyde and ozone, and a budget analysis<br />
was set up for interpreting the importance<br />
of different processes, namely emission, chemistry,<br />
transport and deposition, for three different<br />
areas (urban, downwind, suburban) around the<br />
Milan metropolitan region. In addition, a sensitivity<br />
study was carried out based on 11 different<br />
VOC emission scenarios. <strong>The</strong> results of the budget<br />
study show that the strongest O-3 production<br />
rate (4 ppbv/hour) occurs in the downwind area<br />
of the city of Milan, and that accumulated O 3 is<br />
transported back to Milan city during nighttime.<br />
More than 80% of the HCHO concentration over<br />
the Milan metropolitan region is secondary, i.<br />
e., photochemically produced from other VOCs.<br />
<strong>The</strong> sensitivity study shows that the emissions<br />
of isoprene are not, on average, a controlling factor<br />
for the peak concentrations of O 3 and HCHO<br />
over the model domain because of very few oak<br />
trees in this region. Although the paraffinic (PAR)<br />
emissions are fairly large, a 20% reduction of PAR<br />
yields only 1.7% of HCHO reduction and 2.7% reduction<br />
of the O 3 peak. <strong>The</strong> largest reduction of<br />
O 3 levels can be obtained by reduced xylene (XYL)<br />
emissions. A 20% reduction of the total anthropogenic<br />
VOC emissions leads to 15.5% (20.3 ppbv)<br />
reduction of O 3 peak levels over the Milan metropolitan<br />
region.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 20 ARTN: D22303.<br />
08.1-45<br />
Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects<br />
in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM<br />
Lohmann U, Stier P, Hoose C, Ferrachat S, Kloster S,<br />
Röckner E, Zhang J<br />
Switzerland, USA, Italy, Germany, Canada<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
<strong>The</strong> double-moment cloud microphysics scheme<br />
from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing<br />
ratios and number concentrations of cloud<br />
droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to<br />
the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM.<br />
ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number<br />
concentrations and mixing state. <strong>The</strong> simulated<br />
liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud<br />
droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as<br />
a function of temperature in stratiform mixedphase<br />
clouds between 0 and -35 degrees C agree<br />
much better with aircraft observations in the<br />
ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better<br />
because more realistic aerosol concentrations are<br />
available for cloud droplet nucleation and because<br />
the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized<br />
as being more efficient. <strong>The</strong> total anthropogenic<br />
aerosol effect includes the direct, semi- direct<br />
and indirect effects and is defined as the difference<br />
in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation<br />
between present-day and pre- industrial times.<br />
It amounts to & minus; 1.9 W m(-2) in ECHAM5,<br />
when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover<br />
scheme and aerosol emissions representative for<br />
the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission<br />
inventory are used. <strong>The</strong> contribution of the<br />
cloud albedo effect amounts to -0.7 W m(-2). <strong>The</strong><br />
total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when<br />
either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different<br />
aerosol emission inventory are employed because<br />
the cloud lifetime effect increases.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N13, pp 3425-3446.
54<br />
08.1-46<br />
A thermophoretic precipitator for the representative<br />
collection of atmospheric ultrafine<br />
particles for microscopic analysis<br />
Lorenzo R, Kägi R, Gehrig R, Scherrer L, Grobety B,<br />
Burtscher H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments<br />
& Instrumentation<br />
In this article, the potential of a thermophoretic<br />
sampling device to derive quantitative particle<br />
size distributions and number concentrations of<br />
aerosols based on microscopic single particle analysis<br />
is explored. For that purpose a plate-to-plate<br />
thermophoretic precipitator to collect ultrafine<br />
atmospheric particles for TEM (transmission electron<br />
microscopy) analysis has been calibrated and<br />
characterized. <strong>The</strong> representativeness of the samples<br />
has been verified in a series of experiments.<br />
Results show that, for particles with diameters of<br />
15 nm to 300 nm, the precipitator’s collection efficiency<br />
is independent of size, shape, and composition<br />
of the particles. Hence, its samples accurately<br />
represent the original aerosol. A numerical model<br />
of thermophoretic deposition within the device<br />
has been developed and tailored to the specifications<br />
of the precipitator. <strong>The</strong> model has been used<br />
to derive the particle number density and size<br />
distribution of several calibration aerosols using<br />
the TEM analysis of the samples taken with the<br />
thermophoretic precipitator as input parameters.<br />
<strong>The</strong> results agree very well with the on-line measurements<br />
of the calibration aerosols. This work<br />
demonstrates that our thermophoretic sampling<br />
device can be used to derive quantitative particle<br />
size distributions and number concentrations of<br />
ultrafine particles based on microscopic single<br />
particle analysis.<br />
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N10,<br />
pp 934-943.<br />
08.1-47<br />
Evidence for a modest undercount bias in<br />
early historical Atlantic tropical cyclone counts<br />
Mann M E, Sabbatelli T A, Neu U<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
We obtain new insights into the reliability of<br />
long-term historical Atlantic tropical cyclone<br />
(‘TC’) counts through the use of a statistical<br />
model that relates variations in annual Atlantic<br />
TC counts to climate state variables. We find<br />
that the existence of a substantial undercount<br />
bias in late 19th through mid 20th century TC<br />
counts is inconsistent with the statistical rela-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
tionship between TC counts and climate.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N22,<br />
NOV 24 ARTN: L22707.<br />
08.1-48<br />
Efficiency of immersion mode ice nucleation<br />
on surrogates of mineral dust<br />
Marcolli C, Gedamke S, Peter T, Zobrist B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments<br />
& Instrumentation<br />
A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was<br />
used to explore heterogeneous ice nucleation of<br />
emulsified aqueous suspensions of two Arizona<br />
test dust (ATD) samples with particle diameters of<br />
nominally 0 - 3 and 0 - 7 µm, respectively. Aqueous<br />
suspensions with ATD concentrations of 0.01<br />
- 20 wt% have been investigated. <strong>The</strong> DSC thermograms<br />
exhibit a homogeneous and a heterogeneous<br />
freezing peak whose intensity ratios vary<br />
with the ATD concentration in the aqueous suspensions.<br />
Homogeneous freezing temperatures<br />
are in good agreement with recent measurements<br />
by other techniques. Depending on ATD concentration,<br />
heterogeneous ice nucleation occurred<br />
at temperatures as high as 256K or down to the<br />
onset of homogeneous ice nucleation (237 K). For<br />
ATD-induced ice formation Classical Nucleation<br />
<strong>The</strong>ory (CNT) offers a suitable framework to parameterize<br />
nucleation rates as a function of temperature,<br />
experimentally determined ATD size,<br />
and emulsion droplet volume distributions. <strong>The</strong><br />
latter two quantities serve to estimate the total<br />
heterogeneous surface area present in a droplet,<br />
whereas the suitability of an individual heterogeneous<br />
site to trigger nucleation is described<br />
by the compatibility function (or contact angle)<br />
in CNT. <strong>The</strong> intensity ratio of homogeneous to<br />
heterogeneous freezing peaks is in good agreement<br />
with the assumption that the ATD particles<br />
are randomly distributed amongst the emulsion<br />
droplets. <strong>The</strong> observed dependence of the heterogeneous<br />
freezing temperatures on ATD concentrations<br />
cannot be described by assuming a constant<br />
contact angle for all ATD particles, but requires<br />
the ice nucleation efficiency of ATD particles to be<br />
(log) normally distributed amongst the particles.<br />
Best quantitative agreement is reached when explicitly<br />
assuming that high-compatibility sites are<br />
rare and that therefore larger particles have on<br />
average more and better active sites than smaller<br />
ones. This analysis suggests that a particle has to<br />
have a diameter of at least 0.1 µm to exhibit on<br />
average one active site.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N19, pp 5081-5091.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 55<br />
08.1-49<br />
Aerosol scattering as a function of altitude in<br />
a coastal environment<br />
Marshall J, Lohmann U, Leaitch W R, Lehr P,<br />
Hayden K<br />
Canada, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) An optical closure study was carried out on<br />
the basis of measurements taken during five research<br />
flights in October 2003 over the waters surrounding<br />
Nova Scotia. Measurements of aerosol<br />
size spectra were made using a variety of instruments,<br />
and the size- segregated chemical signature<br />
was determined with an Aerodyne Aerosol<br />
Mass Spectrometer. <strong>The</strong> aerosol scattering and<br />
backscattering coefficients were determined<br />
with an integrating nephelometer at three visible<br />
wavelengths. At a wavelength of 550 nm and<br />
at altitudes less than 1000 m, the mean total scattering<br />
coefficient of the dry in-cabin aerosol is 26<br />
Mm(-1), with a standard deviation of 10 Mm(-1) ,<br />
while the mean backscattering coefficient is 1.7<br />
Mm(-1) with a standard deviation of 0.8 Mm(-1).<br />
On the basis of data from instruments within<br />
the cabin, closure between the directly measured<br />
and calculated total scattering coefficients is attained<br />
for more than 70% of cases, but is not attained<br />
for the backscattering coefficients. Coarse<br />
particles are found to account for roughly half<br />
of the total scattering and 70% of the backscattering<br />
for altitudes up to similar to 1000 m. <strong>The</strong><br />
scattering contribution from coarse particles is<br />
found to account for approximately 65% of the<br />
total scattering and 88% of the backscattering<br />
when calculated on the basis of measurements<br />
taken outside of the aircraft, which are not subject<br />
to inlet losses for larger particles.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND14, JUL 21 ARTN: D14203.<br />
08.1-50<br />
Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime<br />
Northern Hemisphere: Climatological<br />
analyses of the orientation and the theoretical<br />
LC1/2 classification<br />
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies H C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Breaking waves on the tropopause are viewed as<br />
potential vorticity (PV) streamers on middle-world<br />
isentropic levels. A Northern Hemisphere winter<br />
climatology of the streamers’ spatial distribution<br />
and meridional orientation is derived from<br />
the 40-yr ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-40) dataset,<br />
and used to assess the nature and frequency of<br />
occurrence of breaking synoptic-scale waves. <strong>The</strong><br />
streamers are grouped into two classes related to<br />
the so-called cyclonic (LC2) and anticyclonic (LC1)<br />
patterns, and the ambient wind strength and wind<br />
shear is also noted. It is shown that the occurrence<br />
of cyclonic and anticyclonic PV streamers exhibits<br />
a distinct spatial variability in the horizontal and<br />
the vertical. <strong>The</strong> majority of cyclonic PV streamers<br />
are found on lower isentropic levels that intersect<br />
the tropopause at more poleward latitudes,<br />
whereas anticyclonic streamers predominate at<br />
higher elevations in the subtropics. An analysis of<br />
the streamer patterns for the two phases of the<br />
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) reveals significant<br />
differences in the location and frequency of<br />
both cyclonic and anticyclonic streamers in the<br />
Euro-Atlantic region on the 310-K isentropic level.<br />
Likewise, for the two phases of the ENSO and the<br />
Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, there are<br />
marked differences in the frequency pattern of<br />
cyclonic streamers. An examination of the tropopause-level<br />
hemispheric flow pattern at the time<br />
of and prior to a streamer’s formation indicates<br />
a linkage to the presence or absence of double jet<br />
structures.<br />
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, V64,<br />
N7, JUL, pp 2576-2592.<br />
08.1-51<br />
Comparison between backscatter lidar and<br />
radiosonde measurements of the diurnal and<br />
nocturnal stratification in the lower troposphere<br />
Martucci G, Matthey R, Mitev V, Richner H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Instruments<br />
& Instrumentation<br />
A collection of boundary layer heights has been<br />
derived from measurements performed by a<br />
ground-based backscatter lidar in Neuch tel, Switzerland<br />
(47.000 N, 6.967 E, 485 m ASL). A dataset<br />
of 98 cases have been collected during 2 yr. From<br />
these data, 61 are noon and 37 are midnight cases.<br />
<strong>The</strong> following two different schemes were used to<br />
retrieve the mixed layer depth and the height of<br />
the residual layer from the measurements: the<br />
gradient and variance methods. <strong>The</strong> obtained values<br />
were compared with those derived from the<br />
potential temperature profiles as computed from<br />
radiosonde data. For nocturnal cases, the height<br />
of the first aerosol layer above the residual layer<br />
was also compared to the corresponding potential<br />
temperature value. Correlation coefficients<br />
between lidar and radiosonde in both convective<br />
and stable conditions are between 0.88 and 0.97.<br />
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,<br />
2007, V24, N7, JUL, pp 1231-1244.
56<br />
08.1-52<br />
Counterflow virtual impact or based collection<br />
of small ice particles in mixed-phase clouds<br />
for the physico-chemical characterization of<br />
tropospheric ice nuclei : Sampler description<br />
and first case study<br />
Mertes S, Verheggen B, Walter S, Connolly P, Ebert<br />
M, Schneider J, Bower K N, Cozic J, Weinbruch S,<br />
Baltensperger U, Weingartner E<br />
Germany, Switzerland, England<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A ground-based sampling system named Ice-CVI<br />
is introduced that is able to extract small ice<br />
particles with sizes between 5 and 20 µm out of<br />
mixed-phase clouds. <strong>The</strong> instrument is based on<br />
a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) removing interstitial<br />
particles and is supplemented by additional<br />
modules that pre-segregate other constituents<br />
of mixed-phase clouds. Ice particles of 20 µm<br />
and smaller are expected to grow only by water<br />
vapor diffusion and there is a negligible probability<br />
that they scavenge aerosol particles by impaction<br />
and riming. Thus, their residuals which are<br />
released by the Ice-CVI can be interpreted as the<br />
original ice nuclei (IN). In a first field test within<br />
the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment<br />
(CLACE-3) at the high alpine research station<br />
Jungfraujoch, the collection behavior of the<br />
single components and the complete system was<br />
evaluated under atmospheric sampling conditions.<br />
By comparing parameters measured by the<br />
Ice-CVI with corresponding results obtained from<br />
other inlets or with in-situ instrumentation it is<br />
verified that the small ice particles are representatively<br />
collected whereas all other mixed phase<br />
cloud constituents are effectively suppressed. In<br />
a case study it is observed that supermicrometer<br />
particles preferentially serve as IN although in absolute<br />
terms the IN concentration is dominated by<br />
sub- micrometer particles. Mineral dust (Si), nonvolatile<br />
organic matter and black carbon could be<br />
identified as IN components by means of different<br />
chemical analyses. <strong>The</strong> latter suggests an anthropogenic<br />
influence on the heterogeneous ice nucleation<br />
in supercooled, tropospheric clouds.<br />
Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, V41, N9, pp<br />
848-864.<br />
08.1-53<br />
A one-dimensional ensemble forecast and assimilation<br />
system for fog prediction<br />
Müller M D, Schmutz C, Parlow E<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A probabilistic fog forecast system was designed<br />
based on two high resolution numerical 1-D mod-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
els called COBEL and PAFOG. <strong>The</strong> 1-D models are<br />
coupled to several 3-D numerical weather prediction<br />
models and thus are able to consider the effects<br />
of advection. To deal with the large uncertainty<br />
inherent to fog forecasts, a whole ensemble<br />
of 1-D runs is computed using the two different<br />
numerical models and a set of different initial<br />
conditions in combination with distinct boundary<br />
conditions. Initial conditions are obtained<br />
from variational data assimilation, which optimally<br />
combines observations with a first guess<br />
taken from operational 3-D models. <strong>The</strong> design<br />
of the ensemble scheme computes members that<br />
should fairly well represent the uncertainty of<br />
the current meteorological regime. Verification<br />
for an entire fog season reveals the importance of<br />
advection in complex terrain. <strong>The</strong> skill of 1-D fog<br />
forecasts is significantly improved if advection is<br />
considered. Thus the probabilistic forecast system<br />
has the potential to support the forecaster and<br />
therefore to provide more accurate fog forecasts.<br />
Pure and Applied Geophysics, 2007, V164, N6-7,<br />
JUN, pp 1241-1264.<br />
08.1-54<br />
Ozone air pollution effects on tree-ring<br />
growth, delta C-13, visible foliar injury and<br />
leaf gas exchange in three ozone-sensitive<br />
woody plant species<br />
Novak K, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Fuhrer J, Skelly J<br />
M, Kräuchi N, Schaub M<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant<br />
Sciences , Forestry<br />
We assessed the effects of ambient tropospheric<br />
ozone on annual tree- ring growth, delta C-13 in<br />
the rings, leaf gas exchange and visible injury<br />
in three ozone-sensitive woody plant species in<br />
southern Switzerland. Seedlings of Populus nigra<br />
L., Viburnum lantana L. and Fraxinus excelsior L.<br />
were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and nonfiltered<br />
air (NF) in open-top chambers, and to ambient<br />
air (AA) in open plots during the 2001 and<br />
2002 growing seasons. Ambient ozone exposures<br />
in the region were sufficient to cause visible foliar<br />
injury, early leaf senescence and premature leaf<br />
loss in all species. Ozone had significant negative<br />
effects on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance<br />
in all species in 2002 and in V. lantana<br />
and F. excelsior in 2001. Water-use efficiency decreased<br />
and intercellular CO 2 concentrations increased<br />
in all species in response to ozone in 2002<br />
only. <strong>The</strong> width and delta C-13 of the 2001 and<br />
2002 growth rings were measured for all species<br />
at the end of the 2002 growing season. Compared<br />
with CF seedlings, mean ring width in the AA and
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 57<br />
NF P. nigra seedlings was reduced by 52 and 46%,<br />
respectively, in 2002, whereas in V lantana and F.<br />
excelsior ring width showed no significant reductions<br />
in either year. Although delta C-13 was usually<br />
more negative in CF seedlings than in AA and<br />
NF seedlings, with the exception of F. excelsior in<br />
2001, ozone effects on delta C-13 were significant<br />
only for V lantana and P nigra in 2001. Among<br />
species, P. nigra exhibited the greatest response to<br />
ozone for the measured parameters as well as the<br />
most severe foliar injury and was the only species<br />
to show a significant reduction in ring width in response<br />
to ozone exposure, despite significant negative<br />
ozone effects on leaf gas exchange and the<br />
development of visible foliar injury in V lantana<br />
and F. excelsior. Thus, significant ozone-induced<br />
effects at the leaf level did not correspond to reduced<br />
tree-ring growth or increased delta C-13 in<br />
all species, indicating that the timing of ozone exposure<br />
and severity of leaf-level responses may be<br />
important in determining the sensitivity of tree<br />
productivity to ozone exposure.<br />
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N7, JUL, pp 941-949.<br />
08.1-55<br />
Perturbation of the European free troposphere<br />
aerosol by North American forest fire plumes<br />
during the ICARTT-ITOP experiment in summer<br />
2004<br />
Petzold A, Weinzierl B, Huntrieser H, Stohl A, Real<br />
E, Cozic J, Fiebig M, Hendricks J, Lauer A, Law K,<br />
Roiger A, Schlager H, Weingartner E<br />
Germany, Norway, France, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling ,<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences<br />
During the ICARTT-ITOP Experiment in summer<br />
2004 plumes from large wildfires in North America<br />
were transported to Central Europe at 3 - 8 km<br />
altitude above sea level (a.s.l.). <strong>The</strong>se plumes were<br />
studied with the DLR (Deutsches Zentrum fuer<br />
Luft- und Raumfahrt) research aircraft Falcon<br />
which was equipped with an extensive set of in<br />
situ aerosol and trace gas instruments. Analyses<br />
by the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART<br />
provided source regions, transport times and<br />
horizontal extent of the fire plumes. Results from<br />
the general circulation model ECHAM/MADE and<br />
data from previous aerosol studies over Central<br />
Europe provided reference vertical profiles of<br />
black carbon (BC) mass concentrations for year<br />
2000 conditions with forest fire activities below<br />
the long-term average. Smoke plume observations<br />
yielded a BC mass fraction of total aerosol mass<br />
with respect to PM 2.5 of 2 - 8%. <strong>The</strong> ratio of BC<br />
mass to excess CO was 3 - 7.5 mg BC (g CO)(-1). Even<br />
after up to 10 days of atmospheric transport, both<br />
characteristic properties were of the same order<br />
as for fresh emissions. This suggests an efficient<br />
lifting of BC from forest fires to higher altitudes<br />
with only minor scavenging removal of particulate<br />
matter. Maximum aerosol absorption coefficient<br />
values were 7 - 8Mm (-1) which is about two<br />
orders of magnitude above the average European<br />
free tropospheric background value. Forest fire<br />
aerosol size distributions were characterised by a<br />
strong internally mixed accumulation mode centred<br />
at modal diameters of 0.25 - 0.30 µm with an<br />
average distribution width of 1.30. Nucleation and<br />
small Aitken mode particles were almost completely<br />
depleted.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N19, pp 5105-5127.<br />
08.1-56<br />
Long-term variability of daily North Atlantic-<br />
European pressure patterns since 1850 classified<br />
by simulated annealing clustering<br />
Philipp A, Della Marta P M, Jacobeit J, Fereday D R,<br />
Jones P D, Moberg A, Wanner H<br />
Germany, Switzerland, England, Sweden<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Reconstructed daily mean sea level pressure patterns<br />
of the North Atlantic - European region are<br />
classified for the period 1850 to 2003 to explore<br />
long- term changes of the atmospheric circulation<br />
and its impact on long- term temperature variability<br />
in the central European region. Commonly<br />
used k- means clustering algorithms resulted in<br />
classifications of low quality because of methodological<br />
deficiencies leading to local optima by<br />
chance for complex datasets. In contrast, a newly<br />
implemented clustering scheme combining the<br />
concepts of simulated annealing and diversified<br />
randomization (SANDRA) is able to reduce substantially<br />
the influence of chance in the cluster<br />
assignment, leading to partitions that are noticeably<br />
nearer to the global optimum and more stable.<br />
<strong>The</strong> differences between conventional cluster<br />
analysis and the SANDRA scheme are significant<br />
for subsequent analyses of single clusters - in particular,<br />
for trend analysis. Conventional indices<br />
used to determine the appropriate number of<br />
clusters failed to provide clear guidance, indicating<br />
that no distinct separation between clusters of<br />
circulation types exists in the dataset. <strong>The</strong>refore,<br />
the number of clusters is determined by an external<br />
indicator, the so- called dominance criteria for<br />
t- mode principal component analysis. Nevertheless,<br />
the resulting partitions are stable for certain<br />
numbers of clusters and provide meaningful and<br />
reproducible clusters. <strong>The</strong> resulting types of pressure<br />
patterns reveal pronounced long- term vari-
58<br />
ability and various significant trends of the time<br />
series of seasonal cluster frequency. Tentative estimations<br />
of central European temperature changes<br />
based solely on seasonal cluster frequencies can<br />
explain between 33.9% (summer) and 59.0% (winter)<br />
of temperature variance on the seasonal time<br />
scale. However, the signs of long- term changes<br />
in temperature are correctly reproduced even on<br />
multidecadal - centennial time scales. Moreover,<br />
linear warming trends are reproduced, implying<br />
from one- third up to one- half of the observed<br />
temperature increase between 1851/ 52 and 2003<br />
(except for summer, but with significant trends<br />
for spring and autumn), indicating that changes<br />
in daily circulation patterns contribute to the observed<br />
overall long- term warming in the central<br />
European region.<br />
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N16, AUG 17, pp<br />
4065-4095.<br />
08.1-57<br />
Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth over<br />
central Europe from MSG- SEVIRI data and accuracy<br />
assessment with ground-based AERO-<br />
NET measurements<br />
Popp C, Hauser A, Foppa N, Wunderle S<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Remote Sensing , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
In this study, the remote sensing of aerosol optical<br />
depth (tau(a)) from the geostationary Meteosat<br />
Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible<br />
and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) is demonstrated.<br />
<strong>The</strong> proposed method is based on the analysis of<br />
a time series of SEVIRI’s 0.6 µm channel images.<br />
Top-of-atmosphere reflectance is precorrected for<br />
the effect of atmospheric gases and a background<br />
aerosol amount. Subsequently, surface reflectance<br />
for each pixel is estimated by determining its lowest<br />
precorrected reflectance within the observed<br />
time period for each satellite observation time of<br />
the day. <strong>The</strong> resulting diurnal surface reflectance<br />
curve in combination with the radiative transfer<br />
code SMAC are finally used to derive ta. This approach<br />
is applied to SEVIRI subscenes of central<br />
Europe (40.8 - 51.3 degrees N, 0.3 degrees W - 19.9<br />
degrees E) from August 2004, daily acquired between<br />
0612 and 1712 UTC in intervals of 15 min.<br />
SEVIRI tau(a) are related to Aerosol Robotic Network<br />
(AERONET) Sun photometer measurements<br />
from nine sites. About 3200 instantaneous SEVIRI<br />
and Sun photometer tau(a) are compared. An<br />
overall correlation of 0.9 and a root mean square<br />
error of 0.08 are obtained. Further, the spatial distribution<br />
of SEVIRI tau(a) maps for August 2004<br />
represent expectable features like higher concen-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
trations in industrialized regions or lower loading<br />
in higher altitudes. It is concluded that the<br />
described method is able to provide an estimate of<br />
tau(a) from MSG-SEVIRI data. Such aerosol maps<br />
of high temporal frequency could be of interest to<br />
atmospheric related sciences, e. g., to track aerosol<br />
particle transport.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND24, NOV 9 ARTN: D24S11.<br />
08.1-58<br />
Hydrological aspects of the Mesoscale Alpine<br />
Programme: Findings from field experiments<br />
and simulations<br />
Ranzi R, Zappa M, Bacchi B<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) was a<br />
unique initiative to improve the understanding<br />
of processes involved in orographically influenced<br />
precipitation events and in the related emergence<br />
and mitigation of floods in the Alps. This study<br />
presents a summary of the results from investigations<br />
of hydrological relevance in areas to<br />
the south (Lago Maggiore watershed) and north<br />
(Ammer watershed) of the Alps. A special focus<br />
is given to the 1999 Special Observing Period<br />
(SOP) experiment. MAP has been an important<br />
dialogue platform between the hydrological and<br />
meteorological communities. A common goal<br />
has been the verification and the assessment of<br />
errors and sources of uncertainty of new coupled<br />
techniques for flood forecasting in mountainous<br />
environments. <strong>The</strong> ensemble multi-model<br />
error in the hydrometeorological forecast, two<br />
days in advance, was 30% of the observed peaks<br />
and 15% of the observed runoff volumes, on average.<br />
To provide some insight on the relative importance<br />
and priority of observation strategies<br />
of hydrological factors such as soil moisture and<br />
reservoir volume in contributing to the flood intensity,<br />
the MAP project ‘Hydrology’ focused also<br />
on the role and magnitude of water storage in reservoirs.<br />
<strong>The</strong> presented analyses indicate that for<br />
the investigated basins and flood events, the storage<br />
reservoirs may retain, on average, up to 10%<br />
of the event runoff volume and are key elements<br />
contributing to the mitigation of peak runoff.<br />
<strong>The</strong> observed variability of soil moisture is large<br />
and therefore it has been confirmed that severe<br />
difficulties remain in instrumental monitoring of<br />
soil moisture in mountainous environments. <strong>The</strong><br />
sensitivity of floods to soil moisture in the physiogeographic<br />
context analysed here seems, however,<br />
to be minor, due to the shallow soil layer covering
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 59<br />
the underlying rocks and the relatively high permeability<br />
of soils which reduce the ‘hydrological<br />
memory’ of the soil cover in the mountain basins<br />
investigated.<br />
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,<br />
2007, V133, N625, B, APR, pp 867-880.<br />
08.1-59<br />
Ice nucleation of ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite<br />
mineral dust particles<br />
Salam A, Lohmann U, Lesins G<br />
Canada, Bangladesh, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> ice nucleation characteristics of montmorillonite<br />
mineral dust aerosols with and without<br />
exposure to ammonia gas were measured at different<br />
atmospheric temperatures and relative humidities<br />
with a continuous flow diffusion chamber.<br />
<strong>The</strong> montmorillonite particles were exposed<br />
to pure (100%) and diluted ammonia gas (25 ppm)<br />
at room temperature in a stainless steel chamber.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re was no significant change in the mineral<br />
dust particle size distribution due to the ammonia<br />
gas exposure. 100% pure ammonia gas exposure<br />
enhanced the ice nucleating fraction of montmorillonite<br />
mineral dust particles 3 to 8 times at<br />
90% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw)<br />
and 5 to 8 times at 100% RHw for 120 min exposure<br />
time compared to unexposed montmorillonite<br />
within our experimental conditions. <strong>The</strong><br />
percentages of active ice nuclei were 2 to 8 times<br />
higher at 90% RHw and 2 to 7 times higher at 100%<br />
RHw in 25 ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite<br />
compared to unexposed montmorillonite. All<br />
montmorillonite particles are more efficient as ice<br />
nuclei with increasing relative humidities and decreasing<br />
temperatures. <strong>The</strong> activation temperature<br />
of montmorillonite exposed to 100% pure ammonia<br />
was 15 degrees C higher than for unexposed<br />
montmorillonite particles at 90% RHw. In the 25<br />
ppm ammonia exposed montmorillonite experiments,<br />
the activation temperature was 10 degrees<br />
C warmer than unexposed montmorillonite at 90%<br />
RHw. Degassing does not reverse the ice nucleating<br />
ability of ammonia exposed montmorillonite<br />
mineral dust particles suggesting that the ammonia<br />
is chemically bound to the montmorillonite<br />
particle. This is the first experimental evidence<br />
that ammonia gas exposed montmorillonite mineral<br />
dust particles can enhance its activation as ice<br />
nuclei and that the activation can occur at temperatures<br />
warmer than -degrees C where natural<br />
atmospheric ice nuclei are very scarce.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N14, pp 3923-3931.<br />
08.1-60<br />
A trajectory-based estimate of the tropospheric<br />
ozone column using the residual method<br />
Schoeberl M R, Ziemke J R, Bojkov B, Livesey N J,<br />
Duncan B, Strahan S, Froidevaux L, Kulawik S, Bhartia<br />
P K, Chandra S, Levelt P F, Witte J C, Thompson A<br />
M, Cuevas E, Redondas A, Tarasick D W, Davies J,<br />
Bodeker G E, Hansen G, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J,<br />
Voemel H, Allaart M, Kelder H, Newchurch M, Godin<br />
Beekmann S, Ancellet G, Claude H, Andersen S B,<br />
Kyroe E, Parrondos M C, Yela M, Zablocki G, Moore<br />
D, Dier H, von der Gathen P, Viatte P, Stuebi R, Calpini<br />
B, Skrivankova P, Dorokhov V, de Backer H, Schmidlin<br />
F J, Coetzee G, Fujiwara M, Thouret V, Posny F, Morris<br />
G, Merrill J, Leong C P, König Langlo G, Joseph E<br />
USA, Netherlands, Spain, Canada, New Zealand,<br />
Norway, France, Denmark, Finland, Poland, England,<br />
Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Russia,<br />
Belgium, South Africa, Japan, Malaysia<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
We estimate the tropospheric column ozone using<br />
a forward trajectory model to increase the<br />
horizontal resolution of the Aura Microwave<br />
Limb Sounder (MLS) derived stratospheric column<br />
ozone. Subtracting the MLS stratospheric column<br />
from Ozone Monitoring Instrument total column<br />
measurements gives the trajectory enhanced tropospheric<br />
ozone residual (TTOR). Because of different<br />
tropopause definitions, we validate the basic<br />
residual technique by computing the 200-hPato-<br />
surface column and comparing it to the same<br />
product from ozonesondes and Tropospheric<br />
Emission Spectrometer measurements. Comparisons<br />
show good agreement in the tropics and reasonable<br />
agreement at middle latitudes, but there<br />
is a persistent low bias in the TTOR that may be<br />
due to a slight high bias in MLS stratospheric column.<br />
With the improved stratospheric column<br />
resolution, we note a strong correlation of extratropical<br />
tropospheric ozone column anomalies<br />
with probable troposphere-stratosphere exchange<br />
events or folds. <strong>The</strong> folds can be identified by their<br />
colocation with strong horizontal tropopause gradients.<br />
TTOR anomalies due to folds may be mistaken<br />
for pollution events since folds often occur<br />
in the Atlantic and Pacific pollution corridors.<br />
We also compare the 200-hPa-to-surface column<br />
with <strong>Global</strong> Modeling Initiative chemical model<br />
estimates of the same quantity. While the tropical<br />
comparisons are good, we note that chemical<br />
model variations in 200hPa-to-surface column at<br />
middle latitudes are much smaller than seen in<br />
the TTOR.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 19 ARTN: D24S49.
60<br />
08.1-61<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of NOx, CO and VOC emissions on<br />
the air quality of Zürich airport<br />
Schürmann G, Schäfer K, Jahn C, Hoffman H,<br />
Bauerfeind M, Fleuti E, Rappenglück B<br />
Germany, Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N26, AUG,<br />
pp 5553-5554.<br />
08.1-62<br />
Dewpoint and humidity measurements and<br />
trends at the summit of Mount Washington,<br />
New Hampshire, 1935-2004<br />
Seidel T M, Grant A N, Pszenny A A P, Allman D J<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Meteorological conditions have been recorded at<br />
the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire,<br />
(44 degrees 16 ‘ N, 71 degrees 18 ‘ W, 1914<br />
m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent<br />
instrumentation allows analysis of humidity<br />
measurements as calculated from error- checked<br />
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and<br />
pressure during the period 1935-2004. This paper<br />
presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint<br />
temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity<br />
means and trends, including clear-air and<br />
fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night<br />
subsets. <strong>The</strong> majority of linear trends are negative<br />
over the full study period, although these decreases<br />
are not constant, with relatively large (small)<br />
values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean<br />
dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr<br />
period has decreased by 0.06 degrees C decade(-1)<br />
(0.01 g kg(-1) decade(-1)). During this period the annual<br />
frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade(-1).<br />
Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally<br />
decreasing, differ by season; they are smallest in<br />
spring and greatest in fall. Relative humidity has<br />
decreased most in winter. <strong>The</strong> clear-air subset<br />
shows significant decreases in both dewpoint and<br />
mixing ratio for all seasons except spring.<br />
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N22, NOV 15, pp<br />
5629-5641.<br />
08.1-63<br />
Assessment of the performance of ECCozonesondes<br />
under quasi-flight conditions<br />
in the environmental simulation chamber:<br />
Insights from the Juelich Ozone Sonde Intercomparison<br />
Experiment (JOSIE)<br />
Smit H G J, Straeter W, Johnson B J, Oltmans S J,<br />
Davies J, Tarasick D W, Hoegger B, Stubi R, Schmidlin<br />
F J, Northam T, Thompson A M, Witte J C, Boyd<br />
I, Posny F<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
Germany, USA, Switzerland, Reunion<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
(1) Since 1996, quality assurance experiments<br />
of electrochemical concentration cell (ECC)<br />
ozonesondes of two different model types (SPC-6A<br />
and ENSCI-Z) have been conducted in the environmental<br />
simulation facility at the Research Centre<br />
Juelich within the framework of the Juelich Ozone<br />
Sonde Intercomparison Experiment (JOSIE). <strong>The</strong><br />
experiments have shown that the performance<br />
characteristics of the two ECC-sonde types can be<br />
significantly different, even when operated under<br />
the same conditions. Particularly above 20 km<br />
the ENSCI-Z sonde tends to measure 5-10% more<br />
ozone than the SPC-6A sonde. Below 20 km the differences<br />
are 5% or less, but appear to show some<br />
differences with year of manufacture. <strong>The</strong>re is a<br />
significant difference in the ozone readings when<br />
sondes of the same type are operated with different<br />
cathode sensing solutions. Testing the most<br />
commonly used sensing solutions showed that for<br />
each ECC- manufacturer type the use of 1.0% KI<br />
and full buffer gives 5% larger ozone values compared<br />
with the use of 0.5% KI and half buffer, and<br />
as much as 10% larger values compared with 2.0%<br />
KI and no buffer. For ozone sounding stations<br />
performing long term measurements this means<br />
that changing the sensing solution type or ECCsonde<br />
type can easily introduce a change of +/- 5%<br />
or more in their records, affecting determination<br />
of ozone trends. Standardization of operating procedures<br />
for ECC-sondes yields a precision better<br />
than +/-(3-5)% and an accuracy of about +/-(5-10)%<br />
up to 30 km altitude.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND19, OCT 11 ARTN: D19306.<br />
08.1-64<br />
Modelling heavy metal fluxes from traffic into<br />
the environment<br />
Steiner M, Boller M, Schulz T, Pronk W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A new method is presented which allows emissions<br />
of traffic into the environment to be described<br />
as a function of road distance. <strong>The</strong> method<br />
distinguishes different types of emissions (runoff,<br />
spray and drift), which are determined by measurements<br />
and mass balances of a specified road<br />
section. <strong>The</strong> measurement of two-dimensional<br />
pollutant concentrations in the road shoulder is<br />
an important part of the method. In a case study<br />
performed at Burgdorf, Switzerland, the method<br />
was applied to the determination of the spatial<br />
distribution of heavy metal emissions. <strong>The</strong> results<br />
show that between 36 and 65% of the heavy met-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 61<br />
als Cd, Cr, Cu, Ph and Zn are present in runoff and<br />
spray and between 35 and 64% are dispersed diffusely<br />
in the environment (defined as drift). <strong>The</strong><br />
runoff infiltrates into the vegetated road shoulder<br />
up to a distance of approx. 1 m from the road.<br />
<strong>The</strong> distribution of spray shows a maximum at<br />
1 m and decreases steadily up to a distance of 5<br />
m. This information can serve as a basis for the<br />
quantitative evaluation of road-runoff treatment<br />
scenarios. Although the results of the Burgdorf<br />
study are case- specific, several general guidelines<br />
for the reduction of traffic- related emissions can<br />
be derived from it.<br />
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9,<br />
N8, AUG, pp 847-854.<br />
08.1-65<br />
Ultrafine (aerosol) particles and their agglomerate<br />
and aggregate - revised international<br />
measuring convention<br />
Steinle P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International<br />
Relations<br />
Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft, 2007, V67, N6,<br />
JUN, pp 243-245.<br />
08.1-66<br />
Light induced conversion of nitrogen dioxide<br />
into nitrous acid on submicron humic acid<br />
aerosol<br />
Stemmler K, Ndour M, Elshorbany Y, Kleffmann J,<br />
Danna B, George C, Bohn B, Ammann M<br />
Switzerland, France, Germany, Egypt<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> interactions of aerosols consisting of humic<br />
acids with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) were<br />
investigated under different light conditions in<br />
aerosol flow tube experiments at ambient pressure<br />
and temperature. <strong>The</strong> results show that<br />
NO 2 is converted on the humic acid aerosol into<br />
nitrous acid (HONO), which is released from the<br />
aerosol and can be detected in the gas phase at<br />
the reactor exit. <strong>The</strong> formation of HONO on the<br />
humic acid aerosol is strongly activated by light:<br />
In the dark, the HONO-formation was below the<br />
detection limit, but it was increasing with the<br />
intensity of the irradiation with visible light.<br />
Under simulated atmospheric conditions with<br />
respect to the actinic flux, relative humidity and<br />
NO 2-concentration, reactive uptake coefficients<br />
gamma(rxn) for the NO 2 -> HONO conversion on<br />
the aerosol between gamma(rxn) < 10(-7) (in the<br />
dark) and gamma(rxn)=6x 10(-6) were observed.<br />
<strong>The</strong> observed uptake coefficients decreased with<br />
increasing NO 2-concentration in the range from<br />
2.7 to 280 ppb and were dependent on the relative<br />
humidity (RH) with slightly reduced values at low<br />
humidity (< 20% RH) and high humidity (> 60%<br />
RH). <strong>The</strong> measured uptake coefficients for the NO 2<br />
-> HONO conversion are too low to explain the<br />
HONO-formation rates observed near the ground<br />
in rural and urban environments by the conversion<br />
of NO 2 -> HONO on organic aerosol surfaces,<br />
even if one would assume that all aerosols consist<br />
of humic acid only. It is concluded that the processes<br />
leading to HONO formation on the Earth<br />
surface will have a much larger impact on the<br />
HONO-formation in the lowermost layer of the<br />
troposphere than humic materials potentially occurring<br />
in airborne particles.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N16, pp 4237-4248.<br />
08.1-67<br />
Impact of scale and aggregation on the terrestrial<br />
water exchange: Integrating land surface<br />
models and Rhone catchment observations<br />
Stöckli R, Vidale P L, Boone A, Schär C<br />
Switzerland, USA, England, France<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Hydrology<br />
Land surface models (LSMs) used in climate modeling<br />
include detailed above- ground biophysics<br />
but usually lack a good representation of runoff.<br />
Both processes are closely linked through soil<br />
moisture. Soil moisture however has a high spatial<br />
variability that is unresolved at climate model<br />
grid scales. Physically based vertical and horizontal<br />
aggregation methods exist to account for this<br />
scaling problem. Effects of scaling and aggregation<br />
have been evaluated in this study by performing<br />
catchment- scale LSM simulations for the Rh<br />
ne catchment. It is found that evapotranspiration<br />
is not sensitive to soil moisture over the Rhone<br />
but it largely controls total runoff as a residual of<br />
the terrestrial water balance. Runoff magnitude is<br />
better simulated when the vertical soil moisture<br />
fluxes are resolved at a finer vertical resolution.<br />
<strong>The</strong> use of subgrid-scale topography significantly<br />
improves both the timing of runoff on the daily<br />
time scale (response to rainfall events) and the<br />
magnitude of summer baseflow (from seasonal<br />
groundwater recharge). Explicitly accounting for<br />
soil moisture as a subgrid- scale process in LSMs<br />
allows one to better resolve the seasonal course<br />
of the terrestrial water storage and makes runoff<br />
insensitive to the used grid scale. However, scale<br />
dependency of runoff to above-ground hydrology<br />
cannot be ignored: snowmelt runoff from the Alpine<br />
part of the Rh ne is sensitive to the spatial
62<br />
resolution of the snow scheme, and autumnal<br />
runoff from the Mediterranean part of the Rh ne<br />
is sensitive to the spatial resolution of precipitation.<br />
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N5, OCT,<br />
pp 1002-1015.<br />
08.1-68<br />
Direct assessment of international consistency<br />
of standards for ground-level ozone: strategy<br />
and implementation toward metrological<br />
traceability network in Asia<br />
Tanimoto H, Mukai H, Sawa Y, Matsueda H, Yonemura<br />
S, Wang T, Poon S, Wong A, Lee G, Jung J Y,<br />
Kim K R, Lee M H, Lin N H, Wang J L, Ou Yang C F,<br />
Wu C F, Akimoto H, Pochanart P, Tsuboi K, Doi H,<br />
Zellwegern C, Klausenn J<br />
Japan, Peoples R China, South Korea, Taiwan,<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , International<br />
Relations<br />
An international exercise to directly assess consistency<br />
of standards for ground-level ozone in<br />
East Asia was conducted as part of the East Asian<br />
Regional Experiment 2005 (EAREX 2005) in the<br />
framework of the Atmospheric Brown Clouds<br />
(ABC) project. Ten organizations collaboratively<br />
participated in the intercomparison. Four groups<br />
representing Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan<br />
made comparisons at the Gosan super observatory,<br />
Jeju Island, Korea, in March 2005, with<br />
ozone instruments calibrated to their national<br />
standards, and four Japanese groups made off-site<br />
comparisons with laboratory-level standards. All<br />
comparisons generally indicated good agreement<br />
with the standard reference photometer (SRP) 35,<br />
built by the National Institute of Standards and<br />
Technology (USA) and maintained by the National<br />
Institute for Environmental Studies (Japan). <strong>The</strong><br />
assessment was expanded to measurement networks<br />
contributing to the World Meteorological<br />
Organization’s <strong>Global</strong> Atmospheric Watch (WMO/<br />
GAW) program as part of off-site comparisons,<br />
and excellent agreement was achieved. <strong>The</strong>se efforts<br />
contribute to propagating traceability of the<br />
national metrology standards among the atmospheric<br />
science community, to ensuring comparability<br />
of the existing ozone measurements, and to<br />
establishing an integrated network of air quality<br />
monitoring in Asia.<br />
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2007, V9,<br />
N11, pp 1183-1193.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
08.1-69<br />
<strong>The</strong> influence of a weakening of the Atlantic<br />
meridional overturning circulation on ENSO<br />
Timmermann A, Okumura Y, An S I, Clement A,<br />
Dong B, Guilyardi E, Hu A, Jungclaus J H, Renold<br />
M, Stocker T F, Stouffer R J, Sutton R, Xie S P, Yin J<br />
USA, South Korea, England, France, Germany,<br />
Switzerland<br />
Oceanography , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Modelling<br />
<strong>The</strong> influences of a substantial weakening of<br />
the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation<br />
(AMOC) on the tropical Pacific climate mean state,<br />
the annual cycle, and ENSO variability are studied<br />
using five different coupled general circulation<br />
models (CGCMs). In the CGCMs, a substantial<br />
weakening of the AMOC is induced by adding<br />
freshwater flux forcing in the northern North<br />
Atlantic. In response, the well- known surface<br />
temperature dipole in the low- latitude Atlantic<br />
is established, which reorganizes the large- scale<br />
tropical atmospheric circulation by increasing<br />
the northeasterly trade winds. This leads to a<br />
southward shift of the intertropical convergence<br />
zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Atlantic and also the<br />
eastern tropical Pacific. Because of evaporative<br />
fluxes, mixing, and changes in Ekman divergence,<br />
a meridional temperature anomaly is generated<br />
in the northeastern tropical Pacific, which leads<br />
to the development of a meridionally symmetric<br />
thermal background state. In four out of five CGC-<br />
Ms this leads to a substantial weakening of the<br />
annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific and<br />
a subsequent intensification of ENSO variability<br />
due to nonlinear interactions. In one of the CGCM<br />
simulations, an ENSO intensification occurs as<br />
a result of a zonal mean thermocline shoaling.<br />
Analysis suggests that the atmospheric circulation<br />
changes forced by tropical Atlantic SSTs can<br />
easily influence the large- scale atmospheric circulation<br />
and hence tropical eastern Pacific climate.<br />
Furthermore, it is concluded that the existence of<br />
the present- day tropical Pacific cold tongue complex<br />
and the annual cycle in the eastern equatorial<br />
Pacific are partly controlled by the strength of<br />
the AMOC. <strong>The</strong> results may have important implications<br />
for the interpretation of global multidecadal<br />
variability and paleo- proxy data.<br />
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N19, OCT, pp<br />
4899-4919.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 63<br />
08.1-70<br />
Aerosols in polar regions: A historical overview<br />
based on optical depth and in situ observations<br />
Tomasi C, Vitale V, Lupi A, Di Carmine C, Campanelli<br />
M, Herber A, Treffeisen R, Stone R S, Andrews<br />
E, Sharma S, Radionov V, von Hoyningen Huene<br />
W, Stebel K, Hansen G H, Myhre C L, Wehrli C,<br />
Aaltonen V, Lihavainen H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R,<br />
Stroem J, Toledano C, Cachorro V E, Ortiz P, de Frutos<br />
A M, Blindheim S, Frioud M, Gausa M, Zielinski<br />
T, Petelski T, Yamanouchi T<br />
Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Norway, Switzerland,<br />
Finland, Sweden, Spain, Poland, Japan<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
Large sets of filtered actinometer, filtered pyrheliometer<br />
and Sun photometer measurements have<br />
been carried out over the past 30 years by various<br />
groups at different Arctic and Antarctic sites and<br />
for different time periods. <strong>The</strong>y were examined<br />
to estimate ensemble average, long-term trends<br />
of the summer background aerosol optical depth<br />
AOD(500 nm) in the polar regions (omitting the<br />
data influenced by Arctic haze and volcanic eruptions).<br />
<strong>The</strong> trend for the Arctic was estimated to<br />
be between -1.6% and -2.0% per year over 30 years,<br />
depending on location. No significant trend was<br />
observed for Antarctica. <strong>The</strong> time patterns of<br />
AOD(500 nm) and angstrom ngstrom’s parameters<br />
a and beta measured with Sun photometers during<br />
the last 20 years at various Arctic and Antarctic<br />
sites are also presented. <strong>The</strong>y give a measure<br />
of the large variations of these parameters due to<br />
El Chichon, Pinatubo, and Cerro Hudson volcanic<br />
particles, Arctic haze episodes most frequent in<br />
winter and spring, and the transport of Asian dust<br />
and boreal smokes to the Arctic region. Evidence<br />
is also shown of marked differences between the<br />
aerosol optical parameters measured at coastal<br />
and high-altitude sites in Antarctica. In situ optical<br />
and chemical composition parameters of aerosol<br />
particles measured at Arctic and Antarctic<br />
sites are also examined to achieve more complete<br />
information on the multimodal size distribution<br />
shape parameters and their radiative properties.<br />
A characterization of aerosol radiative parameters<br />
is also defined by plotting the daily mean values<br />
of a as a function of AOD(500 nm), separately for<br />
the two polar regions, allowing the identification<br />
of different clusters related to fifteen aerosol<br />
classes, for which the spectral values of complex<br />
refractive index and single scattering albedo were<br />
evaluated.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND16, AUG 21 ARTN: D16205.<br />
08.1-71<br />
Aerosol partitioning between the interstitial<br />
and the condensed phase in mixed-phase<br />
clouds<br />
Verheggen B, Cozic J, Weingartner E, Bower K,<br />
Mertes S, Connolly P, Gallagher M W, Flynn M,<br />
Choularton T, Baltensperger U<br />
Germany, England, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) <strong>The</strong> partitioning of aerosol particles between<br />
the cloud and the interstitial phase (i.e., unactivated<br />
aerosol) has been investigated during several<br />
Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiments<br />
(CLACE-3, CLACE-3 1/2 and CLACE-4) conducted in<br />
winter and summer 2004 and winter 2005 at the<br />
high alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580<br />
m altitude, Switzerland). Ambient air was sampled<br />
using different inlets in order to determine<br />
the activated fraction of aerosol particles, F-N, defined<br />
as the fraction of the total aerosol number<br />
concentration (with particle diameter d(p) > 100<br />
nm) that has been incorporated into cloud particles.<br />
<strong>The</strong> liquid and ice water content of mixedphase<br />
clouds were characterized by analyzing<br />
multiple cloud probes. <strong>The</strong> dependence of the activated<br />
fraction on several environmental factors<br />
is discussed on the basis of more than 900 h of incloud<br />
observations and parameterizations for key<br />
variables are given. FN is found to increase with<br />
increasing liquid water content and to decrease<br />
with increasing particle number concentration in<br />
liquid clouds. FN also decreases with increasing<br />
cloud ice mass fraction and with decreasing temperature<br />
from 0 to -25 degrees C. <strong>The</strong> Wegener-<br />
Bergeron-Findeisen process probably contributed<br />
to this trend, since the presence of ice crystals<br />
causes liquid droplets to evaporate, thus releasing<br />
the formerly activated particles back into the<br />
interstitial phase. Ice nucleation could also have<br />
prevented additional cloud condensation nuclei<br />
from activating. <strong>The</strong> observed activation behavior<br />
has significant implications for our understanding<br />
of the indirect effect of aerosols on climate.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND23, DEC 13 ARTN: D23202.<br />
08.1-72<br />
Alpha-Pinene oxidation in the presence of<br />
seed aerosol: Estimates of nucleation rates,<br />
growth rates, and yield<br />
Verheggen B, Mozurkewich M, Caffrey P, Frick G,<br />
Hoppel W, Sullivan W<br />
Canada, Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
A recently developed inverse-modeling procedure<br />
has been applied to a case study of particle nucle-
64<br />
ation and growth following alpha-pinene and SO 2<br />
oxidation in a smog chamber. With the use of only<br />
the measured aerosol size distributions as input,<br />
the condensational growth rate is obtained by<br />
regression analysis of the general dynamic equation,<br />
taking into account coagulation and wall<br />
losses. <strong>The</strong> growth rate provides an indirect measure<br />
of the concentration of the condensing species,<br />
offset by their vapor pressures. Assuming a<br />
particle density of 1.0 g cm(-3), an aerosol yield of<br />
7 +/- 1% is obtained for an initial alpha-pinene concentration<br />
of 14 ppbv and a final organic aerosol<br />
mass of 4 µg m(3). Using the estimated vapor concentration,<br />
we show that the time-dependence of<br />
the yield is at least partly due to the time needed<br />
for condensation. Such a kinetic limitation to secondary<br />
organic aerosol formation may have implications<br />
for our understanding of gas-particle<br />
partitioning. <strong>The</strong> measured size distributions are<br />
also used to determine the empirical nucleation<br />
rate; it appears to be enhanced by the presence of<br />
organics.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N17, SEP 1, pp 6046-6051.<br />
08.1-73<br />
Dobson total ozone series of Oxford: Reevaluation<br />
and applications<br />
Vogler C, Brönnimann S, Stähelin J, Griffin R E M<br />
Switzerland, Canada<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Urban Studies<br />
We have reevaluated the original total ozone measurements<br />
made in Oxford between 1924 and 1957,<br />
with a view to extending backward in time the existing<br />
total ozone series from 1957 to 1975. <strong>The</strong> Oxford<br />
measurements are the oldest Dobson observations<br />
in the world. <strong>The</strong>ir prime importance, when coupled<br />
with the series from Arosa (since 1926) and Tromso<br />
(since 1935), is for increasing basic understanding<br />
of stratospheric ozone and dynamics, while in relation<br />
to studies of the recent ozone depletion they<br />
constitute a baseline of considerable (and unique)<br />
significance and value. However, the reevaluation<br />
was made difficult on account of changes to the instruments<br />
and wavelengths as the early data collection<br />
methods evolved, while unknowns due to the<br />
influence of aerosols and the possible presence of<br />
dioxides of sulphur and nitrogen created additional<br />
problems. Our reevaluation was based on statistical<br />
procedures (comparisons with meteorological upper<br />
air data and ozone series from Arosa) and also<br />
on corrections suggested by Dobson himself. <strong>The</strong><br />
comparisons demonstrate that the data are internally<br />
consistent and of good quality. Nevertheless,<br />
as post-1957 data were not assessed in this study, the<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
series cannot be recommended at present for trend<br />
analysis, though the series can be used for climatological<br />
studies. By supplementing the Oxford data<br />
with other existing series, we present a European total<br />
ozone climatology for 1924-1939, 1950-1965, and<br />
1988-2000 and analyze the data with respect to variables<br />
measuring the strength and the temperature<br />
of the polar vortex.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND20, OCT 26 ARTN: D20116.<br />
08.1-74<br />
Road vehicle emissions of molecular hydrogen<br />
(H-2) from a tunnel study<br />
Vollmer M K, Jürgens N, Steinbacher M, Reimann<br />
S, Weilenmann M, Buchmann B<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Motor vehicle combustion emissions of molecular<br />
hydrogen (HA carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon<br />
dioxide (CO 2) were measured during a 6-week period<br />
from November 2004 to January 2005 in Gubrist<br />
Tunnel, Switzerland, to determine vehicle emission<br />
factors for these trace gases and the ratios of<br />
the concentration growths Delta H-2/Delta CO and<br />
Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 in the tunnel under real-world<br />
highway driving conditions. For H-2, molar mixing<br />
ratios at the tunnel exit were found to be 7-10ppm<br />
(parts-per-million, 10-6) during rush hours. Mean<br />
emission factors of E-H2=49.7(+/- 16.5)mg km(-1),<br />
E-CO = 1.46(+ /-.54) g km(-1), and E-CO 2, = 266(69)<br />
g km(-1) were calculated. E-H2 was largest during<br />
weekday rush-hour traffic, a consequence of the<br />
more frequent accelerations in congested traffic<br />
when fuel combustion is not optimal. EH, was<br />
smaller for heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) compared to<br />
light-duty vehicles (LDV), a finding which was attributed<br />
to the diesel vs. gasoline engine technology.<br />
<strong>The</strong> mean Delta H-2 /Delta CO molecular ratio<br />
was 0.48 A 0.12. This ratio increased to similar to<br />
0.6 during rush hours, suggesting that H-2 yield is<br />
favored relative to CO under fuel-rich conditions,<br />
presumably a consequence of an increasing contribution<br />
of the water-gas-shift reaction. <strong>The</strong> mean<br />
Delta H-2/Delta CO 2 molecular ratio was 4.4 x 10<br />
(-3) but reduced to 2.5 x 10-3 when the relative HDV<br />
abundance was at maximum. Using three different<br />
approaches, road traffic H 2 emissions were estimated<br />
for 2004 for Switzerland at 5.0-6.6 Gg and<br />
globally at 4.2-8.1 Tg. Despite projections of increasing<br />
traffic, <strong>Swiss</strong> H 2 emissions are not expected to<br />
change significantly in the near future, and global<br />
emissions are likely to decrease due to improved<br />
exhaust gas clean-up technologies.<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N37, DEC,<br />
pp 8355-8369.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere 65<br />
08.1-75<br />
<strong>The</strong> effect of mountainous topography on<br />
moisture exchange between the “surface” and<br />
the free atmosphere<br />
Weigel A P, Chow F K, Rotach M W<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Typical numerical weather and climate prediction<br />
models apply parameterizations to describe<br />
the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and<br />
momentum between the surface and the free<br />
atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying<br />
assumptions are based on empirical knowledge<br />
obtained from measurements in the atmospheric<br />
boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography.<br />
It is, however, still unclear what happens if<br />
the topography is complex and steep. Not only is<br />
the applicability of classical turbulence schemes<br />
questionable in principle over such terrain, but<br />
mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on<br />
the meso-gamma scale. Examples are thermally<br />
or mechanically driven valley winds, which are<br />
neither resolved nor parameterized by climate<br />
models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange.<br />
Attempts to quantify these processes and<br />
to evaluate their impact on climate simulations<br />
have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case<br />
study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland<br />
are presented. In previous work, measurements<br />
from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been<br />
used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution<br />
large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is<br />
here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350<br />
m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange<br />
processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the<br />
ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free<br />
atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export<br />
of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather<br />
summer days. <strong>The</strong> simulations show that moisture<br />
exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed<br />
no longer governed by turbulent motions alone.<br />
Other mechanisms become important, such as<br />
mass export due to topographic narrowing or the<br />
interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations.<br />
Under certain atmospheric conditions,<br />
these topographical-related mechanisms exceed<br />
the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse<br />
model would see by several times. <strong>The</strong> study<br />
shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations<br />
can indeed be far off from reality if<br />
applied over complex topography, and that largeeddy<br />
simulations could provide a helpful tool for<br />
their improvement.<br />
Boundary Layer Meteorology, 2007, V125, N2,<br />
NOV, pp 227-244.<br />
08.1-76<br />
Source apportionment of PM2.5 and selected<br />
hazardous air pollutants in Seattle<br />
Wu C F, Larson T V, Wu S Y, Williamson J, Westberg<br />
H H, Liu L J S<br />
Taiwan, USA, Switzerland<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Modelling<br />
<strong>The</strong> potential benefits of combining the speciated<br />
PM2.5 and VOCs data in source apportionment<br />
analysis for identification of additional sources<br />
remain unclear. We analyzed the speciated PM2.5<br />
and VOCs data collected at the Beacon Hill in Seattle,<br />
WA between 2000 and 2004 with the Multilinear<br />
Engine (ME-2) to quantify source contributions<br />
to the mixture of hazardous air pollutants<br />
(HAPs). We used the ‘missing mass’, defined as<br />
the concentration of the measured total particle<br />
mass minus the sum of all analyzed species, as<br />
an additional variable and implemented an auxiliary<br />
equation to constrain the sum of all species<br />
mass fractions to be 100%. Regardless of whether<br />
the above constraint was implemented and/<br />
or the additional VOCs data were included with<br />
the PM2.5 data, the models identified that wood<br />
burning (24%-31%), secondary sulfate (20%-24%)<br />
and secondary nitrate (15%-20%) were the main<br />
contributors to PM2.5. Using only PM2.5 data, the<br />
model distinguished two diesel features with the<br />
100% constraint, but identified only one diesel<br />
feature without the constraint. When both PM2.5<br />
and VOCs data were used, one additional feature<br />
was identified as the major contributor (26%) to<br />
total VOC mass. Adding VOCs data to the speciated<br />
PM2.5 data in source apportionment modeling<br />
resulted in more accurate source contribution<br />
estimates for combustion related sources as evidenced<br />
by the less ‘missing mass’ percentage in<br />
PM2.5. Using the source contribution estimates,<br />
we evaluated the validity of using black carbon<br />
(BC) as a surrogate for diesel exhaust. We found<br />
that BC measured with an aethalometer at 370<br />
nm and 880 nm had reasonable correlations with<br />
the estimated concentrations of diesel particulate<br />
matters (r > 0.7), as well as with the estimated concentrations<br />
of wood burning particles during the<br />
heating seasons (r=0.56-0.66). This indicates that<br />
the BC is not a unique tracer for either source. <strong>The</strong><br />
difference in BC between 370 and 880 nm, however,<br />
correlated well exclusively with the estimated<br />
wood smoke source (r=0.59) and may be used to<br />
separate wood smoke from diesel exhaust. Thus,<br />
when multiple BC related sources exist in the<br />
same monitoring environment, additional data<br />
processing or modeling of the BC measurements
66<br />
is needed before these measurements could be<br />
used to represent the diesel exhaust.<br />
Science of the Total Environment, 2007, V386,<br />
N1-3, NOV 1, pp 42-52.<br />
08.1-77<br />
Gas temperature measurement in thermal radiating<br />
environments using a suction thermocouple<br />
apparatus<br />
Z’graggen A, Friess H, Steinfeld A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences<br />
An experimental methodology is developed for<br />
gas temperature measurements in highly radiating<br />
environments. It consists of a suction thermocouple<br />
apparatus and associated heat transfer<br />
model for determining the gas temperature from<br />
shielded thermocouple readings by radiation,<br />
convection and conduction dimensionless correlations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> apparatus and methodology are calibrated<br />
and applied to measure gas flow temperatures<br />
in a tubular furnace with wall temperatures<br />
up to 1223 K. Results are compared with predictions<br />
by CFD simulations.<br />
Measurement Science Technology, 2007, V18, N11,<br />
NOV, pp 3329-3334.<br />
08.1-78<br />
Air quality modelling over Bogota, Colombia:<br />
Combined techniques to estimate and evaluate<br />
emission inventories<br />
Zarate E, Belalcazar L C, Clappier A, Manzi V, van<br />
den Bergh H<br />
Switzerland, Colombia<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Modelling<br />
Two versions of the Emission Inventory (EI) are<br />
generated for the city of Bogota, Colombia. In the<br />
first version (EI-1), CORINAIR traffic emission factors<br />
(EFs) are used. In the second (EI-2), bulk traffic<br />
EF’s calculated for the city, using in situ measurements<br />
and inverse modelling techniques at street<br />
level, are used. EI-2 traffic emissions are 5, 4 and<br />
3 times bigger than the corresponding values in<br />
EI-1, for CO, PM10 and NMVOCs, respectively. <strong>The</strong><br />
main goal of this study consists in evaluating the<br />
two versions of the El when introduced into a mesoscale<br />
air quality model. <strong>The</strong> AOT (accumulated<br />
exposure over a threshold) index is calculated for<br />
comparison between observed and simulated concentrations<br />
of primary pollutants. Simulated concentrations<br />
using EI-2 are closer to the observed<br />
values. This comparison allows us to extract some<br />
conclusions of the methodology used to calculate<br />
the EFs. Local factors like the driving behavior,<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Atmosphere<br />
the altitude, vehicle technology and an aged fleet<br />
cannot be totally included and corrected in the<br />
standard methodologies, and seem to be more<br />
important than obtaining very detailed and precise<br />
information on the classification of the fleet<br />
or driving speeds. Under financially limited and<br />
fast changing situations, as in the case of many<br />
developing countries, a simple methodology to estimate<br />
bulk traffic Ef’s and to evaluate the Ell, is<br />
of utmost importance. <strong>The</strong> use of combined techniques<br />
such as in situ measurements to estimate<br />
bulk traffic EFs, and further evaluation of the inventories<br />
with numerical models, proved to be a<br />
useful too) for this purpose.<br />
Atmospheric Environment, 2007, V41, N29, SEP, pp<br />
6302-6318.<br />
08.1-79<br />
Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species<br />
in organic aerosols in anthropogenicallyinfluenced<br />
Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes<br />
Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M R, Allan J D,<br />
Coe H, Ulbrich I, Alfarra M R, Takami A, Middlebrook<br />
A M, Sun Y L, Dzepina K, Dunlea E, Docherty<br />
K, Decarlo P F, Salcedo D, Onasch T, Jayne J T,<br />
Miyoshi T, Shimono A, Hatakeyama S, Takegawa<br />
N, Kondo Y, Schneider J, Drewnick F, Borrmann<br />
S, Weimer S, Demerjian K L, Williams P, Bower K,<br />
Bahreini R, Cottrell L, Griffin R J, Rautiainen J, Sun J<br />
Y, Zhang Y M, Worsnop D R<br />
USA, Switzerland, England, Germany, Japan, Finland,<br />
Mexico, Peoples R China<br />
Urban Studies , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) Organic aerosol (OA) data acquired by the Aerosol<br />
Mass Spectrometer (AMS) in 37 field campaigns<br />
were deconvolved into hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA)<br />
and several types of oxygenated OA (OOA) components.<br />
HOA has been linked to primary combustion<br />
emissions (mainly from fossil fuel) and other<br />
primary sources such as meat cooking. OOA is<br />
ubiquitous in various atmospheric environments,<br />
on average accounting for 64%, 83% and 95% of<br />
the total OA in urban, urban downwind, and rural/remote<br />
sites, respectively. A case study analysis<br />
of a rural site shows that the OOA concentration is<br />
much greater than the advected HOA, indicating<br />
that HOA oxidation is not an important source of<br />
OOA, and that OOA increases are mainly due to<br />
SOA. Most global models lack an explicit representation<br />
of SOA which may lead to significant biases<br />
in the magnitude, spatial and temporal distributions<br />
of OA, and in aerosol hygroscopic properties.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N13, JUL<br />
7 ARTN: L13801.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 67<br />
1.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-80<br />
<strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> agri-environment scheme enhances<br />
pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success<br />
in nearby intensively managed farmland<br />
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Müller C, Kleijn D, Schmid B<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry , Biodiversity ,<br />
Zoology , Ecology , Plant Sciences<br />
1. Agri-environment schemes attempt to counteract<br />
the loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem<br />
services such as pollination and natural<br />
pest control in agro-ecosystems. However, only<br />
a few studies have evaluated whether these attempts<br />
are successful. 2. We studied the effects<br />
of managing meadows according to the prescriptions<br />
of ecological compensation areas (ECA), the<br />
most widely adopted agri-environment scheme in<br />
Switzerland, on both pollinator species richness<br />
and abundance, and the reproductive success of<br />
plants in nearby intensively managed meadows<br />
(IM). 3. We established arrays of four pots, each<br />
containing individuals of three insect-pollinated,<br />
non-autogamous ‘phytometer’ species (Raphanus<br />
sativus, Hypochaeris radicata and Campanula<br />
glomerata), in ECA and adjacent IM at increasing<br />
distances from the ECA at 13 sites. 4. Species richness<br />
and abundance of hoverflies, solitary bees<br />
and large-sized pollinators (mainly social bees<br />
and butterflies) were significantly higher in ECA<br />
than in adjacent IM. Species richness and abundance<br />
of small-sized pollinators in IM declined<br />
significantly with increasing distance from ECA,<br />
whereas large-sized pollinators were not significantly<br />
affected by distance. Plant species richness<br />
and flower abundance were the major drivers of<br />
pollinator species richness and abundance; the<br />
area of an ECA had no significant influence. 5.<br />
Individual plants of R. sativus and C. glomerata<br />
produced more and heavier seeds in ECA than in<br />
IM. Furthermore, the number of seeds of these<br />
two phytometer species was positively correlated<br />
with species richness and abundance of bees. No<br />
such effects were observed for individual plants<br />
of H. radicata. <strong>The</strong> number of fruits and seeds per<br />
plant of R. sativus in IM decreased with increasing<br />
distance from ECA. 6. Synthesis and applications.<br />
We conclude that establishing ECA is an effective<br />
method of enhancing both pollinator species<br />
richness and abundance and pollination services<br />
to nearby intensely managed farmland. Our<br />
study emphasizes the importance of connectivity<br />
between ECA in maintaining diverse pollinator<br />
communities and thereby providing pollination<br />
services in agricultural landscapes.<br />
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N4, AUG,<br />
pp 813-822.<br />
08.1-81<br />
Interaction diversity within quantified insect<br />
food webs in restored and adjacent intensively<br />
managed meadows<br />
Albrecht M, Duelli P, Schmid B, Müller C B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,<br />
Zoology<br />
1. We studied the community and food-web structure<br />
of trap-nesting insects in restored meadows<br />
and at increasing distances within intensively<br />
managed grassland at 13 sites in Switzerland to<br />
test if declining species diversity correlates with<br />
declining interaction diversity and changes in<br />
food-web structure. 2. We analysed 49 quantitative<br />
food webs consisting of a total of 1382 trophic<br />
interactions involving 39 host/prey insect species<br />
and 14 parasitoid/predator insect species. Species<br />
richness and abundance of three functional<br />
groups, bees and wasps as the lower trophic level<br />
and natural enemies as the higher trophic level,<br />
were significantly higher in restored than in adjacent<br />
intensively managed meadows. Diversity and<br />
abundance of specific trophic interactions also<br />
declined from restored to intensively managed<br />
meadows. 3. <strong>The</strong> proportion of attacked brood<br />
cells and the mortality of bees and wasps due to<br />
natural enemies were significantly higher in restored<br />
than in intensively managed meadows. Bee<br />
abundance and the rate of attacked brood cells of<br />
bees declined with increasing distance from restored<br />
meadows. <strong>The</strong>se findings indicate that interaction<br />
diversity declines more rapidly than species<br />
diversity in our study system. 4. Quantitative<br />
measures of food-web structure (linkage density,<br />
interaction diversity, interaction evenness and<br />
compartment diversity) were higher in restored<br />
than in intensively managed meadows. This was<br />
reflected in a higher mean number of host/prey<br />
species per consumer species (degree of generalism)<br />
in restored than in intensively managed<br />
meadows. 5. <strong>The</strong> higher insect species and interaction<br />
diversity was related to higher plant species<br />
richness in restored than in intensively managed<br />
meadows. In particular, bees and natural enemies<br />
reacted positively to increased plant diversity. 6.<br />
Our findings provide empirical evidence for the<br />
theoretical prediction that decreasing species<br />
richness at lower trophic levels should reduce<br />
species richness at higher trophic levels, and in<br />
addition lead to even stronger reductions in interaction<br />
diversity at these higher levels. Species at<br />
higher trophic levels may thus benefit relatively<br />
more than species at lower trophic levels from<br />
habitat restoration in the grassland ecosystems<br />
studied. We also demonstrate enhanced compart-
68<br />
ment diversity and lower interaction evenness in<br />
restored than in intensively managed meadows,<br />
both of which are theoretically positively associated<br />
with increased ecosystem stability in restored<br />
meadows.<br />
Journal of Animal Ecology, 2007, V76, N5, SEP, pp<br />
1015-1025.<br />
08.1-82<br />
Sustaining agricultural production and food<br />
security in Southern Africa: an improved role<br />
for climate prediction?<br />
Archer E, Mukhala E, Walker S, Dilley M, Masamvu K<br />
South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Ecology , Social Sciences<br />
Livelihoods and household food security in the<br />
Southern African region can be extremely vulnerable<br />
to the negative effects of climate stress<br />
as shown by the 2002-2004 ‘complex emergency.’<br />
Climate prediction may prove a valuable resource<br />
in mitigating these effects. If climate prediction is<br />
applied successfully, it may be able to help guide<br />
responses in populations at risk to reduce vulnerability<br />
to climate stress. <strong>The</strong> study presented here<br />
seeks to understand what would constitute an improved<br />
role for climate prediction in contributing<br />
to sustaining agricultural production and food<br />
security in Southern Africa. Investigation undertaken<br />
during the 2002/2003 rainy season under regional<br />
conditions of elevated disaster risk shows,<br />
however, that a number of weaknesses and gaps<br />
persistently characterize climate information<br />
systems in the Southern African region, and constrain<br />
such systems’ ability to benefit key sectors,<br />
particularly agriculture. <strong>The</strong> stakeholder identification<br />
of such gaps forms the basis for distilling<br />
concrete recommendations to improve process<br />
and organizational efficiency. Such recommendations,<br />
while developmental, should better enable<br />
institutions and stakeholders involved in climate<br />
prediction to fulfill their potential in supporting<br />
development of successful adaptation strategies<br />
in populations and sectors at risk.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V83, N3, AUG, pp<br />
287-300.<br />
08.1-83<br />
Importance of ecological compensation areas<br />
for small mammals in intensively farmed areas<br />
Aschwanden J, Holzgang O, Jenni L<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology<br />
Small mammals make up an important link in the<br />
food chain as many predator species feed on them.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are indications that small mammal popula-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
tions in Europe are declining due to the intensification<br />
of agriculture. According to national legislation,<br />
farmers in Switzerland have to cultivate at<br />
least 7% of their land as ecological compensation<br />
areas and, thus, some alternative habitats that are<br />
possibly beneficial for small mammals have been<br />
created. In this study, we estimated the diversity<br />
and density of small mammals on two types of<br />
conventional farmland field types (artificial grassland<br />
and autumn-sown wheat) and three types of<br />
ecological compensation areas (wild-flower strips,<br />
herbaceous strips and low-intensity meadows) by<br />
use of capture-recapture in March, May and July<br />
2003. <strong>The</strong> common vole Microtus arvalis was the<br />
most abundant and predominant species in all<br />
habitat types except in herbaceous strips, which<br />
harboured the highest diversity with six species<br />
caught. In March the density of small mammals<br />
was generally very low, but significantly higher<br />
in wild-flower (mainly due to common vole) and<br />
herbaceous strips than in the other habitat types.<br />
In wild-flower and herbaceous strips, densities increased<br />
strongly from March to May and in July.<br />
On autumn-sown wheat fields, a strong increase<br />
occurred only from May to July and was caused<br />
by common vole. On artificial grassland and lowintensity<br />
meadows, densities of small mammals<br />
(mainly common vole) increased only marginally<br />
with low-intensity meadows supporting slightly<br />
higher densities. Thus, habitats that were not<br />
mown each year supported the highest densities<br />
of small mammals. This demonstrates that ecological<br />
compensation areas, such as wild-flower<br />
and herbaceous strips, make up an important refuge<br />
for small mammals. <strong>The</strong>y probably also have<br />
positive effects on populations of many predator<br />
species that depend on small mammals, particularly<br />
if a mosaic with mown surfaces is created.<br />
Wildlife Biology, 2007, V13, N2, JUN, pp 150-158.<br />
08.1-84<br />
Effects of agri-environmental measures, site<br />
and landscape conditions on butterfly diversity<br />
of <strong>Swiss</strong> grassland<br />
Aviron S, Jeanneret P, Schüpbach B, Herzog F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Agri-environment schemes (AES) were introduced<br />
in Europe to mitigate the loss of biodiversity in<br />
cultivated landscapes. In Switzerland, farmers<br />
have to convert 7% of the arable land into ecological<br />
compensation areas (ECA) in order to enhance<br />
biodiversity, low-input grassland making up the<br />
major part of ECA. This study investigated during<br />
6 years the effect of ECA grassland on butterfly diversity<br />
at the field and the landscape scales in two
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 69<br />
farming landscape units of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Plateau. Butterfly<br />
diversity was compared between low-input<br />
and conventional grasslands, controlling for potential<br />
influence of local site conditions and landscape<br />
context of grasslands. Low-input management<br />
of ECA grasslands had a significant impact<br />
on butterfly communities, but ECA and conventional<br />
grasslands differed more in the composition<br />
of species assemblages than in the number of<br />
butterfly species. <strong>The</strong> typical butterfly assemblages<br />
on ECA grassland might be linked to the slightly<br />
higher plant species richness due to management<br />
restrictions. However, the effectiveness of ECA<br />
grassland for promoting butterfly diversity varied<br />
according to local site conditions (field slope and<br />
orientation) and to the amount of ECA and seminatural<br />
elements in the surrounding landscape.<br />
Thus, the present study underlines the necessity<br />
to account for such environmental variation at<br />
multiple scales to be able to detect and interpret<br />
effects of AES. Nevertheless, our results suggest<br />
that additional restoration measures should be<br />
adopted. Especially, the ECA scheme should promote<br />
a connected network of ECA grasslands and<br />
semi-natural habitats at the landscape scale.<br />
Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2007, V122,<br />
N3, NOV, pp 295-304.<br />
08.1-85<br />
Conservation of butterfly populations in dynamic<br />
landscapes: <strong>The</strong> role of farming practices<br />
and landscape mosaic<br />
Aviron S, Kindlmann P, Burel F<br />
Switzerland, France, Czech Republic<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity ,<br />
Modelling , Zoology<br />
In a dynamic landscape the rate of change in landscape<br />
structure can be even more important than<br />
the degree of patch isolation in determining population<br />
survival and abundance. If the changes in<br />
landscape structure occur at an “extremely” high<br />
rate (as in some anthropogenic changes), dispersal<br />
may not be able to keep up with the high rates of<br />
local extinction. Understanding impacts of such<br />
changes is thus crucial for determination of the<br />
driving factors for species survival in agricultural<br />
landscapes and for elaboration of conservation<br />
plans. Here we studied the effects of landscape<br />
dynamics under local farming practices on movements<br />
and population dynamics of a diurnal butterfly<br />
Maniola jurtina L. (Satyridae), specifically<br />
the impacts of regular yearly mowing on butterfly<br />
movements, distribution and abundance<br />
over many years. We used an existing simulation<br />
model, extended it by the effect of the intensity of<br />
disturbance (amount of mown habitat) and tim-<br />
ing of disturbance within the reproductive season<br />
on the butterfly population dynamics, and validated<br />
on our data from a field experiment using<br />
a mark-release method. Increase in the amount of<br />
disturbed habitats in the landscape led to an increasing<br />
isolation of the remnant habitat patches<br />
for butterflies. This resulted in decreasing movements<br />
between habitat patches and ultimately to<br />
population decline, especially in less accessible<br />
patches. In the past, influence of landscape dynamics<br />
on species survival was usually considered at<br />
the long-term scale. our results demonstrate that<br />
the short time scale landscape dynamics induced<br />
by farming practices should not be neglected. <strong>The</strong><br />
novelty of this paper stems in the combination<br />
of inclusion of landscape dynamics, of realistic<br />
dispersal strategies of individuals, and of considering<br />
real landscapes. <strong>The</strong> effect of man-induced<br />
landscape changes on population persistence of a<br />
real species in a real landscape has not been possible<br />
to be studied by any of the previously developed<br />
models.<br />
Ecological Modelling, 2007, V205, N1-2, JUL 10,<br />
pp 135-145.<br />
08.1-86<br />
Nitrogen deposition but not ozone affects<br />
productivity and community composition of<br />
subalpine grassland after 3 yr of treatment<br />
Bassin S, Volk M, Suter M, Buchmann N, Fuhrer J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
A field experiment was established at 2000 m above<br />
sea level (asl) in the central <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps with the aim<br />
of investigating the effects of elevated ozone (O-3)<br />
and nitrogen deposition (N), and of their combination,<br />
on above-ground productivity and species<br />
composition of subalpine grassland. One hundred<br />
and eighty monoliths were extracted from a<br />
species-rich Geo-Montani-Nardetum pasture and<br />
exposed in a free-air O-3-fumigation system to one<br />
of three concentrations of O-3 (ambient, 1.2 x ambient,<br />
1.6 x ambient) and five concentrations of<br />
additional N. Above-ground biomass, proportion<br />
of functional groups and normalized difference<br />
vegetation index (NDVI) were measured annually.<br />
After 3 yr of treatment, the vegetation responded<br />
to the N input with an increase in above-ground<br />
productivity and altered species composition, but<br />
without changes resulting from elevated O-3. N<br />
input > 10 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) was sufficient to affect<br />
the composition of functional groups, with<br />
sedges benefiting over-proportionally. No interaction<br />
of O-3 x N was observed, except for NDVI;<br />
positive effects of N addition on canopy greenness
70<br />
were counteracted by accelerated leaf senescence<br />
in the highest O-3 treatment. <strong>The</strong> results suggest<br />
that effects of elevated O-3 on the productivity<br />
and floristic composition of subalpine grassland<br />
may develop slowly, regardless of the sensitive response<br />
to increasing N.<br />
New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 523-534.<br />
08.1-87<br />
Volcanic explosive eruptions of the Vesuvio<br />
decrease tree-ring growth but not photosynthetic<br />
rates in the surrounding forests<br />
Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, Saurer M, Siegwolf R T<br />
W, Strumia S, Cotrufo M F<br />
Switzerland, Italy<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Volcanic eruptions impact the global and the<br />
hemispheric climate, but it is still unknown how<br />
and to what degree they force the climate system<br />
and in particular the global carbon cycle. In this<br />
paper, the relationships between individual eruptions<br />
(reconstructed for the past using written records),<br />
tree primary productivity (estimated using<br />
ring widths), photosynthetic rate and stomatal<br />
conductance (assessed by carbon and oxygen isotope<br />
data) are investigated, to understand the impact<br />
of volcanic eruptions on net primary production.<br />
Data from a mixed stand of Fagus sylvatica<br />
L. and Acer pseudoplatanus L. located in the area<br />
of the Vesuvio volcanic complex (Southern Italy)<br />
showed a significant decrease in ring width following<br />
each eruption. Isotope analyses indicate a<br />
change in climatic conditions after such events.<br />
Specifically, the lower oxygen isotope ratio in the<br />
tree-ring cellulose strongly suggests an increase in<br />
relative humidity and a decrease in temperature,<br />
with the latter resulting in a strong limitation<br />
to tree-ring growth. <strong>The</strong> carbon isotope ratio was<br />
only moderately but not significantly reduced in<br />
the years of volcanic eruption, suggesting no major<br />
changes in C fixation rates. This work is a case<br />
study on the effects of volcanic eruptions resulting<br />
in strong climatic changes on the local scale.<br />
This is an opportunity to explore the process and<br />
causal relationships between climatic changes<br />
and the response of the vegetation. Thus, we propose<br />
here a realistic model scenario, from which<br />
we can extrapolate to global scales and improve<br />
our interpretations of results of global studies.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp<br />
1122-1137.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-88<br />
Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and<br />
gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the<br />
Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania)<br />
Baur B, Cremene C, Groza C, Schileyko A A, Baur<br />
A, Erhardt A<br />
Switzerland, Romania, Russia<br />
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology<br />
Alpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian<br />
Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high<br />
diversity of plants and invertebrates, including<br />
Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive<br />
sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease<br />
in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at<br />
many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited<br />
food resources, sheep are increasingly forced<br />
to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not<br />
grazed by livestock and are considered as local<br />
biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness,<br />
abundance and number of endemic vascular<br />
plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes<br />
that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by<br />
livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians.<br />
On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total<br />
of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species<br />
were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and<br />
three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to<br />
the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and<br />
gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites.<br />
Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod<br />
species endemic to the Carpathians than<br />
ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a<br />
total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species<br />
were found. In this mountain area, however,<br />
grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species<br />
richness, abundance and number of endemic<br />
plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm<br />
the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes<br />
in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution<br />
against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges<br />
for relic plants and gastropods as well as for<br />
other invertebrates.<br />
Biologia, 2007, V62, N4, AUG, pp 438-445.<br />
08.1-89<br />
Effect of rock climbing on the calcicolous<br />
lichen community of limestone cliffs in the<br />
northern <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains<br />
Baur B, Froeberg L, Müller S W<br />
Switzerland, Sweden<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Exposed limestone cliffs in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains<br />
harbour a diverse lichen community with<br />
some rare species. Sport climbing has recently<br />
increased in popularity on these cliffs. We examined<br />
the effect of sport climbing on calcicolous
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 71<br />
lichens by assessing species diversity and cover<br />
of lichens in climbed and unclimbed areas of 10<br />
isolated cliffs in the northern <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains.<br />
We also investigated possible associations<br />
between lichens and lichen-feeding land snails on<br />
these cliffs. A total of 38 calcicolous lichen species,<br />
three bryophytes and one alga were found on<br />
the rock faces of 10 cliffs. Twenty lichen species<br />
(52.6%) were epilithic, 16(42.1%) endolithic and<br />
two (5.3%) foliose. Overall, the epilithic lichen species<br />
covered 8.3% of the rock surface, endolithic<br />
species 10.2%, and foliose species 0.03%. Climbed<br />
and unclimbed rock areas did not differ in total<br />
number of lichen species, species density (number<br />
of species per 100 cm(2)) or total lichen cover. However,<br />
the frequency of occurrence of epilithic lichens<br />
was lower along climbing routes than in unclimbed<br />
areas. A multi-response permutation test<br />
showed that the lichen community composition<br />
of climbed areas differed from that of unclimbed<br />
areas. <strong>The</strong> dissimilarity of lichen communities<br />
between climbed and unclimbed areas increased<br />
with increasing climbing intensity on the focal<br />
route in climbed areas, but not with the age of the<br />
climbing route. Five of the 11 snail species recorded<br />
on the cliff faces were specialized lichen feeders.<br />
Plots along climbing routes harboured fewer<br />
snail species than plots in unclimbed areas. Total<br />
snail abundance was positively correlated with lichen<br />
species richness, but no correlation between<br />
snail species richness and lichen species richness<br />
was found. Our results indicate that frequent rock<br />
climbing can change the lichen community and<br />
reduce the snail community of limestone cliffs.<br />
A climbing-related reduction of snail abundance<br />
may also alter the lichen-herbivore interaction<br />
and indirectly change competitive interactions<br />
among lichen species.<br />
Nova Hedwigia, 2007, V85, N3-4, NOV, pp<br />
429-444.<br />
08.1-90<br />
Evaluating macrolichens and environmental<br />
variables as predictors of the diversity of epiphytic<br />
microlichens<br />
Bergamini A, Stofer S, Bolliger J, Scheidegger C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry , Plant Sciences<br />
In contrast to the frequently assessed macrolichens,<br />
microlichens are rarely considered in biodiversity<br />
assessments despite their high species<br />
richness. Microlichens require generally a higher<br />
species identification effort than macrolichens.<br />
Thus, microlichens are more expensive to assess.<br />
Here we evaluate if macrolichen richness can be<br />
used as an indicator of total and threatened mi-<br />
crolichen richness. Furthermore, we tested if different<br />
sets of environmental variables (modelled<br />
climatic variables, forest structure, altitude, etc.)<br />
improve the regression models based on macrolichens<br />
only or even replace the macrolichens as<br />
predictors. Multiple linear regressions were used<br />
to model species richness of microlichens, and<br />
Poisson regressions for threatened microlichens.<br />
On 237 forest plots (200 m(2)) distributed randomly<br />
across Switzerland, 77 macrolichens and 219<br />
microlichens occurred. Macrolichen richness was<br />
positively related to the richness of microlichens.d.<br />
= 0-27) and, in combination with threatened macrolichens<br />
as an additional predictor, also to the<br />
number of threatened microlichens (R-dev(2) =<br />
0.14). Environmental variables alone and in different<br />
combinations explained between 0.20 and<br />
0.41 (R-adj.(2)) of the total variation of microlichen<br />
richness, and between 0.09 and 0.29 (R-dev.(2)) of<br />
the total variation of threatened microlichen<br />
richness. All models based on environmental variables<br />
were considerably improved when macrolichens<br />
were included. Furthermore, macrolichen<br />
richness turned out to be the most important variable<br />
in explaining species richness of all, as well<br />
as threatened microlichens. <strong>The</strong> best models for<br />
total microlichen richness reached a R-2 of 0.56.<br />
Threatened microlichens were more difficult to<br />
model with the best model reaching a R-dev.(2) of<br />
0.29. We conclude that in biodiversity assessments<br />
with scarce resources, lichen sampling could be<br />
focused on the better known macrolichens, at<br />
least in many temperate lowland and mountain<br />
forests. In combination with environmental variables,<br />
reliable predictions of microlichen richness<br />
can be expected. If the focus is on threatened microlichens,<br />
however, models were not reliable and<br />
specialized taxonomists are necessary to assess<br />
these species in the field.<br />
Lichenologist, 2007, V39, 5, pp 475-489.<br />
08.1-91<br />
Which species will succesfully track climate<br />
change? <strong>The</strong> influence of intraspecific competition<br />
and density dependent dispersal on<br />
range shifting dynamics<br />
Best A S, Johst K, Münkemüller T, Travis J M J<br />
Germany, Switzerland, Scotland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Understanding the ability of species to shift their<br />
geographic range is of considerable importance<br />
given the current period of rapid climate change.<br />
Furthermore, a greater understanding of the spatial<br />
population dynamics underlying range shifting<br />
is required to complement the advances made
72<br />
in climate niche modelling. A simulation model is<br />
developed which incorporates three key features<br />
that have been largely overlooked in studies of<br />
range shifting dynamics: the form of intraspecific<br />
competition, density dependent dispersal and<br />
the transient dynamics of habitat patches. <strong>The</strong><br />
results show that the exact shape of the response<br />
depends critically on both local and patch dynamics.<br />
Species whose intraspecific competition<br />
is contest based are more vulnerable than those<br />
whose competition is scramble based. Contesters<br />
are especially sensitive when combined with<br />
density dependent dispersal. Species living in<br />
patches whose carrying capacity grows slowly are<br />
also susceptible to rapid shifts of environmental<br />
conditions. A complementary analytic approach<br />
further highlights the importance of intraspecific<br />
competition.<br />
Oikos, 2007, V116, N9, SEP, pp 1531-1539.<br />
08.1-92<br />
Drought induces lagged tree mortality in a<br />
subalpine forest in the Rocky Mountains<br />
Bigler C, Gavin D G, Gunning C, Veblen T T<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology<br />
Extreme climatic events are key factors in initiating<br />
gradual or sudden changes in forest ecosystems<br />
through the promotion of severe, treekilling<br />
disturbances such as fire, blowdown, and<br />
widespread insect outbreaks. In contrast to these<br />
climatically-incited disturbances, little is known<br />
about the more direct effect of drought on tree<br />
mortality, especially in high-elevation forests.<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore projections of drought-induced mortality<br />
under future climatic conditions remain<br />
uncertain. For a subalpine forest landscape in the<br />
Rocky Mountains of northern Colorado (USA), we<br />
quantified lag effects of drought on mortality of<br />
Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii, subalpine<br />
fir Abies lasiocarpa, and lodgepole pine Pinus contorta.<br />
For the period 1910-2004, we related death<br />
dates of 164 crossdated dead trees to early-season<br />
and late-season droughts. Following early- season<br />
droughts, spruce mortality increased over five<br />
years and fir mortality increased sharply over<br />
11 years. Following late-season droughts, spruce<br />
showed a small increase in mortality within one<br />
year, whereas fir showed a consistent period of<br />
increased mortality over two years. Pine mortality<br />
was not affected by drought. Low pre- drought<br />
radial growth rates predisposed spruce and fir to<br />
drought- related mortality. Spruce and fir trees<br />
that died during a recent drought (2000-2004) had<br />
significantly lower pre-drought growth rates than<br />
live neighbour trees. Overall, we found large inter-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
specific differences in drought-related mortality<br />
with fir showing the strongest effect followed by<br />
spruce and pine. This direct influence of climatic<br />
variability on differential tree mortality has the<br />
potential for driving large-scale changes in subalpine<br />
forests of the Rocky Mountains.<br />
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 1983-1994.<br />
08.1-93<br />
Conservation of high-altitude wetlands: 368<br />
experiences of the WWF network<br />
Biksham G<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27,<br />
N4, NOV, pp 368-371.<br />
08.1-94<br />
Restoration of montane fen meadows by<br />
mowing remains possible after 4-35 years of<br />
abandonment<br />
Billeter R, Peintinger M, Diemer M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,<br />
Plant Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> abandonment of management in <strong>Swiss</strong> fen<br />
meadows has reduced their plant species diversity<br />
and the fitness of some typical fen species. We examined<br />
whether the resumption of mowing can<br />
reverse these effects, and if so, which mechanisms<br />
are responsible for community change; we also<br />
tested whether restoration success depends on the<br />
duration since abandonment. Experimental mowing<br />
was applied to 15 montane fen meadows of<br />
NE Switzerland that had been abandoned for 4-35<br />
years. After two years of mowing, plant species<br />
richness was 11 % higher in mown plots (2 m(2))<br />
than in fallow plots, approaching levels of neighbouring<br />
continuously managed fen meadows. In<br />
particular, experimental mowing significantly increased<br />
the number of fen indicator species (+15<br />
%) as well as herbs and woody species (seedlings<br />
and saplings), while grass, sedge and rush species<br />
richness was not affected. Mowing had little<br />
effect on aboveground biomass, but strongly reduced<br />
litter mass (-50%) and canopy height (-20%).<br />
Seedling densities of two common species showed<br />
opposite responses to mowing: they increased in<br />
Carex davalliana and decreased in Succisa pratensis,<br />
approaching values of continuously mown<br />
fen meadows. Duration since abandonment had<br />
no significant effect on any of the variables. Our<br />
results demonstrate a rapid recovery of montane<br />
fen plant communities irrespective of the duration<br />
since abandonment (up to 35 years). We<br />
conclude that the restoration of pre-fallow plant
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 73<br />
community composition is likely to be successful<br />
if site conditions (hydrology, nutrient status) remain<br />
intact and if common habitat specialists are<br />
still present in the vegetation and/or seed bank.<br />
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp 1-13.<br />
08.1-95<br />
Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested<br />
cone - A case study using different dendroecological<br />
approaches<br />
Bollschweiler M, Stoffel M, Schneuwly D M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Geomorphology<br />
Dendrogeomorpho logical analyses of trees affected<br />
by debris flows have regularly been used to<br />
date past events. However, this method has always<br />
been limited to forested cones where trees registered<br />
the impact of previous events. <strong>The</strong> minimum<br />
age dating of trees growing in the debris<br />
deposits can, in contrast, provide information on<br />
the latest possible moment of past activity. In this<br />
paper, we report on results obtained from a combination<br />
of these two approaches on a forested<br />
cone in the Valais Alps (Switzerland). A detailed<br />
geomorphic map in a scale of 1: 1000 served as a<br />
basis for the sampling strategy. Disturbed Larix<br />
decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees growing<br />
in the deposits allowed reconstruction of 49<br />
events between AD 1782 and 2005 as well as the<br />
determination of the spatial extent of events. In<br />
the debris-flow channels where survivor trees are<br />
missing, we selected the oldest post-event trees<br />
and assessed their age by counting their growth<br />
rings. Missing rings due to lack of center as well<br />
as to sampling height were added so as to determine<br />
real tree age. <strong>The</strong> combination of the dendrogeomorphological<br />
event reconstruction with<br />
the assessment of germination dates of successor<br />
trees allowed realistic approximation of the<br />
minimum time elapsed since the last debris-flow<br />
activity in 23 of the 29 channels present on the<br />
current-day cone surface. In general, channels in<br />
the northern part of the cone and those close to<br />
the currently active channel generally show signs<br />
of (sub-) recent activity with one last overbank sedimentation<br />
event in the 1980s, whereas signs of<br />
debris-flow activity are absent from the channels<br />
in the outermost part since the late 19th century.<br />
As a consequence of the deeply incised channel<br />
and the stabilization measures undertaken along<br />
the banks, signs of debris flows are missing in the<br />
tree-ring record for the past two decades.<br />
Catena, 2008, V72, N1, JAN 1, pp 67-78.<br />
08.1-96<br />
Methanol exchange between grassland and<br />
the atmosphere<br />
Brunner A, Ammann C, Neftel A, Spirig C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology<br />
Concentrations and fluxes of methanol were measured<br />
above two differently managed grassland<br />
fields (intensive and extensive) in central Switzerland<br />
during summer 2004. <strong>The</strong> measurements<br />
were performed with a proton-transfer-reaction<br />
mass-spectrometer and fluxes were determined by<br />
the eddy covariance method. <strong>The</strong> observed methanol<br />
emission showed a distinct diurnal cycle and<br />
was strongly correlated with global radiation and<br />
water vapour flux. Mean and maximum daily<br />
emissions were found to depend on grassland species<br />
composition and, for the intensive field, also<br />
on the growing state. <strong>The</strong> extensive field with a<br />
more complex species composition had higher<br />
emissions than the graminoid-dominated intensive<br />
field, both on an area and on a biomass basis.<br />
A simple parameterisation depending on the water<br />
vapour flux and the leaf area index allowed a<br />
satisfying simulation of the temporal variation of<br />
methanol emissions over the growing phase. Accumulated<br />
carbon losses due to methanol emissions<br />
accounted for 0.024 and 0.048% of net primary<br />
productivity for the intensive and extensive field,<br />
respectively. <strong>The</strong> integral methanol emissions over<br />
the growing periods were more than one order of<br />
magnitude higher than the emissions related to<br />
cut and drying events.<br />
Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 395-410.<br />
08.1-97<br />
A standardized procedure for surveillance and<br />
monitoring European habitats and provision<br />
of spatial data<br />
Bunce R G H, Metzger M J, Jongman R H G, Brandt<br />
J, de Blust G, Elena Rossello R, Groom G B, Halada<br />
L, Hofer G, Howard D C, Kovar P, Mucher C A,<br />
Padoa Schioppa E, Paelinx D, Palo A, Perez Soba M,<br />
Ramos I L, Roche P, Skanes H, Wrbka T<br />
Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Slovakia,<br />
Switzerland, England, Czech Republic, Italy, Estonia,<br />
Portugal<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Both science and policy require a practical, transmissible,<br />
and reproducible procedure for surveillance<br />
and monitoring of European habitats, which<br />
can produce statistics integrated at the landscape<br />
level. Over the last 30 years, landscape ecology has<br />
developed rapidly, and many studies now require<br />
spatial data on habitats. Without rigorous rules,
74<br />
changes from baseline records cannot be separated<br />
reliably from background noise. A procedure<br />
is described that satisfies these requirements and<br />
can provide consistent data for Europe, to support<br />
a range of policy initiatives and scientific projects.<br />
<strong>The</strong> methodology is based on classical plant life<br />
forms, used in biogeography since the nineteenth<br />
century, and on their statistical correlation with<br />
the primary environmental gradient. Further categories<br />
can therefore be identified for other continents<br />
to assist large scale comparisons and modelling.<br />
<strong>The</strong> model has been validated statistically<br />
and the recording procedure tested in the field<br />
throughout Europe. A total of 130 General Habitat<br />
Categories (GHCs) is defined. <strong>The</strong>se are enhanced<br />
by recording environmental, site and management<br />
qualifiers to enable flexible database interrogation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> same categories are applied to areal,<br />
linear and point features to assist recording and<br />
subsequent interpretation at the landscape level.<br />
<strong>The</strong> distribution and change of landscape ecological<br />
parameters, such as connectivity and fragmentation,<br />
can then be derived and their significance<br />
interpreted.<br />
Landscape Ecology, 2008, V23, N1, JAN, pp 11-25.<br />
08.1-98<br />
Three objectives of historical ecology: the case<br />
of litter collecting in Central European forests<br />
Bürgi M, Gimmi U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry , History<br />
Most ecosystems and landscapes worldwide are<br />
dominated or influenced by human impacts. Consequently,<br />
studies of pattern and processes of and<br />
within anthropogenic ecosystems and cultural<br />
landscapes have to consider human impacts and<br />
their historical development adequately. Three<br />
major objectives of historical ecology, i.e., the<br />
study of human impacts on ecosystems and landscapes<br />
over time, can be distinguished: (a) preserving<br />
cultural heritage in ecosystems and landscapes,<br />
(b) understanding historical trajectories<br />
of pattern and processes in ecosystems and landscapes,<br />
and (c) informing ecosystem and landscape<br />
management. In this paper, the application<br />
of these three major objectives of historical<br />
ecology is illustrated with a case study on litter<br />
collecting-a largely forgotten traditional forest<br />
use in Central Europe. Historical analyses do not<br />
allow-and should not be misused- to directly deduct<br />
management goals, as goals need to be set<br />
based on present needs and demands. Still, information<br />
on reference condition is relevant in<br />
the process of defining goals. Once specific goals<br />
are set, historical ecology may advise on how to<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
best achieve and maintain desirable pattern and<br />
processes in ecosystems or landscape.<br />
Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, S1, pp 77-87.<br />
08.1-99<br />
Response to ozone of beech (Fagus sylvatica<br />
L.) seedlings under competition, in an opentop<br />
chamber experiment. A chlorophyll fluorescence<br />
analysis<br />
Bussotti F, Cascio C, Strasser R<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology<br />
Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB-<br />
MAR, p 319.<br />
08.1-100<br />
Comparative typology in six european lowintensity<br />
systems of grassland management<br />
Caballero R, Riseth J A, Labba N, Tyran E, Musial<br />
W, Motik E, Boltshauser A, Hofstetter P, Gueydon<br />
A, Roeder N, Hoffmann H, Moreira M B, Coelho<br />
Inockdo S, Brito O, Gil A<br />
Spain, Norway, Poland, Switzerland, Germany,<br />
Portugal<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity ,<br />
Zoology<br />
Advances in Agronomy Vol 96, 2007, V96, pp<br />
351-420.<br />
08.1-101<br />
Identification of priority areas for plant conservation<br />
in Madagascar using Red List criteria:<br />
rare and threatened Pandanaceae indicate<br />
sites in need of protection<br />
Callmander M W, Schatz G E, Lowry P P Ii, Laivao<br />
M O, Raharimampionona J, Andriambololonera S,<br />
Raminosoa T, Consiglio T K<br />
USA, Switzerland, Madagascar, France<br />
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Forestry<br />
A major problem in establishing effective protocols<br />
for conserving Madagascar’s biodiversity<br />
is the lack of reliable information for the identification<br />
of priority sites in need of protection.<br />
Analyses of field data and information from herbarium<br />
collections for members of the Plant family<br />
Pandanaceae (85 spp. of Pandanus; 6 spp. of<br />
Martellidendron) showed how risk of extinction<br />
assessments can inform conservation planning.<br />
Application of IUCN Red List categories and criteria<br />
showed that 91% of the species are threatened.<br />
Mapping occurrence revealed centres of richness<br />
and rarity as well as gaps in Madagascar’s existing<br />
protected area network. Protection of 10 additional<br />
sites would be required to encompass the<br />
19 species currently lacking representation in the<br />
reserve network, within which east coast littoral
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 75<br />
forests are particularly under represented and<br />
important. <strong>The</strong> effect of scale on assessments of<br />
risk of extinction was explored by applying different<br />
grid cell sizes to estimate area of occupancy.<br />
Using a grid cell size within the range suggested<br />
by IUCN overestimates threatened status if based<br />
solely upon specimen data. For poorly inventoried<br />
countries such as Madagascar measures of range<br />
size based on such data should be complemented<br />
with field observations to determine population<br />
size, sensitivity to disturbance, and specific<br />
threats to habitat and therefore potential population<br />
decline. <strong>The</strong> analysis of such data can make<br />
an important contribution to the conservation<br />
planning process by identifying threatened species<br />
and revealing the highest priority sites for<br />
their conservation.<br />
Oryx, 2007, V41, N2, APR, pp 168-176.<br />
08.1-102<br />
Heavy metal contamination in the semiarid<br />
area of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain) and its<br />
implications for revegetation<br />
Conesa H M, Faz A, Garcia G, Arnaldos R<br />
Spain, Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics , Ecology<br />
In this study a mine tailing located near La Union<br />
town (SE Spain) was investigated in order to establish<br />
lines for further phytostabilization works. A<br />
plot sampling design was carried out in order to<br />
characterize the soil properties and natural occurring<br />
vegetation. <strong>The</strong> tailing is strongly eroded<br />
and vegetation on its surface is scarce. Total heavy<br />
metal concentrations were 1800 mg kg (-1) for Pb<br />
and Zn, and 180 mg kg(-1) for Cu. <strong>The</strong> pH was less<br />
than 4 and consequently, water extractable metals<br />
(14% of the total Zn) and electrical conductivity<br />
(>15 dS m(-1)) were high. Nutrient properties<br />
were poor (
76<br />
<strong>The</strong> daily fluctuations in soil water content suggest<br />
that some root uptake of groundwater was mediated<br />
through the upper soil layers by hydraulic lift.<br />
During the dry season, Q. ilex maintained higher<br />
predawn leaf water potentials, canopy conductances<br />
and transpiration rates than Q. sober: <strong>The</strong> higher<br />
water status of Q. ilex was likely associated with<br />
their deeper root systems compared with Q. sober.<br />
Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and minimum<br />
midday leaf water potential were lower in Q. ilex,<br />
indicating that Q. ilex was more tolerant to drought<br />
than Q. suber. Overall, Q. ilex seemed to have more<br />
effective drought avoidance and drought tolerance<br />
mechanisms than Q. suber.<br />
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N6, JUN, pp 793-803.<br />
08.1-105<br />
Impact of <strong>Swiss</strong> agricultural policies on nitrate<br />
leaching from arable land<br />
Decrem M, Spiess E, Richner W, Herzog F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Water Resources<br />
, Toxicology<br />
From 1993 onwards, various policy measures aiming<br />
at reducing nitrogen (N) losses were introduced<br />
in <strong>Swiss</strong> agriculture. We studied the impact of these<br />
measures on nitrate leaching under arable land in<br />
the Fehraltorf catchment near Zürich. Because of<br />
the well- drained soils, the shallow water table and<br />
the intensive agricultural activity, the groundwater<br />
in this catchment is highly vulnerable to nitrate<br />
pollution. N fluxes and transformations on the<br />
field scale were simulated using the deterministic<br />
model LEACHMN. Following the calibration of the<br />
model with a dataset from a long- term lysimeter<br />
experiment, simulations were run for the period<br />
1998 - 2003. As far as possible, field- specific management<br />
data from farmers’ control sheets were<br />
used as input. Average nitrate leaching in the period<br />
1998 - 2003 was estimated to amount to 39 kg<br />
N ha(-1) year(-1). <strong>The</strong> conditions before the introduction<br />
of the policy measures were simulated in<br />
three scenarios with a higher use of both mineral<br />
N fertiliser and animal manure and 50% less or no<br />
catch crops. We found that lowering mineral N fertiliser<br />
and manure application by about 25% led to<br />
an average decrease in nitrate leaching of 10 kg N<br />
ha(-1) year(-1). Doubling the catch crop area yielded<br />
a further decrease of 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) on average.<br />
Altogether, the implementation of reduced N<br />
fertiliser inputs and increased use of catch crops<br />
proved to be effective and led to a mean reduction<br />
in N leaching of 29% (16 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) for the<br />
arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment.<br />
Agronomy For Sustainable Development, 2007,<br />
V27, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 243-253.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-106<br />
Competition between Lythrum salicaria and a<br />
rare species: combining evidence from experiments<br />
and long-term monitoring<br />
Denoth M, Myers J H<br />
Switzerland, Canada<br />
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> rare endemic plant Sidalcea hendersonii (Henderson’s<br />
checker- mallow) occurs in tidal marshes<br />
of the Pacific Northwest and may be threatened<br />
by Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), a European<br />
invader plant. We compared the abundances<br />
of Lythrum and Sidalcea in a wetland in British<br />
Columbia (Canada) in 1999 to those measured in<br />
1979 to track changes in both species. Although<br />
the frequency of Sidalcea decreased by more than<br />
50%, and that of Lythrum increased by almost 20%,<br />
there was no significant relationship between the<br />
changes of the two species. We assessed the potential<br />
effects of competition by Lythrum on Sidalcea<br />
in field and patio experiments. In the field, we<br />
measured the response of Sidalcea to the removal<br />
of Lythrum over a two-year period and compared<br />
this to the response of Sidalcea to the removal<br />
of native species and in unmanipulated control<br />
plots. Removal of Lythrum significantly improved<br />
the vegetative performance of Sidalcea compared<br />
to the removal of randomly selected native plants<br />
and the control treatment in the first year. In the<br />
second year, the performance of Sidealcea did not<br />
differ significantly with treatment. Removals did<br />
not influence the reproductive performance of<br />
Sidalcea in either year. A one-year additive experiment,<br />
carried out in pots, compared the competitive<br />
effect of Lythrum on Sidalcea with that of two<br />
native species. Lythrum’s impact on Sidalcea was<br />
not consistently stronger than that of the native<br />
species. Collectively, these results do not indicate<br />
a strong impact of Lythrum on the reproduction<br />
or abundance of Sidalcea.<br />
Plant Ecology, 2007, V191, N2, AUG, pp 153-161.<br />
08.1-107<br />
Effects of landscape structure and land-use<br />
intensity on similarity of plant and animal<br />
communities<br />
Dormann C F, Schweiger O, Augenstein I, Bailey<br />
D, Billeter R, de Blust G, Defilippi R, Frenzel M,<br />
Hendrickx F, Herzog F, Klotz S, Liira J, Maelfait J P,<br />
Schmidt T, Speelmans M, van Wingerden W K R E,<br />
Zobel M<br />
Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands,<br />
Estonia<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Zoology<br />
Aim Species richness in itself is not always sufficient<br />
to evaluate land management strategies
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 77<br />
for nature conservation. <strong>The</strong> exchange of species<br />
between local communities may be affected by<br />
landscape structure and land-use intensity. Thus,<br />
species turnover, and its inverse, community<br />
similarity, may be useful measures of landscape<br />
integrity from a diversity perspective. Location A<br />
European transect from France to Estonia. Methods<br />
We measured the similarity of plant, bird,<br />
wild bee, true bug, carabid beetle, hoverfly and<br />
spider communities sampled along gradients in<br />
landscape composition (e.g. total availability of<br />
semi- natural habitat), landscape configuration<br />
(e.g. fragmentation) and land-use intensity (e.g.<br />
pesticide loads). Results Total availability of seminatural<br />
habitats had little effect on community<br />
similarity, except for bird communities, which<br />
were more homogeneous in more natural landscapes.<br />
Bee communities, in contrast, were less<br />
similar in landscapes with higher percentages<br />
of semi- natural habitats. Increased landscape<br />
fragmentation decreased similarity of true bug<br />
communities, while plant communities showed a<br />
nonlinear, U-shaped response. More intense land<br />
use, specifically increased pesticide burden, led<br />
to a homogenization of bee, bug and spider communities<br />
within sites. In these cases, habitat fragmentation<br />
interacted with pesticide load. Hoverfly<br />
and carabid beetle community similarity was<br />
differentially affected by higher pesticide levels:<br />
for carabid beetles similarity decreased, while for<br />
hoverflies we observed a U-shaped relationship.<br />
Main conclusions Our study demonstrates the effects<br />
of landscape composition, configuration and<br />
land-use intensity on the similarity of communities.<br />
It indicates reduced exchange of species between<br />
communities in landscapes dominated by<br />
agricultural activities. Taxonomic groups differed<br />
in their responses to environmental drivers and<br />
using but one group as an indicator for ‘biodiversity’<br />
as such would thus not be advisable.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Ecology and Biogeography, 2007, V16, N6,<br />
NOV, pp 774-787.<br />
08.1-108<br />
Weak and variable relationships between<br />
environmental severity and small-scale cooccurrence<br />
in alpine plant communities<br />
Dullinger S, Kleinbauer I, Pauli H, Gottfried M,<br />
Brooker R, Nagy L, <strong>The</strong>urillat J P, Holten J I, Abdaladze<br />
O, Benito J L, Borel J L, Coldea G, Ghosn D,<br />
Kanka R, Merzouki A, Klettner C, Moiseev P, Molau<br />
U, Reiter K, Rossi G, Stanisci A, Tomaselli M, Unterlugauer<br />
P, Vittoz P, Grabherr G<br />
Austria, Scotland, Switzerland, Norway, Rep Of<br />
Georgia, France, Romania, Greece, Slovakia, Spain,<br />
Russia, Sweden, Italy<br />
Plant Sciences , Modelling , Ecology<br />
1. <strong>The</strong> stress gradient hypothesis suggests a shift<br />
from predominant competition to facilitation<br />
along gradients of increasing environmental<br />
severity. This shift is proposed to cause parallel<br />
changes from prevailing spatial segregation to aggregation<br />
among the species within a community.<br />
2. We used 904 1-m(2) plots, each subdivided into<br />
100 10 x 10 cm, or 25 20 x 20 cm cells, respectively,<br />
from 67 European mountain summits grouped<br />
into 18 regional altitudinal transects, to test this<br />
hypothesized correlation between fine-scale spatial<br />
patterns and environmental severity. 3. <strong>The</strong><br />
data were analysed by first calculating standardized<br />
differences between observed and simulated<br />
random co-occurrence patterns for each plot.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se standardized effect sizes were correlated to<br />
indicators of environmental severity by means of<br />
linear mixed models. In a factorial design, separate<br />
analyses were made for four different indicators<br />
of environmental severity (the mean temperature<br />
of the coldest month, the temperature sum<br />
of the growing season, the altitude above tree<br />
line, and the percentage cover of vascular plants<br />
in the whole plot), four different species groups<br />
(all species, graminoids, herbs, and all growth<br />
forms considered as pseudospecies) and at the 10<br />
x 10 cm and 20 x 20 cm grain sizes. 4. <strong>The</strong> hypothesized<br />
trends were generally weak and could only<br />
be detected by using the mean temperature of the<br />
coldest month or the percentage cover of vascular<br />
plants as the indicator of environmental severity.<br />
<strong>The</strong> spatial arrangement of the full species<br />
set proved more responsive to changes in severity<br />
than that of herbs or graminoids. <strong>The</strong> expected<br />
trends were more pronounced at a grain size of 10<br />
x 10 cm than at 20 x 20 cm. 5. Synthesis. In European<br />
alpine plant communities the relationships<br />
between small-scale co-occurrence patterns of vascular<br />
plants and environmental severity are weak<br />
and variable. This variation indicates that shifts<br />
in net interactions with environmental severity<br />
may differ among indicators of severity, growth<br />
forms and scales. Recognition of such variation<br />
may help to resolve some of the current debate<br />
surrounding the stress gradient hypothesis.<br />
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N6, NOV, pp<br />
1284-1295.<br />
08.1-109<br />
Minor changes in soil organic carbon and charcoal<br />
concentrations detected in a temperate<br />
deciduous forest a year after an experimental<br />
slash-and-burn<br />
Eckmeier E, Gerlach R, Skjemstad J O, Ehrmann O,<br />
Schmidt M W I
78<br />
Switzerland, Germany, Australia<br />
Forestry, Plant Sciences, Agriculture, Soil Sciences ,<br />
Ecology<br />
Anthropogenic fires affected the temperate deciduous<br />
forests of Central Europe over millennia.<br />
Biomass burning releases carbon to the atmosphere<br />
and produces charcoal, which potentially<br />
contributes to the stable soil carbon pools and is<br />
an important archive of environmental history.<br />
<strong>The</strong> fate of charcoal in soils of temperate deciduous<br />
forests, i.e. the processes of charcoal incorporation<br />
and transportation and the effects on soil<br />
organic matter are still not clear. We investigated<br />
the effects of slash-and-burn at a longterm experimental<br />
burning site and determined soil organic<br />
carbon and charcoal carbon concentrations as<br />
well as the soil lightness of colour (L*) in the topmost<br />
soil material (0-1, 1-2.5 and 2.5-5 cm depths)<br />
before, immediately after the fire and one year<br />
later. <strong>The</strong> main results are that (i) only a few of the<br />
charcoal particles from the forest floor were incorporated<br />
into the soil matrix, presumably by soil<br />
mixing animals. In the 0-1 cm layer, during one<br />
year, the charcoal C concentration increased only<br />
by 0.4 g kg(-1) and the proportion of charcoal C<br />
to SOC concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.4%;<br />
(ii) the SOC concentrations did not show any significant<br />
differences; (iii) soil lightness decreased<br />
significantly in the topmost soil layer and correlated<br />
well with the concentrations of charcoal C<br />
(r=-0.87**) and SOC (r=-0.94**) in the samples from<br />
the 0-5 cm layer. We concluded that Holocene biomass<br />
burning could have influenced soil charcoal<br />
concentrations and soil colour.<br />
Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 377-383.<br />
08.1-110<br />
Conversion of biomass to charcoal and the<br />
carbon mass balance from a slash-and-burn<br />
experiment in a temperate deciduous forest<br />
Eckmeier E, Rosch M, Ehrmann O, Schmidt M W I,<br />
Schier W, Gerlach R<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , History<br />
Anthropogenic burning, including slash-andburn,<br />
was deliberately used in (pre)historic Central<br />
Europe. Biomass burning has affected the<br />
global carbon cycle since, presumably, the early<br />
Holocene. <strong>The</strong> understanding of processes and<br />
rates of charcoal formation in temperate deciduous<br />
forests is limited, as is the extent of prehistoric<br />
human impact on the environment. We took<br />
advantage of an experimental burning to simulate<br />
Neolithic slash-and-burn, and we quantified<br />
the biomass fuel and charcoal produced, determined<br />
the resulting distribution of the charcoal<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
size fractions and calculated the carbon mass balance.<br />
Two-thirds of the charcoal particles (6.71 t /<br />
ha) were larger than 2000 Rm and the spatial distribution<br />
of charcoal was highly variable (15-90%<br />
per m(2)). <strong>The</strong> conversion rate of the biomass fuel<br />
to charcoal mass was 4.8%, or 8.1% for the conversion<br />
of biomass carbon to charcoal.<br />
Holocene, 2007, V17, N4, MAY, pp 539-542.<br />
08.1-111<br />
Simulating future changes in Arctic and subarctic<br />
vegetation<br />
Epstein H E, Yu Qin, Kaplan J O, Lischke H<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> Arctic is a sensitive system undergoing dramatic<br />
changes related to recent warming trends.<br />
Vegetation dynamics-increases in the quantity of<br />
green vegetation and a northward migration of<br />
trees into the arctic tundra-are a component of<br />
this change. Although field studies over long time<br />
periods can be logistically problematic, simulation<br />
modeling provides a means for projecting<br />
changes in arctic and subarctic vegetation caused<br />
by environmental variations.<br />
Computing in Science Engineering, 2007, V9, N4,<br />
JUL-AUG, pp 12-23.<br />
08.1-112<br />
Response of soil microbial biomass and community<br />
structures to conventional and organic<br />
farming systems under identical crop rotations<br />
Esperschuetz J, Gattinger A, Mäder P, Schloter M,<br />
Fliessbach A<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Microbiology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
, Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
In this study the influence of different farming systems<br />
on microbial community structure was analyzed<br />
using soil samples from the DOK long-term<br />
field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises<br />
organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional<br />
(CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well<br />
as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined<br />
microbial communities in winter wheat plots at<br />
two different points in the crop rotation (after<br />
potatoes and after maize). Employing extended<br />
polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid<br />
fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids<br />
(PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of<br />
PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated<br />
a significant influence of organic agriculture on<br />
microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application<br />
consistently revealed the strongest, and the<br />
preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 79<br />
specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial<br />
community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from<br />
slowly growing bacteria (k- strategists) showed the<br />
strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization.<br />
Although the highest fungal biomass was<br />
found in the two organic systems of the DOK field<br />
trial, their contribution to the differentiation of<br />
community structures according to the management<br />
regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities<br />
responded most strongly to either conventional<br />
or organic farming management.<br />
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V61, N1, JUL, pp<br />
26-37.<br />
08.1-113<br />
Methodical study of nitrous oxide eddy covariance<br />
measurements using quantum cascade<br />
laser spectrometery over a <strong>Swiss</strong> forest<br />
Eugster W, Zeyer K, Zeeman M, Michna P, Zingg A,<br />
Buchmann N, Emmenegger L<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured at the Lageren<br />
CarboEurope IP flux site over the multi-species<br />
mixed forest dominated by European beech and<br />
Norway spruce. Measurements were carried out<br />
during a four-week period in October-November<br />
2005 during leaf senescence. Fluxes were measured<br />
with a standard ultrasonic anemometer in<br />
combination with a quantum cascade laser absorption<br />
spectrometer that measured N 2O, CO 2,<br />
and H 2O mixing ratios simultaneously at 5 Hz<br />
time resolution. To distinguish insignificant fluxes<br />
from significant ones it is proposed to use a new<br />
approach based on the significance of the correlation<br />
coefficient between vertical wind speed and<br />
mixing ratio fluctuations. This procedure eliminated<br />
roughly 56% of our half- hourly fluxes. Based<br />
on the remaining, quality checked N 2O fluxes we<br />
quantified the mean efflux at 0.8 +/- 0.4 µmol m(-2)<br />
h(-1) (mean + /- standard error). Most of the contribution<br />
to the N 2O flux occurred during a 6.5-h period<br />
starting 4.5 h before each precipitation event.<br />
No relation with precipitation amount could be<br />
found. Visibility data representing fog density<br />
and duration at the site indicate that wetting of<br />
the canopy may have as strong an effect on N 2O<br />
effluxes as does below-ground microbial activity.<br />
It is speculated that above- ground N 2O production<br />
from the senescing leaves at high moisture<br />
(fog, drizzle, onset of precipitation event) may be<br />
responsible for part of the measured flux.<br />
Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N5, pp 927-939.<br />
08.1-114<br />
Improving predictive mapping in <strong>Swiss</strong> mire<br />
ecosystems through re- calibration of indicator<br />
values<br />
Feldmeyer C E, Ecker K, Kuechler M, Graf U, Waser L<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Forestry<br />
Question: How may Landolt indicator values be recalibrated<br />
to improve the performance of predictive<br />
models? Location: Mires Gross Moos Schwandital<br />
(1250 m a.s.l.) in the Prealps, Burgymoos (465<br />
m. a.s.l.) on the Central Plateau and La Burtigniere<br />
(1000 m a.s.l.) in the Jura, Switzerland. Methods:<br />
Habitat distribution models based on high resolution<br />
remotely sensed data and vegetation field data<br />
are applied to monitor 130 mires. Instead of plant<br />
species or communities we used mean indicator<br />
values of vegetation records as response variables.<br />
To improve the differential power of indicator values<br />
for wetland habitat conditions, we calibrated<br />
these values using field data. Different methods<br />
were tested with our predictive models in three<br />
mires to see which calibration method is best in<br />
enhancing model performance. To assess the effect<br />
of the uneven distribution of vegetation records<br />
along environmental gradients. calibrations<br />
based on random and evenly distributed samples<br />
were compared. As a test of the predictive power<br />
of the models we used r(2) between ground truth<br />
and model prediction. This approach is illustrated<br />
through an application with nutrient indicator<br />
values in the mire La Burtigniere. Results: Model<br />
performances were not the same for the three<br />
mires. <strong>The</strong> predictive power was better for the nutrient<br />
values, soil reaction and humus values than<br />
for light and moisture values. 2000 records were<br />
sufficient as basis for re-calibration. Models based<br />
on original Landolt indicator values were overall<br />
the weakest compared with re-calibrated values. By<br />
comparing the predictive power of Models based<br />
on randomly or evenly selected records were about<br />
equally predictive. Conclusions: 1. A habitat-specific<br />
re-calibration of the Landolt indicator values<br />
enhances the predictive mapping of the <strong>Swiss</strong> mire<br />
ecosystems. 2. <strong>The</strong> re-calibration based on weighted<br />
averaging gives a better performance than the<br />
one based on Gaussian logistic regression. 3. <strong>The</strong><br />
uneven distribution of indicator values due to the<br />
over-representation of mire habitats does not hamper<br />
model performance. 4. 2000 vegetation records<br />
are a sufficient basis for an optimal re-calibration<br />
of the vegetation types. An illustration of the method<br />
is given by using the soil fertility pattern of the<br />
mire La Burtigniere.<br />
Applied Vegetation Science, 2007, V10, N2, AUG,<br />
pp 183-192.
80<br />
08.1-115<br />
Effects of an extended drought period on<br />
grasslands at various altitudes in Switzerland<br />
Feller U, Signarbieux C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Ecology<br />
Photosynthesis Research, 2007, V91, N2-3, FEB-<br />
MAR, p 294.<br />
08.1-116<br />
Secondary succession and loss in plant diversity<br />
following a grazing decrease in a wooded<br />
pasture of the central <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
Frelechoux F, Meisser M, Gillet F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity<br />
, Ecology<br />
Reduced cattle grazing pressure in the Alps has<br />
caused the reforestation of many subalpine pastures<br />
during the last decades. To understand the<br />
dynamics of natural reforestation and to evaluate<br />
how this change affects plant species diversity, we<br />
described the vegetation of a wooded pasture in<br />
the central <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps (Sembrancher, Valais) using<br />
the integrated synusial method. Based on stratified<br />
vegetation releves in 27 plots, we defined 11<br />
community types at the synusial level (two tree-layer,<br />
five shrub-layer, and four herb-layer synusiae),<br />
and four community types at the phytocoenosis<br />
level (pasture, tall forbs and scrub, wooded pasture<br />
and forest). <strong>The</strong> spatial distribution of these<br />
four phytocoenoses suggests that they represent<br />
successional stages after abandonment, and that<br />
the pathway of vegetation succession depends on<br />
the aspect. We suppose that on northern oriented,<br />
cool and shady locations, abandoned pastures<br />
first develop towards tall-forb meadows and scrub<br />
with Alnus viridis, and then to a preforested stage<br />
with Picea abies and Larix decidua. In contrast, on<br />
western oriented, warm and sunny location, Larix<br />
decidua (mainly) and Picea abies directly colonize<br />
the abandoned pastures, but further succession<br />
finally leads to the same pre-forested stage as on<br />
northern slopes. Plant species richness was highest<br />
in open areas and decreased by 25 % as tree<br />
cover increased from 6 % to 65 %. According to our<br />
successional model, plant species diversity is lost<br />
more rapidly on northern slopes (with speciespoor<br />
green alder scrub) than on western slopes<br />
(with species- rich young larch forests), suggesting<br />
that northern slopes most urgently need an appropriate<br />
grazing management.<br />
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp<br />
37-56.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-117<br />
<strong>Change</strong>s of photosynthetic traits in beech saplings<br />
(Fagus sylvatica) under severe drought<br />
stress and during recovery<br />
Galle A, Feller U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry<br />
In the context of an increased risk of extreme<br />
drought events across Europe during the next<br />
decades, the capacity of trees to recover and survive<br />
drought periods awaits further attention. In<br />
summer 2005, 4- year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)<br />
saplings were watered regularly or were kept for 4<br />
weeks without irrigation in the field and then re-<br />
watered again. <strong>Change</strong>s of plant water status, leaf<br />
gas exchange and Chl a fluorescence parameters,<br />
as well as alterations in leaf pigment composition<br />
were followed. During the drought period, stomatal<br />
conductance (g(s)) and net photosynthesis<br />
(P-n) decreased in parallel with increased water<br />
deficit. After 14 days without irrigation, stomata<br />
remained closed and P-n was almost completely<br />
inhibited. Reversible downregulation of PSII photochemistry<br />
(the maximum quantum efficiency<br />
of PSII (F-v/F-m)), enhanced thermal dissipation<br />
of excess excitation energy and an increased ratio<br />
of xanthophyll cycle pigments to chlorophylls<br />
(because of a loss of chlorophylls) contributed to<br />
an enhanced photo-protection in severely stressed<br />
plants. Leaf water potential was restored immediately<br />
after re- watering, while g(s), P-n and F-v/F-m<br />
recovered only partially during the initial phase,<br />
even when high external CO 2 concentrations were<br />
applied during the measurements, indicating<br />
lasting non-stomatal limitations. <strong>The</strong>reafter, P-n<br />
recovered completely within 4 weeks, meanwhile<br />
g(s) remained permanently lower in stressed than<br />
in control plants, leading to an increased ‘intrinsic<br />
water use efficiency’ (P-n /g(s)). In conclusion,<br />
although severe drought stress adversely affected<br />
photosynthetic performance of F. sylvatica (a rather<br />
drought-sensitive species), P-n was completely<br />
restored after re- watering, presumably because<br />
of physiological and morphological adjustments<br />
(e.g. stomatal occlusions).<br />
Physiologia Plantarum, 2007, V131, N3, NOV, pp<br />
412-421.<br />
08.1-118<br />
Stochastic gene expression in switching environments<br />
Gander M J, Mazza C, Rummler H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Microbiology , Ecology<br />
Organisms are known to adapt to regularly varying<br />
environments. However, in most cases, the
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 81<br />
fluctuations of the environment are irregular<br />
and stochastic, alternating between favorable<br />
and unfavorable regimes, so that cells must cope<br />
with an uncertain future. A possible response is<br />
population diversification. We assume here that<br />
the cell population is divided into two groups,<br />
corresponding to two phenotypes, having distinct<br />
growth rates, and that cells can switch randomly<br />
their phenotypes. In static environments, the net<br />
growth rate is maximized when the population is<br />
homogeneously composed of cells having the largest<br />
growth rate. In random environments, growth<br />
rates fluctuate and observations reveal that sometimes<br />
heterogeneous populations have a larger<br />
net growth rate than homogeneous ones, a fact<br />
illustrated recently through Monte-Carlo simulations<br />
based on a birth and migration process in<br />
a random environment. We study this process<br />
mathematically by focusing on the proportion f<br />
(t) of cells having the largest growth rate at time<br />
t, and give explicitly the related steady state distribution<br />
pi. We also prove the convergence of<br />
empirical averages along trajectories to the first<br />
moment Epsilon pi (f), and provide efficient numerical<br />
methods for computing Epsilon pi (f).<br />
Journal of Mathematical Biology, 2007, V55, N2,<br />
AUG, pp 249-269.<br />
08.1-119<br />
Natural forest regrowth as a proxy variable for<br />
agricultural land abandonment in the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
mountains: a spatial statistical model based on<br />
geophysical and socio-economic variables<br />
Gellrich M, Baur P, Zimmermann N E<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
Modelling<br />
In many European mountain regions, natural forest<br />
regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and<br />
the related consequences for the environment are<br />
issues of increasing concern. We developed a spatial<br />
statistical model based on multiple geophysical<br />
and socio-economic variables to investigate<br />
the pattern of natural forest regrowth in the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
mountain area between the 1980s and 1990s. Results<br />
show that forest regrowth occurred primarily<br />
in areas with low temperature sum, intermediate<br />
steepness and soil stoniness as well as close to<br />
forest edges and relatively close to roads. Model<br />
results suggest that regions with weak labor markets<br />
are favored in terms of land abandonment<br />
and forest regrowth. We could not find an effect<br />
of population change on land abandonment and<br />
forest regrowth. <strong>The</strong>refore, we conclude that decision<br />
makers should consider non-linearities in<br />
the pattern of forest regrowth and the fact that la-<br />
bor markets have an effect on land abandonment<br />
and forest regrowth when designing measures to<br />
prevent agricultural land abandonment and natural<br />
forest regrowth in the <strong>Swiss</strong> mountains.<br />
Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12,<br />
N4, NOV, pp 269-278.<br />
08.1-120<br />
Challenges to the uptake of the ecosystem<br />
service rationale for conservation<br />
Ghazoul J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N6, DEC, pp<br />
1651-1652.<br />
08.1-121<br />
What you see is where you go? Modeling<br />
dispersal in mountainous landscapes<br />
Graf R F, Kramer Schadt S, Fernandez N, Grimm V<br />
Germany, Switzerland, Spain<br />
Modelling , Ecology<br />
Inter-patch connectivity can be strongly influenced<br />
by topography and matrix heterogeneity,<br />
particularly when dealing with species with high<br />
cognitive abilities. To estimate dispersal in such<br />
systems, simulation models need to incorporate a<br />
behavioral component of matrix effects to result<br />
in more realistic connectivity measures. Interpatch<br />
dispersal is important for the persistence of<br />
capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in central Europe,<br />
where this endangered grouse species lives in<br />
patchy populations embedded in a mountainous<br />
landscape. We simulated capercaillie movements<br />
with an individual-based, spatially explicit dispersal<br />
model (IBM) and compared the resulting connectivity<br />
measure with distance and an expert<br />
estimation. We used a landscape comprising discrete<br />
habitat patches, temporary habitat, non-habitat<br />
forests, and non-habitat open land. First, we<br />
assumed that dispersing individuals have perfect<br />
knowledge of habitat cells within the perceptual<br />
range (null model). <strong>The</strong>n, we included constraints<br />
to perception and accessibility, i.e., mountain<br />
chains, open area and valleys (three sub-models).<br />
In a full model, all sub-models were included at<br />
once. Correlations between the different connectivity<br />
measures were high (Spearman’s rho > 0.7)<br />
and connectivity based on the full IBM was closer<br />
to expert estimation than distance. For selected<br />
cases, simple distance differed strongly from the<br />
full IBM measure and the expert estimation. Connectivity<br />
based on the IBM was strongly sensitive<br />
to the size of perceptual range with higher sensitivity<br />
for the null model compared to the full<br />
model that included context dependent perceptu-
82<br />
al ranges. Our heuristic approach is adequate for<br />
simulating movements of species with high cognitive<br />
abilities in strongly structured landscapes<br />
that influence perception and permeability.<br />
Landscape Ecology, 2007, V22, N6, JUL, pp<br />
853-866.<br />
08.1-122<br />
A predictive model of the density of airborne<br />
insects in agricultural environments<br />
Grübler M U, Morand M, Naef Dänzer B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Zoology ,<br />
Ecology<br />
This paper presents a model to predict the daily<br />
spatio-temporal variation in the abundance of<br />
airborne insects in agricultural landscapes on the<br />
basis of publicly available environmental data.<br />
Data on the abundance of insects flying near<br />
ground level were collected by a robust and effective<br />
point-count method. <strong>The</strong> validation of the<br />
model using extra data revealed a high correspondence<br />
between predicted and observed insect density.<br />
<strong>The</strong> final model showed that the abundance<br />
of airborne insects depended largely on the daily<br />
weather conditions. Agricultural habitats differed<br />
in the abundance of airborne insects, with peak<br />
insect numbers found along hedgerows and trees.<br />
This accumulation pattern was most pronounced<br />
at low temperatures and in windy conditions. Efforts<br />
to enhance insect abundance in agricultural<br />
landscapes therefore need to increase the number<br />
of structural elements such as hedgerows, single<br />
trees and orchards. This study highlights how<br />
weather conditions and agricultural land-use<br />
affect aerial food webs in agri-environments, including<br />
the dynamics of food patches for all kinds<br />
of aerial foragers. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights<br />
reserved.<br />
Agriculture Ecosystems Environment, 2008, V123,<br />
N1-3, JAN, pp 75-80.<br />
08.1-123<br />
Measured microwave radiative transfer properties<br />
of a deciduous forest canopy<br />
Guglielmetti M, Schwank M, Mätzler C, Oberdoerster<br />
C, Vanderborght J, Flühler H<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Remote Sensing , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Modelling<br />
A field experiment was performed with an L- and<br />
X-band radiometer operating at 1.4 GHz and 11.4<br />
GHz in a deciduous forest in Julich (Germany)<br />
from September to November 2004. <strong>The</strong> radiometers<br />
were installed on the ground being directed<br />
upwards through the canopy. In this position<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
downwelling microwave radiation was measured<br />
during the defoliation of the forest with a time<br />
resolution of 4 h. Simultaneously we measured<br />
the air and soil temperatures. Based on these data,<br />
the transmissivities of the forest canopy were estimated<br />
at different foliation states. Typical L-band<br />
transmissivities determined for the foliated and<br />
the defoliated states were 0.41 and 0.46, confirming<br />
the semi-transparency of the canopy at low<br />
microwave frequencies. Due to the anisotropic<br />
crown structure the L-band brightness temperatures<br />
were slightly horizontally polarized to the<br />
same degree for any state of the vegetation. From<br />
this we conclude that branches are the prevailing<br />
emitters of the canopy whereas leaves and trunks<br />
are less relevant for L-band observations. In the Xband,<br />
the canopy was opaque in the foliated state<br />
and became semi-transparent in the course of defoliation<br />
indicating that leaves are an important<br />
radiation source at this wavelength. Our results<br />
provide the experimental evidence to quantify<br />
the radiation properties of a deciduous forest canopy.<br />
This is crucial for interpreting the microwave<br />
radiation emitted from forested areas measured<br />
from space-borne microwave sensing platforrns.<br />
Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V109, N4,<br />
AUG 30, pp 523-532.<br />
08.1-124<br />
What matters for predicting the occurrences<br />
of trees: Techniques, data, or species’ characteristics?<br />
Guisan A, Zimmermann N E, Elith J, Graham C H,<br />
Phillips S, Peterson A T<br />
Switzerland, Australia, USA<br />
Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Data characteristics and species traits are expected<br />
to influence the accuracy with which species’<br />
distributions can be modeled and predicted. We<br />
compare 10 modeling techniques in terms of predictive<br />
power and sensitivity to location error,<br />
change in map resolution, and sample size, and<br />
assess whether some species traits can explain<br />
variation in model performance. We focused on<br />
30 native tree species in Switzerland and used<br />
presence-only data to model current distribution,<br />
which we evaluated against independent presence<br />
absence data. While there are important differences<br />
between the predictive performance of<br />
modeling methods, the variance in model performance<br />
is greater among species than among techniques.<br />
Within the range of data perturbations<br />
in this study, some extrinsic parameters of data<br />
affect model performance more than others: location<br />
error and sample size reduced performance<br />
of many techniques, whereas grain had little ef-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 83<br />
fect on most techniques. No technique can rescue<br />
species that are difficult to predict. <strong>The</strong> predictive<br />
power of species-distribution models can partly<br />
be predicted from a series of species characteristics<br />
and traits based on growth rate, elevational<br />
distribution range, and maximum elevation.<br />
Slow-growing species or species with narrow and<br />
specialized niches tend to be better modeled. <strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> presence-only tree data produce models<br />
that are reliable enough to be useful in planning<br />
and management applications.<br />
Ecological Monographs, 2007, V77, N4, NOV, pp<br />
615-630.<br />
08.1-125<br />
Temporal changes in grazing intensity and<br />
herbage quality within a <strong>Swiss</strong> fen meadow<br />
Güsewell S, Pohl M, Gander A, Strehler C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences, Plant Sciences , Ecology ,<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Grazing is a possible tool for conservation management<br />
in wetlands, but a frequent problem is<br />
spatial variation in grazing intensity, which may<br />
promote the degradation of the vegetation. Temporal<br />
changes in grazing patterns may reduce<br />
this problem by leading to a more homogeneous<br />
overall use of the area. In a lakeshore wetland<br />
(2.8 ha) grazed by Scottish Highland cattle from<br />
May till September, we studied how the grazing<br />
of nine vegetation types changes seasonally and<br />
between years, and how this is related to the<br />
quantity and quality of the herbage. We observed<br />
cattle activity weekly throughout two grazing<br />
periods, determined the biomass and nutrient<br />
concentrations of the vegetation, analysed dung<br />
samples, and carried out clipping experiments to<br />
assess shoot regeneration after grazing. <strong>The</strong> annual<br />
grazing intensity varied seven-fold among<br />
vegetation types, and this pattern was closely<br />
similar in both years. In several vegetation types,<br />
however, grazing intensity changed seasonally.<br />
Cattle first grazed tall grass-dominated vegetation<br />
(Phragmition, Phalaridion), which had the<br />
most digestible and nutrient-rich herbage, but<br />
the poor regeneration of dominant species forced<br />
the cattle to then graze small-sedge dominated,<br />
nutrient-poor fen vegetation (Caricion davallianae).<br />
<strong>The</strong>se temporal changes in grazing patterns<br />
slightly reduced the spatial variation in grazing<br />
intensity. To take advantage of this effect,<br />
relatively long grazing seasons are preferable to<br />
shorter ones. Four years of grazing reduced the<br />
above- ground biomass production and nutrient<br />
concentrations of several vegetation types.<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore, years without grazing may be needed<br />
to prevent a degradation of palatable plant communities<br />
with low grazing tolerance.<br />
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp<br />
57-73.<br />
08.1-126<br />
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: reconciling<br />
the results of experimental and observational<br />
studies<br />
Hector A, Joshi J, Scherer Lorenzen M, Schmid B,<br />
Spehn E M, Wacker L, Weilenmann M, Bazeley<br />
White E, Beierkuhnlein C, Caldeira M C, Dimitrakopoulos<br />
P G, Finn J A, Huss Danell K, Jumpponen A,<br />
Leadley P W, Loreau M, Mulder C P H, Nesshoever<br />
C, Palmborg C, Read D J, Siamantziouras A S D,<br />
Terry A C, Troumbis A Y<br />
Switzerland, Germany, England, Portugal, Greece,<br />
Ireland, Sweden, France, Canada<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences<br />
Functional Ecology, 2007, V21, N5, OCT, pp<br />
998-1002.<br />
08.1-127<br />
<strong>The</strong> generality of habitat suitability models: A<br />
practical test with two insect groups<br />
Hein S, Binzenhöfer B, Poethke H J, Biedermann R,<br />
Settele J, Schroeder B<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling , Zoology<br />
For the design and declaration of conservation areas<br />
as well as for planning habitat management<br />
it is important to quantitatively know the habitat<br />
preferences of the focal species. To take into account<br />
the requirements of as many species as possible,<br />
it would be of great advantage if one would<br />
either (i) find one or several species whose habitat<br />
requirements cover those of a large number of<br />
other species or if one could (ii) identify a common<br />
set of habitat parameters that is important<br />
for the occurrence of many species. Ideally such<br />
common habitat parameters should be easy to<br />
measure. Only then they may be of practical value<br />
in applied conservation biology. In this study, we<br />
compared the habitat preferences of different insect<br />
species (grasshoppers, bush crickets, butterflies,<br />
moths) in the same region by applying identical<br />
methods. To identify common explanatory<br />
variables that predict the occurrence probability<br />
of these species, we first tested the transferability<br />
of the specific ‘species models’ to other species<br />
within the same insect group. We tested how well<br />
the incidence of one species can be predicted by<br />
the occurrence probability of another species. <strong>The</strong><br />
‘best’ models within each group were then tested<br />
for transferability between the different groups.<br />
Additionally, we tested the predictive power of the
84<br />
predictor variable ‘habitat type’ as an easy and often<br />
available measure for conservation practice.<br />
Although in the different ‘species models’ different<br />
key factors determine habitat suitability,<br />
some models were successfully transferred and<br />
were able to reasonably predict the distribution<br />
of other species. <strong>The</strong> habitat preferences of the<br />
burnet moth Zygaena carniolica were particularly<br />
well suited for the prediction of suitable habitats<br />
for all other species. In addition, the predictor<br />
variable ‘habitat type’ played a dominant role in<br />
all models. Models using this aggregated predictor<br />
variable may well predict suitable habitat for<br />
all species.<br />
Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007, V8, N4, pp<br />
310-320.<br />
08.1-128<br />
Fragmented environment affects birch leaf<br />
endophytes<br />
Helander M, Ahlholm J, Sieber T N, Hinneri S, Saikkonen<br />
K<br />
Finland, Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Microbiology ,<br />
Biodiversity<br />
<strong>The</strong> effect of environmental fragmentation on<br />
the species distribution and frequency of horizontally<br />
transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula<br />
pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied<br />
in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. <strong>The</strong><br />
study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in<br />
size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland<br />
sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from<br />
surface-leaves. <strong>The</strong> frequency of endophytic fungi<br />
mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining<br />
32-35% of the variation, and the distance<br />
to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> birch trees on the largest islands near<br />
the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies.<br />
Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and<br />
Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly<br />
isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees<br />
are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but<br />
their frequencies seem to depend on environmental<br />
isolation and size of the island.<br />
New Phytologist, 2007, V175, N3, pp 547-553.<br />
08.1-129<br />
Host-parasitoid spatial dynamics in heterogeneous<br />
landscapes<br />
Hirzel A H, Nisbet R M, Murdoch W W<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Modelling<br />
This paper explores the effect of spatial processes<br />
in a heterogeneous environment on the dynamics<br />
of a host-parasitoid interaction. <strong>The</strong> environment<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
consists of a lattice of favourable (habitat) and<br />
hostile (matrix) hexagonal cells, whose spatial distribution<br />
is measured by habitat proportion and<br />
spatial autocorrelation (inverse of fragmentation).<br />
At each time step, a fixed fraction of both populations<br />
disperses to the adjacent cells where it reproduces<br />
following the Nicholson-Bailey model.<br />
Aspects of the dynamics analysed include extinction,<br />
stability, cycle period and amplitude, and the<br />
spatial patterns emerging from the dynamics. We<br />
find that, depending primarily on the fraction of<br />
the host population that disperses in each generation<br />
and on the landscape geometry, five classes<br />
of spatio-temporal dynamics can be objectively<br />
distinguished: spatial chaos, spirals, metapopulation,<br />
mainland- island and spiral fragments. <strong>The</strong><br />
first two are commonly found in theoretical studies<br />
of homogeneous landscapes. <strong>The</strong> other three<br />
are direct consequences of the heterogeneity and<br />
have strong similarities to dynamic patterns observed<br />
in real systems (e.g. extinction- recolonisation,<br />
source-sink, outbreaks, spreading waves). We<br />
discuss the processes that generate these patterns<br />
and allow the system to persist. <strong>The</strong> importance of<br />
these results is threefold: first, our model merges<br />
into a same theoretical framework dynamics commonly<br />
observed in the field that are usually modelled<br />
independently. Second, these dynamics and<br />
patterns are explained by dispersal rate and common<br />
landscape statistics, thus linking in a practical<br />
way population ecology to landscape ecology.<br />
Third, we show that the landscape geometry has a<br />
qualitative effect on the length of the cycles and,<br />
in particular, we demonstrate how very long periods<br />
can be produced by spatial processes.<br />
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2082-2096.<br />
08.1-130<br />
Mating patterns and contemporary gene flow<br />
by pollen in a large continuous and a small<br />
isolated population of the scattered forest tree<br />
Sorbus torminalis<br />
Hoebee S E, Arnold U, Düggelin C, Gugerli F, Brodbeck<br />
S, Rotach P, Holderegger R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Microbiology , Ecology ,<br />
Biodiversity<br />
<strong>The</strong> influence of population size and spatial isolation<br />
on contemporary gene flow by pollen and<br />
mating patterns in temperate forest trees are<br />
not well documented, although they are crucial<br />
factors in the life history of plant species. We<br />
analysed a small, isolated population and a large,<br />
continuous population of the insect- pollinated<br />
tree species Sorbus torminalis in two consecutive<br />
years. <strong>The</strong> species recently experienced increased
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 85<br />
habitat fragmentation due to altered forest management<br />
leading to forests with closed canopies.<br />
We estimated individual plant size, percentage of<br />
flowering trees, intensity of flowering, degree of<br />
fruiting and seed set per fruit, and we determined<br />
mating patterns, pollen flow distances and external<br />
gene flow in a genetic paternity analysis based<br />
on microsatellite markers. We found clear effects<br />
of small population size and spatial isolation in<br />
S. torminalis. Compared with the large, continuous<br />
population, the small and isolated population<br />
harboured a lower percentage of flowering trees,<br />
showed less intense flowering, lower fruiting,<br />
less developed seeds per fruit, increased selfing<br />
and received less immigrant pollen. However, the<br />
negative inbreeding coefficients (F-IS) of offspring<br />
indicated that this did not result in inbred seed at<br />
the population level. We also show that flowering,<br />
fruiting and pollen flow patterns varied among<br />
years, the latter being affected by the size of individuals.<br />
Though our study was unreplicated at<br />
the factor level (i.e. isolated vs non-isolated populations),<br />
it shows that small and spatially isolated<br />
populations of S. torminalis may also be genetically<br />
isolated, but that their progeny is not necessarily<br />
more inbred.<br />
Heredity, 2007, V99, N1, JUL, pp 47-55.<br />
08.1-131<br />
Time series of landscape fragmentation caused<br />
by transportation infrastructure and urban<br />
development: a case study from Baden- Wurttemberg,<br />
Germany<br />
Jäger J, Schwarz von Raumer H G , Esswein H, Müller<br />
M, Schmidt Lüttman M<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Landscape fragmentation is increasingly considered<br />
an important environmental indicator in<br />
the fields of sustainable land use and biodiversity.<br />
To set goals for future development and to plan<br />
appropriate measures, suitable empirical data on<br />
the degree of landscape fragmentation are needed<br />
to identify trends and compare different regions.<br />
However, there is still a significant lack of data on<br />
landscape fragmentation as an indicator, despite<br />
the substantial scientific literature on this topic,<br />
likely because of confusion over the definition of<br />
“fragmentation, “ questions associated with scale<br />
and data issues, and lack of general agreement on<br />
a fragmentation measure. This study presents a<br />
state-wide quantitative analysis of landscape fragmentation<br />
in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, by<br />
means of the “ effective mesh size” (m(eff)), which<br />
characterizes the anthropogenic penetration of<br />
landscapes from a geometric point of view and is<br />
based on the probability that two randomly chosen<br />
points in a landscape are connected, i.e., not<br />
separated by barriers such as roads, railroads, or<br />
urban areas. Baden-Wurttemberg is fragmented<br />
to a far greater extent than indicated by previous<br />
studies. <strong>The</strong> m(eff) has decreased by 40% since<br />
1930. This development is strongly related to the<br />
growing number of inhabitants, the increased<br />
use of motorized vehicles, and the hierarchical regional<br />
planning system based on the central place<br />
theory. To illustrate the suitability of the meff<br />
method for environmental monitoring, as a planning<br />
instrument and as an assessment instrument<br />
for impact assessment studies, we explored several<br />
variations of applying the method with regard to<br />
choice of fragmenting elements, consideration of<br />
noise bands, spatial differentiation (e. g., administrative<br />
districts vs. ecoregions), and way of dealing<br />
with patches at the boundaries of the reporting<br />
units. Depending on the objectives of the investigation<br />
(e. g., recreational quality vs. suitability for<br />
wildlife habitat), different variations may be most<br />
appropriate. <strong>The</strong> insights and quantitative results<br />
from Baden-Wurttemberg provide a yardstick for<br />
analyzing and assessing landscape fragmentation<br />
in other countries.<br />
Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 22.<br />
08.1-132<br />
Rapid mixing between old and new C pools in<br />
the canopy of mature forest trees<br />
Keel S G, Siegwolf R T W, Jäggi M, Körner C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Stable C isotope signals in plant tissues became a<br />
key tool in explaining growth responses to the environment.<br />
<strong>The</strong> technique is based on the fundamental<br />
assumption that the isotopic composition<br />
of a given unit of tissue (e.g. a tree ring) reflects<br />
the specific C uptake conditions in the leaf at a<br />
given time. Beyond the methodological implications<br />
of any deviation from this assumption, it is<br />
of physiological interest whether new C is transferred<br />
directly from sources (a photosynthesizing<br />
leaf) to structural sinks (e.g. adjacent stem tissue),<br />
or inherently passes through existing (mobile) C<br />
pools, which may be of variable (older) age. Here,<br />
we explore the fate of C-13-labelled photosynthates<br />
in the crowns of a 30-35 m tall, mixed forest using<br />
a canopy crane. In all nine study species labelled<br />
C reached woody tissue within 2-9 h after labelling.<br />
Four months later, very small signals were<br />
left in branch wood of Tilia suggesting that low<br />
mixing of new, labelled C with old C had taken<br />
place. In contrast, signals in Fagus and Quercus
86<br />
had increased, indicating more intense mixing.<br />
This species-specific mixing of new with old C<br />
pools is likely to mask year- or season-specific linkages<br />
between tree ring formation and climate and<br />
has considerable implications for climate reconstruction<br />
using stable isotopes as proxies for past<br />
climatic conditions.<br />
Plant Cell and Environment, 2007, V30, N8, AUG,<br />
pp 963-972.<br />
08.1-133<br />
Identifying the early genetic consequences of<br />
habitat degradation in a highly threatened<br />
tropical conifer, Araucaria nemorosa Laubenfels<br />
Kettle C J, Hollingsworth P M, Jaffre T, Moran B,<br />
Ennos R A<br />
Switzerland, Scotland, New Caledonia<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences , Forestry<br />
<strong>The</strong> early genetic effects of habitat degradation<br />
were investigated in the critically endangered<br />
conifer Araucaria nemorosa. This species occurs<br />
in New Caledonia, a global biodiversity hotspot<br />
where the world’s greatest concentration of endemic<br />
conifer species coincides with an extremely<br />
high level of habitat destruction due to fire and<br />
mining. Using seven microsatellite loci, estimates<br />
were made of genetic marker variation, inbreeding<br />
coefficients and population differentiation of<br />
adult and seedling cohorts of A. nemorosa. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
were contrasted with equivalent estimates, made<br />
over similar spatial scales and with the same<br />
marker loci, in the locally common and more<br />
widespread sister species Araucaria columnaris.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re were no significant differences in population<br />
genetic parameters between adult populations<br />
of the two species, despite their different<br />
abundances. However, in A. nemorosa, the juvenile<br />
cohort showed a loss of rare alleles and elevated<br />
levels of inbreeding when compared to the<br />
adult cohort. <strong>The</strong>se genetic differences between<br />
the cohorts were not observed in the locally common<br />
A. columnaris. This suggests that recent environmental<br />
degradation is influencing the genetic<br />
structure of A. nemorosa populations. Although<br />
this is not detectable among predisturbance adult<br />
populations, an early warning of these impacts<br />
is evident in more recently established seedling<br />
cohorts. <strong>The</strong> conservation implications of these<br />
results are discussed.<br />
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N17, SEP, pp<br />
3581-3591.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-134<br />
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can counterbalance<br />
the negative influence of the exotic<br />
tree species Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the<br />
structure and functioning of soil microbial<br />
communities in a sahelian soil<br />
Kisa M, Sanon A, Thioulouse J, Assigbetse K, Sylla<br />
S, Spichiger R, Dieng L, Berthelin J, Prin Y, Galiana<br />
A, Lepage M, Duponnois R<br />
Senegal, France, Switzerland, Burkina Faso<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
, Microbiology<br />
<strong>The</strong> hypothesis of the present study was that bacterial<br />
communities would differentiate under Eucalyptus<br />
camaldulensis and that an enhancement<br />
of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) density would<br />
minimize this exotic plant species effect. Treatments<br />
consisted of control plants, preplanting<br />
fertilizer application and AM inoculation. After 4<br />
months of culture in autoclaved soil, E. camaldulensis<br />
seedlings were either harvested for growth<br />
measurement or transferred into containers filled<br />
with the same soil but not sterilized. Other containers<br />
were kept without E. camaldulensis seedlings.<br />
After 12 months, effects of fertilizer amendment<br />
and AM inoculation were measured on the<br />
growth of Eucalyptus seedlings and on soil microbial<br />
communities. <strong>The</strong> results clearly show that<br />
this plant species significantly modified the soil<br />
bacterial community. Both community structure<br />
(assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis<br />
profiles) and function (assessed by substrateinduced<br />
respiration responses including soil catabolic<br />
evenness) were significantly affected. Such<br />
changes in the bacterial structure and function<br />
were accompanied by disturbances in the composition<br />
of the herbaceous plant species layer.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se results highlight the role of AM symbiosis<br />
in the processes involved in soil bio-functioning<br />
and plant coexistence and in afforestation programmes<br />
with exotic tree species that target preservation<br />
of native plant diversity.<br />
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N1, OCT,<br />
pp 32-44.<br />
08.1-135<br />
Response of net ecosystem productivity of<br />
three boreal forest stands to drought (vol 9,<br />
pg 1128, 2006)<br />
Kljun N, Black T A, Griffis T J, Barr A G, Gaumont<br />
Guay D, Morgenstern K, Mccaughey J H, Nesic Z<br />
Canada, USA, Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
In 2000-03, continuous eddy covariance measurements<br />
of carbon dioxide (CO 2) flux were made<br />
above mature boreal aspen, black spruce, and jack
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 87<br />
pine forests in Saskatchewan, Canada, prior to and<br />
during a 3- year drought. During the 1st drought<br />
year, ecosystem respiration (R) was reduced at the<br />
aspen site due to the drying of surface soil layers.<br />
Gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP) increased<br />
as a result of a warm spring and a slow decrease<br />
of deep soil moisture. <strong>The</strong>se conditions resulted<br />
in the highest annual net ecosystem productivity<br />
(NEP) in the 9 years of flux measurements at<br />
this site. During 2002 and 2003, a reduction of 6%<br />
and 34% in NEP, respectively, compared to 2000<br />
was observed as the result of reductions in both<br />
R and GEP, indicating a conservative response to<br />
the drought. Although the drought affected most<br />
of western Canada, there was considerable spatial<br />
variability in summer rainfall over the 100-km extent<br />
of the study area; summer rainfalls in 2001<br />
and 2002 at the two conifer sites minimized the<br />
impact of the drought. In 2003, however, precipitation<br />
was similarly low at all three sites. Due to<br />
low topographic position and consequent poor<br />
drainage at the black spruce site and the coarse<br />
soil with low water-holding capacity at the jack<br />
pine site almost no reduction in R, GEP, and NEP<br />
was observed at these two sites. This study shows<br />
that the impact of drought on carbon sequestration<br />
by boreal forest ecosystems strongly depends<br />
on rainfall distribution, soil characteristics, topography,<br />
and the presence of vegetation that is<br />
well adapted to these conditions.<br />
Ecosystems, 2007, V10, N6, SEP, pp 1039-1055.<br />
08.1-136<br />
Assessment of land use impacts on the natural<br />
environment - Part 2: Generic characterization<br />
factors for local species diversity in central<br />
Europe<br />
Köllner T, Scholz R W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Goal, Scope and Background. Land use is an economic<br />
activity that generates large benefits for<br />
human society. One side effect, however, is that<br />
it has caused many environmental problems<br />
throughout history and still does today. Biodiversity,<br />
in particular, has been negatively influenced<br />
by intensive agriculture, forestry and the increase<br />
in urban areas and infrastructure. Integrated assessment<br />
such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA),<br />
thus, incorporate impacts on biodiversity. <strong>The</strong><br />
main objective of this paper is to develop generic<br />
characterization factors for land use types using<br />
empirical information on species diversity from<br />
Central Europe, which can be used in the assessment<br />
method developed in the first part of this<br />
series of paper. Methods. Based on an extensive<br />
meta-analysis, with information about species<br />
diversity on 5581 sample plots, we calculated<br />
characterization factors for 53 land use types and<br />
six intensity classes. <strong>The</strong> typology is based on the<br />
CORINE Plus classification. We took information<br />
on the standardized alpha-diversity of plants,<br />
moss and mollusks into account. In addition,<br />
threatened plants were considered. Linear and<br />
nonlinear models were used for the calculation of<br />
damage potentials (EDPs). In our approach, we use<br />
the current mean species number in the region<br />
as a reference, because this determines whether<br />
specific land use types hold more or less species<br />
diversity per area. <strong>The</strong> damage potential calculated<br />
here is endpoint oriented. <strong>The</strong> corresponding<br />
characterization factors EDPs can be used in the<br />
Life Cycle Impact Assessment as weighting factors<br />
for different types of land occupation and land<br />
use change as described in Part 1 of this paper series.<br />
Results. <strong>The</strong> result from ranking the intensity<br />
classes based on the mean plant species number<br />
is as expected. High intensive forestry and agriculture<br />
exhibit the lowest species richness (5.7-5.8<br />
plant species/m(2)), artificial surfaces, low intensity<br />
forestry and non- use have medium species richness<br />
(9.4-11.1 plant species/m2) and low- intensity<br />
agriculture has the highest species richness (16.6<br />
plant species/m(2)). <strong>The</strong> mean and median are<br />
very close, indicating that the skewedness of the<br />
distribution is low. Standard error is low and is<br />
similar for all intensity classes. Linear transformations<br />
of the relative species numbers are linearly<br />
transformed into ecosystem damage potentials<br />
(EDPlinears). <strong>The</strong> inte gration of threatened plant<br />
species diversity into a more differentiated damage<br />
function EDPlinearStotal makes it possible<br />
to differentiate between land use types that have<br />
similar total species numbers, but intensities of<br />
land use that are clearly different (e.g., artificial<br />
meadow and broad-leafed forest). Negative impact<br />
values indicate that land use types hold more species<br />
per m(2) than the reference does. In terms of<br />
species diversity, these land use types are superior<br />
(e.g. near-to- nature meadow, hedgerows, agricultural<br />
fallow). Discussion. Land use has severe impacts<br />
on the environment. <strong>The</strong> ecosystem damage<br />
potential EDPS is based on assessment of impacts<br />
of land use on species diversity. We clearly base<br />
EDPs factors on alpha- diversity, which correlates<br />
with the local aspect of species diversity of land<br />
use types. Based on an extensive meta-analysis of<br />
biologists’ field research, we were able to include<br />
data on the diversity of plant species, threatened<br />
plant species, moss and mollusks in the EDPS.<br />
<strong>The</strong> integration of other animal species groups<br />
(e.g. insects, birds, mammals, amphibians) with
88<br />
their specific habitat preferences could change<br />
the characterization factors values specific for<br />
each land use type. Those mobile species groups<br />
support ecosystem functions, because they provide<br />
functional links between habitats in the<br />
landscape. Conclusions. <strong>The</strong> use of generic characterization<br />
factors in Life Cycle Impact Assessment<br />
of land use, which we have developed, can<br />
improve the basis for decision-making in industry<br />
and other organizations. It can best be applied for<br />
marginal land use decisions. However, if the goal<br />
and scope of an LCA requires it this generic assessment<br />
can be complemented with a site-dependent<br />
assessment. Recommendations and Perspectives.<br />
We recommend utilizing the developed characterization<br />
factors for land use in Central Europe<br />
and as a reference methodology for other regions.<br />
In order to assess the impacts of land use in other<br />
regions it would be necessary to sample empirical<br />
data on species diversity and to develop region<br />
specific characterization factors on a worldwide<br />
basis in LCA. This is because species diversity and<br />
the impact of land use on it can very much differ<br />
from region to region.<br />
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,<br />
2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 32-48.<br />
08.1-137<br />
<strong>The</strong> use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research<br />
Körner C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences<br />
Altitudinal gradients are among the most powerful<br />
‘natural experiments’ for testing ecological and<br />
evolutionary responses of biota to geophysical influences,<br />
such as low temperature. However, there<br />
are two categories of environmental changes with<br />
altitude: those physically tied to meters above sea<br />
level, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature<br />
and clear-sky turbidity; and those that are not generally<br />
altitude specific, such as moisture, hours of<br />
sunshine, wind, season length, geology and even<br />
human land use. <strong>The</strong> confounding of the first category<br />
by the latter has introduced confusion in<br />
the scientific literature on altitude phenomena.<br />
Trends in Ecology Evolution, 2007, V22, N11, NOV,<br />
pp 569-574.<br />
08.1-138<br />
Creative use of mountain biodiversity databases:<br />
<strong>The</strong> Kazbegi research agenda of GMBA-<br />
DIVERSITAS<br />
Körner C, Donoghue M, Fabbro T, Hauser C,<br />
Nogues Bravo D, Kalin Arroyo M T, Soberon J,<br />
Speers L, Spehn E M, Sun H, Tribsch A, Tykarski P,<br />
Zbinden N<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
Switzerland, USA, Germany, Denmark, Chile,<br />
Peoples R China, Austria, Poland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Geo-referenced archive databases on mountain<br />
organisms are very promising tools for achieving<br />
a better understanding of mountain biodiversity<br />
and predicting its changes. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Global</strong> Mountain<br />
Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) of DIVERSITAS, in<br />
cooperation with the <strong>Global</strong> Biodiversity Information<br />
Facility, encourages a global effort to mine<br />
biodiversity databases on mountain organisms.<br />
<strong>The</strong> wide range of climatic conditions and topographies<br />
across the world’s mountains offers an<br />
unparalleled opportunity for developing and testing<br />
biodiversity theory. <strong>The</strong> power of openly accessible,<br />
interconnected electronic databases for scientific<br />
biodiversity research, which by far exceeds<br />
the original intent of archiving for mainly taxonomic<br />
purposes, has been illustrated. <strong>The</strong>re is an<br />
urgent need to increase the amount and quality<br />
of geo-referenced data on mountain biodiversity<br />
provided online, in order to meet the challenges<br />
of global change in mountains.<br />
Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27,<br />
N3, AUG, pp 276-281.<br />
08.1-139<br />
Mobility of black carbon in drained peatland<br />
soils<br />
Leifeld J, Fenner S, Müller M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
Amount, stability, and distribution of black carbon<br />
(BC) were studied at four sites of a large peatland<br />
(“Witzwil”) formerly used as a disposal for<br />
combustion residues from households to derive<br />
BC displacement rates in the profile. Possible artefacts<br />
from thermal oxidation with Differential<br />
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) on BC quantification<br />
of C-rich deposits were inferred by choosing<br />
three sites from a second peatland with no<br />
historical record of waste disposal as a reference<br />
(“Seebodenalp”). All sites were under grassland at<br />
time of sampling, but were partially cropped in<br />
the past at Witzwil. Mean BC contents in topsoils<br />
of Witzwil ranged from 10.7 to 91.5 (0-30 cm) and<br />
from 0.44 to 51.3 (30-140 cm) mg BC g(-1) soil, corresponding<br />
to BC/OC ratios of 0.04 to 0.3 (topsoil)<br />
and 0.02 to 0.18 (deeper soil). At three sites of Seebodenalp,<br />
BC was below the detection limit of 0.4<br />
mg g(-1) organic soil, indicating negligible formation<br />
of BC during thermal oxidation of peat. C-13<br />
NMR spectra corroborated the high BC contents at<br />
Witzwil. <strong>The</strong> data support a considerable vertical<br />
transport of BC given that soils were ploughed not
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 89<br />
deeper than 30 cm since abandonment of waste<br />
application about 50 years ago. <strong>The</strong> total amount<br />
of BC in the Witzwil profiles ranged from 3.2 to 7.5<br />
kg BC m(-2), with 21 to 69 percent of it stemming<br />
from below the former ploughing depth. Under<br />
the premise of negligible rates of BC consumption<br />
since abandonment of waste application, minimum<br />
BC transport rates in these peats are 0.6 to<br />
1.2 cm a(-1). <strong>The</strong> high mobility of BC might be explained<br />
by high macropore volumes in combination<br />
with occasional water saturation. By means<br />
of DSC peak temperatures, different types of BC<br />
could be distinguished, with deeper horizons containing<br />
BC of higher thermal stability. Application<br />
of combustion residues likely involved a mixture<br />
of various BC types, of which thermally more<br />
stable ones, most likely soots, were preferentially<br />
transported downwards.<br />
Biogeosciences, 2007, V4, N3, pp 425-432.<br />
08.1-140<br />
Tree species diversity affects canopy leaf temperatures<br />
in a mature temperate forest<br />
Leuzinger S, Körner C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Forest canopies play a major role in biosphereatmosphere<br />
interaction. <strong>The</strong>ir actual temperature<br />
may deviate substantially from ambient atmospheric<br />
conditions as reported by weather stations.<br />
While there is a long tradition of false-colour imagery,<br />
new digital technologies in combination<br />
with IR transmission lenses and autocalibration<br />
routines permit unprecedented insight into the<br />
actual temperature regimes in canopies. We report<br />
canopy leaf temperature distribution over<br />
space and time assessed over a 35 m tall mixed<br />
deciduous forest in NW Switzerland by means of<br />
a construction crane and a high resolution thermal<br />
camera. At an air temperature of 25 degrees<br />
C, conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylverstris and Larix<br />
decidua) and deciduous broad-leaved trees with<br />
exceptionally high transpiration (Quercus petraea)<br />
or very open, low density canopies (Prunus<br />
avium) exhibited mean canopy leaf temperatures<br />
close to air temperature (0.3-2.7 K above ambient)<br />
and the maximum amplitude within a given<br />
crown reached 69 K. In contrast, broad-leaved deciduous<br />
species with dense canopies (Fagus sylvatica,<br />
Carpinus betulus and Tilia platyphyllos)<br />
were 4.5-5 K warmer than air temperature and<br />
showed within canopy temperature amplitudes of<br />
10-12 K. Calculated leaf boundary resistance was<br />
clearly lower for conifers (3-24 m s(-1)) than for<br />
broad-leaved trees (33-64 m s(-1)). <strong>The</strong> study illustrates<br />
that mean leaf temperatures in forest trees<br />
are not adequately explained by either stomatal<br />
conductance or leaf dimensions, but strongly depend<br />
on canopy architecture (leaf area density,<br />
branching habits) in combination with leaf traits.<br />
Aerodynamic leaf and canopy characteristics lead<br />
to strongly enhanced vapour pressure gradients<br />
(evaporative forcing) and leaf temperatures vary<br />
enormously over short distances, calling for statistical<br />
temperature models (frequency distribution)<br />
rather than the use of means in any flux calculations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> presence/absence of certain tree taxa<br />
plays a key role in forest surface temperature.<br />
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V146,<br />
N1-2, SEP 11, pp 29-37.<br />
08.1-141<br />
Water savings in mature deciduous forest<br />
trees under elevated CO 2<br />
Leuzinger S, Körner C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to elevated<br />
CO 2 is often reduced. Whether this leads<br />
to water savings in tall forest-trees under future<br />
CO 2 concentrations is largely unknown but could<br />
have significant implications for climate and hydrology.<br />
We used three different sets of measurements<br />
(sap flow, soil moisture and canopy temperature)<br />
to quantify potential water savings under<br />
elevated CO 2 in a ca. 35 m tall, ca. 100 years old<br />
mixed deciduous forest. Part of the forest canopy<br />
was exposed to 540 ppm CO 2 during daylight<br />
hours using free air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) and<br />
the <strong>Swiss</strong> Canopy Crane (SCC) . Across species and<br />
a wide range of weather conditions, sap flow was<br />
reduced by 14% in trees subjected to elevated CO 2,<br />
yielding ca. 10% reduction in evapotranspiration.<br />
This signal is likely to diminish as atmospheric<br />
feedback through reduced moistening of the air<br />
comes into play at landscape scale. Vapour pressure<br />
deficit (VPD)-sap flow response curves show<br />
that the CO 2 effect is greatest at low VPD, and that<br />
sap flow saturation tends to occur at lower VPD<br />
in CO 2-treated trees. Matching stomatal response<br />
data, the CO 2 effect was largely produced by Carpinus<br />
and Fagus, with Quercus contributing little.<br />
In line with these findings, soil moisture at 10<br />
cm depth decreased at a slower rate under high-<br />
CO 2 trees than under control trees during rainless<br />
periods, with a reversal of this trend during<br />
prolonged drought when CO 2-treated trees take<br />
advantage from initial water savings. High-resolution<br />
thermal images taken at different heights<br />
above the forest canopy did detect reduced water<br />
loss through altered energy balance only at < 5 m<br />
distance (0.44 K leaf warming of CO 2- treated Fa-
90<br />
gus trees). Short discontinuations of CO 2 supply<br />
during morning hours had no measurable canopy<br />
temperature effects, most likely because the stomatal<br />
effects were small compared with the aerodynamic<br />
constraints in these dense, broad-leaved<br />
canopies. Hence, on a seasonal basis, these data<br />
suggest a < 10% reduction in water consumption<br />
in this type of forest when the atmosphere reaches<br />
540% ppm CO 2.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Biology, 2007, V13, N12, DEC, pp<br />
2498-2508.<br />
08.1-142<br />
Anchorage of mature conifers: Resistive turning<br />
moment, root-soil plate geometry and root<br />
growth orientation<br />
Lundstroem T, Jonas T, Stöckli V, Ammann W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences<br />
Eighty-four mature Norway spruce (Picea abies L.<br />
Karst), silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and Scots pine<br />
(Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were winched over to determine<br />
the maximum resistive turning moment<br />
(M-a) of the root-soil system, the root-soil plate geometry,<br />
the azimuthal orientation of root growth,<br />
and the occurrence of root rot. <strong>The</strong> calculation of<br />
M-a, based on digital image tracking of stem deflection,<br />
accounted not only for the force application<br />
and its changing geometry, but also for the<br />
weight of the overhanging tree, representing up<br />
to 42% of M-a. Root rot reduced M-a significantly<br />
and was detected in 25% of the Norway spruce and<br />
5% of the silver fir trees. Excluding trees with root<br />
rot, differences in M. between species were small<br />
and insignificant. About 75% of the variance in M.<br />
could be explained by one of the four variablestree<br />
mass, stem mass, stem diameter at breast<br />
height squared times tree height, and stern diameter<br />
at breast height squared. Among the seven<br />
allometric variables assessed above ground, stem<br />
diameter at breast height best described the rootsoil<br />
plate dimensions, but the correlations were<br />
weak and the differences between species were<br />
insignificant. <strong>The</strong> shape of the root-soil plate was<br />
well described by a depth-dependent taper model<br />
with an elliptical cross section. Roots displayed<br />
a preferred azimuthal orientation of growth in<br />
the axis of prevailing, winds, and the direction of<br />
frequent weak winds matched the orientation of<br />
growth better than that of rare strong winds. <strong>The</strong><br />
lack of difference in anchorage parameters among<br />
species probably reflects the similar belowground<br />
growth conditions of the mature trees.<br />
Tree Physiology, 2007, V27, N9, SEP, pp<br />
1217-1227.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-143<br />
Wheat quality in organic and conventional<br />
farming: results of a 21 year field experiment<br />
Mäder P, Hahn D, Dubois D, Gunst L, Alföldi T,<br />
Bergmann H, Oehme M, Amado R, Schneider H,<br />
Graf U, Velimirov A, Fliebbach A, Niggli U<br />
Switzerland, Germany, Austria<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
Consumers have become more aware of healthy<br />
and safe food produced with low environmental<br />
impact. Organic agriculture is of particular interest<br />
in this respect, as manifested by 5.768 million<br />
hectares managed pursuant to Council Regulation<br />
(EEC) 2092/91 in Europe. However, there can be a<br />
considerable risk that the avoidance of chemical<br />
inputs in organic farming will result in poor food<br />
quality. Here the results of a study on the quality<br />
of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a 21<br />
year agrosystem comparison between organic and<br />
conventional farming in central Europe are reported.<br />
Wheat was grown in a ley (grass/clover) rotation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> 71% lower addition of plant-available<br />
nitrogen and the reduced input of other means<br />
of production to the organic field plots led to 14%<br />
lower wheat yields. However, nutritional value<br />
(protein content, amino acid composition and<br />
mineral and trace element contents) and baking<br />
quality were not affected by the farming systems.<br />
Despite exclusion of fungicides from the organic<br />
production systems, the quantities of mycotoxins<br />
detected in wheat grains were low in all systems<br />
and did not differ. In food preference tests, as an<br />
integrative method, rats significantly preferred<br />
organically over conventionally produced wheat.<br />
<strong>The</strong> findings indicate that high wheat quality in<br />
organic farming is achievable by lower inputs,<br />
thereby safeguarding natural resources. (c) 2007<br />
Society of Chemical Industry.<br />
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,<br />
2007, V87, N10, AUG 15, pp 1826-1835.<br />
08.1-144<br />
No difference in competitive ability between<br />
invasive North American and native European<br />
Lepidium draba populations<br />
Mckenney J L, Cripps M G, Price W J, Hinz H L,<br />
Schwarzlaender M<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity<br />
<strong>The</strong> evolution of increased competitive ability<br />
(EICA) hypothesis states that plants introduced<br />
into a new range experience reduced herbivory,<br />
which in turn results in a shift in resource allocation<br />
from herbivore defense to growth. If genotypes<br />
of an invasive plant species from its native<br />
and introduced ranges are grown under common
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 91<br />
conditions, introduced genotypes are expected<br />
to grow more vigorously than conspecific native<br />
genotypes. We tested predictions of the EICA hypothesis<br />
with the invasive species Lepidium draba<br />
by comparing the growth of genotypes from<br />
its native European and introduced western US<br />
ranges under common conditions. To test potential<br />
differences in competitive ability, we grew L.<br />
draba from both continents with either Festuca<br />
idahoensis, a weak competitor native to North<br />
America, or Festuca ovina, a strong competitor native<br />
to Europe. Contrary to EICA predictions, there<br />
were no differences in the performance of native<br />
and introduced L. draba, independent of whether<br />
plants were grown with F. idahoensis, F. ovina, or<br />
alone. <strong>The</strong> strong competitor, F. ovina impaired<br />
the growth of L. draba more than the weak competitor<br />
F. idahoensis and conversely, F. idahoensis<br />
was generally more impaired by L. draba than was<br />
F. ovina. While the native F. idahoensis was equally<br />
affected by L. draba regardless of range, F. ovina<br />
was not: US L. draba had a stronger negative effect<br />
on F. ovina growth than European L. draba. Our<br />
data suggest that the EICA hypothesis is not suitable<br />
to explain the invasion success of L. draba in<br />
the US. Instead, the greater competitive effect of<br />
L. draba on the North American F. idahoensis and<br />
the asymmetric competitive effect of L draba from<br />
different origins on F. ovina may indicate superior<br />
competitive ability for resources, or the presence<br />
of allelopathic traits in L. draba, to which plant<br />
species in non-native ranges are maladapted.<br />
Plant Ecology, 2007, V193, N2, DEC, pp 293-303.<br />
08.1-145<br />
Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid<br />
rain on growth and water use efficiency of a<br />
young model forest ecosystem<br />
Menon M, Hermle S, Günthardt Goerg M S, Schulin<br />
R<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Plant Sciences<br />
, Forestry , Ecology<br />
In a 4-year lysimeter experiment, we investigated<br />
the effects of topsoil heavy metal pollution (3,000<br />
mg kg(-1) Zn, 640 mg kg(-1) Cu, 90 mg kg(-1) Pb and<br />
10 mg kg(-1) Cd) and (synthetic) acid rain (pH 3.5)<br />
on tree growth and water use efficiency of young<br />
forest ecosystems consisting of Norway spruce (Picea<br />
abies), willow (Salix viminalis), poplar (Populus<br />
tremula) and birch (Betula pendula) trees and<br />
a variety of understorey plants. <strong>The</strong> treatments<br />
were applied in a Latin square factorial design<br />
(contaminated vs uncontaminated topsoil, acidified<br />
rain vs ambient rain) to 16 open-top chambers,<br />
with 4 replicates each. Each open-top chamber<br />
contained two lysimeters, one with a calcareous,<br />
and the other with acidic subsoil. <strong>The</strong> four tree<br />
species responded quite differently to heavy metal<br />
pollution and type of subsoil. <strong>The</strong> fine root mass,<br />
which was only sampled at the end of the experiment<br />
in 2003, was significantly reduced by heavy<br />
metal pollution in P. abies, P. tremula and B. pendula,<br />
but not in S. viminalis. <strong>The</strong> metal treatment<br />
responses of above-ground biomass and leaf area<br />
varied between years. In 2002, the heavy metal<br />
treatment reduced above-ground biomass and<br />
leaf area in P. tremula, but not in the other species.<br />
In 2003, metals did not reduce above-ground<br />
growth in P. tremula, but did so in the other<br />
species. It appears that the responses in aboveground<br />
biomass and leaf area, which paralleled<br />
each other, were related to changes in the relative<br />
competitive strength of the various species<br />
in the two experimental years. S. viminalis gained<br />
relative to P. tremula in absence of metal stress,<br />
in particular on calcareous subsoil, while P. abies<br />
showed the largest increases in growth rates in all<br />
treatments. Above- and below-ground growth was<br />
strongly inhibited by acidic subsoil in S. viminalis<br />
and to a lesser degree also in P. abies. In P. abies,<br />
this subsoil effect was enhanced by metal stress.<br />
Acid rain was not found to have any substantial<br />
effect. Whole-system water use efficiency was reduced<br />
by metal stress and higher on calcareous<br />
than on acidic subsoil.<br />
Plant and Soil, 2007, V297, N1-2, AUG, pp<br />
171-183.<br />
08.1-146<br />
Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and<br />
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in birds of<br />
prey from Switzerland<br />
Naert C, van Peteghem C, Kupper J, Jenni L,<br />
Nägeli H<br />
Belgium, Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Toxicology<br />
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the structurally<br />
related polybrominated diphenyl ethers<br />
(PBDEs) have been associated with chronic neurotoxicity<br />
involving reduced motor activity and<br />
impaired attentiveness. Such fleurobehavioral<br />
effects indicate that the central nervous system<br />
may represent an important target organ for the<br />
action of these persistent contaminants in wildlife.<br />
As a consequence, the brain of different terrestrial<br />
and aquatic birds collected in Switzerland<br />
was analysed for PCBs and PBDEs. In parallel, the<br />
same contaminants were examined in the accompanying<br />
adipose tissue. After clean-up by means<br />
of glass columns containing acidified silica, deactivated<br />
alumina and anhydrous sodium sulphate,
92<br />
the samples were analysed by high resolution<br />
gas chromatography /tandem mass spectrometry<br />
(HRGC-MS/MS). Median PCB concentrations in the<br />
brain (sum of PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118,<br />
PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180) ranged between<br />
13 ng g (-1) wet weight (ww) in blackbirds (Turdus<br />
merula) and 428 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks (Accipiter<br />
nisus). Median PBDE concentrations in the<br />
brain (sum of BDE 28, BDE 47, BIDE 99, BDE 100,<br />
BDE 153, BDE 154 and BDE 183) ranged from below<br />
the decision limit in buzzards (Buteo buteo) and<br />
blackbirds, to 14 ng g(-1) ww in sparrow hawks.<br />
After correction for the respective lipid content,<br />
higher PCB or PBDE concentrations in brain compared<br />
to adipose tissue, were found in three sparrow<br />
hawks, four buzzards and in all investigated<br />
blackbirds. <strong>The</strong>se results suggest that a deficit in<br />
the neuroprotective function of the blood-brain<br />
barrier may cause unexpected levels of PCBs and<br />
PBDEs in the central nervous system.<br />
Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N5, JUN, pp 977-987.<br />
08.1-147<br />
Effects of experimental lead pollution on the<br />
microbial communities associated with Sphagnum<br />
fallax (Bryophyta)<br />
Nguyen Viet H, Gilbert D, Mitchell E A D, Badot P<br />
M, Bernard N<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture,<br />
Soil Sciences , Toxicology<br />
Ecotoxicological studies usually focus on single<br />
microbial species under controlled conditions.<br />
As a result, little is known about the responses<br />
of different microbial functional groups or individual<br />
species to stresses. In an aim to assess the<br />
response of complex microbial communities to<br />
pollution in their natural habitat, we studied the<br />
effect of a simulated lead pollution on the microbial<br />
community (bacteria, cyanobacteria, protists,<br />
fungi, and micrometazoa) living on Sphagnum<br />
fallax. Mosses were grown in the laboratory with<br />
0 (control), 625, and 2,500 µg L-1 of Pb2+ diluted<br />
in a standard nutrient solution and were sampled<br />
after 0, 6, 12, and 20 weeks. <strong>The</strong> biomasses of bacteria,<br />
microalgae, testate amoebae, and ciliates<br />
were dramatically and significantly decreased in<br />
both Pb addition treatments after 6, 12, and 20<br />
weeks in comparison with the control. <strong>The</strong> biomass<br />
of cyanobacteria declined after 6 and 12<br />
weeks in the highest Pb treatment. <strong>The</strong> biomasses<br />
of fungi, rotifers, and nematodes decreased along<br />
the duration of the experiment but were not significantly<br />
affected by lead addition. Consequently,<br />
the total microbial biomass was lower for both Pb<br />
addition treatments after 12 and 20 weeks than<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
in the controls. <strong>The</strong> community structure was<br />
strongly modified due to changes in the densities<br />
of testate amoebae and ciliates, whereas the<br />
relative contribution of bacteria to the microbial<br />
biomass was stable. Differences in responses<br />
among the microbial groups suggest changes in<br />
the trophic links among them. <strong>The</strong> correlation between<br />
the biomass of bacteria and that of ciliates<br />
or testate amoebae increased with increasing Pb<br />
loading. We interpret this result as an effect on<br />
the grazing pathways of these predators and by<br />
the Pb effect on other potential prey (i.e., smaller<br />
protists) . <strong>The</strong> community approach used here<br />
complements classical ecotoxicological studies by<br />
providing clues to the complex effect of pollutantaffecting<br />
organisms both directly and indirectly<br />
through trophic effects and could potentially find<br />
applications for pollution monitoring.<br />
Microbial Ecology, 2007, V54, N2, AUG, pp<br />
232-241.<br />
08.1-148<br />
High specificity but contrasting biodiversity<br />
of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant<br />
communities in bog ecosystems independent<br />
of the geographical region<br />
Opelt K, Berg C, Schönmann S, Eberl L, Berg G<br />
Austria, Switzerland<br />
Microbiology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Plant Sciences<br />
Mosses represent ecological niches that harbor a<br />
hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity.<br />
To investigate which factors affect the biodiversity<br />
of bryophyte-associated bacteria, we analyzed<br />
the bacterial communities associated with<br />
two moss species, which exhibit different ecological<br />
behaviors and importance in bog ecosystems,<br />
Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax,<br />
from six temperate and boreal bogs in Germany<br />
and Norway. Furthermore, their surrounding<br />
plant communities were studied. Molecular analysis<br />
of bacterial communities was determined by<br />
single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP)<br />
analysis using eubacterial and genus-specific<br />
primers for the dominant genera Burkholderia<br />
and Serratia as well as by sequence analysis of a<br />
Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene clone library. Plant<br />
communities were analyzed by monitoring the<br />
abundance and composition of bryophyte and vascular<br />
plant species, and by determining ecological<br />
indicator values. Interestingly, we found a high<br />
degree of host specificity for associated bacterial<br />
and plant communities of both Sphagnum species<br />
independent of the geographical region. Calculation<br />
of diversity indices on the basis of SSCP<br />
gels showed that the S. fallax-associated communities<br />
displayed a statistically significant higher
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 93<br />
degree of diversity than those associated with S.<br />
magellanicum. In contrast, analyses of plant communities<br />
of Sphagnum-specific habitats resulted<br />
in a higher diversity of S. magellanicum-specific<br />
habitats for all six sites. <strong>The</strong> higher content of nutrients<br />
in the S. fallax-associated ecosystems can<br />
explain higher diversity of microorganisms.<br />
Isme Journal, 2007, V1, N6, OCT, pp 502-516.<br />
08.1-149<br />
Degradation of an arid coastal landscape in<br />
relation to land use changes in Southern Tenerife<br />
(Canary Islands)<br />
Otto R, Krüsi B O, Kienast F<br />
Spain, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> results of the first study of land use changes<br />
between 1964 and 1992 in Southern Tenerife<br />
(Canary Islands) are presented and discussed in<br />
relation to the general socio-economic processes<br />
and the current nature conservation policy. <strong>The</strong><br />
analysis of five main land use types with a geographic<br />
information system (GIS) revealed that<br />
the and coastal landscape has been dramatically<br />
transformed during the past decades due to the<br />
increase of mass tourism and the intensification<br />
of agriculture, resulting in a large-scale destruction<br />
of the coastal scrub, the natural, endemicrich<br />
vegetation. Between 1964 and 1992, the area<br />
occupied by irrigated crops increased strongly due<br />
to the transition from tomato to banana production.<br />
During the same period of time, the amount<br />
of abandoned farmland as well as the area used<br />
for housing and infrastructure increased markedly,<br />
the latter by more than 20 times. In nature<br />
reserves, most of the natural vegetation has survived<br />
but only in a degraded state, mainly due to<br />
recreation activities and illegal waste dumping. In<br />
unprotected areas, by contrast, 60% of the natural<br />
vegetation was lost between 1964 and 1992,<br />
and 86% of the native vegatation of recent lava<br />
flows. <strong>The</strong> results show that the current practice<br />
of protecting comparatively small natural areas is<br />
not sufficient to stop the massive destruction of<br />
natural vegetation. Surprisingly and disturbingly,<br />
there is evidence, that a substantial part (40%) of<br />
these losses could easily have been avoided by better<br />
environmental planning. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd.<br />
All rights reserved.<br />
Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, V70, N3, AUG,<br />
pp 527-539.<br />
08.1-150<br />
Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum<br />
vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence<br />
OLKJIP under drought stress and re- watering<br />
Oukarroum A, El Madidi S, Schansker G, Strasser R J<br />
Switzerland, Morocco<br />
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> main objective of this study was to evaluate<br />
the effects of drought and re-watering on 10 varieties<br />
of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) originating<br />
from Morocco. Five varieties obtained from the<br />
National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA)<br />
of Morocco and five landraces (local varieties defined<br />
by high stress tolerance, high yield stability,<br />
an intermediate yield and low-input demand)<br />
collected at five localities in the south of Morocco<br />
were used in the present study. After 2 weeks of<br />
growth, drought stress was initiated by withholding<br />
water for 2 weeks followed by 1 week of re-watering.<br />
<strong>The</strong> polyphasic OJIP fluorescence transient<br />
was used to evaluate photosystem, II (PSII) criteria<br />
at the end of the first week of drought stress (moderate<br />
drought), at the end of the second week (severe<br />
drought) and the end of the recovery phase.<br />
Drought and re- watering had little effect on the<br />
maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry<br />
phi(Po)(=F-V/F-M). <strong>The</strong> photosynthetic performance<br />
index (PI) is the product of an antenna,<br />
reaction center and electron transport dependent<br />
parameter. It revealed differences between varieties<br />
as a function of drought and re-watering. For<br />
the screening for drought stress tolerance, changes<br />
in the PI during a 2-week drought stress treatment<br />
were analysed and a new parameter was defined:<br />
the drought factor index (DFI) = log(PIweek<br />
1/PIcontrol) + 2 log(PIweek 2/PIcontrol). <strong>The</strong> DFI of<br />
the tested varieties correlated with their drought<br />
tolerance. Another parameter that was analysed<br />
was the relative water content. It decreased during<br />
the drought stress treatment varying between 61%<br />
and 78.2% at the end of the drought period. During<br />
the subsequent recovery period, it increased in<br />
a species-dependent manner (65.1-94.1%). A third<br />
parameter studied were changes in the initial<br />
fluorescence rise. <strong>The</strong> fluorescence rise during the<br />
first 300 µs (L-band) can give information on the<br />
energetic connectivity between PSII units whereas<br />
changes in the rise during the first 2 ms (K-band)<br />
offer information on developing limitations on<br />
the donor side of PSII. <strong>Change</strong>s in respectively the<br />
L and K-bands of the fluorescence transients OJIP<br />
were shown to have predictive value with respect<br />
to the vitality of leaves and the tolerance of the<br />
varieties to drought stress.<br />
Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007,<br />
V60, N3, JUL, pp 438-446.
94<br />
08.1-151<br />
Integrating environmental and economic<br />
performance to assess modern silvoarable<br />
agroforestry in Europe<br />
Palma J, Graves A R, Burgess P J, van der Werf W,<br />
Herzog F<br />
Switzerland, England, Netherlands<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity ,<br />
Economics<br />
<strong>The</strong> environmental and economic performance<br />
of silvoarable agroforestry in Europe is highly<br />
variable. Multi-criteria analysis, using the PRO-<br />
METHEE outranking approach, was used to evaluate<br />
the integrated performance of silvoarable<br />
agroforestry on hypothetical farms in nineteen<br />
landscape test sites in Spain, France, and <strong>The</strong><br />
Netherlands. <strong>The</strong> silvoarable scenarios allocated a<br />
proportion of the hypothetical farms (10 or 50%)<br />
to silvoarable agroforestry at two different tree<br />
densities (50 or 113 trees ha(-1)) on two different<br />
qualities of land (best or worst quality land). <strong>The</strong><br />
status quo (conventional arable farming) was also<br />
assessed for comparison. <strong>The</strong> criteria used in the<br />
evaluation (soil erosion, nitrogen leaching, carbon<br />
sequestration, landscape biodiversity, and<br />
infinite net present value) were assessed at each<br />
landscape test site; infinite net present value was<br />
assessed under six levels of government support.<br />
In France, the analysis showed, assuming equal<br />
weighting between environmental and economic<br />
performance, that silvoarable agroforestry was<br />
preferable to conventional arable farming. <strong>The</strong><br />
best results were observed when agroforestry was<br />
implemented on 50% of the highest quality land<br />
on the farm; the effect of tree density (50113 trees<br />
ha(-1)) was small. By contrast, in Spain and <strong>The</strong><br />
Netherlands, the consistently greater profitability<br />
of conventional arable agriculture relative to<br />
the agroforestry alternatives made overall performance<br />
of agroforestry systems dependent on the<br />
proportion of the farm planted, and the tree density<br />
and land quality used.<br />
Ecological Economics, 2007, V63, N4, SEP 15, pp<br />
759-767.<br />
08.1-152<br />
<strong>The</strong> odd man out? Might climate explain the<br />
lower tree alpha-diversity of African rain forests<br />
relative to Amazonian rain forests?<br />
Parmentier I, Malhi Y, Senterre B, Whittaker R J,<br />
Alonso A, Balinga M P B, Bakayoko A, Bongers<br />
F, Chatelain C, Comiskey J A, Cortay R, Kamdem<br />
M N D, Doucet J L, Gautier L, Hawthorne W D,<br />
Issembe Y A, Kouame F N, Kouka L A, Leal M E,<br />
Lejoly J, Lewis S L, Nusbaumer L, Parren M P E, Peh<br />
K S H, Phillips O L, Sheil D, Sonke B, Sosef M S M,<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
Sunderland T C H, Stropp J, Ter Steege H, Swaine<br />
M D, Tchouto M G P, van Gemerden Barend S, van<br />
Valkenburg J L C H, Wöll H<br />
Belgium, England, USA, Cameroon, Cote Ivoire,<br />
Switzerland, Gabon, Ghana, Indonesia, Netherlands,<br />
Scotland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry ,<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
1. Comparative analyses of diversity variation<br />
among and between regions allow testing of alternative<br />
explanatory models and ideas. Here, we<br />
explore the relationships between the tree alphadiversity<br />
of small rain forest plots in Africa and<br />
in Amazonia and climatic variables, to test the<br />
explanatory power of climate and the consistency<br />
of relationships between the two continents. 2.<br />
Our analysis included 1003 African plots and 512<br />
Amazonian plots. All are located in old-growth primary<br />
non-flooded forest under 900 m altitude. Tree<br />
alpha-diversity is estimated using Fisher’s alpha calculated<br />
for trees with diameter at breast height >=<br />
10 cm. Mean diversity values are lower in Africa by a<br />
factor of two. 3. Climate-diversity analyses are based<br />
on data aggregated for grid cells of 2.5 x 2.5 km. <strong>The</strong><br />
highest Fisher’s alpha values are found in Amazonian<br />
forests with no climatic analogue in our African<br />
data set. When the analysis is restricted to pixels of<br />
directly comparable climate, the mean diversity of<br />
African forests is still much lower than that in Amazonia.<br />
Only in regions of low mean annual rainfall<br />
and temperature is mean diversity in African forests<br />
comparable with, or superior to, the diversity in<br />
Amazonia. 4. <strong>The</strong> climatic variables best correlated<br />
with the tree alpha- diversity are largely different<br />
in the African and Amazonian data, or correlate<br />
with African and Amazonian diversity in opposite<br />
directions. 5. <strong>The</strong>se differences in the relationship<br />
between local/landscape- scale alpha-diversity and<br />
climate variables between the two continents point<br />
to the possible significance of an array of factors<br />
including: macro-scale climate differences between<br />
the two regions, overall size of the respective species<br />
pools, past climate variation, other forms of<br />
long-term and short-term environmental variation,<br />
and edaphics. We speculate that the lower alpha-diversity<br />
of African lowland rain forests reported here<br />
may be in part a function of the smaller regional<br />
species pool of tree species adapted to warm, wet<br />
conditions. 6. Our results point to the importance<br />
of controlling for variation in plot size and for gross<br />
differences in regional climates when undertaking<br />
comparative analyses between regions of how local<br />
diversity of forest varies in relation to other putative<br />
controlling factors.<br />
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N5, SEP, pp<br />
1058-1071.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 95<br />
08.1-153<br />
Are the living collections of the world’s<br />
botanical gardens following species-richness<br />
patterns observed in natural ecosystems?<br />
Pautasso M, Parmentier I<br />
England, Switzerland, Belgium<br />
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Urban<br />
Studies<br />
Botanical gardens aim to promote the awareness,<br />
study and conservation of plant species diversity,<br />
but little is known about the species diversity of<br />
botanical gardens themselves. We therefore investigated<br />
whether the species richness of the<br />
world’s botanical gardens is related to their size,<br />
age and geographical location by compiling data<br />
from gardens in 124 different countries. <strong>The</strong> data<br />
show that even in these highly managed ecosystems,<br />
species richness can be described in terms of<br />
a relatively small number of large-scale patterns.<br />
As with most natural ecosystems, there were positive<br />
species-area and species-age relationships.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re was also a positive latitudinal gradient in<br />
species richness, which contrasts with the trend<br />
observed in natural ecosystems. This discrepancy<br />
may be due to the use of heated greenhouses at<br />
high latitudes, the rarity of old botanical gardens<br />
in the tropics, and the problem of poverty in developing<br />
countries, where most hotspots of plant<br />
biodiversity are located. <strong>The</strong>re is thus a need to allocate<br />
more funds to botanical gardens in speciesrich<br />
regions. This study also calls for an increase<br />
in the coordination of data management between<br />
botanical gardens.<br />
Botanica Helvetica, 2007, V117, N1, JUN, pp<br />
15-28.<br />
08.1-154<br />
Common species determine richness patterns<br />
in biodiversity indicator taxa<br />
Pearman P B, Weber D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Plant Sciences<br />
Identification of spatial patterns of species diversity<br />
is a central problem in conservation biology,<br />
with the patterns having implications for<br />
the design of biodiversity monitoring programs.<br />
Nonetheless, there are few field data with which<br />
to examine whether variation in species richness<br />
represents consistent correlations among taxa in<br />
the richness of rare or common species, or the<br />
relative importance of common and rare species<br />
in establishing trends in species richness within<br />
taxa. We used field data on three higher taxa<br />
(birds, butterflies, vascular plants) to examine the<br />
correlation of species richness among taxa and<br />
the contribution of rare and common species to<br />
these correlations. We used graphical analysis to<br />
compare the contributions to spatial variation in<br />
species richness by widely- distributed (‘common’)<br />
and sparsely- distributed (‘rare’) species. <strong>The</strong> data<br />
came from the <strong>Swiss</strong> Biodiversity Monitoring Program,<br />
which is national in scope and based on a<br />
randomly located, regular sampling grid of 1 kM2<br />
cells, a scale relevant to real-world monitoring<br />
and managerrient. We found that the correlation<br />
of species richness between groups of rare and<br />
common species varies among higher taxa, with<br />
butterflies exhibiting the highest levels of correlation.<br />
Species richness of common species is consistently<br />
positively correlated among these three<br />
taxa, but in no case exceeded 0.69. Spatial patterns<br />
of species richness are determined mainly<br />
by common species, in agreement with coarse resolution<br />
studies, but the contribution of rare species<br />
to variation in species richness varies within<br />
the study area in accordance with elevation. our<br />
analyses suggest that spatial patterns in species<br />
richness can be described by sampling widely distributed<br />
species alone. Butterflies differ from the<br />
other two taxa in that the richness of red-listed<br />
species and other rare species is correlated with<br />
overall butterfly species richness. Monitoring of<br />
butterfly species richness may provide information<br />
on rare butterflies and on species richness of<br />
other taxa as well.<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N1-2, AUG,<br />
pp 109-119.<br />
08.1-155<br />
Earthworm populations in two low-input<br />
cereal farming systems<br />
Pfiffner L, Luka H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology<br />
Earthworm populations in low-input integrated<br />
crop management (ICM: no application of insecticides,<br />
fungicides and growth regulators) and organic<br />
farming systems were compared. <strong>The</strong> study<br />
was performed as a 3-year field survey using a<br />
paired-farm approach in six different locations in<br />
northwestern Switzerland. Earthworms were extracted<br />
from soils sampled from 24 winter cereal<br />
fields using a combined method of extraction by<br />
mustard flour solution and handsorting. Earthworm<br />
communities differed between these farming<br />
systems. Over all sites, the mean biomass, abundance<br />
and species richness of earthworms found<br />
in the low-input ICM fields were significantly lower<br />
than in the organic fields. Adult earthworms<br />
in organic fields were 114% more abundant than<br />
in ICM fields, but the frequencies of most species<br />
within the respective systems were similar in both
96<br />
farming systems. <strong>The</strong> numbers of earthworm species<br />
and juveniles were higher in organic fields.<br />
Five species - Lumbricus terrestris (L.), Nicodrilus<br />
longus (Ude), Nicodrilus nocturnus (Evans), Nicodrilus<br />
caliginosus (Sav.) and Allolobo-phora rosea<br />
(Sav.) - were significantly more numerous in the<br />
organic fields than in the ICM fields. Multivariate<br />
analysis showed that the farming system explained<br />
most of the variance and was found to be<br />
the key factor in altering the earthworm fauna.<br />
Late ploughing in autumn was found to have a<br />
major negative effect on earthworm abundance,<br />
irrespective of the farming system. Farming practices<br />
that differ between these farming systems<br />
and may considerably influence earthworm populations<br />
and diversity are discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier<br />
B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
Applied Soil Ecology, 2007, V37, N3, NOV, pp<br />
184-191.<br />
08.1-156<br />
Combining probabilistic land-use change and<br />
tree population dynamics modelling to simulate<br />
responses in mountain forests<br />
Rickebusch S, Gellrich M, Lischke H, Guisan A, Zimmermann<br />
N E<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology<br />
Altitudinal tree lines are mainly constrained by<br />
temperature, but can also be influenced by factors<br />
such as human activity, particularly in the European<br />
Alps, where centuries of agricultural use have<br />
affected the tree-line. Over the last decades this<br />
trend has been reversed due to changing agricultural<br />
practices and land-abandonment. We aimed<br />
to combine a statistical land-abandonment model<br />
with a forest dynamics model, to take into account<br />
the combined effects of climate and human<br />
land-use on the Alpine tree-line in Switzerland.<br />
Land-abandonment probability was expressed by<br />
a logistic regression function of degree-day sum,<br />
distance from forest edge, soil stoniness, slope,<br />
proportion of employees in the secondary and tertiary<br />
sectors, proportion of commuters and proportion<br />
of full-time farms. This was implemented<br />
in the TreeMig spatio-temporal forest model. Distance<br />
from forest edge and degree-day sum vary<br />
through feed-back from the dynamics part of<br />
TreeMig and climate change scenarios, while the<br />
other variables remain constant for each grid cell<br />
over time. <strong>The</strong> new model, TreeMig-LAb, was tested<br />
on theoretical landscapes, where the variables<br />
in the land-abandonment model were varied one<br />
by one. This confirmed the strong influence of distance<br />
from forest and slope on the abandonment<br />
probability. Degree-day sum has a more complex<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
role, with opposite influences on land-abandonment<br />
and forest growth. TreeMig-LAb was also applied<br />
to a case study area in the Upper Engadine<br />
(<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps), along with a model where abandonment<br />
probability was a constant. Two scenarios<br />
were used: natural succession only (100% probability)<br />
and a probability of abandonment based<br />
on past transition proportions in that area (2.1%<br />
per decade). <strong>The</strong> former showed new forest growing<br />
in all but the highest-altitude locations. <strong>The</strong><br />
latter was more realistic as to numbers of newly<br />
forested cells, but their location was random and<br />
the resulting landscape heterogeneous. Using the<br />
logistic regression model gave results consistent<br />
with observed patterns of land-abandonment: existing<br />
forests expanded and gaps closed, leading<br />
to an increasingly homogeneous landscape.<br />
Ecological Modelling, 2007, V209, N2-4, DEC 16,<br />
pp 157-168.<br />
08.1-157<br />
Understanding the low-temperature limitations<br />
to forest growth through calibration of a<br />
forest dynamics model with tree-ring data<br />
Rickebusch S, Lischke H, Bugmann H, Guisan A,<br />
Zimmermann N E<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry ,<br />
Modelling , Plant Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> sensitivity of altitudinal and latitudinal treeline<br />
ecotones to climate change, particularly that<br />
of temperature, has received much attention. To<br />
improve our understanding of the factors affecting<br />
tree-line position, we used the spatially explicit<br />
dynamic forest model TreeMig. Although<br />
well-suited because of its landscape dynamics<br />
functions, TreeMig features a parabolic temperature<br />
growth response curve, which has recently<br />
been questioned. and the species parameters are<br />
not specifically calibrated for cold temperatures.<br />
Our main goals were to improve the theoretical<br />
basis of the temperature growth response curve<br />
in the model and develop a method for deriving<br />
that curve’s parameters from tree-ring data. We<br />
replaced the parabola with an asymptotic curve,<br />
calibrated for the main species at the subalpine<br />
(<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps: Pinus cembra, Larix decidua, Picea<br />
abies) and boreal (Fennoscandia: Pinus sylvestris,<br />
Betula pubescens, P. abies) tree-lines. After fitting<br />
new parameters, the growth curve matched observed<br />
tree- ring widths better. For the subalpine<br />
species, the minimum degree-day sum allowing,<br />
growth (kDDMin) was lowered by around 100<br />
degree-days; in the case of Larix, the maximum<br />
potential ring-width was increased to 5.19 mm. At<br />
the boreal tree-line, the kDDMin for P. sylvestris
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 97<br />
was lowered by 210 degree-days and its maximum<br />
ring-width increased to 2.943 mm; for Betula (new<br />
in the model) kDDMin was set to 325 degree- days<br />
and the maximum ring-width to 2.51 mm; the<br />
values from the only boreal sample site for Picea<br />
were similar to the subalpine ones, so the same<br />
parameters were used. However, adjusting the<br />
growth response alone did not improve the model’s<br />
output concerning species’ distributions and<br />
their relative importance at tree-line. Minimum<br />
winter temperature (MinWiT, mean of the coldest<br />
winter month), which controls seedling establishment<br />
in TreeMig, proved more important for<br />
determining distribution. Picea, P. sylvestris and<br />
Betula did not previously have minimum winter<br />
temperature limits, so these values were set to the<br />
95th percentile of each species’ coldest MinWiT<br />
site (respectively -7, -11, -13). In a case study for the<br />
Alps, the original and newly calibrated versions of<br />
TreeMig were compared with biomass data from<br />
the National Forest Inventor), (NFI). Both models<br />
gave similar, reasonably realistic results. In conclusion,<br />
this method of deriving temperature responses<br />
from tree-rings works well. However, regeneration<br />
and its underlying factors seem more<br />
important for controlling species’ distributions<br />
than previously thought. More research on regeneration<br />
ecology, especially at the upper limit of<br />
forests. is needed to improve predictions of treeline<br />
responses to climate change further.<br />
Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, V246,<br />
N2-3, JUL 31, pp 251-263.<br />
08.1-158<br />
Effects of grazing and soil micro-climate on<br />
decomposition rates in a spatio-temporally<br />
heterogeneous grassland<br />
Risch A C, Jurgensen M F, Frank D A<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Grazing and seasonal variation in precipitation<br />
and temperature are important controls of soil<br />
and plant processes in grasslands. As these ecosystems<br />
store up to 30% of the world’s belowground<br />
carbon (C), it is important to understand how<br />
this variability affects mineral soil C pools/fluxes,<br />
and how C cycling might be affected by changes<br />
in precipitation and temperature, due to climate<br />
change. <strong>The</strong> aim of this study was to investigate<br />
the effects of grazing and differences in soil temperature<br />
and moisture on standard organic matter<br />
(OM) decomposition rates (cotton cloth) incubated<br />
in the top 10 cm soil of grasslands with<br />
variable topography in Yellowstone National Park<br />
(YNP) during the 2004 growing season. Grazing<br />
did not affect soil temperature, moisture, cot-<br />
ton cloth decomposition rates, soil bulk density,<br />
soil C and N concentrations, or soil C:N ratios.<br />
However, a large spatio-temporal variability in<br />
decomposition was observed: cotton cloth decomposition<br />
was positively related to soil moisture<br />
and soil C and N concentrations, and negatively<br />
to soil temperature. Highest decomposition rates<br />
were found in wetter slope bottom soils (season<br />
averages of decomposition given as rate of decomposition<br />
(cotton rotting rate=CRR)=23-26%) and<br />
lower rates in drier, hill-top soils (season averages,<br />
CRR=20%). Significantly higher decomposition<br />
rates were recorded in spring, early summer and<br />
early fall when soils were moist and cool (spring,<br />
CRR=25%; early summer, CRR=26%; fall, CRR=20%)<br />
compared to mid-summer (CRR=18%) when soils<br />
were dry and warm. Our findings suggest that<br />
climate-change related decreases in precipitation<br />
and increases in temperature predicted for North<br />
American grasslands would decrease soil OM decomposition<br />
in YNP, which contrasts the general<br />
assumption that increases in temperature would<br />
accelerate OM decomposition rates.<br />
Plant and Soil, 2007, V298, N1-2, SEP, pp 191-201.<br />
08.1-159<br />
Natural avalanche disturbance shapes plant<br />
diversity and species composition in subalpine<br />
forest belt<br />
Rixen C, Haag S, Kulakowski D, Bebi P<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology , Forestry ,<br />
Cryology / Glaciology<br />
Background: Disturbances by avalanches have<br />
created unique habitats for animals and plants<br />
in subalpine ecosystems worldwide, but at the<br />
same time avalanches can pose a major threat<br />
to humans. Thus, avalanches are suppressed by<br />
means of avalanche barriers to protect settlements<br />
and infrastructures in populated areas of<br />
the European Alps. As a consequence, the disturbance<br />
regime in avalanche tracks has fundamentally<br />
changed. Methods: In the present study we<br />
address ecological consequences of avalanche<br />
suppression on plant diversity. We analysed plant<br />
diversity and species composition in recent and<br />
old avalanche tracks with and without avalanche<br />
suppression and in undisturbed adjacent forests<br />
at high and low elevations. Results: <strong>The</strong> number<br />
of species was higher in both active and inactive<br />
avalanche tracks as compared to undisturbed subalpine<br />
forest. <strong>The</strong> species composition indicated<br />
a wider range of ecological niches in active than<br />
in inactive avalanche tracks. <strong>The</strong> vegetation from<br />
active tracks showed lower indicator values for<br />
temperature and nitrogen availability. <strong>The</strong> pro-
98<br />
portion of alpine species was lower in formerly<br />
active tracks. Conclusions: <strong>The</strong> conditions that<br />
exist in active avalanche tracks increase plant<br />
diversity in relation to undisturbed forest. In the<br />
few decades following avalanche suppression, species<br />
composition changes in tracks from which<br />
avalanches have been excluded. Continued suppression<br />
of avalanche disturbance may lead to a<br />
decline in plant and habitat diversity. Avalanche<br />
disturbance can exert an important influence on<br />
the biodiversity of subalpine forests and provide<br />
important habitats. Anthropogenic changes in<br />
the natural regime of avalanche disturbance are<br />
likely to contribute significantly to future landscape<br />
changes in subalpine forests.<br />
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT,<br />
pp 735-A7.<br />
08.1-160<br />
<strong>The</strong> Rauischholzhausen agenda for road ecology<br />
Roedenbeck I A, Fahrig L, Findlay C S, Houlahan J E,<br />
Jäger J, Klar N, Kramer Schadt S, van der Grift E A<br />
Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands<br />
Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology , Social Sciences<br />
Despite the documented negative effects of roads<br />
on wildlife, ecological research on road effects<br />
has had comparatively little influence on road<br />
planning decisions. We argue that road research<br />
would have a larger impact if researchers carefully<br />
considered the relevance of the research<br />
questions addressed and the inferential strength<br />
of the studies undertaken. At a workshop at the<br />
German castle of Rauischholzhausen we identified<br />
five particularly relevant questions, which<br />
we suggest provide the framework for a research<br />
agenda for road ecology: (1) Under what circumstances<br />
do roads affect population persistence? (2)<br />
What is the relative importance of road effects vs.<br />
other effects on population persistence? (3) Under<br />
what circumstances can road effects be mitigated?<br />
(4) What is the relative importance of the<br />
different mechanisms by which roads affect population<br />
persistence? (5) Under what circumstances<br />
do road networks affect population persistence at<br />
the landscape scale? We recommend experimental<br />
designs that maximize inferential strength,<br />
given existing constraints, and we provide hypothetical<br />
examples of such experiments for each of<br />
the five research questions. In general, manipulative<br />
experiments have higher inferential strength<br />
than do nonmanipulative experiments, and full<br />
before-after-control- impact designs are preferable<br />
to before-after or control-impact designs. Finally,<br />
we argue that both scientists and planners must<br />
be aware of the limits to inferential strength that<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
exist for a given research question in a given situation.<br />
In particular, when the maximum inferential<br />
strength of any feasible design is low, decision<br />
makers must not demand stronger evidence before<br />
incorporating research results into the planning<br />
process, even though the level of uncertainty<br />
may be high.<br />
Ecology and Society, 2007, V12, N1, JUN ARTN: 11.<br />
08.1-161<br />
Detecting the role of individual species for<br />
overyielding in experimental grassland communities<br />
composed of potentially dominant<br />
species<br />
Roscher C, Schumacher J, Weisser W W, Schmid B,<br />
Schulze E D<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Several studies have shown that the contribution<br />
of individual species to the positive relationship<br />
between species richness and community biomass<br />
production cannot be easily predicted from<br />
species monocultures. Here, we used a biodiversity<br />
experiment with a pool of nine potentially<br />
dominant grassland species to relate the species<br />
richness-productivity relationship to responses in<br />
density, size and aboveground allocation patterns<br />
of individual species. Aboveground community<br />
biomass increased strongly with the transition<br />
from monocultures to two-species mixtures but<br />
only slightly with the transition from two- to ninespecies<br />
mixtures. Tripartite partitioning showed<br />
that the strong increase shown by the former was<br />
due to trait-independent complementarity effects,<br />
while the slight increase shown by the latter<br />
was due to dominance effects. Trait- dependent<br />
complementarity effects depended on species<br />
composition. Relative yield total (RYT) was greater<br />
than 1 (RYT > 1) in mixtures but did not increase<br />
with species richness, which is consistent with<br />
the constant complementarity effect. <strong>The</strong> relative<br />
yield (RY) of only one species, Arrhenatherum elatius,<br />
continually increased with species richness,<br />
while those of the other species studied decreased<br />
with species richness or varied among different<br />
species compositions within richness levels. High<br />
observed/expected RYs (RYo/RYe > 1) of individual<br />
species were mainly due to increased module densities,<br />
whereas low observed/expected RYs (RYo/<br />
RYe < 1) were due to more pronounced decreases<br />
in module density (species with stoloniferous or<br />
creeping growth) or module size (species with<br />
clearly-defined plant individuals). <strong>The</strong> trade-off<br />
between module density and size, typical for<br />
plant populations under the law of constant final<br />
yield, was compensated among species. <strong>The</strong> posi-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 99<br />
tive trait-independent complementarity effect<br />
could be explained by an increase in community<br />
module density, which reached a maximum at<br />
low species richness. In contrast, the increasing<br />
dominance effect was attributable to the speciesspecific<br />
ability, in particular that of A. elatius, to<br />
increase module size, while intrinsic growth limitations<br />
led to a suppression of the remaining species<br />
in many mixtures.<br />
Oecologia, 2007, V154, N3, DEC, pp 535-549.<br />
08.1-162<br />
A Bayesian state-space formulation of dynamic<br />
occupancy models<br />
Royle J A, Kery M<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Zoology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
, Ecology<br />
Species occurrence and its dynamic components,<br />
extinction and colonization probabilities, are focal<br />
quantities in biogeography and metapopulation<br />
biology, and for species conservation assessments.<br />
It has been increasingly appreciated that<br />
these parameters must be estimated separately<br />
from detection probability to avoid the biases induced<br />
by nondetection error. Hence, there is now<br />
considerable theoretical and practical interest in<br />
dynamic occupancy models that contain explicit<br />
representations of metapopulation dynamics<br />
such as extinction, colonization, and turnover as<br />
well as growth rates. We describe a hierarchical<br />
parameterization of these models that is analogous<br />
to the state-space formulation of models in<br />
time series, where the model is represented by<br />
two components, one for the partially observable<br />
occupancy process and another for the observations<br />
conditional on that process. This parameterization<br />
naturally allows estimation of all parameters<br />
of the conventional approach to occupancy<br />
models, but in addition, yields great flexibility<br />
and extensibility, e.g., to modeling heterogeneity<br />
or latent structure in model parameters. We<br />
also highlight the important distinction between<br />
population and finite sample inference; the latter<br />
yields much more precise estimates for the particular<br />
sample at hand. Finite sample estimates can<br />
easily be obtained using the state-space representation<br />
of the model but are difficult to obtain under<br />
the conventional approach of likelihood-based<br />
estimation. We use R and Win BUGS to apply the<br />
model to two examples. In a standard analysis for<br />
the European Crossbill in a large <strong>Swiss</strong> monitoring<br />
program, we fit a model with year-specific<br />
parameters. Estimates of the dynamic parameters<br />
varied greatly among years, highlighting the irruptive<br />
population dynamics of that species. In<br />
the second example, we analyze route occupancy<br />
of Cerulean Warblers in the North American<br />
Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) using a model allowing<br />
for site-specific heterogeneity in model parameters.<br />
<strong>The</strong> results indicate relatively low turnover<br />
and a stable distribution of Cerulean Warblers<br />
which is in contrast to analyses of counts of individuals<br />
from the same survey that indicate important<br />
declines. This discrepancy illustrates the<br />
inertia in occupancy relative to actual abundance.<br />
Furthermore, the model reveals a declining patch<br />
survival probability, and increasing turnover, toward<br />
the edge of the range of the species, which is<br />
consistent with metapopulation perspectives on<br />
the genesis of range edges. Given detection/nondetection<br />
data, dynamic occupancy models as described<br />
here have considerable potential for the<br />
study of distributions and range dynamics.<br />
Ecology, 2007, V88, N7, JUL, pp 1813-1823.<br />
08.1-163<br />
Microsatellite diversity of the agriculturally<br />
important alpine grass Poa alpina in relation<br />
to land use and natural environment<br />
Rudmann Maurer K, Weyand A, Fischer M,<br />
Stöcklin J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology ,<br />
Plant Sciences<br />
Background and Aims <strong>The</strong> Alpine Meadow Grass<br />
Poa alpina is common in subalpine and alpine natural<br />
sites and agriculturally used land, where it is<br />
an important fodder grass. Natural factors and human<br />
land use are supposed to have been shaping<br />
its genetic diversity for hundreds of years. <strong>The</strong> species<br />
comprises sexually and vegetatively reproducing<br />
plants. <strong>The</strong> aim of this study was to investigate<br />
the effects of agricultural land use, environmental<br />
factors and the mode of reproduction on the<br />
distribution of its microsatellite diversity within<br />
and among populations and to analyse whether<br />
its genetic diversity is correlated with plant species<br />
diversity in grassland parcels. Methods Genetic<br />
diversity of P. alpina was assessed with five<br />
microsatellite markers for 569 plants originating<br />
from 20 natural sites and from 54 grassland parcels<br />
of different cultural tradition, land use and<br />
altitude in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps. Due to polyploidy and<br />
frequent aneuploidy of the species, data analyses<br />
were based on the presence of microsatellite<br />
bands. Key Results A low but significant differentiation<br />
was found in microsatellite bands among<br />
natural sites and agriculturally used parcels, while<br />
their microsatellite band diversity within populations<br />
did not differ. An increased differentiation<br />
was found in microsatellite bands with increas-
100<br />
ing geographic distance among parcels, and a<br />
differentiation among grazed and mown parcels,<br />
and among sexually and vegetatively reproducing<br />
populations. Band richness of sampled plants per<br />
village was higher for villages where parcels represented<br />
more different land-use types. Within<br />
populations, microsatellite band diversity was<br />
higher in grazed than in mown parcels. Conclusions<br />
<strong>The</strong> diversity of human land use in the Alps<br />
was associated with genetic diversity of P. alpina.<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore, the ongoing socio-economically motivated<br />
land-use changes, which reduce the number<br />
of different land-use types, will affect the genetic<br />
diversity of P. alpina negatively.<br />
Annals of Botany, 2007, V100, N6, NOV, pp<br />
1249-1258.<br />
08.1-164<br />
Recent decline in precipitation and tree<br />
growth in the eastern Mediterranean<br />
Sarris D, Christodoulakis D, Körner C<br />
Greece, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
, Forestry<br />
We present evidence of a recent drying in the<br />
eastern Mediterranean, based on weather and<br />
tree-ring data for Samos, an island of the eastern<br />
Aegean Sea. Rainfall declined rapidly after the<br />
late 1970s following trends for the entire Mediterranean<br />
and was associated with reduced tree-ring<br />
width in Pinus brutia. <strong>The</strong> most recent decline<br />
led to the lowest annual radial stem increment<br />
after the last 100 years (as far as records reach).<br />
As moisture availability decreased best correlations<br />
of tree growth with rainfall were obtained<br />
for progressively longer integration periods (1-2<br />
years in moister periods, 5-6 years during the severe<br />
dryness of 20th century’s last decades), suggesting<br />
increasing dependency in deep soil water.<br />
Such long-term integration periods of tree-growth<br />
responses to precipitation have not been reported<br />
before. <strong>The</strong>y may reflect a tree- rooting pattern<br />
adapted to cope with even several successive dry<br />
years. In late summer 2000, moisture reserves became<br />
exhausted, however, and a substantial fraction<br />
of low altitude pines died, including some<br />
80-year-old trees, which underlines the exceptional<br />
extent this trend had reached. Our findings<br />
provide empirical support for Intergovernmental<br />
Panel on Climate <strong>Change</strong> projections derived<br />
from global circulation models that the Mediterranean,<br />
its eastern basin in particular, should become<br />
drier as temperature rises, as was the case in<br />
the recent past.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Biology, 2007, V13, N6, JUN, pp<br />
1187-1200.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-165<br />
Modeling the forest transition: Forest scarcity<br />
and ecosystem service hypotheses<br />
Satake A, Rudel T K<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Modelling , Forestry , Social Sciences , Ecology ,<br />
Economics<br />
An historical generalization about forest cover<br />
change in which rapid deforestation gives way<br />
over time to forest restoration is called “the forest<br />
transition.” Prior research on the forest transition<br />
leaves three important questions unanswered:<br />
(1) How does forest loss influence an individual<br />
landowner’s incentives to reforest? (2) How does<br />
the forest recovery rate affect the likelihood of<br />
forest transition? (3) What happens after the forest<br />
transition occurs? <strong>The</strong> purpose of this paper is<br />
to develop a minimum model of the forest transition<br />
to answer these questions. We assume that<br />
deforestation caused by landowners’ decisions<br />
and forest regeneration initiated by agricultural<br />
abandonment have aggregated effects that characterize<br />
entire landscapes. <strong>The</strong>se effects include<br />
feedback mechanisms called the “forest scarcity”<br />
and “ecosystem service” hypotheses. In the forest<br />
scarcity hypothesis, forest losses make forest products<br />
scarcer, which increases the economic value<br />
of forests. In the ecosystem service hypothesis, the<br />
environmental degradation that accompanies the<br />
loss of forests causes the value of ecosystem services<br />
provided by forests to decline. We examined the<br />
impact of each mechanism on the likelihood of<br />
forest transition through an investigation of the<br />
equilibrium and stability of landscape dynamics.<br />
We found that the forest transition occurs only<br />
when landowners employ a low rate of future discounting.<br />
After the forest transition, regenerated<br />
forests are protected in a sustainable way if forests<br />
regenerate slowly. When forests regenerate rapidly,<br />
the forest scarcity hypothesis expects instability<br />
in which cycles of large- scale deforestation<br />
followed by forest regeneration repeatedly characterize<br />
the landscape. In contrast, the ecosystem<br />
service hypothesis predicts a catastrophic shift<br />
from a forested to an abandoned landscape when<br />
the amount of deforestation exceeds the critical<br />
level, which can lead to a resource degrading<br />
poverty trap. <strong>The</strong>se findings imply that incentives<br />
for forest conservation seem stronger in settings<br />
where forests regenerate slowly as well as when<br />
decision makers value the future.<br />
Ecological Applications, 2007, V17, N7, OCT, pp<br />
2024-2036.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 101<br />
08.1-166<br />
Ecological niche modelling of two cryptic bat<br />
species calls for a reassessment of their conservation<br />
status<br />
Sattler T, Bontadina F, Hirzel A H, Arlettaz R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Ecology , Biodiversity , Zoology<br />
It is difficult to establish conservation priorities<br />
for cryptic species when their ecological requirements<br />
are confounded by problems with species<br />
identification. In some cases, such as Chiroptera,<br />
cryptic taxa may actually consist of both widespread,<br />
abundant species and localized, rare species.<br />
Discrimination between these species may<br />
be facilitated by phenotypic, species-specific traits<br />
such as echolocation calls. Echolocation studies<br />
supported by genetic data have revealed that<br />
one of the most abundant bat species in Europe<br />
actually consists of two cryptic species: Pipistrellus<br />
pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus. We recorded<br />
echolocation calls from both species along road<br />
transects in Switzerland to study their distribution<br />
and abundance. Using Ecological Niche Factor<br />
Analysis and discriminant analysis, we characterized<br />
species-specific habitat requirements,<br />
built habitat suitability maps and examined interspecific<br />
differences in niche parameters. <strong>The</strong><br />
presence of P. pygmaeus was associated with landscape<br />
matrices comprising large rivers and lakes,<br />
human settlements and open woodland. P. pipistrellus<br />
utilized similar habitat matrices but was<br />
far more tolerant to deviations from its optimal<br />
habitat. P. pygmaeus occupied a much narrower<br />
ecological niche, encompassed mainly within that<br />
of its sister taxon. Synthesis and applications. P.<br />
pipistrellus is ranked as ‘not threatened’ in Switzerland.<br />
<strong>The</strong> results from this study indicate an<br />
abundance approximately 30 times higher than<br />
that of P. pygmaeus. In contrast, P. pygmaeus is<br />
distributed patchily and occurs at comparatively<br />
low densities. We recommend reclassification of<br />
P. pygmaeus as ‘rare and potentially threatened’.<br />
Conservation of P. pygmaeus should focus on the<br />
management of riparian woodland in areas with<br />
a high probability of occurrence. This study emphasizes<br />
the need to recognize the potential existence<br />
of cryptic taxa so that effective conservation<br />
management of rare species can be put into place<br />
before they are seriously endangered.<br />
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N6, DEC,<br />
pp 1188-1199.<br />
08.1-167<br />
Use of integrated modeling to enhance estimates<br />
of population dynamics obtained from<br />
limited data<br />
Schaub M, Gimenez O, Sierro A, Arlettaz R<br />
Switzerland, Scotland, France<br />
Modelling , Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Demographic data of rare and endangered species<br />
are often too sparse to estimate vital rates<br />
and population size with sufficient precision for<br />
understanding population growth and decline.<br />
Yet, the combination of different sources of demographic<br />
data into one statistical model holds<br />
promise. We applied Bayesian integrated population<br />
modeling to demographic data from a colony<br />
of the endangered greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus<br />
ferrumequinum). Available data were the<br />
number of subadults and adults emerging from<br />
the colony roost at dusk, the number of newborns<br />
from 1991 to 2005, and recapture data of subadults<br />
and adults from 2004 and 2005. Survival rates did<br />
not differ between sexes, and demographic rates<br />
remained constant across time. <strong>The</strong> greater horseshoe<br />
bat is a long-lived species with high survival<br />
rates (first year: 0.49 (SD 0.06); adults: 0.91 (SD<br />
0.02)) and low fecundity (0.74 (SD 0.12)). <strong>The</strong> yearly<br />
average population growth was 4.4% (SD 0.1%) and<br />
there were 92 (SD 10) adults in the colony in year<br />
2005. Had we analyzed each data set separately,<br />
we would not have been able to estimate fecundity,<br />
the estimates of survival would have been less<br />
precise, and the estimate of population growth<br />
biased. Our results demonstrate that integrated<br />
models are suitable for obtaining crucial demographic<br />
information from limited data.<br />
Conservation Biology, 2007, V21, N4, AUG, pp<br />
945-955.<br />
08.1-168<br />
Tree species richness affects litter production<br />
and decomposition rates in a tropical biodiversity<br />
experiment<br />
Scherer Lorenzen M, Bonilla J L, Potvin C<br />
Switzerland, Panama, Canada<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
We report data on leaf litter production and decomposition<br />
from a manipulative biodiversity<br />
experiment with trees in tropical Panama, which<br />
has been designed to explore the relationship between<br />
tree diversity and ecosystem functioning. A<br />
total of 24 plots (2025 m(2)) were established in<br />
2001 using six native tree species, with 1-, 3-, and<br />
6-species mixtures. We estimated litter production<br />
during the dry season 2005 with litter traps;<br />
decomposition was assessed with a litter bag approach<br />
during the following wet season. Litter
102<br />
production during the course of the dry season<br />
was highly variable among the tree species. Tree<br />
diversity significantly affected litter production,<br />
and the majority of the intermediate diverse mixtures<br />
had higher litter yields than expected based<br />
on yields in monoculture. In contrast, high diverse<br />
mixtures did not show such overyielding in<br />
litter production. Litter decomposition rates were<br />
also highly species-specific, and were related to<br />
various measures of litter quality (C/N, lignin/N,<br />
fibre content). We found no overall effect of litter<br />
diversity if the entire litter mixtures were analyzed,<br />
i.e. mixing species resulted in pure additive<br />
effects and observed decomposition rates were<br />
not different from expected rates. However, the<br />
individual species changed their decomposition<br />
pattern depending on the diversity of the litter<br />
mixture, i.e. there were species-specific responses<br />
to mixing litter. <strong>The</strong> analysis of temporal C and<br />
N dynamics within litter mixtures gave only limited<br />
evidence for nutrient transfer among litters<br />
of different quality. At this early stage of our tree<br />
diversity experiment, there are no coherent and<br />
general effects of tree species richness on both<br />
litter production and decomposition. Within the<br />
scope of the biodiversity- ecosystem functioning<br />
relationship, our results therefore highlight the<br />
process-specific effects diversity may have. Additionally,<br />
species-specific effects on ecosystem<br />
processes and their temporal dynamics are important,<br />
but such effects may change along the gradient<br />
of tree diversity.<br />
Oikos, 2007, V116, N12, DEC, pp 2108-2124.<br />
08.1-169<br />
Exploring the functional significance of forest<br />
diversity: A new long-term experiment with<br />
temperate tree species (BIOTREE)<br />
Scherer Lorenzen M, Schulze E D, Don A, Schumacher<br />
J, Weller E<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Ecology , Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Forestry<br />
Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning<br />
have been mainly studied in experiments that<br />
artificially create gradients in grassland plant diversity.<br />
Woody species were largely excluded from<br />
these early experiments, despite the ecological<br />
and socioeconomic importance of forest ecosystems.<br />
We discuss conceptual aspects of mechanistically<br />
driven research on the biodiversity-ecosystem<br />
functioning relationship in forests, including<br />
the comparison of scientific approaches like ‘observational<br />
studies’, ‘removal experiments’, and<br />
‘synthetic-assemblage experiments’. We give a<br />
short overview on the differences between herbaceous<br />
and forest ecosystems, focusing on can-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
opy characteristics, and the possibilities for individual<br />
versus population-based investigations.<br />
We present detailed information about the first<br />
large-scale, multisite and long-term biodiversityecosystem<br />
functioning experiment with tree species<br />
of temperate forests (BIOTREE - BIOdiversity<br />
and ecosystem processes in experimental TREE<br />
stands). At three sites of differing geology and local<br />
climate, we planted 200,000 saplings on a total<br />
area of 70 ha. At two sites, diversity gradients were<br />
established by varying the number of tree species<br />
(BIOTREE-SPECIES). At a third site, only functional<br />
diversity at a constant level of tree species<br />
richness was manipulated by selecting mixtures<br />
that differ in the functional trait values of the<br />
corresponding species (BIOTREE-FD). Additional<br />
experimental treatments at the subplot level include<br />
silvicultural management options, the addition<br />
of subdominant species, and the reduction<br />
of genetic diversity. Response variables focus on<br />
productivity, biogeochemical cycles and carbon<br />
sequestration, and resource use complementarity.<br />
We explore the use of different measures of functional<br />
diversity for a posteriori classifications of<br />
functional richness and their use in the analysis<br />
of our tree diversity experiment. <strong>The</strong> experiment<br />
is thought to provide a long-term research platform<br />
for a variety of scientific questions related to<br />
forest biodiversity and ecosystem processes.<br />
Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics,<br />
2007, V9, N2, pp 53-70.<br />
08.1-170<br />
Patterns of variation of a common fern<br />
(Athyrium filix-femina; Woodsiaceae): Population<br />
structure along and between altitudinal<br />
gradients<br />
Schneller J, Liebst B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Genetic variability of Athyrium filix-femina populations<br />
was evaluated with regard to phenotypic,<br />
allozyme, and RAPD variation in 20 <strong>Swiss</strong> populations<br />
along five altitudinal gradients at four<br />
different elevations in the northern <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps.<br />
Additionally, allozyme and phenotypic variations<br />
in one Italian and two Spanish populations were<br />
compared with the variation in the <strong>Swiss</strong> populations.<br />
We hypothesized that there will be statistically<br />
significant genetic differences among populations<br />
of different altitudes and sites. <strong>The</strong> results<br />
showed no substantial correlation between genetic<br />
variation and phenotypic variation among <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
populations. <strong>The</strong>se results imply that outbreeding<br />
and effective gene exchange (long-distance spore<br />
dispersal) are the keys to population structure
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 103<br />
in this fern species, and as a consequence, phenotypic<br />
plasticity is assumed to be favored. This<br />
contrasts with results found in similar studies<br />
of herbaceous flowering plants where genetic<br />
adaptation to gradients like altitude is common.<br />
However, when data from the more distant Italian<br />
and Spanish populations of A. filix- femina were<br />
included, significant variation was detected.<br />
American Journal of Botany, 2007, V94, N6, JUN,<br />
pp 965-971.<br />
08.1-171<br />
Examining native and exotic species diversity<br />
in European riparian forests<br />
Schnitzler A, Hale B W, Alsum E M<br />
Switzerland, France, USA<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity , Forestry<br />
This study performs a meta-analysis of existing<br />
studies of European riparian forests to investigate<br />
which exotic species have successfully established<br />
in intact riparian forests and which characteristics<br />
of these forests correspond with successful establishment.<br />
We used analysis of covariance models<br />
to investigate the relationship between community<br />
species richness, percent exotic species, and<br />
several environmental variables. We found a total<br />
richness of 1380 species, of which 45 (3.3%) were<br />
exotic. Species- rich communities generally had<br />
the higher percentage of exotics, but were not<br />
significantly related to latitude or environmental<br />
variables. Exotics, in contrast, were at generally<br />
higher levels at lower latitudes and were more<br />
abundant in large river plains and communities<br />
with intermediate levels of disturbance. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
results suggest that future climate change and<br />
human actions that mimic intermediate levels of<br />
disturbance may further enhance the spread of<br />
exotic species.<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N1-2, AUG,<br />
pp 146-156.<br />
08.1-172<br />
Speciation reversal and biodiversity dynamics<br />
with hybridization in changing environments<br />
Seehausen O, Takimoto G, Roy D, Jokela J<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
A considerable fraction of the world’s biodiversity<br />
is of recent evolutionary origin and has evolved<br />
as a by-product of, and is maintained by, divergent<br />
adaptation in heterogeneous environments.<br />
Conservationists have paid attention to genetic<br />
homogenization caused by human-induced translocations<br />
(e.g. biological invasions and stocking),<br />
and to the importance of environmental heterogeneity<br />
for the ecological coexistence of species.<br />
However, far less attention has been paid to the<br />
consequences of loss of environmental heterogeneity<br />
to the genetic coexistence of sympatric species.<br />
Our review of empirical observations and our<br />
theoretical considerations on the causes and consequences<br />
of interspecific hybridization suggest<br />
that a loss of environmental heterogeneity causes<br />
a loss of biodiversity through increased genetic<br />
admixture, effectively reversing speciation. Loss<br />
of heterogeneity relaxes divergent selection and<br />
removes ecological barriers to gene flow between<br />
divergently adapted species, promoting interspecific<br />
introgressive hybridization. Since heterogeneity<br />
of natural environments is rapidly deteriorating<br />
in most biomes, the evolutionary ecology<br />
of speciation reversal ought to be fully integrated<br />
into conservation biology.<br />
Molecular Ecology, 2008, V17, N1, JAN, pp 30-44.<br />
08.1-173<br />
Altitudinal and horizontal shifts of the upper<br />
boundaries of open and closed forests in the<br />
Polar Urals in the 20th century<br />
Shiyatov S G, Terentev M M, Fomin V V, Zimmermann<br />
N E<br />
Russia, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Forestry ,<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
In the Polar Urals (the Rai-Iz massif and Mounts<br />
Tchernaya and Malaya Tchernaya), altitudinal and<br />
horizontal shifts of the upper boundary of open<br />
and closed larch forests in the 20th century have<br />
been studied. Spatiotemporal parameters of these<br />
shifts have been assessed with the aid of the ARC/<br />
INFO geographic information system (ESRI Inc.,<br />
United States), using our original large-scale geobotanical<br />
maps showing the distribution of different<br />
types of forest-tundra communities in the<br />
early 1910s and 2000s. <strong>The</strong> results show that tree<br />
vegetation has been actively expanding to higher<br />
elevations over the past 90 years. On average, the<br />
upper boundaries of open and closed forests have<br />
ascended 26 and 35 m and shifted horizontally<br />
290 and 520 m, respectively. <strong>The</strong>se shifts have been<br />
conditioned by climate warming and increasing<br />
humidity observed since the 1920s.<br />
Russian Journal of Ecology, 2007, V38, N4, JUL, pp<br />
223-227.<br />
08.1-174<br />
Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric<br />
change: a review<br />
Soussana J F, Lüscher A<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
, Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences
104<br />
Recent reviews confirm and extend previous observations<br />
that elevated carbon dioxide (COD<br />
concentrations Stimulate photosyn thesis, leading<br />
to increased plant productivity. Elevated CO 2<br />
concentrations tend to reduce the sensitivity of<br />
grassland ecosystems to low levels of precipitation<br />
but induce progressive nitrogen (N) limitations<br />
on plant growth which can be alleviated<br />
by supplying a significant external input of N in<br />
the form of mineral fertilizer or through the increased<br />
use of N-fixing legumes. Other nutrients,<br />
such as phosphorus, can act as the main limiting<br />
factor restricting the growth response in legumes<br />
to atmospheric CO 2 concentration. <strong>The</strong> botanical<br />
composition of temperate grasslands is affected<br />
by the rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration, possibly<br />
through a decline in the relaTive abundance<br />
of grasses. Elevated CO 2 concentration will also<br />
alter the feeding value of herbage to grazers both<br />
in terms of fine- scale (for example, crude protein<br />
concentration and C:N ratio) and coarse-scale (legumes<br />
vs. grasses and C-3- VS. C-4-species) changes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> management guidelines of grasslands will<br />
need to be adapted to global atmospheric and<br />
climatic changes and to increased variability in<br />
climate.<br />
Grass and Forage Science, 2007, V62, N2, JUN, pp<br />
127-134.<br />
08.1-175<br />
Conservation of grasshopper diversity in a<br />
changing environment<br />
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Bolliger J, Kienast F, Lehmann<br />
A, Gonseth Y<br />
Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology , Agriculture, Soil<br />
Sciences<br />
Land-use change is a major driver for changes in<br />
biodiversity. In this study, we investigated how the<br />
objectives of two conservation strategies (largescale<br />
conservation of species richness versus conservation<br />
of diversity hotspots) can be achieved<br />
for grasshopper diversity under different scenarios<br />
of environmental change (land-use and climate<br />
change). Based on surveys of 95 grasshopper<br />
species from 2001 to 2004 recorded by the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
Centre for Faunal Cartography, we modelled the<br />
actual richness pattern as a function of different<br />
environmental variables. <strong>The</strong> impact of potential<br />
future environmental change on species richness<br />
was evaluated by applying four land-use scenarios<br />
(‘liberalization’, ‘business as usual’, ‘lowered agricultural<br />
production’, and ‘complete conversion<br />
of intensive open land’) and one climate change<br />
scenario. <strong>The</strong> effects of the scenarios were assessed<br />
at the national scale, as well as on small-<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
scale hotspots. Environmental change has considerable<br />
effect on grasshopper species richness.<br />
At the national scale, the number of grasshopper<br />
species decreased under the ‘liberalization’ scenario<br />
(-0.24 species per 1 ha pixel) and increased<br />
under a climate change scenario (+0.63 species<br />
per 1 ha pixel). For most environmental change<br />
scenarios, species richness in small-scale hotspots<br />
was more negatively affected than on average on<br />
the national scale. <strong>The</strong> response of species richness<br />
to the scenarios did not differ significantly<br />
between hotspots of endangered and the hotspots<br />
of common grasshopper species. We conclude<br />
that conservation efforts at the national scale<br />
and small-scale hotspot conservation programs<br />
should be combined to conserve species richness<br />
most successfully. For the long-term conservation<br />
of species richness, common species as well as the<br />
combined effects of land-use and climate change<br />
have to be considered.<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N3-4, SEP, pp<br />
360-370.<br />
08.1-176<br />
Hotspots and richness pattern of grasshopper<br />
species in cultural landscapes<br />
Steck C E, Bürgi M, Coch T, Duelli P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Biodiversity , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> success of the hotspot approach for biodiversity<br />
conservation depends on the spatial scale and<br />
the indicator species used. In this study, we investigated<br />
grasshopper species richness in Switzerland<br />
at a 1 ha resolution including a total of 111<br />
species. We compared the representativeness of<br />
common and of endangered grasshopper species<br />
for the overall grasshopper species richness and<br />
we assessed the efficiency of the hotspot approach<br />
for grasshopper conservation. <strong>The</strong> pattern of overall<br />
grasshopper species richness was well represented<br />
by both the number of common and the<br />
number of endangered grasshopper species. For<br />
evaluating the efficiency of different hotspot approaches<br />
for conservation, we compared hotspots<br />
of common species, hotspots of endangered species<br />
(rarity hotspots), and hotspots of all grasshopper<br />
species (richness hotspots). Among these<br />
hotspot types, richness hotspots not only featured<br />
most common grasshopper species, but they even<br />
contained more endangered species than the rarity<br />
hotspots. <strong>The</strong> combination of rarity hotspots<br />
and hotspots of common species featured more<br />
species than the other combinations of hotspot<br />
types. However, the gain of combining two hotspot<br />
types compared to the single-hotspot approach
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 105<br />
was low (max. 3 species). About 24% of the species<br />
were not contained in any of the hotspots. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
grasshopper species require species-specific action<br />
plans. As rarity hotspots were located in areas that<br />
are rather strongly affected by landscape change,<br />
species richness in rarity hotspots may decrease<br />
in the future. We conclude that, for grasshoppers,<br />
the hotspot approach on the 1 ha scale can be an<br />
effective way to conserve a high proportion of species<br />
richness.<br />
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007, V16, N7, JUN,<br />
pp 2075-2086.<br />
08.1-177<br />
Floral free fall in the <strong>Swiss</strong> lowlands: environmental<br />
determinants of local plant extinction<br />
in a peri-urban landscape<br />
Stehlik I, Caspersen J P, Wirth L, Holderegger R<br />
Switzerland, Canada<br />
Plant Sciences , Urban Studies , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
, Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
1. Local floras are being depleted by a host of human<br />
activities, including habitat destruction and<br />
fragmentation, eutrophication, and the intensification<br />
of agriculture. Species with particular ecological<br />
demands or life-history attributes are more<br />
prone to extinction than species with a broader<br />
niche. 2. We used an old herbarium from the municipality<br />
of Kusnacht (<strong>Swiss</strong> lowlands) as a historical<br />
record for comparison with contemporary<br />
plant diversity. This comparison revealed that 17%<br />
to 28% of all vascular plants that occurred between<br />
1839 and 1915 were extinct by 2003. 3. Species of<br />
different habitats and life-forms had significantly<br />
different rates of extinction: wetlands, disturbed<br />
sites and meadows lost most species, whereas forests<br />
and rocky habitats were least affected; aquatics<br />
and annuals were most prone to extinction,<br />
geophytes and hemicryptophytes were intermediate,<br />
and phanerophytes and chamaephytes were<br />
least affected. 4. Species adapted to nutrient-poor<br />
soils suffered highest extinction in all habitats,<br />
indicating that eutrophication poses an urgent<br />
threat to species diversity. Light and soil moisture<br />
requirements also had significant effects on extinction,<br />
but the direction of the effect varied by<br />
habitat. 5. When species were grouped into IUCN<br />
categories of the red list of Switzerland, the rank<br />
order of the observed extinction matched the red<br />
list assignment. 6. Because many of the remaining<br />
species had high estimated extinction probabilities<br />
and because extinction is often delayed<br />
(extinction debt), a substantial part of the remaining<br />
flora of Kusnacht is likely to go extinct in the<br />
near future. This will increase the dominance of<br />
the common species that already comprise 81% of<br />
the local flora. 7. <strong>The</strong> rates and patterns of extinction<br />
in Kusnacht are probably representative of<br />
surrounding <strong>Swiss</strong> lowlands and peri-urban landscapes<br />
in most developed countries. Studies such<br />
as ours can serve as a call for action and form a<br />
basis for future monitoring of biodiversity.<br />
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp<br />
734-744.<br />
08.1-178<br />
Cooccurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana<br />
acaulis and their neighboring plants in two<br />
swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct<br />
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities<br />
Sykorova Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal<br />
fungi (AMF) was analyzed in roots of Gentiana<br />
verna, Gentiana acaulis, and accompanying<br />
plant species from two species-rich <strong>Swiss</strong> alpine<br />
meadows located in the same area. <strong>The</strong> aim of the<br />
study was to elucidate the impact of host preference<br />
or host specificity on the AMF community in<br />
the roots. <strong>The</strong> roots were analyzed by nested PCR,<br />
restriction fragment length polymorphism screening,<br />
and sequencing of ribosomal DNA small-subunit<br />
and internal transcribed spacer regions. <strong>The</strong><br />
AMF sequences were analyzed phylogenetically<br />
and used to define monophyletic sequence types.<br />
<strong>The</strong> AMF community composition was strongly<br />
influenced by the host plant species, but compositions<br />
did not significantly differ between the two<br />
sites. Detailed analyses of the two cooccurring<br />
gentian species G. verna and G. acaulis, as well as<br />
of neighboring Trifolium spp., revealed that their<br />
AMF communities differed significantly. All three<br />
host plant taxa harbored AMF communities comprising<br />
multiple phylotypes from different fungal<br />
lineages. A frequent fungal phylotype from Glomus<br />
group B was almost exclusively found in Trifolium<br />
spp., suggesting some degree of host preference<br />
for this fungus in this habitat. In conclusion, the<br />
results indicate that within a relatively small area<br />
with similar soil and climatic conditions, the host<br />
plant species can have a major influence on the<br />
AMF communities within the roots. No evidence<br />
was found for a narrowing of the mycosymbiont<br />
spectrum in the two green gentians, in contrast<br />
to previous findings with their achlorophyllous<br />
relatives.<br />
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007,<br />
V73, N17, SEP, pp 5426-5434.
106<br />
08.1-179<br />
An improved canopy integration scheme for<br />
a land surface model with prognostic canopy<br />
structure<br />
Thornton P E, Zimmermann N E<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
A new logical framework relating the structural<br />
and functional characteristics of a vegetation canopy<br />
is presented, based on the hypothesis that the<br />
ratio of leaf area to leaf mass (specific leaf area)<br />
varies linearly with overlying leaf area index within<br />
the canopy. Measurements of vertical gradients<br />
in specific leaf area and leaf carbon:nitrogen<br />
ratio for five species (two deciduous and three<br />
evergreen) in a temperate climate support this<br />
hypothesis. This new logic is combined with a<br />
two-leaf (sunlit and shaded) canopy model to arrive<br />
at a new canopy integration scheme for use in<br />
the land surface component of a climate system<br />
model. An inconsistency in the released model<br />
radiation code is identified and corrected. Also introduced<br />
here is a prognostic canopy model with<br />
coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics. <strong>The</strong><br />
new scheme is implemented within the Community<br />
Land Model and tested in both diagnostic<br />
and prognostic canopy modes. <strong>The</strong> new scheme<br />
increases global gross primary production by 66%<br />
(from 65 to 108 Pg carbon yr(-1)) for diagnostic<br />
model simulations driven with reanalysis surface<br />
weather, with similar results (117 PgC yr (-1)) for<br />
the new prognostic model. Comparison of model<br />
predictions to global syntheses of observations<br />
shows generally good agreement for net primary<br />
productivity (NPP) across a range of vegetation<br />
types, with likely underestimation of NPP in tundra<br />
and larch communities. Vegetation carbon<br />
stocks are higher than observed in forest systems,<br />
but the ranking of stocks by vegetation type is accurately<br />
captured.<br />
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N15, AUG 1, pp<br />
3902-3923.<br />
08.1-180<br />
Fitness-related parameters improve presenceonly<br />
distribution modelling for conservation<br />
practice: <strong>The</strong> case of the red-backed shrike<br />
Titeux N, Dufrene M, Radoux J, Hirzel A H, Defourny<br />
P<br />
Belgium, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Biodiversity , Ecology , Zoology<br />
<strong>The</strong> red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio L.) is a bird<br />
living in human- altered agricultural areas that<br />
are managed by extensive farming techniques.<br />
This passerine species has declined significantly<br />
in Western Europe over the last 30-40 years. <strong>The</strong><br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
development of efficient species-specific conservation<br />
strategies relies on fine- grained information<br />
about the ecological resources and environmental<br />
conditions that constitute its reproductive habitat<br />
in this agricultural landscape. Species distribution<br />
models are used increasingly in conservation<br />
biology to provide such information. Most studies<br />
investigate the environmental pattern of species<br />
distribution, assuming that species records are<br />
reliable indicators of habitat suitability. However,<br />
ecological theory on source-sink dynamics and<br />
ecological traps points out that some individuals<br />
may be located outside the environmental bounds<br />
of their species’ reproductive niche. Those individuals<br />
could reduce model accuracy and limit<br />
model utility. Parameters related to the reproductive<br />
success of this shrike in Southern Belgium<br />
were integrated into a fine-scale presence-only<br />
modelling framework to demonstrate this problem<br />
and to address critical habitat requirements<br />
of this species relative to conservation management.<br />
Integrating reproductive parameters into<br />
the modelling framework showed that individuals<br />
occurred, but did not reproduce successfully,<br />
above a certain environmental threshold. This indicated<br />
that the reproductive niche of the shrike<br />
is ecologically narrower than standard practice in<br />
species distribution modelling would suggest. <strong>The</strong><br />
major resources (nest sites availability, distance to<br />
human settlements, suitable perching sites, foraging<br />
areas and insect abundance) required for the<br />
reproduction of the red-backed shrike were quantified<br />
and ranked to offer concrete species -specific<br />
conservation management guidelines<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V138, N1-2, AUG,<br />
pp 207-223.<br />
08.1-181<br />
Response of Pinus leucodermis to climate and<br />
anthropogenic activity in the National Park of<br />
Pollino (Basilicata, Southern Italy)<br />
Todaro L, Andreu L, D’alessandro C M, Gutirrez E,<br />
Cherubinic P, Saracino A<br />
Italy, Spain, Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Pinus leucodermis (=P. heldreichii var. leucodermis)<br />
is widespread in the Balkan Peninsula and is<br />
present as a post-glacial relict in Southern Italy.<br />
<strong>The</strong> oldest Italian populations of this species are<br />
located at high elevation in the National Park of<br />
Pollino, where grazing and logging had endangered<br />
their survival, especially during the 20th<br />
century. In 1993 the National Park was founded<br />
and anthropogenic activities were restricted. To<br />
understand the response of P. leucodermis at the<br />
upper tree-line to climatic and anthropogenic ac-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 107<br />
tivity variations, we developed a tree-ring width<br />
chronology (1464-2003). For the period 1804-2003<br />
separate chronologies for the earlywood and latewood<br />
were built, and resin duct density was assessed<br />
on total ring, earlywood and latewood. Age<br />
structure of saplings was also determined. After<br />
1950 a steep decline in tree-ring width was followed<br />
by a recovery since 1981. During the 20th<br />
century radial growth response to climate was not<br />
strong and not stable. In the period 19532000 P.<br />
leucadermis radial growth seemed to take advantage<br />
of high temperatures and low precipitation.<br />
Resin duct density chronologies were not a reliable<br />
dendroecological variable, but they documented<br />
a metabolic trade-off between growth and differentiation<br />
processes. <strong>The</strong> gap in the age structure<br />
between long- lived trees (over 200 years old) and<br />
saplings around 40 years old, which mainly grow<br />
in protected microsites between rocks, could indicate<br />
a negative influence of grazing and related<br />
human activities. We suggest that the protection<br />
strategies introduced by the National Park could<br />
play a positive role in the recruitment of new saplings<br />
and in the ring growth recovery of old trees<br />
of P. leucodermis.<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N4, JUL, pp<br />
507-519.<br />
08.1-182<br />
Regional assessment of climate change impacts<br />
on maize productivity and associated<br />
production risk in Switzerland<br />
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Lips M, Ammann H, Beniston<br />
M, Fuhrer J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Modelling , Ecology ,<br />
Plant Sciences<br />
A simple model of yield was used along with climate<br />
scenarios to assess the impact of climate<br />
change on grain maize productivity and associated<br />
economic risk in Switzerland. In a first application,<br />
changes in the precipitation regime<br />
alone were shown to affect the distribution of<br />
yield considerably, with shifts not only in the<br />
mean but also in the standard deviation and the<br />
skewness. Production risk was found to respond<br />
more markedly to changes in the long-term mean<br />
than in the inter-annual variability of seasonal<br />
precipitation amounts. In a further application,<br />
yield projections were generated with respect to a<br />
full climate scenario, with the emission pathway<br />
as specified in the IPCC A2 scenario. Anticipation<br />
of the sowing date was found to reduce the negative<br />
impact of climate change on yield stability,<br />
but was not sufficient to ensure average productivity<br />
levels comparable to those observed at pres-<br />
ent. We argued that this was caused by the reduction<br />
in the duration of the growing season, which<br />
had a stronger impact than suggested by previous<br />
studies. Assuming no change in price relations,<br />
the results also revealed a strong increase in production<br />
risk with climate change, with more than<br />
a doubling in the probability of yield falling short<br />
of a critical threshold as compared to today’s situation.<br />
Regional Environmental <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V7, N4,<br />
DEC, pp 209-221.<br />
08.1-183<br />
Potential effects of changes in mean climate<br />
and climate variability on the yield of winter<br />
and spring crops in Switzerland<br />
Torriani D S, Calanca P, Schmid S, Beniston M,<br />
Fuhrer J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Climate change is expected to affect both the average<br />
level and the variability of crop yields. In<br />
this modelling study, we quantified mean and<br />
inter-annual variability of grain yield for maize<br />
Zea mays L., winter wheat Triticum spp. L. and<br />
winter canola Brassica napus L. for climatic conditions<br />
corresponding to current and doubled atmospheric<br />
CO 2 concentrations. Climate scenarios<br />
with and without taking into account changes<br />
in the inter-annual variability of climate were<br />
developed from the output of a regional climate<br />
model for the time window 2071 to 2100. Climate<br />
change effects on the mean yield of maize and<br />
canola were consistently negative, but a positive<br />
impact was simulated for mean yield of winter<br />
wheat for elevated CO 2 concentration. <strong>The</strong> coefficient<br />
of yield variation increased in the scenarios<br />
for maize and canola, but decreased for wheat.<br />
Higher thermal time requirements increased<br />
mean yield and reduced yield variability for all<br />
crops. Shifts in the sowing dates had a beneficial<br />
impact on the yield of maize, but not on the yield<br />
of canola and wheat. It is concluded that in the Alpine<br />
region, the potential effect of climate change<br />
is crop-specific. However, the introduction of new<br />
cultivars may provide means by which to maintain<br />
or even increase current productivity levels<br />
for most of the crops.<br />
Climate Research, 2007, V34, N1, JUN 14, pp<br />
59-69.
108<br />
08.1-184<br />
Effect of supplementation of fresh and ensiled<br />
clovers to ryegrass on nitrogen loss and methane<br />
emission of dairy cows<br />
van Dorland H A, Wettstein H R, Leuenberger H,<br />
Kreuzer M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Two experiments were carried out to compare<br />
white clover with red clover as supplementation to<br />
ryegrass, in ensiled and fresh form, for differences<br />
in nitrogen loss and methane emission by dairy<br />
cows. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed<br />
with fresh white (WF) or red clover (RF) (60/40 on<br />
dry matter basis). Experiment 2 involved similar<br />
mixed diets in ensiled form (WS and RS, respectively),<br />
and two ryegrass silage diets, without (GS)<br />
or with supplementary maize gluten meal (600 g<br />
protein/kg DM; GS+). Barley was supplemented to<br />
meet the calculated requirements for milk production.<br />
<strong>The</strong> type of clover did not affect crude<br />
protein (CP) intake in experiment 1. In experiment<br />
2, the highest CP intakes were observed for cows<br />
on the GS+ diet (P
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 109<br />
tive power of the models and the obtained r ranging<br />
from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens<br />
on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good,<br />
respectively. <strong>The</strong> study revealed that a combination<br />
of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing<br />
data produced a variety of ecological meaningful<br />
variables.<br />
Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12,<br />
N4, NOV, pp 315-328.<br />
08.1-188<br />
Radial growth responses to drought of Pinus<br />
sylvestris and Quercus pubescens in an inner-<br />
Alpine dry valley<br />
Weber P, Bugmann H, Rigling A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology<br />
Question: Lower montane treeline ecotones<br />
such as the inner Alpine dry valleys are regarded<br />
as sensitive to climate change. In the dry Valais<br />
valley (Switzerland) the composition of the<br />
widespread, low altitude Pinus forests is shifting<br />
towards a mixed deciduous state. <strong>The</strong> subboreal<br />
P. sylvestris shows high mortality rates,<br />
whereas the deciduous sub-mediterranean<br />
Quercus pubescens is spreading. <strong>The</strong>se species<br />
may act as early indicators of climate change.<br />
We evaluate this hypothesis by focusing on<br />
their differences in drought tolerance, which<br />
are hardly known, but are likely to be crucial in<br />
the current forest shift and also for future forest<br />
development. Methods: We used dendroecological<br />
methods to detect species-specific patterns<br />
in the growth response to drought. <strong>The</strong> relationship<br />
between radial growth of 401 trees from 15<br />
mixed stands and drought was analysed by calculating<br />
response functions using yearly treering<br />
indices and monthly drought indices. PCA<br />
was applied to the response ratios to discover<br />
spatial patterns of drought response. Results: A<br />
species-specific response to moisture as well as<br />
a sub- regional differentiation of the response<br />
patterns were found. While Quercus showed a<br />
response mainly to the conditions of the previous<br />
autumn and those of current spring, Pinus<br />
did not start responding before May, but showed<br />
responses throughout the whole summer. Quercus<br />
may restrict physiological activity to moist<br />
periods; growth of Pinus was much more dependent<br />
on prior growth. Conclusions: Given that<br />
the climate is changing towards (1) longer summer<br />
drought periods, (2) higher mean temperatures<br />
and (3) shifted seasonality of moisture<br />
availability, Quercus may benefit from adapting<br />
better to drier conditions. Pinus may increasingly<br />
face problems related to drought stress<br />
as it depends on summer moisture and has a<br />
smaller adaptive capacity due to its long-lived<br />
photosynthetic tissue.<br />
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N6, DEC,<br />
pp 777-792.<br />
08.1-189<br />
Landscape-level gene flow in Lobaria pulmonaria,<br />
an epiphytic lichen<br />
Werth S, Gugerli F, Holderegger R, Wagner H H,<br />
Csencsics D, Scheidegger C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Ecology , Biodiversity ,<br />
Microbiology<br />
Epiphytes are strongly affected by the population<br />
dynamics of their host trees. Owing to the spatiotemporal<br />
dynamics of host tree populations, substantial<br />
dispersal rates - corresponding to high<br />
levels of gene flow - are needed for populations to<br />
persist in a landscape. However, several epiphytic<br />
lichens have been suggested to be dispersal-limited,<br />
which leads to the expectation of low gene flow<br />
at the landscape scale. Here, we study landscapelevel<br />
genetic structure and gene flow of a putatively<br />
dispersal-limited epiphytic lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria.<br />
<strong>The</strong> genetic structure of L. pulmonaria<br />
was quantified at three hierarchical levels, based<br />
on 923 thalli collected from 41 plots situated<br />
within a pasture-woodland landscape and genotyped<br />
at six fungal microsatellite loci. We found<br />
significant isolation by distance, and significant<br />
genetic differentiation both among sampling<br />
plots and among trees. Landscape configuration,<br />
i.e. the effect of a large open area separating two<br />
forested regions, did not leave a traceable pattern<br />
in genetic structure, as assessed with partial Mantel<br />
tests and analysis of molecular variance. Gene<br />
pools were spatially intermingled in the pasturewoodland<br />
landscape, as determined by Bayesian<br />
analysis of population structure. Evidence for local<br />
gene flow was found in a disturbed area that<br />
was mainly colonized from nearby sources. Our<br />
analyses indicated high rates of gene flow of L.<br />
pulmonaria among forest patches, which may reflect<br />
the historical connectedness of the landscape<br />
through gene movement. <strong>The</strong>se results support<br />
the conclusion that dispersal in L. pulmonaria is<br />
rather effective, but not spatially unrestricted.<br />
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL, pp<br />
2807-2815.
110<br />
08.1-190<br />
Rhizodeposition of C and N in peas and oats<br />
after C-13-N-15 double labelling under field<br />
conditions<br />
Wichern F, Mayer J, Jörgensen R G, Müller T<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Plant Sciences<br />
Compounds released by plant roots during growth<br />
can make up a high proportion of below-ground<br />
plant (BGP) carbon and nitrogen, and therefore<br />
influence soil organic matter turnover and plant<br />
nutrient availability by stimulating the soil microorganisms.<br />
<strong>The</strong> present study was conducted<br />
to examine the amount and fate of C (CdfR) and N<br />
rhizodeposits (NdfR), in this study defined as rootderived<br />
C or N present in the soil after removal<br />
of roots and root fragments, released during reproductive<br />
growth. BGP biomass of peas (Pisum<br />
satiumn L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) was successfully<br />
labelled in situ with a C-13-glucose (15) Nurea<br />
mixture under field conditions using a stem<br />
feeding method. Pea plants were labelled at the<br />
beginning of flowering and harvested 36 and 52<br />
days after labelling at pod filling (Pp) and maturity<br />
(Pm), respectively. Oat plants were labelled<br />
at grain filling and harvested 42 days after labelling<br />
at maturity (O-M). CdfR was 24.2% (Pp), 29.6%<br />
(Pm) and 30.8% (O-M) of total recovered plant C.<br />
NdfR was 32.1% (Pp), 36.4% (Pm) and 30.0% (O-M)<br />
of total plant N. Due to higher N assimilation,<br />
amounts of NdfR were four times higher in peas<br />
in comparison with oats. <strong>The</strong> results for NdfR in<br />
peas were higher than results from other studies.<br />
<strong>The</strong> C- to-N ratio of rhizodeposits was lower under<br />
peas (17.3) than under oats (41.9) at maturity.<br />
At maturity, microbial CdfR at 0 30cm soil depth<br />
was 37% of the microbial biomass C in peas and<br />
59% in oats. Microbial NdfR was 15% of microbial<br />
N in peas and 5% in oats. Furthermore, inorganic<br />
NdfR was 34% in peas and 9% in oats at 0-30cm at<br />
maturity. <strong>The</strong>se results show that rhizodeposits of<br />
peas provide a more easily available substrate to<br />
soil microorganisms, which are incorporated to a<br />
greater extent and turned over faster in comparison<br />
with oats. Beside the higher amounts of N released<br />
from pea roots, this process contributes to<br />
the higher N-availability for subsequent crops.<br />
Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N10, OCT, pp<br />
2527-2537.<br />
08.1-191<br />
Genetic rescue persists beyond first-generation<br />
outbreeding in small populations of a rare<br />
plant<br />
Willi Y, van Kleunen M, Dietrich S, Fischer M<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, Germany<br />
Biodiversity , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Habitat fragmentation commonly causes genetic<br />
problems and reduced fitness when populations<br />
become small. Stocking small populations with<br />
individuals from other populations may enrich<br />
genetic variation and alleviate inbreeding, but<br />
such artificial gene flow is not commonly used<br />
in conservation owing to potential outbreeding<br />
depression. We addressed the role of long-term<br />
population size, genetic distance between populations<br />
and test environment for the performance of<br />
two generations of offspring from between-population<br />
crosses of the locally rare plant Ranunculus<br />
reptans L. Interpopulation outbreeding positively<br />
affected an aggregate measure of fitness, and the<br />
fitness superiority of interpopulation hybrids was<br />
maintained in the second offspring (F2) generation.<br />
Small populations benefited more strongly<br />
from interpopulation outbreeding. Genetic distance<br />
between crossed populations in neutral<br />
markers or quantitative characters was not important.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se results were consistent under<br />
near-natural competition-free and competitive<br />
conditions. We conclude that the benefits of interpopulation<br />
outbreeding are likely to outweigh<br />
potential drawbacks, especially for populations<br />
that suffer from inbreeding.<br />
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,<br />
2007, V274, N1623, SEP 22, pp 2357-2364.<br />
08.1-192<br />
Vegetation effects on pedogenetic forms of<br />
Fe, Al and Si and on clay minerals in soils in<br />
southern Switzerland and northern Italy<br />
Zanelli R, Egli M, Mirabella A, Giaccai D, Abdelmoula<br />
M<br />
Switzerland, Italy, France<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> older forest type Quercetum-Bettiletum (oak/<br />
birch; Q-type vegetation) in southern Switzerland<br />
and northern Italy was to a large extent replaced<br />
by chestnut forests (Castanea sativa; C-type vegetation)<br />
in roman times. When laurophylloid vegetation<br />
(L-type vegetation) invaded some of these<br />
chestnut systems during the last few decades, it<br />
caused detectable changes in organic chemistry.<br />
<strong>The</strong> invasion of the L-type vegetation was predominately<br />
due to increased winter temperatures. We<br />
tested whether these vegetation changes led to<br />
measurable long-term and short-term responses<br />
of the mineral matrix by comparing soils under<br />
Q-type with C-type vegetation (probing for longterm<br />
effects; >100-2000 years) and soils under C-<br />
type with L-type vegetation (short-term effects;
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems 111<br />
a few decades). To do so, we examined soil characteristics<br />
including the dithionite-, oxalate- and<br />
pyrophosphate-extractable forms of Fe, Al and<br />
Si as well as the phyllosilicate mineralogy of the<br />
clay fraction with a pair- wise comparison procedure.<br />
On L-type patches, short-term changes<br />
resulted in higher contents of secondary, poorly<br />
crystalline Fe. <strong>The</strong> accumulation of pedogenetic<br />
Fe probably results from a lower availability of<br />
organic complexing moieties under L-type vegetation<br />
and thus leading to a reduced removal. As<br />
soil acidity did not change with the vegetation<br />
types, a strong effect of organic compounds on Fe<br />
and At chemistry must be assumed. A correlation<br />
analysis confirmed that metal binding to organic<br />
matter was different between L-type stands (correlation<br />
of Fe and Al with organic matter was less<br />
significant) and C-type stands. <strong>The</strong> differences in<br />
clay phyllosilicate assemblage between the different<br />
vegetation sites were rather small. <strong>The</strong>re<br />
was, however, a trend towards higher contents of<br />
hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) under Ltype<br />
vegetation when compared to C-type sites. It<br />
seems that Al-polymers fixation in interlayers of<br />
2:1 clay minerals was increased or their removal<br />
hindered at sites having L-type vegetation. <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
in the long-term (response to C-type vegetation)<br />
were only measurable for the pyrophosphateextractable<br />
Si content (formation of phytolithe?).<br />
<strong>The</strong> colonisation of laurophyllous species led in<br />
the short-term to significant alterations of the soil<br />
system that were even more pronounced than the<br />
long-term effect of chestnut on soil quality.<br />
Geoderma, 2007, V141, N1-2, SEP 15, pp<br />
119-129.<br />
08.1-193<br />
Importance of dispersal for the expansion of a<br />
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population in a fragmented<br />
landscape<br />
Zimmermann F, Breitenmoser Wursten C, Breitenmoser<br />
U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Ecology , Biodiversity<br />
Dispersal allows recolonization of previous areas<br />
of habitat following severe depression of a population<br />
but the significance of this is not clear in<br />
felids. <strong>The</strong>re is little evidence to support the general<br />
belief that subadult felids will colonize new<br />
areas, although this is a crucial assumption in reintroduction<br />
or recovery projects. Eurasian lynx<br />
Lynx lynx were reintroduced into the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
and have subsequently spread over part of their<br />
potential range but the expansion halted in the<br />
mid 1980s. We postulated that high lynx densities<br />
would lead to an expansion of the population,<br />
and to assess the potential of this population to<br />
expand we compared the dispersal characteristics<br />
of 22 subadults from the northwest <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps,<br />
where an increase in lynx abundance occurred<br />
from 1995 onwards, to 17 individuals from the<br />
Jura Mountains, an area with a lower lynx density.<br />
Dispersal data came mainly from radio-telemetry.<br />
Dispersal rates and distances for subadults that<br />
completed dispersal were lower in the north-west<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps than in the Jura Mountains. In general,<br />
subadults exhibited little ability to cross major<br />
barriers such as highways. <strong>The</strong> hypothesis that<br />
high density alone will foster the expansion of<br />
the population was therefore not confirmed. This<br />
has consequences for the reintroduction and recovery<br />
of carnivores in fragmented landscapes. To<br />
establish only one strong source population may<br />
not be an optimal strategy, and population nuclei<br />
should therefore be founded in several neighbouring<br />
patches.<br />
Oryx, 2007, V41, N3, JUL, pp 358-368.<br />
08.1-194<br />
Remote sensing-based predictors improve<br />
distribution models of rare, early successional<br />
and broadleaf tree species in Utah<br />
Zimmermann N E, Edwards T C, Moisen G G,<br />
Frescino T S, Blackard J A<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Ecology , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Plant Sciences<br />
, Forestry<br />
1. Compared to bioclimatic variables, remote<br />
sensing predictors are rarely used for predictive<br />
species modelling. When used, the predictors represent<br />
typically habitat classifications or filters<br />
rather than gradual spectral, surface or biophysical<br />
properties. Consequently, the full potential<br />
of remotely sensed predictors for modelling the<br />
spatial distribution of species remains unexplored.<br />
Here we analysed the partial contributions<br />
of remotely sensed and climatic predictor<br />
sets to explain and predict the distribution of 19<br />
tree species in Utah. We also tested how these partial<br />
contributions were related to characteristics<br />
such as successional types or species traits. 2. We<br />
developed two spatial predictor sets of remotely<br />
sensed and topo-climatic variables to explain the<br />
distribution of tree species. We used variation partitioning<br />
techniques applied to generalized linear<br />
models to explore the combined and partial<br />
predictive powers of the two predictor sets. Nonparametric<br />
tests were used to explore the relationships<br />
between the partial model contributions of<br />
both predictor sets and species characteristics. 3.<br />
More than 60% of the variation explained by the<br />
models represented contributions by one of the
112<br />
two partial predictor sets alone, with topo-climatic<br />
variables outperforming the remotely sensed<br />
predictors. However, the partial models derived<br />
from only remotely sensed predictors still provided<br />
high model accuracies, indicating a significant<br />
correlation between climate and remote sensing<br />
variables. <strong>The</strong> overall accuracy of the models was<br />
high, but small sample sizes had a strong effect<br />
on cross-validated accuracies for rare species. 4.<br />
Models of early successional and broadleaf species<br />
benefited significantly more from adding remotely<br />
sensed predictors than did late seral and<br />
needleleaf species. <strong>The</strong> core-satellite species types<br />
differed significantly with respect to overall model<br />
accuracies. Models of satellite and urban species,<br />
both with low prevalence, benefited more from<br />
use of remotely sensed predictors than did the<br />
more frequent core species. 5. Synthesis and applications.<br />
If carefully prepared, remotely sensed<br />
variables are useful additional predictors for the<br />
spatial distribution of trees. Major improvements<br />
resulted for deciduous, early successional, satellite<br />
and rare species. <strong>The</strong> ability to improve model<br />
accuracy for species having markedly different<br />
life history strategies is a crucial step for assessing<br />
effects of global change.<br />
Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, V44, N5, OCT, pp<br />
1057-1067.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Terrestrial Ecosystems<br />
08.1-195<br />
Stomatal regulation by microclimate and tree<br />
water relations: interpreting ecophysiological<br />
field data with a hydraulic plant model<br />
Zweifel R, Steppe K, Sterck F J<br />
Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
, Forestry , Modelling<br />
Dynamics in microclimate and physiological<br />
plant traits were studied for Pubescent oak and<br />
Scots pine in a dry inner-alpine valley in Switzerland,<br />
at a 10 min resolution for three consecutive<br />
years (2001-2003). As expected, stomata tended<br />
to close with increasing drought in air and soil.<br />
However, stomatal aperture in oak was smaller<br />
than in pine under relatively wet conditions, but<br />
larger under dry conditions. To explore underlying<br />
mechanisms, a model was applied that (i)<br />
quantifies water relations within trees from physical<br />
principles (mechanistic part) and (ii) assumes<br />
that signals from light, stomatal aperture, crown<br />
water potential, and tree water deficit in storage<br />
pools control stomata (systemic part). <strong>The</strong> stomata<br />
of pine showed a more sensitive response to increasing<br />
drought because both factors, the slowly<br />
changing tree water deficit and the rapidly changing<br />
crown water potential, closed the stomata. By<br />
contrast, the stomata of oak became less droughtsensitive<br />
as the closing signal of crown water potential<br />
was opposed by the opening signal of tree<br />
water deficit. Moreover, parameter optimization<br />
suggests that oak withdrew more water from the<br />
storage pools and reduced leaf water potentials<br />
to lower levels, without risking serious damage<br />
by cavitation. <strong>The</strong> new model thus suggests how<br />
the hydraulic water flow and storage system determines<br />
the responses in stomatal aperture and<br />
transpiration to drought at time scales ranging<br />
from hours to multiple years, and why pine and<br />
oak might differ in such responses. <strong>The</strong>se differences<br />
explain why oaks are more efficient competitors<br />
during drought periods, although this<br />
was not the case in the extremely dry year 2003,<br />
which provoked massive leaf loss and, from July<br />
onwards, physiological activity almost ceased.<br />
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007, V58, N8, pp<br />
2113-2131.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere 113<br />
1.3 Soil and Lithosphere<br />
08.1-196<br />
Quantification of soil erosion rates related to<br />
ancient Maya deforestation<br />
Anselmetti F S, Hodell D A, Ariztegui D, Brenner M,<br />
Rosenmeier M F<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Geomorphology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Paleontology<br />
, Geology<br />
We used seismic and sediment core data to quantify<br />
soil erosion rates for the past similar to 6000<br />
yr in the closed catchment of Lake Salpeten, in the<br />
tropical lowlands of northern Guatemala. <strong>The</strong> region<br />
was affected by ancient Maya land use from<br />
before ca. 1000 B.C. to A.D. 900. This period of<br />
human impact coincided with deposition in the<br />
lake of a detrital unit (Maya Clay) as much as 7<br />
m thick that contrasts sharply with the relatively<br />
organic-rich gyttja deposited both before and after<br />
Maya occupation of the watershed. <strong>The</strong> greatest<br />
soil loss, with mean sustained values of similar<br />
to 1000 t/km(2)yr (-1), occurred in the Middle<br />
and Late Preclassic Periods (700 B.C. to A.D. 250),<br />
associated with relatively low Maya population<br />
densities. Soil erosion slowed during the period<br />
of maximum population density in the Late Classic<br />
Period (A.D. 550-830), indicating a decoupling<br />
between human population density and soil erosion<br />
rate. <strong>The</strong> most rapid soil loss occurred early<br />
during initial land clearance, suggesting that<br />
even low numbers of people can have profound<br />
impacts on lowland tropical karst landscapes.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N10, OCT, pp 915-918.<br />
08.1-197<br />
Soil biogeochemical processes within the Critical<br />
Zone<br />
Chorover J, Kretzschmar R, Garcia Pichel F, Sparks<br />
D L<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
Many processes that affect soil and water quality<br />
occur at the water wetted interface of weathering<br />
products such as clays, oxides, and organic matter.<br />
Especially near the sunlit surface of the Critical<br />
Zone, these interfaces associate with plant<br />
roots and soil organism to form porous, aggregated<br />
structures. Soil aggregates and intervening<br />
pore networks give rise to a patchwork of interconnected<br />
microenvironments. <strong>The</strong> ensuing steep<br />
geochemical gradients affect weathering processes,<br />
fuel the activities of microbes, and drive interfacial<br />
reactions that retain and transform rock- or<br />
ecosystem- derived chemicals and anthropogenic<br />
pollutants.<br />
Elements, 2007, V3, N5, OCT, pp 321-326.<br />
08.1-198<br />
Scale-dependent relationships between soil<br />
organic carbon and urease activity<br />
Corstanje R, Schulin R, Lark R M<br />
England, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Many soil properties and processes vary at different<br />
spatial scales. As a result, relationships between<br />
soil properties often depend on scale. In this<br />
paper we show this for two soil properties of biological<br />
importance, by means of a nested analysis<br />
of covariance. <strong>The</strong> variables were urease activity<br />
(UA) and soil organic carbon (SOC) , sampled on an<br />
unbalanced nested design at three sites with different<br />
land uses (arable, forest and pasture). <strong>The</strong><br />
objective of this study was to investigate the scaledependent<br />
relationships of UA and SOC at these<br />
three sites to exemplify the phenomenon of scale-<br />
dependency in the covariation of biogeochemical<br />
variables. At each site the variables showed different<br />
scale dependencies, expressed in their correlations<br />
at different scales. At the pasture site,<br />
UA and SOC were uncorrelated at all scales in the<br />
sampling design (0.2 m, 1 m, 6 m and >= 15 m),<br />
and the overall product moment correlation was<br />
0.10. A significant positive scale dependent correlation<br />
(0.65) was found at the 1-m scale for the<br />
forested site. <strong>The</strong> soil properties were not spatially<br />
correlated at any of the other scales and the associated<br />
product moment correlation for this site<br />
was 0.14. Urease activity and soil organic C were<br />
found not to be correlated at the shorter scales in<br />
the arable site. However, significant positive correlation<br />
coefficients of 0.89 and 0.82 were obtained<br />
at the longer scales of 6 and >= 15-m respectively<br />
for the arable site. <strong>The</strong> product moment correlation<br />
at this site was 0.65. At both the arable and<br />
forest site, we found that correlations at particular<br />
scales were stronger than the overall product<br />
moment correlation. This approach allowed us to<br />
identify significant relationships between urease<br />
activity and soil organic carbon and the scales at<br />
which these relationships occur and to draw conclusions<br />
about the spatial scales, which must be<br />
resolved in further studies of these variables in<br />
these contrasting environments. This study highlights<br />
the pervasive effect of scale in soil biogeochemistry<br />
and shows that scale-dependence must<br />
not be disregarded by soil scientists in their investigations<br />
of biogeochemical processes.<br />
European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, V58, N5,<br />
OCT, pp 1087-1095.
114<br />
08.1-199<br />
Effect of climate and vegetation on soil<br />
organic carbon, humus fractions, allophanes,<br />
imogolite, kaolinite, and oxyhydroxides in<br />
volcanic soils of Etna (Sicily)<br />
Egli M, Alioth L, Mirabella A, Raimondi S, Nater M,<br />
Verel R<br />
Switzerland, Italy<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
A soil sequence along an elevational gradient ranging<br />
from to subalpine climate zones in the Etna region<br />
(Sicily, southern Italy) investigated with respect<br />
to organic C, kaolinite, and crystalline noncrystalline<br />
Al and Fe phases. Special emphasis was given<br />
to stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its<br />
interaction with inorganic phases. <strong>The</strong> soils were<br />
variations of Vitric Andosols developed on a trachybasaltic<br />
lava flow with an age of 15,000 years. main<br />
vegetation systems dominated the sites: at the lower<br />
sites, it mainly maquis vegetation and, at the higher<br />
elevated sites, predominantly coniferous forest. <strong>The</strong><br />
concentration of SOC in the topsoil, SOC stocks in<br />
the profiles, the humus fractions such as humic<br />
and acids, functional groups and substances of organic<br />
matter, type materials (ITM), and oxyhydroxides<br />
were found to be related to elevation and, thus,<br />
climate (precipitation and temperature) and vegetation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> C/N ratio in the topsoil was especially<br />
indicative the vegetation type. <strong>The</strong> amount of SOC,<br />
ITM, and crystalline oxyhydroxides decreased with<br />
increasing altitude. Weathering, as to the proportion<br />
of crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides or the kaolinite<br />
centration in the clay fraction, seemed to be greater<br />
at the lower sites. At these sites, maquis vegetation<br />
led to a higher accumulation SOC as compared with<br />
the coniferous trees at the higher sites. activity, as<br />
indicated by aromatic compounds in the humic<br />
acids and the presence of charcoal in the soil, has<br />
most probably influenced important soil processes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> identification and radiocarbon dating charcoal<br />
revealed evidence that repeated bush fires had<br />
played a significant role in soil formation. <strong>The</strong> better<br />
stabilization of SOC at altitudes might be due to<br />
the specific climatic conditions with a pronounced<br />
change in periods of humidity alternating with periods<br />
droughts and resultant fire activity. <strong>The</strong> positive<br />
correlation mean annual temperature and SOC<br />
content supports such a hypothesis. <strong>The</strong> climate-<br />
and vegetation-dependent stabilization of organic<br />
matter the soil can be ascribed to the proportion<br />
of aromatics in the humic acids, to the presence<br />
of noncrystalline Al and Fe phases, to the kaolinite<br />
concentration, to the amount of clay, and to a lesser<br />
extent to the fraction.<br />
Soil Science, 2007, V172, N9, SEP, pp 673-691.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere<br />
08.1-200<br />
Soil moisture - Atmosphere interactions during<br />
the 2003 European summer heat wave<br />
Fischer E M, Seneviratne S I, Vidale P L, Lüthi D,<br />
Schär C<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> role of land surface-related processes and feedbacks<br />
during the record-breaking 2003 European<br />
summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate<br />
model. All simulations are driven by lateral<br />
boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures<br />
from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr<br />
ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing<br />
the large-scale circulation. In particular, the<br />
contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their<br />
interactions with the atmosphere through latent<br />
and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity<br />
experiments are performed by perturbing spring<br />
soil moisture in order to determine its influence<br />
on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear<br />
regional climate simulation for 1970-2000 using a<br />
fixed model setup is used as the reference period.<br />
A large precipitation deficit together with early<br />
vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative<br />
anomalies in the months preceding the extreme<br />
summer event contributed to an early and rapid<br />
loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear<br />
average by far. <strong>The</strong> exceptionally high temperature<br />
anomalies, most pronounced in June and August<br />
2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation<br />
anomalies that enabled a dominance of<br />
the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest<br />
phase in early August is realistically simulated<br />
despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface<br />
net radiation. This indicates an important role<br />
of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and<br />
sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled<br />
by soil moisture. <strong>The</strong> lack of soil moisture<br />
strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified<br />
the surface temperature anomalies. <strong>The</strong> evaluation<br />
of the experiments with perturbed spring<br />
soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important<br />
parameter for the evolution of European heat<br />
waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture<br />
anomalies the summer heat anomalies could<br />
have been reduced by around 40% in some regions.<br />
Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence<br />
the tropospheric circulation by producing<br />
a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the<br />
midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback<br />
mechanism between soil moisture, continentalscale<br />
circulation, and temperature.<br />
Journal of Climate, 2007, V20, N20, OCT 15, pp<br />
5081-5099.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere 115<br />
08.1-201<br />
Numerical modelling of the hydrogeological<br />
and geomechanical behaviour of a large slope<br />
movement: the Triesenberg landslide (Liechtenstein)<br />
Francois B, Tacher L, Bonnard Ch, Laloui L,<br />
Triguero V<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Geomorphology , Geology<br />
Using advanced hydrogeological and geomechanical<br />
finite element modelling, it has been possible<br />
to model the mechanical behaviour of a large<br />
slope movement, the Triesenberg landslide. This<br />
slope is located along the Rhine valley in the<br />
Principality of Liechtenstein and covers an area<br />
of around 5 km(2), which includes two villages.<br />
Pore-water pressure fields calculated by the hydrogeological<br />
model were used as input for the geomechanical<br />
model. <strong>The</strong> results obtained through<br />
numerical simulation agree fairly well with field<br />
measurements of peak velocity, spatial and temporal<br />
distribution of velocity, and total displacements.<br />
Such results were obtained using a modified<br />
Cam-Clay elastoplastic constitutive model for<br />
which the required material parameters were obtained<br />
through careful geotechnical tests. <strong>The</strong>se<br />
finite element models were carried out in two and<br />
three dimensions to gradually improve the understanding<br />
of the physical phenomena governing<br />
the hydrogeological conditions and the movements<br />
of the slope.<br />
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2007, V44, N7,<br />
JUL, pp 840-857.<br />
08.1-202<br />
Formation of hydrozincite, Zn layered double<br />
hydroxide and Zn phyllosilicates in contaminated<br />
calcareous soils<br />
Jacquat O, Vögelin A, Kretzschmar R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry &<br />
Geophysics , Toxicology<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A437.<br />
08.1-203<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of Fe isotope fractionation by<br />
plants on the isotopic signature of soils<br />
Kiczka M, Wiederhold J G, Krämer S M, Bourdon B,<br />
Kretzschmar R<br />
Switzerland, Austria<br />
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A482.<br />
08.1-204<br />
Sulphur behaviour in forest soils near the largest<br />
SO 2 emitter in northern Europe<br />
Koptsik G, Alewell C<br />
Russia, Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics , Toxicology , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of 60 a of SO 2 emissions from a Ni-<br />
Cu plant in the Kola Peninsula (Russia) on soil S<br />
contents was assessed in podzols under pine forests.<br />
Sulphate desorption and the possible delay<br />
of acidification reversal was investigated, because<br />
the plant will be reconstructed in 2006 with an<br />
expected emission reduction of 90%. Sites were<br />
sampled along a pollution gradient in the prevailing<br />
wind direction from 1 to 66 km. <strong>The</strong> investigated<br />
podzols stored S mostly in the organic<br />
form. <strong>The</strong> concentrations of total and organic S<br />
in soil organic horizons tended to be higher near<br />
the smelter but were only weakly correlated with<br />
S deposition. No relationship between distance to<br />
smelter and S contents was found for the mineral<br />
horizons. Sulphate content and desorption behavior<br />
were highly variable due to natural variations<br />
of texture and extractable Al and Fe contents of<br />
the soils. <strong>The</strong> lack of a clear strong trend with distance<br />
from the smelter except in the organic layer<br />
indicated that long range transport and diffuse<br />
input of SO 4 played a major role rather than point<br />
source impact. It was concluded that biological<br />
turnover is most likely the regulating process in<br />
these soils and thus low to medium release of SO 4<br />
is expected under decreasing deposition scenarios<br />
because organic S was the dominant fraction of<br />
total S in all soils.<br />
Applied Geochemistry, 2007, V22, N6, JUN, pp<br />
1095-1104.<br />
08.1-205<br />
Evidence for in situ degradation of mono-and<br />
polyaromatic hydrocarbons in alluvial sediments<br />
based on microcosm experiments with<br />
C-13-labeled contaminants<br />
Morasch B, Höhener P, Hunkeler D<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology<br />
A microcosm study was conducted to investigate<br />
the degradation of mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons<br />
under in situ-like conditions using<br />
alluvial sediments from the site of a former cokery.<br />
Benzene, naphthalene, or acenaphthene were<br />
added to the sediments as C-13- labeled substrates.<br />
Based on the evolution of C-13-CO 2 determined by<br />
gas chromatography isotope-ratio mass spectrometry<br />
(GC-IRMS) it was possible to prove mineraliza-
116<br />
tion of the compound of interest in the presence<br />
of other unknown organic substances of the sediment<br />
material. This new approach was suitable to<br />
give evidence for the intrinsic biodegradation of<br />
benzene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene under<br />
oxic and also under anoxic conditions, due to the<br />
high sensitivity and reproducibility of C-13/C-12<br />
stable isotope analysis. This semi-quantitative<br />
method can be used to screen for biodegradation<br />
of any slowly degrading, strongly sorbing compound<br />
in long-term experiments.<br />
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V148, N3, AUG, pp<br />
739-748.<br />
08.1-206<br />
Acidification and recovery of soil at a heavily<br />
impacted forest catchment (Lysina, Czech<br />
Republic) - SAFE modeling and field results<br />
Navratil T, Kurz D, Kram P, Hofmeister J, Hruska J<br />
Czech Republic, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences<br />
Soil and soil solution chemistry were simulated<br />
using the dynamic multi-layer soil chemistry<br />
model SAFE for the Lysina catchment, located<br />
in the western part of the Czech Republic. Modeled<br />
soil solution chemistry and properties were<br />
compared to a 10-year-long time series of monthly<br />
measurements of soil solution data at 5,15, 20<br />
and 80 cm depths. Historically high deposition of<br />
S and N compounds caused a significant decrease<br />
in soil base saturation and caused severe changes<br />
in the soil solution chemistry. Since year 1990<br />
deposition of S and N compounds decreased substantially<br />
due to improved control on S emissions.<br />
SAFE predicted an increase in base saturation at<br />
Lysina in the Oi + Oe and Oa layers, from 36% and<br />
18% in 1994 to 50% and 22% in 2004, respectively.<br />
on the other hand, base saturation of the deeper<br />
soil horizons B and C, which represent the main<br />
mass of the soil at the Lysina catchment, has decreased<br />
even further (in B horizon from 4% in 1994<br />
to 3% in 2004 and from 4% to 2% in horizon C).<br />
<strong>The</strong> measured values of base saturation from year<br />
2004 fit the modeled results of base saturation<br />
development at the Lysina catchment. if atmospheric<br />
deposition remains at the 2006 level, the<br />
predicted base saturation in the B and C horizons<br />
for the year 2100 will increase by approximately<br />
2%, to reach only 4.6% and 3.8%, respectively. <strong>The</strong><br />
increasing molar ratio Bc/Al ((Ca + Mg + K)/All in<br />
soil solution of Oi + Oe, Oa and E horizons during<br />
the first half of the 21st century represents recovery<br />
in the top 20 cm of the soil profile, only This<br />
change may have a positive effect on the health<br />
status of shallow rooting spruce trees. <strong>The</strong> Bc/Al<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere<br />
ratio in soil solutions in the main mass of the soil<br />
(horizons B and C), however, will remain below<br />
the critical value (
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere 117<br />
08.1-208<br />
Bioavailability of pollutants and soil remediation<br />
Ortega Calvo J J, Ball W P, Schulin R, Semple K T,<br />
Wick L Y<br />
Spain, USA, Switzerland, England, Germany<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology<br />
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2007, V36, N5,<br />
SEP-OCT, pp 1383-1384.<br />
08.1-209<br />
New method for in situ characterization of<br />
loose material for landslide mapping purpose<br />
Pantet A, Parriaux A, <strong>The</strong>lin P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
<strong>The</strong> assessment of grain size distribution and<br />
plasticity of loose geological material, during in<br />
situ geological investigations, is not obvious. Visual<br />
appreciation allows an approximative quantification<br />
of the coarse granulometric fractions,<br />
but not of the fine ones. Field soils determination<br />
methods suggested until now, are visual and tactile<br />
tests leading to a very rough estimate, which<br />
is only qualitative and not very reproducible. <strong>The</strong><br />
new proposed field test (GEOLEP method) allows a<br />
quick quantification of the fine fraction of loose<br />
material. It allows the determination of the sand<br />
fraction (fine and medium grained sands) as well<br />
as the methylene blue value of the samples. <strong>The</strong><br />
necessary equipment to perform this test is light<br />
and compact and the time needed to analyze one<br />
sample is approximately 15 min. Thus it is also<br />
possible to carry out numerous measurements in<br />
one day. <strong>The</strong> calibrations were carried out on a selection<br />
of 13 natural samples, chosen for their representativeness<br />
of the typical alpine quaternary<br />
deposits. <strong>The</strong> results obtained with GEOLEP method<br />
are relevant compared with standardized laboratory<br />
tests; the obtained correlation indexes are<br />
of 73% for the comparison with laboratory stain<br />
test results and of 89% with a laboratory method<br />
using a similar procedure than the field test. <strong>The</strong><br />
correlation we performed with Atterberg’s limits<br />
tests shows that a rough approximation of plasticity<br />
index can also be obtained (R-2 = 75%). This<br />
method thus brings a new tool which should allow<br />
taking into account the lithological factor (by<br />
some quantitative and representative variables) in<br />
a reliable way for the evaluation of landslide hazards.<br />
(C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
Engineering Geology, 2007, V94, N3-4, NOV 2, pp<br />
166-179.<br />
08.1-210<br />
Poplar for the phytomanagement of boron<br />
contaminated sites<br />
Robinson B H, Green S R, Chancerel B, Mills T M,<br />
Clothier B E<br />
Switzerland, New Zealand<br />
Toxicology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
Boron (B) is a widespread environmental contaminant<br />
that is mobile relative to other trace<br />
elements. We investigated the potential of hybrid<br />
poplar (Populus sp.) for B phytomanagement using<br />
a lysimeter experiment and a field trial on<br />
B-contaminated wood-waste. In both studies, poplars<br />
enhanced evapotranspiration from the woodwaste,<br />
reduced B leaching, and accumulated Bin<br />
the aerial portions of the tree. When grown in<br />
a substrate containing 30 mg/kg B, poplar leaves<br />
had an average B concentration of 845 mg/kg,<br />
while the stems contained 21 mg/kg B. Leaf B<br />
concentrations increased linearly with leaf age. A<br />
decomposition experiment revealed that abscised<br />
leaves released 14% of their B during the winter<br />
months. Fertiliser application enhanced tree<br />
growth without decreasing the leaf B concentrations.<br />
Harvesting alternate rows of trees on a contaminated<br />
site would reduce leaching from the<br />
site while removing B. Harvested plant material<br />
may provide bioenergy, stock fodder, or an amendment<br />
for B-deficient soils.<br />
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N2, NOV, pp<br />
225-233.<br />
08.1-211<br />
<strong>Change</strong>s in the macro-pore structure of<br />
restored soil caused by compaction beneath<br />
heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric<br />
study<br />
Schäffer B, Stauber M, Müller R, Schulin R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Compaction can seriously degrade soil in modern<br />
agriculture. Soil that has been temporarily removed<br />
and stored is particularly sensitive to compaction<br />
when restored, although little is known<br />
about the structural changes in such soils under<br />
mechanical loads. We investigated the structural<br />
changes in a restored soil that had been gently cultivated<br />
for several years and then was trafficked<br />
by a heavy combine harvester, analysing the macro-pore<br />
structure by quantitative morphometry of<br />
three-dimensional microcomputed tomography<br />
images. Increased trafficking caused decreases in<br />
both the porosity and connectivity of the macropores.<br />
<strong>The</strong> fraction of spherical pores (and thus the<br />
convexity of the pore space) and the mean pore
118<br />
separation were increased. Trafficking had no<br />
clear effect on the orientation of pores. While the<br />
mean pore diameter tended to decrease, biopores<br />
were more stable than interaggregate pores originating<br />
from the packing of soil aggregates. This<br />
is relevant for the development of structural stability<br />
in restored soils, as the macro-pores consist<br />
mainly of interaggregate pores initially, whereas<br />
biopores develop and increase in proportion only<br />
gradually over time. Quantitative morphometry<br />
provides valuable morphological indices for the<br />
objective assessment of the macro-pore structure<br />
and changes induced by compaction.<br />
European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, V58, N5,<br />
OCT, pp 1062-1073.<br />
08.1-212<br />
Reducing phosphorus losses from over-fertilized<br />
grassland soils proves difficult in the<br />
short term<br />
Schärer M, Stamm C, Vollmer T, Frossard E, Oberson<br />
A, Flühler H, Sinaj S<br />
Switzerland<br />
Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology<br />
, Hydrology<br />
Phosphorus (P) losses from many agricultural<br />
soils are driven by fast transport processes, such<br />
as surface runoff, shallow interflow and macropore<br />
flow. Close interaction of rain with topsoil layers<br />
(0-5 cm), rich in available P, results in high P<br />
concentrations in these rapid runoff pathways.<br />
This is particularly pronounced in permanent<br />
grassland soils typically characterized by a P enrichment<br />
of the topsoil. One option to mitigate P<br />
losses from grassland is therefore to reduce soil<br />
P content, particularly available P, in this critical<br />
surface layer. Omitting application of P fertilizer<br />
will reduce soil P in the long term but more drastic<br />
methods may be necessary to achieve P loss<br />
reductions in shorter time-scales. In this study,<br />
three management options to reduce P in runoff<br />
from grassland soils were evaluated in a field experiment<br />
lasting 2 years on two grassland sites: (i)<br />
no P inputs, (ii) no P inputs plus soil tillage and<br />
(iii) no P inputs plus tillage combined with application<br />
of a P sorbing soil amendment (iron oxide).<br />
Withholding P inputs did not decrease either the<br />
available P in the soil or the P concentrations in<br />
runoff from sprinkler experiments over a 2-year<br />
period. Both the treatments which included tillage<br />
caused immediate reductions in both soil<br />
available P and runoff P, with Fe/OH amendment<br />
being more effective. However, in the second year<br />
the effects of both tillage treatments were less apparent<br />
and only the Fe/OH treatment significantly<br />
decreased runoff P. <strong>The</strong> results indicate that the<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere<br />
long-term enrichment of soils due to P application<br />
in excess of plant needs is unlikely to be remedied<br />
by short-term treatments. However, further<br />
work is required to assess the applicability of our<br />
conclusion to other sites.<br />
Soil Use and Management, 2007, V23, SEP, S1, pp<br />
154-164.<br />
08.1-213<br />
Heavy metal contamination along a soil<br />
transect in the vicinity of the iron smelter of<br />
Kremikovtzi (Bulgaria)<br />
Schulin R, Curchod F, Mondeshka M, Daskalova A,<br />
Keller A<br />
Switzerland, Bulgaria<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
Based on previous preliminary survey results,<br />
elevated heavy metal concentrations of the agricultural<br />
soils of the villages of the Kremikovtzi<br />
region east of the Bulgarian capital Sofia were<br />
attributed to pollution from dusts emitted by<br />
the iron smelter in the centre of the region. Additional<br />
sampling in a test area indicated that<br />
high metal concentrations in this area could also<br />
be of geogenic origin. In order to test this hypothesis,<br />
we sampled a sequence of 14 soil profiles at<br />
increasing distance from the smelter along a 2<br />
km transect through agricultural land outside<br />
the metallurgical complex of Kremikovtzi. <strong>The</strong><br />
transect extended through two different units of<br />
soil types: Chromic Luvisols and Alluvial Fluvisols.<br />
Samples of the fine earth fraction (
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere 119<br />
important it can be in identifying the origin of<br />
soil pollution not only to look into areal distribution<br />
patterns of suspected contaminants, but also<br />
to investigate their depth profiles as well as that<br />
of other elements and to account for pedological<br />
factors and their variability.<br />
Geoderma, 2007, V140, N1-2, JUN 15, pp 52-61.<br />
08.1-214<br />
Slip rates variability and sediment mobilization<br />
on a shallow landslide in the northern<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
Schwab M, Läderach C, Rieke Zapp D,<br />
Schlunegger F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geology , Geomorphology<br />
Geomorphic and morphometric data imply that<br />
process rates of the Schimbrig landslide, located<br />
in the Entle watershed (Central Switzerland), are<br />
still limited by the elevation of the LGM base level.<br />
At present, the Entle watershed is in a stage of adjusting<br />
to the lowered post-glacial base level as indicated<br />
by knick zones in the trunk stream. Some<br />
thousands of years later when these knick zones<br />
will reach the Schimbrig site, we anticipate a substantial<br />
increase in process rates and sediment<br />
flux for the landslide. <strong>The</strong> pattern of slip rates<br />
was measured on the Schimbrig landslide over<br />
a 14-months period. We propose that a Bingham<br />
plastic model explains much of how measured<br />
slip rates are linked to the observed topography,<br />
climatic variations and thickness variability of<br />
the landslide mass. This model explains why slip<br />
rates have been highest where the thickness of the<br />
material is substantially higher. It also explains<br />
why slip rates are highest in late summer/autumn<br />
and early spring. It appears then that snow melt<br />
in spring and decreasing temperatures in late<br />
summer/autumn potentially result in a high retention<br />
of the pore water and thus in a low viscosity<br />
of the material, which, in turns, promotes<br />
slip rates. Interestingly, an extreme rainstorm like<br />
the one of August 2005 only had a local impact<br />
on the landslide mass by triggering small scale<br />
earth flows and debris flows. This implies that the<br />
earth slide material does not directly respond to<br />
an episodic pattern of rainfall. Such precipitation<br />
events, however, superimpose a smaller-scale imprint<br />
on the landslide relief.<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N2, SEP,<br />
pp 281-292.<br />
08.1-215<br />
Dry-end surface soil moisture variability during<br />
NAFE’06<br />
Teuling A J, Uijlenhoet R, Hurkmans R, Merlin O,<br />
Panciera R, Walker J P, Troch P A<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands, Australia, USA<br />
Hydrology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Characterization of the space-time variability of<br />
soil moisture is important for land surface and<br />
climate studies. Here we develop an analytical<br />
model to investigate how, at the dry-end of the<br />
soil moisture range, the main characteristics of<br />
the soil moisture field (spatial mean and variability,<br />
steady state distribution) depend on the intermittent<br />
character of low intensity rain storms.<br />
Our model is in good agreement with data from<br />
the recent National Airborne Field Experiment<br />
(NAFE’06) held in the semiarid Australian Murrumbidgee<br />
catchment. We find a positive linear<br />
relationship between mean soil moisture and its<br />
associated variability, and a strong dependency<br />
of the temporal soil moisture distribution to the<br />
amount and structure of precipitation.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP<br />
13 ARTN: L17402.<br />
08.1-216<br />
Dynamics of soil organic matter turnover and<br />
soil respired CO 2 in a temperate grassland<br />
labelled with C-13<br />
<strong>The</strong>is D E, Jäggi M, Aeschlimann D, Blum H,<br />
Frossard E, Siegwolf R T W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
<strong>The</strong> fate of carbon (C) in grassland soils is of particular<br />
interest since the vast majority in grassland<br />
ecosystems is stored below ground and respiratory<br />
C-release from soils is a major component of the<br />
global C balance. <strong>The</strong> use of C-13-depleted CO 2 in a<br />
10-year free- air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE)<br />
experiment, gave a unique opportunity to study<br />
the turnover of the C sequestered during this experiment.<br />
Soil organic matter (SOM), soil air and<br />
plant material were analysed for delta C-13 and C<br />
contents in the last year of the FACE experiment<br />
(2002) and in the two following growing seasons.<br />
After 10 years of exposure to CO 2 enrichment at<br />
600 ppmv, no significant differences in SOM C<br />
content could be detected between fumigated<br />
and non-fumigated plots. A C-13 depletion of 3.4<br />
parts per thousand was found in SOM (0-12 cm) of<br />
the fumigated soils in comparison with the control<br />
soils and a rapid decrease of this difference<br />
was observed after the end of fumigation. Within<br />
2 years, 49% of the C in this SOM (0-12 cm) was
120 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere<br />
exchanged with fresh C, with the limitation that<br />
this exchange cannot be further dissected into respiratory<br />
decay of old C and freshly sequestered<br />
new C. By analysing the mechanistic effects of a<br />
drought on the plant-soil system it was shown<br />
that rhizosphere respiration is the dominant factor<br />
in soil respiration. Consideration of ecophysiological<br />
factors that drive plant activity is therefore<br />
important when soil respiration is to be investigated<br />
or modelled.<br />
European Journal of Soil Science, 2007, V58, N6,<br />
DEC, pp 1364-1372.<br />
08.1-217<br />
Methanotrophic activity in a diffusive methane/oxygen<br />
counter- gradient in an unsaturated<br />
porous medium<br />
Urmann K, Norina E S, Schroth M H, Zeyer J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Toxicology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Agriculture,<br />
Soil Sciences , Water Resources<br />
Microbial methane (CH 4) oxidation is a main control<br />
on emissions of this important greenhouse<br />
gas from ecosystems such as contaminated aquifers<br />
or wetlands under aerobic conditions. Due to<br />
a lack of suitable model systems, we designed a<br />
laboratory column to study this process in diffusional<br />
CH 4/O-2 counter-gradients in unsaturated<br />
porous media. Analysis and simulations of the<br />
steady-state CH 4, CO 2 and O-2 gas profiles showed<br />
that in a 15-cm-deep active zone, CH 4 oxidation<br />
followed first-order kinetics with respect to CH 4<br />
with a high apparent first-order rate constant of<br />
similar to 30 h(-1). Total cell counts obtained using<br />
DAPI-staining suggested growth of methanotrophic<br />
bacteria, resulting in a high capacity<br />
for CH 4 oxidation. This together with apparent<br />
tolerance to anoxic conditions enabled a rapid<br />
response of the methanotrophic community to<br />
changing substrate availability, which was induced<br />
by changes in O-2 concentrations at the top<br />
of the column. Microbial oxidation was confirmed<br />
by a similar to 7 parts per thousand enrichment<br />
in CH 4 stable carbon isotope ratios along profiles.<br />
Using a fractionation factor of 1.025 +/- 0.0005 for<br />
microbial oxidation estimated from this shift and<br />
the fractionation factor for diffusion, simulations<br />
of isotope profiles agreed well with measured data<br />
confirming large fractionation associated with<br />
microbial oxidation. <strong>The</strong> designed column should<br />
be valuable for investigating response of methanotrophic<br />
bacteria to environmental parameters<br />
in future studies.<br />
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94,<br />
N1-2, OCT 30, pp 126-138.<br />
08.1-218<br />
Release of C and N from roots of peas and oats<br />
and their availability to soil microorganisms<br />
Wichern F, Mayer J, Joergensen R G, Müller T<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
Nutrient mobilisation in the rhizosphere is driven<br />
by soil microorganisms and controlled by the<br />
release of available C compounds from roots. It is<br />
not known how the quality of release influences<br />
this process in situ. <strong>The</strong>refore, the present study<br />
was conducted to investigate the amount and<br />
turnover of rhizodeposition, in this study defined<br />
as root-derived C or N present in the soil after<br />
removal of roots and root fragments, released at<br />
different growth stages of peas (Pisum sativum L.)<br />
and oats (Avena sativa L.). Plants were grown in<br />
soil columns placed in a raised bed under outdoor<br />
conditions and simultaneously pulse labelled in<br />
situ with a C-13-glucose-N-15-urea solution using a<br />
stem feeding method. After harvest, C-13 and N-15<br />
was recovered in plant parts and soil pools, including<br />
the microbial biomass. Net rhizodeposition of<br />
C and N as a percentage of total plant C and N was<br />
higher in peas than in oats. Moreover, the C-to-N<br />
ratio of the rhizodeposits was lower in peas, and<br />
a higher proportion of the microbial biomass and<br />
inorganic N was derived from rhizodeposition.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se results suggest a positive plant-soil feedback<br />
shaping nutrient mobilisation. This process<br />
is driven by the C and N supply of roots, which has<br />
a higher availability in peas than in oats.<br />
Soil Biology Biochemistry, 2007, V39, N11, NOV, pp<br />
2829-2839.<br />
08.1-219<br />
Coupled mobilization of dissolved organic<br />
matter and metals (Cu and Zn) in soil columns<br />
Zhao L Y L, Schulin R, Weng L, Nowack B<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Forestry ,<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a key component<br />
involved in metal displacement in soils. In<br />
this study, we investigated the concentration<br />
profiles of soil-borne DOC, Cu and Zn at various<br />
irrigation rates with synthetic rain water under<br />
quasi steady-state conditions, using repacked soil<br />
columns with a metal-polluted topsoil and two<br />
unpolluted subsoils. Soil solution was collected<br />
using suction cups installed at centimeter intervals<br />
over depth. In the topsoil the concentrations<br />
of DOC, dissolved metals (Zn and Cu), major cations<br />
(Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (NO 3- and SO 4 2-)<br />
increased with depth. In the subsoil, the Cu and
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Soil and Lithosphere | Cryosphere<br />
Zn concentrations dropped to background levels<br />
within 2 cm. All compounds were much faster<br />
mobilized in the first 4 cm than in the rest of the<br />
topsoil. DOC and Cu concentrations were higher<br />
at higher flow rates for a given depth, whereas<br />
the concentrations of the other ions decreased<br />
with increasing flow rate. <strong>The</strong> decomposition of<br />
soil organic matter resulted in the formation of<br />
DOC, SO 4 2-, and NO 3- and was the main driver of<br />
the system. Regression analysis indicated that<br />
1.4 Cryosphere<br />
08.1-220<br />
ADEOS-II/GLI snow/ice products - Part II: Validation<br />
results using GLI and MODIS data<br />
Aoki T, Hori M, Motoyoshi H, Tanikawa T, Hachikubo<br />
A, Sugiura K, Yasunari T J, Storvold R, Eide H A,<br />
Stamnes K, Li W, Nieke J, Nakajima Y, Takahashi F<br />
Japan, Norway, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology<br />
For the validation of snow/ice products of the<br />
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II/<strong>Global</strong> Imager<br />
(ADEOS-II/GLI), several field campaigns were<br />
performed for various types of snow conditions<br />
with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer<br />
(MODIS) and GLI overpasses at four sites<br />
in Alaska and eastern Hokkaido, Japan from 2001<br />
to 2005. <strong>The</strong> target satellite-derived snow parameters<br />
are snow surface temperature, mass fraction<br />
of soot, and two types of snow grain size retrieved<br />
from different spectral channels. <strong>The</strong> retrieved satellite<br />
products were compared with in-situ measured<br />
snow parameters based on snow pit work<br />
and snow sampling. <strong>The</strong> satellite- derived snow<br />
surface temperatures agreed well with in-situ<br />
measured values with a correlation coefficient<br />
(R-c) of 0.900 and a root-mean- square error (RMSE)<br />
of 1.1 K. <strong>The</strong> satellite-derived mass fractions of<br />
soot were close to in-situ measured mass fractions<br />
of snow impurities for the snow layer between the<br />
surface and down to 7 or 10 cm rather than between<br />
0 and 2 cm, while the satellite-derived absolute<br />
values were lower than the in-situ measured<br />
ones (R-c=0.506 and RMSE=5.0 parts per million by<br />
weight (ppmw)). This discrepancy is due primarily<br />
to the difference in the composition of snow impurities<br />
assumed in the satellite algorithm (soot)<br />
and measured in-situ (mineral dust) suggesting<br />
that the satellite retrieval of soot is not producing<br />
soot concentrations in many cases but rather<br />
dust. Snow grain sizes retrieved from two satellite<br />
121<br />
Cu mobilization was governed by DOC, whereas<br />
Zn mobilization was primarily determined by Ca<br />
and to a lesser extent by DOC. Labile Zn and Cu2+<br />
concentrations were well predicted by the NICA-<br />
Donnan model. <strong>The</strong> results highlight the value of<br />
high-resolution in-situ measurements of DOC and<br />
metal mobilization in soil profiles.<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71,<br />
N14, JUL 15, pp 3407-3418.<br />
channels lambda = 0.460 and 0.865 pm had better<br />
accuracy (R-c =0.840 and RMSE = 125 µm) than<br />
those from a satellite channel at lambda = 1.64<br />
µm (R-c=0.524 and RMSE = 123 µm) from the comparison<br />
with simply depth-averaged snow grain<br />
size. When similar comparisons are made with<br />
the depth-averaged measured grain size by a 1/e<br />
weighting using flux transmittance, the results<br />
for R-c and RMSE are not improved due to some<br />
difficulties in calculating the depth-averaging by<br />
a 1/e weighting. For all our satellite products, the<br />
possible causes of errors are (1) satellite sensor<br />
calibration and (2) the bidirectional reflectance<br />
model (directional emissivity model for surface<br />
temperature) used in the algorithm together with<br />
the atmospheric correction. Two ways to improve<br />
the in-situ measurements are (1) the representativeness<br />
of the measured values and (2) the measuring<br />
methods. Field measurements also indicated<br />
that the increased reflectance due to “sun<br />
crust” observed at wet snow surfaces under clear<br />
sky could cause an underestimation of satellitederived<br />
snow grain size. This problem will be<br />
more severe for the grain size retrieved from the<br />
channel at lambda = 1.64 µm.<br />
Remote Sensing of Environment, 2007, V111,<br />
N2-3, NOV 30, pp 274-290.<br />
08.1-221<br />
Current status of Andean glaciers<br />
Casassa G, Rivera A, Haeberli W, Jones G, Käser G,<br />
Ribstein P, Rivera A, Schneider C<br />
Chile, Switzerland, Canada, Austria, France, Germany<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>Global</strong> and Planetary <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V59, N1-4,<br />
OCT, pp 1-9.
122 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Cryosphere<br />
08.1-222<br />
Diurnal production of gaseous mercury in the<br />
alpine snowpack before snowmelt<br />
Fain X, Grangeon S, Bahlmann E, Fritsche J, Obrist<br />
D, Dommergue A, Ferrari C P, Cairns W, Ebinghaus<br />
R, Barbante C, Cescon P, Boutron C<br />
France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, USA<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology /<br />
Glaciology<br />
(1) In March 2005, an extensive mercury study was<br />
performed just before snowmelt at Col de Porte,<br />
an alpine site close to Grenoble, France. Total<br />
mercury concentration in the snowpack ranged<br />
from 80 + /- 08 to 160 +/- 15 ng l(-1), while reactive<br />
mercury was below detection limit (0.2 ng l(-1)).<br />
We observed simultaneously a production of gaseous<br />
elemental mercury (GEM) in the top layer<br />
of the snowpack and an emission flux from the<br />
snow surface to the atmosphere. Both phenomena<br />
were well correlated with solar irradiation,<br />
indicating photo-induced reactions in the snow<br />
interstitial air (SIA). <strong>The</strong> mean daily flux of GEM<br />
from the snowpack was estimated at similar to<br />
9 ng m(-2) d(-1). No depletion of GEM concentrations<br />
was observed in the SIA, suggesting no occurrence<br />
of oxidation processes. <strong>The</strong> presence of<br />
liquid water in the snowpack clearly enhanced<br />
GEM production in the SIA. Laboratory flux chamber<br />
measurements enabled us to confirm that<br />
GEM production from this alpine snowpack was<br />
first driven by solar radiation (especially UVA and<br />
UVB radiation), and then by liquid water in the<br />
snowpack. Finally, a large GEM emission from the<br />
snow surface occurred during snowmelt, and we<br />
report total mercury concentrations in meltwater<br />
of about 72 ng l(-1).<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND21, NOV 13 ARTN: D21311.<br />
08.1-223<br />
Validation of operational AVHRR subpixel<br />
snow retrievals over the European Alps based<br />
on ASTER data<br />
Foppa N, Hauser A, Oesch D, Wunderle S,<br />
Meister R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Remote Sensing , Cryology / Glaciology<br />
Snow is of great economic and social importance<br />
for the European Alps. Accurate monitoring of the<br />
alpine snow cover is a key component in studying<br />
regional climate change as well as in daily weather<br />
forecasting and snowmelt runoff modelling.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se applications require snow cover information<br />
on a high temporal resolution in near-real<br />
time. For the European Alps, operational snow<br />
cover fraction maps are generated on a daily basis<br />
using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution<br />
Radiometer (AVHRR) on board the National<br />
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<br />
platforms. Snow cover distribution is inherently<br />
discontinuous and heterogeneous in this mountainous<br />
region. We have therefore implemented a<br />
straightforward multiple endmember unmixing<br />
approach to estimate fractional snow cover. Subpixel<br />
proportions are difficult to validate because<br />
similar products are not available and appropriate<br />
ground-based observations do not exist. In this<br />
study, we validate AVHRR subpixel snow retrievals<br />
using binary classified data sets from the Advanced<br />
Spaceborne <strong>The</strong>rmal Emission and Reflection Radiometer<br />
(ASTER) to establish absolute errors of<br />
our operational approach at three test sites. Our<br />
analysis indicates that the AVHRR subpixel maps<br />
compare well with the aggregated ASTER data,<br />
showing an overall correlation of 0.78 and providing<br />
subpixel estimates with a mean absolute error<br />
of 10.4% fractional snow cover. Discrepancies between<br />
AVHRR and ASTER snow fraction maps can<br />
be attributed to varying snow conditions, terrain<br />
effects and density in forest cover.<br />
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2007,<br />
V28, N21, pp 4841-4865.<br />
08.1-224<br />
An overview of snow photochemistry: evidence,<br />
mechanisms and impacts<br />
Grannas A M, Jones A E, Dibb J, Ammann M,<br />
Anastasio C, Beine H J, Bergin M, Bottenheim J,<br />
Boxe C S, Carver G, Chen G, Crawford J H, Domine<br />
F, Frey M M, Guzman M I, Heard D E, Helmig D,<br />
Hoffmann M R, Honrath R E, Huey L G, Hutterli M,<br />
Jacobi H W, Klan P, Lefer B, Mc Connell J, Plane J,<br />
Sander R, Savarino J, Shepson P B, Simpson W R,<br />
Sodeau J R, von Glasow R, Weller R, Wolff E W,<br />
Zhu T<br />
USA, England, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, France,<br />
Germany, Czech Republic, Ireland, Peoples R China<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays<br />
an important role in processing atmospheric species.<br />
Photochemical production of a variety of<br />
chemicals has recently been reported to occur in<br />
snow/ice and the release of these photochemically<br />
generated species may significantly impact the<br />
chemistry of the overlying atmosphere. Nitrogen<br />
oxide and oxidant precursor fluxes have been measured<br />
in a number of snow covered environments,<br />
where in some cases the emissions significantly<br />
impact the overlying boundary layer. For example,<br />
photochemical ozone production (such as that<br />
occurring in polluted mid-latitudes) of 3-4 ppbv/
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Cryosphere<br />
day has been observed at South Pole, due to high<br />
OH and NO levels present in a relatively shallow<br />
boundary layer. Field and laboratory experiments<br />
have determined that the origin of the observed<br />
NOx flux is the photochemistry of nitrate within<br />
the snowpack, however some details of the mechanism<br />
have not yet been elucidated. A variety of<br />
low molecular weight organic compounds have<br />
been shown to be emitted from sunlit snowpacks,<br />
the source of which has been proposed to be either<br />
direct or indirect photo-oxidation of natural<br />
organic materials present in the snow. Although<br />
myriad studies have observed active processing<br />
of species within irradiated snowpacks, the fundamental<br />
chemistry occurring remains poorly<br />
understood. Here we consider the nature of snow<br />
at a fundamental, physical level; photochemical<br />
processes within snow and the caveats needed for<br />
comparison to atmospheric photochemistry; our<br />
current understanding of nitrogen, oxidant, halogen<br />
and organic photochemistry within snow; the<br />
current limitations faced by the field and implications<br />
for the future.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N16, pp 4329-4373.<br />
08.1-225<br />
Snow avalanche hazard modelling of large<br />
areas using shallow water numerical methods<br />
and GIS<br />
Gruber U, Bartelt P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Instruments &<br />
Instrumentation<br />
Snow avalanches threaten settlements and roads<br />
in steep mountainous areas. Hazard mitigation<br />
strategies apply numerical models in combination<br />
with GIS-based methods to determine run out distances<br />
and pressure maps of snow avalanches in<br />
three-dimensional terrain. <strong>The</strong> snow avalanche<br />
modelling system is usually applied to study<br />
single avalanche tracks. In this paper we investigate<br />
the application of a numerical modelling<br />
system for large area hazard analysis. We begin by<br />
briefly presenting the depth-averaged equations<br />
governing avalanche flow. <strong>The</strong>n, we describe the<br />
statistical and GIS-based methods that are applied<br />
to define the initial fracture depths and release<br />
areas for snow avalanche modelling. We discuss<br />
the calibration of the avalanche model friction<br />
coefficients for extreme avalanches in function<br />
of altitude, avalanche size and topography. Seven<br />
test sites with areas between 100 and 350 km(2),<br />
that are well distributed over the different snow<br />
climates and elevation ranges of Switzerland,<br />
were used to calibrate the model by comparing<br />
123<br />
the simulation results with historic avalanche<br />
events and existing avalanche hazard maps. We<br />
then show how the avalanche modelling system<br />
was applied over the mountainous region of Switzerland<br />
(25,000 km(2)) to delineate forests with<br />
protective function against avalanches.<br />
Environmental Modelling Software, 2007, V22,<br />
N10, OCT, pp 1472-1481.<br />
08.1-226<br />
Retreat scenarios of Unteraargletscher, Switzerland,<br />
using a combined ice-flow mass-balance<br />
model<br />
Huss M, Sugiyama S, Bauder A, Funk M<br />
Switzerland, Japan<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Cryology / Glaciology<br />
<strong>The</strong> future evolution of Unteraargletscher, a large<br />
valley glacier in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps, is assessed for the<br />
period 2005 to 2050 using a flowline model. Detailed<br />
measurements of surface velocity from the<br />
last decade allow us to relate ice flux to glacier<br />
thickness and width. Mass balance is calculated<br />
using a distributed temperature- index model<br />
calibrated with ice volume changes derived independently<br />
from comparison of repeated digital<br />
elevation models. <strong>The</strong> model was validated for the<br />
period 1961 to 2005 and showed good agreement<br />
between the simulated and observed evolution<br />
of surface geometry. Regional climate scenarios<br />
with seasonal resolution were used to investigate<br />
the anticipated response of Unteraargletscher to<br />
future climate changes. Three mass balance scenarios<br />
were defined, corresponding to 2.5%, 50%,<br />
and 97.5% quantiles of a statistical analysis of 16<br />
different climate model results. We present a forecast<br />
of the future extent of Unteraargletscher in<br />
the next five decades and analyze relevant parameters<br />
with respect to the past. <strong>The</strong> model predicts<br />
a retreat of the glacier terminus of 800-1025 in by<br />
2035, and of 1250-2300 in by 2050. <strong>The</strong> debris coverage<br />
of the glacier tongue reduces the retreat rate<br />
by a factor of three. <strong>The</strong> thinning, rate increased<br />
by 50-183% by 2050 depending on the scenario applied,<br />
compared to the period 1997 to 2005.<br />
Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research, 2007, V39,<br />
N3, AUG, pp 422-431.
124 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Cryosphere<br />
08.1-227<br />
Hazard assessment of potential periglacial<br />
debris flows based on GIS- based spatial modelling<br />
and geophysical field surveys: A case<br />
study in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
Kneisel C, Rothenbühler C, Keller F, Haeberli W<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling , Geomorphology<br />
Geology<br />
Combined geomorphological and geophysical approaches<br />
were used to perforrn a hazard assessment<br />
of potential periglacial debris flow. Possible<br />
debris flow initiation zones were identified within<br />
a GIS- based model and located based on geomorphic<br />
attributes which contribute the most to this<br />
type of instability. In permafrost- affected alpine<br />
environments, these include the extent and location<br />
of ground ice and permafrost. In a potential<br />
debris flow-starting zone in the Upper Engadine<br />
(moraine/debris rock glacier complex Boval) twodimensional<br />
electrical resistivity surveys were<br />
used to detect the presence/absence of permafrost<br />
and to estimate active- layer depth. <strong>The</strong> results<br />
show that the moraine complex represents<br />
a periglacial debris reservoir which consists of<br />
frozen and unfrozen debris. <strong>The</strong> ice-bonded part<br />
of the moraine is largely protected from sudden<br />
destabilisation and retrogressive erosion can be<br />
assumed to be limited. However, future degradation<br />
or loss of permafrost in the lower parts of the<br />
debris rock glacier would increase the amount of<br />
erodible debris and generally reduce mechanical<br />
stability.<br />
Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2007, V18,<br />
N3, JUL-SEP, pp 259-268.<br />
08.1-228<br />
Tracing glacier wastage in the Northern Tien<br />
Shan (Kyrgyzstan/Central Asia) over the last<br />
40 years<br />
Niederer P, Bilenko V, Ershova N, Hurni H, Yerokhin<br />
S, Maselli D<br />
Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> status and dynamics of glaciers are crucial<br />
for agriculture in semiarid parts of Central Asia,<br />
since river flow is characterized by major runoff in<br />
spring and summer, supplied by glacier- and snowmelt.<br />
Ideally, this coincides with the critical period<br />
of water demand for irrigation. <strong>The</strong> present study<br />
shows a clear trend in glacier retreat between 1963<br />
and 2000 in the Sokoluk watershed, a catchment of<br />
the Northern Tien Shan mountain range in Kyrgyzstan.<br />
<strong>The</strong> overall area loss of 28% observed for the<br />
period 1963-2000, and a clear acceleration of wast-<br />
age since the 1980s, correlate with the results of<br />
previous studies in other regions of the Tien Shan<br />
as well as the Alps. In particular, glaciers smaller<br />
than 0.5 km(2) have exhibited this phenomenon<br />
most starkly. While they registered a medium decrease<br />
of only 9.1% for 1963-1986, they lost 41.5% of<br />
their surface area between 1986 and 2000. Furthermore,<br />
a general increase in the minimum glacier<br />
elevation of 78 m has been observed over the last<br />
three decades. This corresponds to about one-third<br />
of the entire retreat of the minimum glacier elevation<br />
in the Northern Tien Shan since the Little Ice<br />
Age maximum.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp<br />
227-234.<br />
08.1-229<br />
Validation of the SNOWPACK model in five different<br />
snow zones in Finland<br />
Rasmus S, Gronholm T, Lehning M, Rasmus K,<br />
Kulmala M<br />
Finland, Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Modelling<br />
<strong>The</strong> performance of a snow pack structure model<br />
SNOWPACK was studied in five locations around<br />
Finland during two winters. Reasonable agreement<br />
between modelled and observed snow depth<br />
and snow pack structure evolution was found<br />
in all other locations except in coastal Santala.<br />
Agreement grew when going towards the north;<br />
better agreements were obtained during the early<br />
winter than during the melting period. Several<br />
test runs with changed input data were done for<br />
Hyytiala. Water equivalent, temperature, grain<br />
form and grain size were the most sensitive of the<br />
model output quantities to changes in the input<br />
data. <strong>The</strong> use of measured precipitation instead<br />
of snow depth for driving the mass balance or the<br />
use of different radiation schemes had relatively<br />
large effects on the model output. Model sensitivity<br />
was high when many phase changes were involved<br />
such as during the melting phase in spring<br />
or in temperate climate zones.<br />
Boreal Environment Research, 2007, V12, N4, AUG<br />
27, pp 467-488.<br />
08.1-230<br />
Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale:<br />
comparison of geomorphological mapping and<br />
photogrammetric monitoring<br />
Roer I, Nyenhuis M<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Geomorphology , Geology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
, Cryology / Glaciology<br />
In their spatial distribution as well as in their<br />
different states of activity, rockglaciers imply
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Cryosphere<br />
important information on former and recent<br />
permafrost conditions. Two different methods<br />
were applied in one study area (Turtmann Valley,<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps) in order to compare their suitability<br />
in assessing rockglacier activity. <strong>The</strong> comparison<br />
of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric<br />
monitoring demonstrated a good accordance,<br />
especially on a regional scale. On a local<br />
scale, some differences in delimitation of the<br />
landforms as well as in the degree of activity were<br />
found. One reason for the observed differences<br />
is the qualitative character of geomorphological<br />
mapping resulting from the variable suitability<br />
of single parameters and combinations thereof in<br />
the determination of rockglacier activity. Based<br />
on these results, geomorphological mapping of<br />
rockglaciers can be improved by data from photogrammetric<br />
monitoring. <strong>The</strong>refore, at best the<br />
two methods are combined when analysing former<br />
and present permafrost distribution.<br />
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2007, V32,<br />
N12, OCT 30, pp 1747-1758.<br />
08.1-231<br />
Influence of different digital terrain models<br />
(DTMs)on alpine permafrost modeling<br />
Salzmann N, Gruber S, Hugentobler M, Hölzle M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Instruments &<br />
Instrumentation<br />
<strong>The</strong> thawing of alpine permafrost due to changes<br />
in atmospheric conditions can have a severe impact,<br />
e.g., on the stability of rock walls. <strong>The</strong> energy<br />
balance model, PERMEBAL, was developed<br />
in order to simulate the changes and distribution<br />
of ground surface temperature (GST) in complex<br />
high-mountain topography. In such environments,<br />
the occurrence of permafrost depends greatly on<br />
the topography, and thus, the digital terrain model<br />
(DTM) is an important input of PERMEBAL. This<br />
study investigates the influence of the DTM on the<br />
modeling of the GST. For this purpose, PERMEBAL<br />
was run with six different DTMs. Five of the six<br />
DTMs are based on the same base data, but were<br />
generated using different interpolators. To ensure<br />
that only the topographic effect on the GST is calculated,<br />
the snow module was turned off and uniform<br />
conditions were assumed for the whole test<br />
area. <strong>The</strong> analyses showed that the majority of the<br />
deviations between the different model outputs<br />
related to a reference DTM had only small differences<br />
of up to 1 K, and only a few pixels deviated<br />
more than 1 K. However, we also observed that the<br />
use of different interpolators for the generation of<br />
a DTM can result in large deviations of the model<br />
output. <strong>The</strong>se deviations were mainly found at<br />
125<br />
topographically complex locations such as ridges<br />
and foot of slopes.<br />
Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12,<br />
N4, NOV, pp 303-313.<br />
08.1-232<br />
Modeling the effect of snow and ice on the<br />
global environmental fate and long-range<br />
transport potential of semivolatile organic<br />
compounds<br />
Stocker J, Scheringer M, Wegmann F,<br />
Hungerbühler K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry &<br />
Geophysics<br />
Snow and ice have been implemented in a global<br />
multimedia box model to investigate the influence<br />
of these media on the environmental fate and longrange<br />
transport (LRT) of sernivolatile organic compounds<br />
(SOCs). Investigated compounds include<br />
HCB, PC1328, PCB180, PBDE47, PBDE209, alpha-<br />
HCH, and dacthal. In low latitudes, snow acts as a<br />
transfer medium taking up chemicals from air and<br />
releasing them to water or soil during snowmelt. In<br />
high latitudes, snow and ice shield water, soil, and<br />
vegetation from chemical deposition. In the model<br />
version including snow and ice (scenario 2), the mass<br />
of chemicals in soil in high latitudes is between 27%<br />
(HCB) and 97% (alpha-HCH) of the mass calculated<br />
with the model version without snow and ice (scenario<br />
1). Amounts in Arctic seawater in scenario 2<br />
are 8% (alpha- HCH) to 21% (dacthal) of the amounts<br />
obtained in scenario 1. For all investigated chemicals<br />
except alpha-HCH, presence of snow and ice in the<br />
model increases the concentration in air by a factor<br />
of 2(HCB)to 10(PBDE209). Because of reduced net deposition<br />
to snow-covered surfaces in high latitudes,<br />
LRT to the Arctic is reduced for most chemicals<br />
whereas transport to the south is more pronounced<br />
than in scenario 1 (“southward shift”). <strong>The</strong> presence<br />
of snow and ice thus considerably changes the environmental<br />
fate of SOCs.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N17, SEP 1, pp 6192-6198.<br />
08.1-233<br />
Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures<br />
at Col du Dome (4250 m, Mont Blanc<br />
area)<br />
Vincent C, Le Meur E, Six D, Possenti P, Lefebvre E,<br />
Funk M<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology /<br />
Glaciology<br />
Temperatures were measured in two deep boreholes<br />
drilled at the same location in the ice at Col
126 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Cryosphere | Oceans and Fresh Water<br />
du Dome (4250 m) in 1994 and 2005, providing<br />
clear evidence of atmospheric warming. <strong>The</strong> 1994<br />
temperature profile was already far from steady<br />
state conditions. Results from a heat transfer<br />
model reveal that the englacial temperature increase<br />
cannot be explained solely by atmospheric<br />
temperature rise. <strong>The</strong> latent heat produced by the<br />
refreezing of surface meltwater below the surface<br />
also contributes to the englacial temperature increase.<br />
Although surface melting is normally very<br />
low at this altitude, this contribution became significant<br />
after 1980 for temperatures at the top of<br />
the borehole. Simulations for different climatic<br />
scenarios show that glaciated areas located between<br />
3500 and 4250 m could become temperate<br />
in the future. This warming could have a major<br />
impact on the stability of hanging glaciers frozen<br />
to their beds if the melting point is reached.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16,<br />
AUG 18 ARTN: L16502.<br />
08.1-235<br />
Impact of monsoonal rains on spatial scaling<br />
patterns in water chemistry of a semiarid river<br />
network<br />
Acuna V, Dahm C N<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
<strong>The</strong> chemical composition of surface waters of<br />
nine streams with drainage sizes ranging from<br />
44 to 8900 km(2) within a semiarid catchment<br />
in the southwestern United States was examined<br />
over the monsoonal season of 2006. Primary goals<br />
were to determine the impact of monsoonal rains<br />
on linkages between landscape cover features<br />
and water chemistry in a semiarid river network<br />
and to identify whether drainage size influences<br />
the temporal variability in water chemistry of<br />
streams. Landscape cover features (geology, soil,<br />
and vegetation types) were quantified for the subcatchment<br />
upstream of each study site and the<br />
riparian ecotone. Processes of binary mixing, dilution,<br />
and concentration were identified by end<br />
member mixing analysis (EMMA). Results showed<br />
that most chemical constituents corresponded<br />
to geological features at the basin scale, but<br />
other constituents (TSS and PO 4 3-) corresponded<br />
more closely to riparian features. Importantly,<br />
statistical relationships between land cover and<br />
water chemistry differed between baseflow and<br />
08.1-234<br />
Introduction to special section: Permafrost and<br />
seasonally frozen ground under a changing<br />
climate<br />
Zhang T, Nelson F E, Gruber S<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,<br />
2007, V112, NF2, JUN 28 ARTN: F02S01.<br />
1.5 Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
monsoonal conditions, suggesting that seasonal<br />
changes in hydrologic routing and water sources<br />
(e. g., overland flow versus groundwater sources)<br />
have important consequences for stream chemistry.<br />
In contrast with mesic drainages, temporal<br />
variability in water chemistry increased with spatial<br />
scale. <strong>The</strong> variety of contributing water sources<br />
and the relative effect of dilution and concentration<br />
in each spatial scale may be underlying<br />
processes that explain differences across spatial<br />
scales. Observed patterns in the Gila basin suggest<br />
that climate variability interacts with hydrologic<br />
routing to influence spatial patterns of stream water<br />
chemistry in arid basins. Observations made<br />
here may be similar to other systems with strongly<br />
seasonal climate patterns, and the underlying<br />
determinants of stream chemistry change with<br />
drainage size.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,<br />
2007, V112, NG4, DEC 1 ARTN: G04009.<br />
08.1-236<br />
<strong>The</strong> tracing of riverine U in Arctic seawater<br />
with very precise U-234 /U-238 measurements<br />
Andersen M B, Stirling C H, Porcelli D, Halliday A N,<br />
Andersson P S, Baskaran M<br />
England, Switzerland, New Zealand, USA<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography ,<br />
Hydrology
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
<strong>The</strong> riverine flux of U that enters the deep oceans<br />
is not well constrained since the net losses during<br />
estuarine mixing are difficult to quantify. Riverine-dissolved<br />
U normally has a higher U-234/(238)<br />
U activity ratio (U-234/U-238(ar)) than the uniform<br />
value that characterizes open ocean seawater and<br />
could be used as a tracer of riverine inputs if one<br />
could resolve subtle variations in seawater composition.<br />
Using new mass spectrometry techniques<br />
we achieve a long-term reproducibility +/- 0.3<br />
parts per thousand on U-234/U-238 (ar) which permits<br />
the tracing of riverine U in seawater samples<br />
from the Arctic - a partially restricted basin that is<br />
ideal for such a study. We find that surface waters<br />
from the Arctic basins carry elevated U-234/(238)<br />
Uar when compared with deep ocean seawater.<br />
Samples from the Canada Basin have a significant<br />
freshwater component and provide evidence that<br />
the Mackenzie River loses similar to 65% of its U<br />
in the Mackenzie shelf/estuary zone before entering<br />
the deeper basin. This is in contrast to samples<br />
from the Makarov Basin, which provide evidence<br />
that all of the freshwater input is derived from<br />
the major Yenisey River alone, despite the proximity<br />
of the Lena and Ob Rivers. <strong>The</strong> differing behaviour<br />
of U between the Mackenzie and Yenisey<br />
Rivers is most likely a consequence of the strong<br />
binding of U to dissolved organic matter (DOC) or<br />
secondary phases in these rivers. <strong>The</strong> Yenisey River<br />
appears to transport the majority of the DOC<br />
through the shelf and into the Makarov Basin. In<br />
contrast, the Mackenzie River appears to lose a<br />
significant amount of DOC (> 50%) in the estuary/<br />
shelf zone, which may lead to loss of associated<br />
U. <strong>The</strong>se findings offer a more detailed picture of<br />
the fresh riverine water flow patterns in the Arctic<br />
Ocean when compared to other geochemical proxies.<br />
<strong>The</strong> non-conservative behaviour of U in the<br />
Mackenzie River through the shelf/estuaries has<br />
important implications for U input into oceans<br />
and the total marine budget.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V259,<br />
N1-2, JUL 15, pp 171-185.<br />
08.1-237<br />
Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle<br />
transport and lacustrine sedimentation<br />
Anselmetti F S, Bühler R, Finger D, Girardclos S,<br />
Lancini A, Rellstab C, Sturm M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Limnology , Geomorphology , Water<br />
Resources<br />
<strong>The</strong> effects of high-alpine hydropower damming<br />
on lacustrine sedimentation and transport of<br />
solid particles were investigated in the glaciated<br />
Grimsel area and in downstream Lake Brienz,<br />
127<br />
providing quantitative denudation rates and sediment<br />
yield on a source-sink basis. A total of 271<br />
kt/yr of solid particles entered the Grimsel reservoirs<br />
on average in the last 71 years, mostly by<br />
turbiditic underflows that focused sedimentation<br />
in depocenters upstream of obstacles such as bedrock<br />
ridges, submerged moraines, or dams. This<br />
is equivalent to a sediment yield of 2430 t/(km(2)<br />
yr) in the catchment (111.5 km(2)) or a denudation<br />
rate of 0.94 mm/yr. A total of 39 kt/yr of the fine<br />
fraction (
128 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
experiment, biomass production appeared to be<br />
co-limited by N and P, while N fertilisation dramatically<br />
reduced plant species richness; these<br />
effects became weaker subsequently. Following<br />
two extreme winter floods in 1993-94 and 1994-95<br />
and a drought in spring 1996, the effects of fertilisation<br />
disappeared between 1998 and 2001 and<br />
then appeared again. Flooding caused an overall<br />
reduction in species richness (from c. 24 to 15 species<br />
m(-2)) and an increase in biomass production,<br />
which were only partly reversed after ten years.<br />
Conclusions: Long time series are necessary to<br />
understand vegetation dynamics and nutrient<br />
limitation in river floodplains, since they are influenced<br />
by occasional flood and drought events,<br />
whose effects may persist for more than ten years.<br />
A future increase in flooding frequency might<br />
be detrimental to species richness in floodplain<br />
grasslands.<br />
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007, V18, N5, OCT,<br />
pp 625-634.<br />
08.1-239<br />
Large-scale climatic signatures in lakes across<br />
Europe: a meta- analysis<br />
Blenckner T, Adrian R, Livingstone D M, Jennings<br />
E, Weyhenmeyer G A, George D G, Jankowski T,<br />
Jarvinen M, Aonghusa Caitriona N, Noges T, Straile<br />
D, Teubner K<br />
Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, England,<br />
Finland, Estonia, Austria<br />
Zoology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology<br />
Recent studies have highlighted the impact of the<br />
winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on water<br />
temperature, ice conditions, and spring plankton<br />
phenology in specific lakes and regions in Europe.<br />
Here, we use meta-analysis techniques to test<br />
whether 18 lakes in northern, western, and central<br />
Europe respond coherently to winter climate<br />
forcing, and to assess the persistence of the winter<br />
climate signal in physical, chemical, and biological<br />
variables during the year. A meta-analysis<br />
approach was chosen because we wished to emphasize<br />
the overall coherence pattern rather than<br />
individual lake responses. A particular strength<br />
of our approach is that time-series from each of<br />
the 18 lakes were subjected to the same robust<br />
statistical analysis covering the same 23-year period.<br />
Although the strongest overall coherence in<br />
response to the winter NAO was exhibited by lake<br />
water temperatures, a strong, coherent response<br />
was also exhibited by concentrations of soluble<br />
reactive phosphorus and soluble reactive silicate,<br />
most likely as a result of the coherent response<br />
exhibited by the spring phytoplankton bloom.<br />
Lake nitrate concentrations showed significant<br />
coherence in winter. With the exception of the<br />
cyanobacterial biomass in summer, phytoplankton<br />
biomass in all seasons was unrelated to the<br />
winter NAO. A strong coherence in the abundance<br />
of daphnids during spring can most likely be attributed<br />
to coherence in daphnid phenology. A<br />
strong coherence in the summer abundance of<br />
the cyclopoid copepods may have been related to<br />
a coherent change in their emergence from resting<br />
stages. We discuss the complex nature of the<br />
potential mechanisms that drive the observed<br />
changes.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Biology, 2007, V13, N7, JUL, pp<br />
1314-1326.<br />
08.1-240<br />
<strong>The</strong> ecology of European ponds: defining<br />
the characteristics of a neglected freshwater<br />
habitat<br />
Cereghino R, Biggs J, Oertli B, Declerck S<br />
France, England, Switzerland, Belgium<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is growing awareness in Europe of the importance<br />
of ponds, and increasing understanding<br />
of the contribution they make to aquatic biodiversity<br />
and catchment functions. Collectively, they<br />
support considerably more species, and specifically<br />
more scarce species, than other freshwater waterbody<br />
types. Ponds create links (or stepping stones)<br />
between existing aquatic habitats, but also provide<br />
ecosystem services such as nutrient interception,<br />
hydrological regulation, etc. In addition, ponds are<br />
powerful model systems for studies in ecology, evolutionary<br />
biology and conservation biology, and<br />
can be used as sentinel systems in the monitoring<br />
of global change. Ponds have begun to receive<br />
greater protection, particularly in the Mediterranean<br />
regions of Europe, as a result of the identification<br />
of Mediterranean temporary ponds as a priority<br />
in the EU Habitats Directive. Despite this, they<br />
remain excluded from the provisions of the Water<br />
Framework Directive, even though this is intended<br />
to ensure the good status of all waters. <strong>The</strong>re is now<br />
a need to strengthen, develop and coordinate existing<br />
initiatives, and to build a common framework<br />
in order to establish a sound scientific and practical<br />
basis for pond conservation in Europe. <strong>The</strong> articles<br />
presented in this issue are intended to explore<br />
scientific problems to be solved in order to increase<br />
the understanding and the protection of ponds, to<br />
highlight those aspects of pond ecology that are<br />
relevant to freshwater science, and to bring out research<br />
areas which are likely to prove fruitful for<br />
further investigation.<br />
Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 1-6.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-241<br />
Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater<br />
invertebrates in farm ponds of a southwestern<br />
French agricultural landscape<br />
Cereghino R, Ruggiero A, Marty P, Angelibert S<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Agriculture,<br />
Soil Sciences , Ecology , Zoology<br />
We assessed the importance for biodiversity of<br />
man-made farm ponds in an agricultural landscape<br />
in SW France lacking natural wetlands.<br />
<strong>The</strong> ponds were originally created to provide a<br />
variety of societal services (irrigation, visual amenity,<br />
water for cattle, etc.). We also assessed the<br />
environmental factors influencing invertebrate<br />
assemblages in these ponds. Only 18 invertebrate<br />
taxa out of 114 taxa occurring in the study area<br />
were common to ponds and rivers indicating that<br />
the contribution of farm ponds to freshwater biodiversity<br />
was potentially high. A Self-Organizing<br />
Map (SOM, neural network) was used to classify 36<br />
farm ponds in terms of the 52 invertebrate families<br />
and genera they supported, and to specify<br />
the influence of environmental variables related<br />
to land-use and to pond characteristics on the<br />
assemblage patterns. <strong>The</strong> SOM trained with taxa<br />
occurrences showed five clusters of ponds, most<br />
taxa occurring only in 1-2 clusters of ponds. Abandoned<br />
ponds tended to support higher numbers<br />
of taxa, probably because they were allowed to<br />
undergo a natural succession. Nevertheless, abandoned<br />
ponds were also amongst the largest, so<br />
that it remained difficult to separate the effects of<br />
pond size and abandonment, although both factors<br />
were likely to interact to favour higher taxon<br />
richness. <strong>The</strong> invertebrate communities in the<br />
ponds appeared to be influenced mainly by widely<br />
acting environmental factors (e.g. area, regionalization<br />
of assemblages) with little evidence that<br />
pond use (e.g. cattle watering, amenity) generally<br />
influenced assemblage composition. Our results<br />
support the idea that agricultural landscapes<br />
containing man- made ponds make a significant<br />
contribution to freshwater biodiversity indicating<br />
that protection of farm ponds from threats such<br />
as in- filling and pollution can make a positive<br />
contribution to the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.<br />
This added value for biodiversity should<br />
be considered when calculating the economic<br />
costs and benefits of constructing water bodies<br />
for human activities.<br />
Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 43-51.<br />
129<br />
08.1-242<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain): A singular<br />
natural ecosystem threatened by human<br />
activities<br />
Conesa H M, Jimenez Carceles F J<br />
Switzerland, Spain<br />
Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Marine &<br />
Freshwater Biology<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mar Menor lagoon is one of the most important<br />
ecological singularities in the Mediterranean<br />
area. At the same time, it is an area where many<br />
economic and industrial activities meet. <strong>The</strong> sum<br />
of the impacts of mining, agriculture and urban<br />
development in the surroundings to the lagoon<br />
during the last decades has affected its ecosystem.<br />
In this paper, we have reviewed the studies done<br />
by researchers over two decades regarding the<br />
impacts of human activities in the lagoon, reporting<br />
data of contamination levels and the effects<br />
generated in the ecosystem of the lagoon. <strong>The</strong><br />
discharge of enriched nutrient waters seems to be<br />
the most important input in the lagoon. <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
to more friendly agricultural techniques in the<br />
surrounding areas are therefore necessary. After<br />
our review, we can conclude that it is necessary<br />
to have higher efforts from the public administrations<br />
and stricter environmental regulations in<br />
order to preserve, on one hand, the important ecological<br />
values of the lagoon, and on other hand,<br />
public health.<br />
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp<br />
839-849.<br />
08.1-243<br />
Earth Observation for wetland inventory, assessment<br />
and monitoring<br />
Davidson N C, Finlayson C M<br />
Switzerland, Sri Lanka<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
, Remote Sensing , Ecology<br />
1. Wetland inventory, assessment and monitoring<br />
are widely recognized as essential tools for a<br />
range of purposes that underpin sound decisionmaking<br />
and the management of wetlands so as to<br />
maintain their ecological character, including the<br />
critical services they provide to people worldwide.<br />
2. In recognition of this, the Ramsar Convention<br />
on Wetlands has adopted a suite of tools designed<br />
for: (i) describing the ecological character of wetlands;<br />
(ii) assessing the pressures and associated<br />
risks of adverse change; and (iii) monitoring the<br />
extent of any change that occurs as a consequence<br />
of management actions. 3. As a prelude to considering<br />
the application of Earth Observation techniques<br />
to wetlands a review of the needs and purposes<br />
of inventory, assessment and monitoring is
130 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
provided and linked with the wetlands ‘toolkit’<br />
that the Convention has developed. In particular<br />
the usefulness of Earth Observation for undertaking<br />
such work more widely, and making its results<br />
more accessible to users, is considered. 4. As<br />
the wide typological, geographical and temporal<br />
variability of wetlands poses major challenges for<br />
inventory and assessment there have been many<br />
calls for the effective application of Earth Observation.<br />
In response a number of remote-sensing<br />
techniques have been developed or are being considered,<br />
such as the application of satellite-based<br />
radar, with more recent attention given to the<br />
application of long-wavelength (L-band) synthetic<br />
aperture radar. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley &<br />
Sons, Ltd.<br />
Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems,<br />
2007, V17, N3, MAY, pp 219-228.<br />
08.1-244<br />
Biodegradation and environmental behavior<br />
of biodiesel mixtures in the sea: An initial<br />
study<br />
Demello J A, Carmichael C A, Peacock E E, Nelson R<br />
K, Arey J S, Reddy C M<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Toxicology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology<br />
Biodiesel, a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters<br />
(FAMEs) derived from animal fats or vegetable<br />
oils, is rapidly moving towards the mainstream<br />
as an alternative source of energy. However, the<br />
behavior of biodiesel, or blends of biodiesel with<br />
fossil diesel, in the marine environment have yet<br />
to be fully understood. Hence, we performed a series<br />
of initial laboratory experiments and simple<br />
calculations to evaluate the microbial and environmental<br />
fate of FAMEs. Aerobic seawater microcosms<br />
spiked with biodiesel or mixtures of biodiesel<br />
and fossil diesel revealed that the FAMEs were<br />
degraded at roughly the same rate as n-alkanes,<br />
and more rapidly than other hydrocarbon components.<br />
<strong>The</strong> residues extracted from these different<br />
microcosms became indistinguishable within<br />
weeks. Preliminary results from physical-chemical<br />
calculations suggest that FAMEs in biodiesel<br />
mixtures will not affect the evaporation rates of<br />
spilled petroleum hydrocarbons but may stabilize<br />
oil droplets in the water column and thereby facilitate<br />
transport. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights<br />
reserved.<br />
Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, V54, N7, JUL, pp<br />
894-904.<br />
08.1-245<br />
Effect of water-table fluctuation on dissolution<br />
and biodegradation of a multi-component,<br />
light nonaqueous-phase liquid<br />
Dobson R, Schroth M H, Zeyer J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Water Resources ,<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids (LNAPLs) such as<br />
gasoline and diesel fuel are among the most common<br />
causes of soil and groundwater contamination.<br />
Dissolution and subsequent advective transport<br />
of LNAPL components can negatively impact<br />
water supplies, while biodegradation is thought<br />
to be an important sink for this class of contaminants.<br />
We present a laboratory investigation of<br />
the effect of a water-table fluctuation on dissolution<br />
and biodegradation of a multi-component<br />
LNAPL (85% hexadecane, 5% toluene, 5% ethylbenzene,<br />
and 5% 2-methylnapthalene on a molar<br />
basis) in a pair of similar model aquifers (80 cm<br />
x 50 cm x 3 cm), one of which was subjected to<br />
a water-table fluctuation. Water-table fluctuation<br />
resulted in LNAPL and air entrapment below the<br />
water table, an increase in the vertical extent of<br />
the LNAPL source zone (by factor 6.7), and an increase<br />
in the volume of water passing through<br />
the source zone (by factor similar to 18). Effluent<br />
concentrations of dissolved LNAPL components<br />
were substantially higher and those of dissolved<br />
nitrate lower in the model aquifer where a fluctuation<br />
had been induced. Thus, water-table fluctuation<br />
led to enhanced biodegradation activity<br />
(28.3 mmol of nitrate consumed compared to 16.3<br />
mmol in the model without fluctuation) as well<br />
as enhanced dissolution of LNAPL components.<br />
Despite the increased biodegradation, fluctuation<br />
led to increased elution of dissolved LNAPL components<br />
from the system (by factors 10-20). Hence,<br />
water-table fluctuations in LNAPL-contaminated<br />
aquifers might be expected to result in increased<br />
exposure of downgradient receptors to LNAPL<br />
components. Accordingly, water-table fluctuations<br />
in contaminated aquifers are probably undesirable<br />
unless the LNAPL is of minimal solubility<br />
or the dissolved-phase plume is not expected to<br />
reach a receptor due to distance or the presence of<br />
some form of containment.<br />
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2007, V94,<br />
N3-4, DEC 7, pp 235-248.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-246<br />
Ecosystem expansion and contraction dynamics<br />
along a large Alpine alluvial corridor<br />
(Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy)<br />
Doering M, Uehlinger U, Rotach A, Schlaepfer D R,<br />
Tockner K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Ecology , Geomorphology<br />
Riverine floodplains are pulsing ecosystems that<br />
expand and contract with changing flow. In this<br />
study we quantified large-scale expansion and<br />
contraction dynamics of surface waters along<br />
a 41.5 km braided section of the last remaining<br />
semi-natural large Alpine gravel-bed river (Tagliamento<br />
River; NE Italy). To assess surface-subsurface<br />
exchange patterns We measured discharge and<br />
vertical hydraulic gradients at multiple locations<br />
along the corridor. We identified two river sections<br />
delineated by distinct geomorphic knickpoints. In<br />
the upper 29 km, Section I (losing zone), surface<br />
flow decreased on average by 2.5 +/- 0.8 m(3) s(-1)<br />
per river-km. In the downstream 12.5 km, Section<br />
II (gaining zone), surface How increased on average<br />
by 0.3 +/- 0.1 m(3)s(-1) per river-km. <strong>The</strong> losing<br />
zone experienced frequent and extensive drying<br />
and rewetting cycles. <strong>The</strong> length of the dry river<br />
section was measured over a 1.5 year period using<br />
differential GPS. Up to 23 km of Section I fell dry<br />
at the surface. Frequent and irregular flow pulses<br />
led to rapid expansions of the wetted channel at<br />
velocities of up to 3 km h(-1), while the subsequent<br />
contraction velocities were less than 0-5 km h(-1).<br />
Water level was linearly regressed against the total<br />
length of the dry river section (r(2) = 0.74; p<br />
< 0.0001). This relationship, in combination with<br />
a continuous stage record, was used to evaluate<br />
expansion and contraction dynamics over a 4 year<br />
period. Timing, frequency, magnitude (spatial extent)<br />
and duration of expansion and contraction<br />
dynamics reflected the flashy flow regime of the<br />
Tagliamento River, including a high intra- and<br />
inter-annual variability of surface drying and rewetting.<br />
Our study emphasizes that even small<br />
changes in How can cause major increases or<br />
decreases of ecosystem size, thereby creating a<br />
highly dynamic and harsh environment for both<br />
terrestrial and aquatic organisms.<br />
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2007, V32,<br />
N11, OCT 15, pp 1693-1704.<br />
131<br />
08.1-247<br />
Field evidence of a dynamic leakage coefficient<br />
for modelling river- aquifer interactions<br />
Doppler T, Franssen H J H, Kaiser H P, Kuhlman U,<br />
Stauffer F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Water Resources , Hydrology<br />
In groundwater flow modelling, the interaction<br />
between rivers and aquifers is usually modelled<br />
with spatially and temporally constant leakage<br />
coefficients. We used conventional model calibration<br />
techniques to investigate the time-varying<br />
river-aquifer interactions in the sandy gravel<br />
aquifer of the upper Limmat valley in Zürich<br />
(Switzerland). <strong>The</strong> aim of the study was to determine<br />
whether the leakage coefficients have to be<br />
treated as time-dependent in order to adequately<br />
model the dynamics of the groundwater flow. A<br />
transient horizontal two-dimensional groundwater<br />
flow model was established together with a<br />
one-dimensional hydraulic model for river flow,<br />
as well as a scheme calculating groundwater recharge<br />
and lateral inflow from meteorological<br />
data and a soil water balance model. <strong>The</strong> groundwater<br />
flow model was calibrated using hydraulic<br />
head data from May and June 2004 and July and<br />
August 2005. <strong>The</strong> verification period covered 13<br />
years using hydraulic head data from 90 piezometers.<br />
<strong>The</strong> comparison of the model results with<br />
the measurements in the verification period revealed<br />
three phenomena concerning river-aquifer<br />
interaction which all showed up as systematic deviations<br />
between model and observations. (1) <strong>The</strong><br />
major flood event in May 1999 had a significant<br />
and persistent influence on the river-aquifer interaction.<br />
In an impounded river section upstream<br />
of a weir, the infiltration of river water was enhanced<br />
by the flooding probably due to erosion<br />
processes. (2) Seasonal river water temperature<br />
fluctuations influenced the infiltration rate, due<br />
to the temperature dependence of hydraulic<br />
conductivity of the river bed. (3) Depending on<br />
geometry and hydraulic characteristics of the riverbanks<br />
the leakage coefficient can be a function<br />
of the river stage. With higher water levels, additional<br />
areas can contribute to the infiltration of<br />
river water. <strong>The</strong>refore, in modelling groundwater<br />
flow with strong river-aquifer interactions, it can<br />
become necessary to consider dynamic leakage<br />
coefficients and to recalibrate periodically.<br />
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V347, N1-2, DEC 15,<br />
pp 177-187.
132 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-248<br />
<strong>The</strong> GLOWA Jordan river project: Integrated<br />
research for sustainable water management<br />
Drexler C, Tielbörger K<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Water Resources , Hydrology<br />
Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27,<br />
N3, AUG, pp 274-275.<br />
08.1-249<br />
Hydropower production and river rehabilitation:<br />
A case study on an alpine river<br />
Fette M, Weber C, Peter A, Wehrli B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology<br />
Despite the numerous benefits of hydropower production,<br />
this renewable energy source can have serious<br />
negative consequences on the environment.<br />
For example, dams act as barriers for the longitudinal<br />
migration of organisms and transport of<br />
particulate matter. Accelerated siltation processes<br />
in the receiving river reduce the vertical connectivity<br />
between river and groundwater. Hydropeaks,<br />
caused by short-term changes in hydropower<br />
operation, result in a negative impact on both<br />
habitat and organisms, especially during winter<br />
months when natural discharge is low and almost<br />
constant. In this study, we report the current deficits<br />
present in the River Rhone from two different<br />
scientific perspectives - fish ecology and hydrology.<br />
Potential rehabilitation solutions in synergy<br />
with flood protection measures are discussed. We<br />
focus on the effects of hydropeaking in relation to<br />
longitudinal and vertical dimensions and discuss<br />
local river widening as a potential rehabilitation<br />
tool. <strong>The</strong> fish fauna in the Rhone is characterized<br />
by a highly unnatural structure (low diversity,<br />
impaired age distribution). A high correlation between<br />
fish biomass and monotonous morphology<br />
(poor cover availability) was established. Tracer<br />
hydrology provided further details about the reduced<br />
permeability of the riverbank, revealing a<br />
high degree of siltation with K values of about 4.7<br />
x 10 (-6) m s(-1). Improving the hydrologic situation<br />
is therefore essential for the successful rehabilitation<br />
of the Rhone River. To this end, hydropeaks<br />
in the river reaches must be attenuated. This<br />
can be realized by a combination of different hard<br />
technical and soft operational measures such as<br />
retention reservoirs or slower up and down ramping<br />
of turbines.<br />
Environmental Modeling Assessment, 2007, V12,<br />
N4, NOV, pp 257-267.<br />
08.1-250<br />
Effects of alpine hydropower operations on<br />
primary production in a downstream lake<br />
Finger D, Bossard P, Schmid M, Jaun L, Müller B,<br />
Steiner D, Schäffer E, Zeh M, Wüest A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Limnology , Hydrology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
, Ecology , Water Resources<br />
During the past century, the construction of hydropower<br />
dams in the watershed of Lake Brienz<br />
has significantly altered the dynamics of turbidity,<br />
which has important implications for lake<br />
productivity. To assess these effects, we measured<br />
in situ carbon assimilation rates and ambient<br />
light intensities over 18 months. Based on experimental<br />
data, a numerical model was developed<br />
to assess gross primary production under present<br />
light conditions and those under a hypothetical<br />
case without upstream dams. Light conditions<br />
for the hypothetical ‘no-dam’ situation were estimated<br />
from pre-dam Secchi depths and simulated<br />
‘no-dam’ particle concentrations. Current gross<br />
primary production is low (similar to 66 gC m(-2)<br />
yr(-1)), and could increase similar to 44% if the lake<br />
was less turbid. Disregarding nutrient retention<br />
in reservoirs, we estimate gross primary production<br />
would be similar to 35% lower in summer and<br />
similar to 23% higher in winter in the absence of<br />
reservoirs. <strong>The</strong> annual primary production (similar<br />
to 58 gC m(-2)yr(-1)) would decrease similar to<br />
12% compared to the current primary production<br />
with dams. According to model calculations, hydropower<br />
operations have significantly altered<br />
the seasonal dynamics, but have little effect on<br />
annual primary production in Lake Brienz.<br />
Aquatic Sciences, 2007, V69, N2, JUN, pp 240-256.<br />
08.1-251<br />
Comparing effects of oligotrophication and<br />
upstream hydropower dams on plankton and<br />
productivity in perialpine lakes<br />
Finger D, Schmid M, Wüest A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Hydrology , Water Resources , Marine<br />
& Freshwater Biology<br />
In recent decades, many perialpine lakes have<br />
been affected by oligotrophication due to efficient<br />
sewage treatment and by altered water turbidity<br />
due to upstream hydropower operations. Such<br />
simultaneous environmental changes often lead<br />
to public debate on the actual causes of observed<br />
productivity reductions. We evaluate the effects<br />
of those two changes by a combined approach<br />
of modeling and data interpretation for a case<br />
study on Lake Brienz (Switzerland), a typical oligotrophic<br />
perialpine lake, located downstream
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
of several hydropower reservoirs. A physical kepsilon<br />
scheme and a biogeochemical advectiondiffusion-reaction<br />
model were implemented and<br />
applied for several hypothetical scenarios with different<br />
nutrient loads and different particle input<br />
dynamics. <strong>The</strong> simulation results are compared to<br />
long-term biotic data collected from 1999 to 2004.<br />
<strong>The</strong> analysis shows that enhanced nutrient supply<br />
increases the nutritious value of algae, stimulating<br />
zooplankton growth, while phytoplankton<br />
growth is limited by stronger top-down control.<br />
Annually integrated productivity is only slightly<br />
influenced by altered turbidity, as phosphorous<br />
limitation prevails. Simulations indicate that the<br />
spring production peak is delayed because of increased<br />
turbidity in winter caused by upstream<br />
hydropower operation. As a consequence, the entire<br />
nutrient cycle is seasonally delayed, creating<br />
an additional stress for zooplankton and fish in<br />
the downstream lake.<br />
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC<br />
11 ARTN: W12404.<br />
08.1-252<br />
Characterizing water circulation and contaminant<br />
transport in Lake Geneva using bacteriophage<br />
tracer experiments and limnological<br />
methods<br />
Goldscheider N, Haller L, Pote J, Wildi W, Zopfi J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Limnology , Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater<br />
Biology<br />
Multi-tracer tests with three types of marine bacteriophages<br />
(H4/4, H6/1, and H40/1), together with<br />
various limnological methods, including physicochemical<br />
depth profiling, surface drifters, deep<br />
current measurements, and fecal indicator bacteria<br />
analyses, have been applied to characterize<br />
water circulation and pathogen transport in the<br />
Bay of Vidy (Lake Geneva, Switzerland). <strong>The</strong> experimental<br />
program was carried out twice, first in November<br />
2005, when the lake was stratified, and a<br />
second time during holomixis in February 2006.<br />
<strong>The</strong> bacteriophages were injected at three points<br />
at different depths, where contaminated waters<br />
enter the lake, including the outlet pipe of a wastewater<br />
treatment plant, a river, and a stormwater<br />
outlet. <strong>The</strong>reafter, water samples were collected<br />
in the lake at 2 m depth during a 48 h sampling<br />
campaign. <strong>The</strong> results demonstrate that (i) contaminated<br />
river water spreads rapidly in the bay; (ii) a<br />
well- developed thermocline is highly effective in<br />
preventing contamination from the depth to rise<br />
up to the surface; (iii) rapid vertical mixing and<br />
pathogen transport occur under thermally homogeneous<br />
conditions; and (iv) repeated multi-tracer<br />
133<br />
tests with bacteriophages are a powerful technique<br />
to assess water circulation and contaminant transport<br />
in lakes where high dilution occurs.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N15, AUG 1, pp 5252-5258.<br />
08.1-253<br />
Bubble gas-exchange in an artificially aerated<br />
lake traced using noble gases<br />
Holzner C P, Graser N, Kipfer R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A413.<br />
08.1-254<br />
Accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in<br />
freshwater “seafood” and its consequences for<br />
public health: A review<br />
Ibelings B W, Chorus I<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Toxicology , Human<br />
& Public Health<br />
This review summarizes and discusses the current<br />
understanding of human exposure to cyanobacterial<br />
toxins in “seafood” collected from<br />
freshwater and coastal areas. <strong>The</strong> review consists<br />
of three parts: (a) the existing literature on concentrations<br />
of cyanobacterial toxins in seafood is<br />
reviewed, and the likelihood of bioaccumulation<br />
discussed; (b) we derive cyanotoxin doses likely<br />
to occur through seafood consumption and propose<br />
guideline values for seafood and compare<br />
these to guidelines for drinking water; and (c) we<br />
discuss means to assess, control or mitigate the<br />
risks of exposure to cyanotoxins through seafood<br />
consumption. This is discussed in the context of<br />
two specific procedures, the food specific HACCPapproach<br />
and the water- specific Water Safety<br />
Plan approach by the WHO. Risks of exposure to<br />
cyanotoxins in food are sometimes underestimated.<br />
Risk assessments should acknowledge this and<br />
investigate the partitioning of exposure between<br />
drinking-water and food, which may vary depending<br />
on local circumstances.<br />
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N1, NOV, pp<br />
177-192.<br />
08.1-255<br />
Effects of upstream hydropower operation<br />
and oligotrophication on the light regime of a<br />
turbid peri-alpine lake<br />
Jaun L, Finger D, Zeh M, Schurter M, Wüest A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
, Ecology , Water Resources
134 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
Anthropogenic activities in catchments can alter<br />
the light regimes in downstream natural waters,<br />
affecting light attenuation and the perceived optical<br />
properties of the waters. We analyzed the<br />
effects of upstream hydropower operation and<br />
oligotrophication on light attenuation and reflectance<br />
in Lake Brienz (Switzerland). For this<br />
purpose, we reconstructed its light regime for the<br />
pre-dam condition and for periods of 4-fold increased<br />
primary productivity, based on direct observations<br />
of light and beam attenuation as well<br />
as concentrations of optically active compounds,<br />
especially observed and simulated mineral particle<br />
concentrations. Based on our assessment, light<br />
attenuation before the construction of upstream<br />
dams was double the current value during summer<br />
and nearly half in winter. This result is consistent<br />
with pre-dam measurements of Secchi depths<br />
in the early 1920s. Using a simple optical model, a<br />
significant increase in reflectance since the 1970s<br />
was estimated, assuming a 4-fold decrease of optical<br />
active organic compounds within the lake. As<br />
reflectance is perceived by human eyes as turbidity,<br />
this may explain subjective reports by local<br />
residents of increasing turbidity in recent years.<br />
Aquatic Sciences, 2007, V69, N2, JUN, pp 212-226.<br />
08.1-256<br />
Decadal water mass variations along 20 degrees<br />
W in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean<br />
Johnson G C, Gruber N<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Oceanography<br />
Water mass variations in the northeastern Atlantic<br />
Ocean along 20 degrees W are analyzed with<br />
pentadal resolution over the past 15 years using<br />
data from four repeat occupations of a meridional<br />
hydrographic section running south from Iceland.<br />
<strong>The</strong> section was sampled in 1988, 1993, 1998, and<br />
2003. <strong>The</strong> results are interpreted in the context of<br />
changes in air-sea forcing, ocean circulation, and<br />
water properties associated with the North Atlantic<br />
Oscillation (NAO) . <strong>The</strong> NAO index oscillated around<br />
zero from 1984 to 1988, was strongly positive from<br />
1989 to 1995, after which it shifted to lower positive,<br />
and occasionally negative values from 1996 to 2003.<br />
Previously published studies suggest that after the<br />
1995-1996 shift of the NAO, the subpolar gyre largely<br />
retreated to the northwest in the northeastern Atlantic<br />
Ocean, resulting in an increasingly southeastern<br />
character of local water masses with time. Water<br />
property changes extending from the Subpolar<br />
Mode Water (SPMW) just below the seasonal pycnocline<br />
through the density range shared by Mediterranean<br />
Outflow Water and SubArctic Intermediate<br />
Water (SAIW) along 20 degrees W are consistent<br />
with changes in wind-driven ocean circulation and<br />
air-sea heat flux associated with shifts in the NAO,<br />
especially after accounting for ocean memory. After<br />
periods of lower NAO index the SPMW is warmer,<br />
saltier, and lighter. At these same times, large increases<br />
of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and<br />
potential vorticity are found at the SPMW base, consistent<br />
with SPMW ventilation to lighter densities<br />
during lower NAO index periods. Deeper and denser<br />
in the water column, the cold, fresh, and dense<br />
SAIW signature within the permanent pycnocline<br />
that was most strongly present in 1993, near the culmination<br />
of a period of high NAO index, is much<br />
reduced in 1988 and 1998. In 2003, after a prolonged<br />
period of lower NAO index, increasing influence of<br />
warmer, saltier subtropical waters is clear within<br />
the permanent pycnocline. <strong>The</strong> deep penetration of<br />
the changes implies that they are caused primarily<br />
by circulation changes resulting from NAO-associated<br />
wind shifts, but changes in air-sea heat flux could<br />
also have played a role.<br />
Progress in Oceanography, 2007, V73, N3-4, pp<br />
277-295.<br />
08.1-257<br />
Relationships among recent Alpine Cladocera<br />
remains and their environment: Implications<br />
for climate-change studies<br />
Kamenik C, Szeroczynska K, Schmidt R<br />
Switzerland, Poland, Austria<br />
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences , Ecology<br />
Our objective was to assess the potential of Cladocera<br />
from mountain lakes for climate reconstruction.<br />
We related Cladocera from surface sediments<br />
of Alpine lakes (1,502-2,309 m asl) to 29 abiotic environmental<br />
variables using statistical methods. <strong>The</strong><br />
environmental dataset included water chemistry,<br />
lake depth, and bi-hourly water- temperature logs,<br />
which were used to assess mean monthly water<br />
temperatures, dates of freezing and breakup, spring<br />
and autumn mixing. We found 14 different Cladocera<br />
of the families Bosminidae, Daphniidae, and<br />
Chydoridae. Lakes without Cladocera (eight lakes)<br />
were cold and/or ultra-oligotrophic, whereas lakes<br />
with planktonic and littoral Cladocera (19 lakes)<br />
were warmer and/or less oligotrophic. Lakes with<br />
only littoral Cladocera (18 lakes) had intermediate<br />
water temperatures/trophy. <strong>Change</strong>s in Cladocera<br />
assemblages were related to changes in climate,<br />
nutrients, and/or alkalinity. We found a climate<br />
threshold at which Bosminidae disappeared in<br />
95% of the lakes. For climate-change research, we<br />
propose studying Cladocera along transects that<br />
include climatic thresholds.<br />
Hydrobiologia, 2007, V594, DEC, pp 33-46.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-258<br />
Implementation of a process-based catchment<br />
model in a poorly gauged, highly glacierized<br />
Himalayan headwater<br />
Konz M, Uhlenbrook S, Braun L, Shrestha A, Demuth<br />
S<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Nepal<br />
Modelling , Hydrology<br />
<strong>The</strong> paper presents a catchment modeling approach<br />
for remote glacierized Himalayan catchments.<br />
<strong>The</strong> distributed catchment model TAC<br />
(D), which is widely based on the HBV model, was<br />
further developed for the application in highly<br />
glacierized catchments on a daily timestep and<br />
applied to the Nepalese Himalayan headwater<br />
Langtang Khola (360 km(2)). Low laying reference<br />
stations are taken for temperature extrapolation<br />
applying a second order polynomial function.<br />
Probability based statistical methods enable<br />
bridging data gaps in daily precipitation<br />
time series and the redistribution of cumulated<br />
precipitation sums over the previous days. Snow<br />
and ice melt was calculated in a distributed way<br />
based on the temperature- index method employing<br />
calculated daily potential sunshine durations.<br />
Different melting conditions of snow and ice and<br />
melting of ice under debris layers were considered.<br />
<strong>The</strong> spatial delineation of hydrological response<br />
units was achieved by taking topographic<br />
and physiographic information from maps and<br />
satellite images into account, and enabled to<br />
incorporate process knowledge into the model.<br />
Simulation results demonstrated that the model<br />
is able to simulate daily discharge for a period of<br />
10 years and point glacier mass balances observed<br />
in the research area with an adequate reliability.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simple but robust data pre-processing and<br />
modeling approach enables the determination of<br />
the components of the water balance of a remote,<br />
data scarce catchment with a minimum of input<br />
data.<br />
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11,<br />
N4, pp 1323-1339.<br />
08.1-259<br />
Effects of impoundment on nutrient availability<br />
and productivity in lakes<br />
Matzinger A, Pieters R, Ashley K I, Lawrence G A,<br />
Wüest A<br />
Switzerland, Canada<br />
Modelling , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
We investigate the hydraulic alteration and the<br />
effect on primary productivity of the Hugh Keenleyside<br />
Dam built at the outlet of the Arrow Lakes<br />
(British Columbia, Canada) in 1967. Three dam-<br />
135<br />
induced hydraulic changes have been identified<br />
as relevant: (1) water level increase, (2) leveling of<br />
the seasonal outflow, and (3) subsurface release of<br />
water from the dam. <strong>The</strong> potential effect of these<br />
alterations on primary productivity were tested<br />
with a numerical model supported by field observations.<br />
Hydraulic modifications can reduce lake<br />
productivity by up to 40%, primarily as a result<br />
of altered flow path and allowing nutrients to<br />
pass through the reservoir without entering the<br />
productive zone near the surface. This productivity<br />
loss is comparable to the reduction caused<br />
by nutrient retention behind dams constructed<br />
upstream of the Arrow Lakes Reservoir. <strong>The</strong> combined<br />
productivity loss from both of these two<br />
mechanisms is significant and may well be responsible<br />
for the dramatic decline of kokanee (Oncorhynchus<br />
nerka) observed in the Arrow Lakes<br />
Reservoir in the 1990s.<br />
Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N6,<br />
NOV, pp 2629-2640.<br />
08.1-260<br />
Eutrophication: are mayflies (Ephemeroptera)<br />
good bioindicators for ponds?<br />
Menetrey N, Oertli B, Sartori M, Wagner A, Lachavanne<br />
J B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Water<br />
Resources , Biodiversity<br />
Ephemeroptera larvae are recognized worldwide<br />
for their sensitivity to oxygen depletion in running<br />
waters, and are therefore commonly used as<br />
bioindicators in many monitoring programmes.<br />
Mayflies inhabiting lentic waters, like lakes and<br />
ponds, in contrary have been poorly prospected<br />
in biomonitoring. For this purpose, a better understanding<br />
of their distribution in lentic habitats<br />
and of the relations of species presence with<br />
environmental conditions are needed. Within<br />
this framework, 104 ponds were sampled in Switzerland.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Ephemeroptera are found to be an<br />
insect order particularly well represented in the<br />
ponds studied here (93% of the lowland ponds).<br />
Nevertheless, in terms of diversity, they are relatively<br />
poorly represented (mean species number<br />
= 1.9). Two species dominated: Cloeon dipterum<br />
(Baetidae) and Caenis horaria (Caenidae). <strong>The</strong> investigations<br />
contributed to the updating of the<br />
geographical distribution of the species in Switzerland,<br />
as many of the observations appear to<br />
be from new localities. <strong>The</strong> trophic state of ponds<br />
appears here to be important for Ephemeroptera<br />
communities. First, there is a negative relationship<br />
between total phosphorus (TP) concentrations<br />
and species richness. Second, the presence of
136 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
Caenis horaria or Cloeon dipterum is dependent<br />
on the trophic state. Caenis horaria is most closely<br />
associated with low levels of TP concentrations,<br />
while Cloeon dipterum appears to be less sensitive,<br />
and is most frequently found in hypertrophic<br />
conditions. A probable consequence of these relations,<br />
is that Baetidae are always present when<br />
Caenidae are also present. Contrastingly, Baetidae<br />
is observed as the only mayflies family present in<br />
several ponds.<br />
Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 125-135.<br />
08.1-261<br />
Inorganic carbon fixation by sulfate-reducing<br />
bacteria in the Black Sea water column<br />
Neretin L N, Abed R M M, Schippers A, Schubert C<br />
J, Kohls K, Kuypers M M M<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Microbiology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
<strong>The</strong> Black Sea is the largest anoxic water basin on<br />
Earth and its stratified water column comprises<br />
an upper oxic, middle suboxic and a lower permanently<br />
anoxic, sulfidic zone. <strong>The</strong> abundance<br />
of sulfate- reducing bacteria (SRB) in water samples<br />
was determined by quantifying the copy<br />
number of the dsrA gene coding for the alpha<br />
subunit of the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase<br />
using real-time polymerase chain reaction. <strong>The</strong><br />
dsrA gene was detected throughout the whole<br />
suboxic and anoxic zones. <strong>The</strong> maximum dsrA<br />
copy numbers were 5 x 10(2) and 6.3 x 10(2) copies<br />
ml(-1) at 95 m in the suboxic and at 150 m in<br />
the upper anoxic zone, respectively. <strong>The</strong> proportion<br />
of SRB to total Bacteria was 0.1% in the oxic,<br />
0.8-1.9% in the suboxic and 1.2-4.7% in the anoxic<br />
zone. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA clones<br />
showed that most clones from the anoxic zone<br />
formed a coherent cluster within the Desulfonema-Desulfosarcina<br />
group. A similar depth profile<br />
as for dsrA copy numbers was obtained for the<br />
concentration of non-isoprenoidal dialkyl glycerol<br />
diethers (DGDs), which are most likely SRBspecific<br />
lipid biomarkers. Three different DGDs<br />
were found to be major components of the total<br />
lipid fractions from the anoxic zone. <strong>The</strong> DGDs<br />
were depleted in C-13 relative to the delta C-13<br />
values of dissolved CO 2 (delta C-13(CO 2)) by 14-19<br />
parts per thousand. <strong>The</strong>ir delta C-13 values (delta<br />
C-13(DGD(II-III))) co-varied with depth showing<br />
the least C-13-depleted values in the top of the<br />
sulfidic, anoxic zone and the most C-13-depleted<br />
values in the deep anoxic waters at 1500 m. This<br />
co-variation provides evidence for CO 2 incorporation<br />
by the DGD(II-III)-producing SRB, while<br />
the 1:2 relationship between delta C-13(CO 2) and<br />
delta C-13(DGD(II-III)) indicates the use of an additional<br />
organic carbon source.<br />
Environmental Microbiology, 2007, V9, N12, DEC,<br />
pp 3019-3024.<br />
08.1-262<br />
Impacts of environmental change on water<br />
resources in the Mt. Kenya region<br />
Notter B, Macmillan L, Viviroli D, Weingartner R,<br />
Liniger H P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Water Resources<br />
, Modelling<br />
Water resources are becoming increasingly scarce<br />
in the Mt. Kenya region. Land use and climate<br />
change may pose additional challenges to water<br />
management in the future. In order to assess<br />
the impacts of environmental change, the NRM3<br />
Streamflow Model, a simple, semi- distributed,<br />
grid-based water balance model, is evaluated as<br />
a too(for discharge prediction in six meso-scale<br />
catchments on the western slopes of Mt. Kenya,<br />
and used to analyse the impact of Land use and<br />
climate change scenarios on water resources. <strong>The</strong><br />
calibration and validation results show an acceptable<br />
performance of the NRM3 Streamflow Model<br />
in simulating discharge. Input data represent the<br />
main (imitation. Rainfall patterns in the mountainous<br />
catchments are very heterogeneous and<br />
difficult to capture with the monitoring network.<br />
River water abstractions make up 80-100% of naturalized<br />
dry season discharge, but amounts can<br />
only be approximately estimated. Under the scenarios<br />
of (and use and climate change examined,<br />
the total amount as well as the variability of discharge<br />
wilt increase: Conversion of the forest area<br />
to crop- or grassland wilt increase annual runoff<br />
by 11% or 59%, respectively, by mainly increasing<br />
flood flows and, under cropland, slightly reducing<br />
Low flows. Climate change as projected by the<br />
IPCC Task Group on Scenarios for Impact Assessment<br />
(IPCC-TCGIA, 1999. Guidelines in the use of<br />
data for climate impact and adaptation assessment.<br />
Version 1. Prepared by Carter, T.R., Hulme,<br />
M.., Lal, M., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate<br />
<strong>Change</strong>, Task Group on Scenarios for Climate Impact<br />
Assessment.) will result in an increase of annual<br />
runoff by 26%, with a severe increase in flood<br />
flows, and a reduction of the lowest flows to about<br />
a tenth of the current value.<br />
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V343, N3-4, SEP 20,<br />
pp 266-278.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-263<br />
Influence of temperature and high acetate<br />
concentrations on methanogenensis in lake<br />
sediment slurries<br />
Nozhevnikova A N, Nekrasova V, Ammann A,<br />
Zehnder A J B, Wehrli B, Holliger C<br />
Switzerland, Russia<br />
Limnology , Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
Methanogenesis from main methane precursors<br />
H-2/CO 2 and acetate was investigated in a temperature<br />
range of 2-70 degrees C using sediments from<br />
Lake Baldegg, Switzerland. Psychrophilic, psychrotrophic,<br />
mesophilic, and thermophilic methanogenic<br />
microbial communities were enriched<br />
by incubations for 1-3 months of nonamended<br />
sediment slurries at 5, 15, 30, and 50 degrees<br />
C. Isotope experiments with slurries amended<br />
with C-14-labeled bicarbonate and C-14-2-acetate<br />
showed that in the psychrophilic community<br />
(enriched at 5 degrees C), about 95% of methane<br />
originated from acetate, in contrast to the thermophilic<br />
community (50 degrees C) where up to<br />
98% of methane was formed from bicarbonate. In<br />
the mesophilic community (30 degrees C), acetate<br />
was the precursor of about 80% of the methane<br />
produced. When the hydrogen-carbon dioxide<br />
mixture (H-2/CO 2) was used as a substrate, it was<br />
directly converted to methane under thermophilic<br />
conditions (70 and 50 degrees C). Under<br />
mesophilic conditions (30 degrees C), both pathways,<br />
hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic, were<br />
observed. At low temperatures (5 and 15 degrees<br />
C), H-2/CO 2 was converted into methane by a twostep<br />
process; first acetate was formed, followed by<br />
methane production from acetate. When slurries<br />
were incubated at high partial pressures of H-2/<br />
CO 2, the high concentrations of acetate produced<br />
of more than 20 mM inhibited acetoclastic methanogenesis<br />
at a temperature below 15 degrees C.<br />
However, slow adaptation of the psychrophilic<br />
microbial community to high acetate concentrations<br />
was observed.<br />
Fems Microbiology Ecology, 2007, V62, N3, DEC,<br />
pp 336-344.<br />
08.1-264<br />
Macroinvertebrate assemblages in 25 high alpine<br />
ponds of the <strong>Swiss</strong> National Park (Cirque<br />
of Macun) and relation to environmental<br />
variables<br />
Oertli B, Indermühle N, Angelibert S, Hinden H,<br />
Stoll A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Biodiversity , Marine & Freshwater<br />
Biology , Ecology<br />
137<br />
High-altitude freshwater ecosystems and their biocoenosis<br />
are ideal sentinel systems to detect global<br />
change. In particular, pond communities are likely<br />
to be highly responsive to climate warming. For this<br />
reason, the <strong>Swiss</strong> National Park has included ponds<br />
as part of a long-term monitoring programme of<br />
the high-alpine Macun cirque. This cirque covers 3.6<br />
km(2), has a mean altitude of 2,660 m a.s.l., and includes<br />
a hydrographic system composed of a stream<br />
network and more than 35 temporary and permanent<br />
ponds. <strong>The</strong> first two steps in the programme<br />
were to (i) make an inventory of the macroinvertebrates<br />
of the waterbodies in the Macun cirque,<br />
and (ii) relate the assemblages to local or regional<br />
environmental variables. Sampling was conducted<br />
in 25 ponds between 2002 and 2004. <strong>The</strong> number of<br />
taxa characterising the region (Macun cirque) was<br />
low, represented by 47 lentic taxa. None of them<br />
was endemic to the Alps, although several species<br />
were cold stenothermal. Average pond richness<br />
was low (11.3 taxa). Assemblages were dominated<br />
by Chironomidae (Diptera), and Coleoptera and Oligochaeta<br />
were also relatively well represented. Other<br />
groups, which are frequent in lowland ponds,<br />
had particularly poor species richness (Trichoptera,<br />
Heteroptera) or were absent (Gastropoda, Odonata,<br />
Ephemeroptera). Macroinvertebrate assemblages<br />
(composition, richness) were only weakly influenced<br />
by local environmental variables. <strong>The</strong> main<br />
structuring processes were those operating at regional<br />
level and, namely, the connectivity between<br />
ponds, i.e. the presence of a physical connection<br />
(tributary) and/or small geographical distance between<br />
ponds. <strong>The</strong> results suggest that during the<br />
long-term monitoring of the Macun ponds (started<br />
in 2005), two kinds of change will affect macroinvertebrate<br />
assemblages. <strong>The</strong> first change is related<br />
to the natural dynamics, with high local- scale turnover,<br />
involving the metapopulations characterising<br />
the Macun cirque. <strong>The</strong> second change is related to<br />
global warming, leading to higher local and regional<br />
richness through an increase in the number of<br />
colonisation events resulting from the upward shift<br />
of geographical ranges of species. At the same time<br />
the cold stenothermal species from Macun will be<br />
subject to extinction.<br />
Hydrobiologia, 2008, V597, FEB, pp 29-41.<br />
08.1-265<br />
Aquatic macroinvertebrate response along a<br />
gradient of lateral connectivity in river floodplain<br />
channels<br />
Paillex A, Castella E, Carron G<br />
Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity,<br />
Zoology
138 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
Large river floodplains potentially include the<br />
full range of freshwater ecosystems from permanently<br />
flowing channels to temporary pools and<br />
springs. Attempts to restore such complex systems<br />
require tools adapted to assess restoration success.<br />
In an analysis of invertebrate assemblages in the<br />
Rhone River floodplain (France), taxonomic-based<br />
indices (rarefied richness and assemblage composition)<br />
were compared with functional metrics<br />
using trait-based ratios as surrogates of ecosystem<br />
processes. <strong>The</strong>ir ability to respond to a gradient<br />
of hydrological connectivity was assessed in 7<br />
cut-off channels. <strong>The</strong> sampling design included<br />
2 sites/channel (upstream and downstream), 4<br />
randomly chosen sampling points (0.5 x 0.5-m<br />
quadrats) /site, and 2 sampling seasons (spring<br />
and summer). Water physicochemical and habitat<br />
variables were recorded when invertebrates were<br />
sampled. Environmental variables, including water<br />
conductance, (NH 3-N), submerged vegetation<br />
cover, diversity of sediment grain size, and organic<br />
matter content of the sediment, were used to<br />
construct a synthetic variable describing the hydrological<br />
connectivity of each site with the main<br />
river channel. A quadratic regression of rarefied<br />
taxonomic richness and the connectivity gradient<br />
was not quite significant, but assemblage composition<br />
was strongly related to the gradient. Four<br />
of 8 trait-based metrics; were correlated with the<br />
connectivity gradient. Values of metrics that are<br />
surrogates for top-down control of assemblage<br />
structure and habitat stability (based on functional<br />
feeding groups) declined along the gradient<br />
from disconnected sites to more connected sites.<br />
Values of metrics that are surrogates for voltinism<br />
and food supply for water- column-feeding fish increased<br />
with connectivity. Top-down control and<br />
voltinism surrogates suggested a decline in predator-prey<br />
relationships and lower habitat stability,<br />
respectively, in the more connected sites. Assemblage<br />
composition and some of the trait-based<br />
metrics were sensitive to a flood that occurred before<br />
one of the sampling dates. Some of the traitbased<br />
metrics showed potential for explaining<br />
floodplain invertebrate assemblages and for monitoring<br />
postrestoration conditions in floodplain<br />
water bodies. However, the metrics were developed<br />
initially for studies of lotic systems and their<br />
use in heterogeneous floodplain water bodies will<br />
require further investigation, e.g., delineation of<br />
reference conditions for trait-based metrics.<br />
Journal of the North American Benthological Society,<br />
2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 779-796.<br />
08.1-266<br />
Bipolar gene flow in deep-sea benthic foraminifera<br />
Pawlowski J, Fahrni J, Lecroq B, Longet D, Cornelius<br />
N, Excoffier L, Cedhagen T, Gooday A J<br />
Switzerland, England, Denmark<br />
Biodiversity , Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
Despite its often featureless appearance, the deepocean<br />
floor includes some of the most diverse<br />
habitats on Earth. However, the accurate assessment<br />
of global deep-sea diversity is impeded by<br />
a paucity of data on the geographical ranges of<br />
bottom-dwelling species, particularly at the genetic<br />
level. Here, we present molecular evidence<br />
for exceptionally wide distribution of benthic<br />
foraminifera, which constitute the major part of<br />
deep-sea meiofauna. Our analyses of nuclear ribosomal<br />
RNA genes revealed high genetic similarity<br />
between Arctic and Antarctic populations of three<br />
common deep-sea foraminiferal species (Epistominella<br />
exigua, Cibicides wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis<br />
umbonatus), separated by distances of up to<br />
17 000 km. Our results contrast with the substantial<br />
level of cryptic diversity usually revealed by<br />
molecular studies, of shallow- water benthic and<br />
planktonic marine organisms. <strong>The</strong> very broad<br />
ranges of the deep-sea foraminifera that we examined<br />
support the hypothesis of global distribution<br />
of small eukaryotes and suggest that deep-sea<br />
biodiversity may be more modest at global scales<br />
than present estimates suggest.<br />
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N19, OCT, pp<br />
4089-4096.<br />
08.1-267<br />
Earlier onset of the spring phytoplankton<br />
bloom in lakes of the temperate zone in a<br />
warmer climate<br />
Peeters F, Straile D, Lorke A, Livingstone D M<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Meteorology &<br />
Atmospheric Sciences , Oceanography , Biodiversity<br />
Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> decoupling of trophic interactions is potentially<br />
one of the most severe consequences of climate<br />
warming. In lakes and oceans the timing<br />
of phytoplankton blooms affects competition<br />
within the plankton community as well as foodweb<br />
interactions with zooplankton and fish. Using<br />
Upper Lake Constance as an example, we present<br />
a model-based analysis that predicts that in<br />
a future warmer climate, the onset of the spring<br />
phytoplankton bloom will occur earlier in the<br />
year than it does at present. This is a result of the<br />
earlier occurrence of the transition from strong<br />
to weak vertical mixing in spring, and of the as-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
sociated earlier onset of stratification. According<br />
to our simulations a shift in the timing of phytoplankton<br />
growth resulting from a consistently<br />
warmer climate will exceed that resulting from a<br />
single unusually warm year. <strong>The</strong> numerical simulations<br />
are complemented by a statistical analysis<br />
of long-term data from Upper Lake Constance<br />
which demonstrates that oligotrophication has a<br />
negligible effect on the timing of phytoplankton<br />
growth in spring and that an early onset of the<br />
spring phytoplankton bloom is associated with<br />
high air temperatures and low wind speeds.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> Biology, 2007, V13, N9, SEP, pp<br />
1898-1909.<br />
08.1-268<br />
Water level fluctuations and dynamics of amphibious<br />
plants at Lake Constance: Long-term<br />
study and simulation<br />
Peintinger M, Prati D, Winkler E<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Modelling , Limnology , Marine &<br />
Freshwater Biology<br />
Inundations of lakeshores are classical examples<br />
of how disturbance can influence community diversity<br />
and composition. As the occurrence and<br />
intensity of flooding are predicted to change dramatically<br />
as a result of climate change, predicting<br />
the consequences of such changes has become a<br />
major task for community ecology. Here we present<br />
abundance data of five species that comprise a<br />
species-poor community of high conservation value<br />
at lakeshores of Lake Constance over 17 years,<br />
during which one of the longest flood periods<br />
and the lowest water levels since 1890 occurred.<br />
We used simple regression models and increasingly<br />
sophisticated Markov chain models plus<br />
non-linear parameter estimation to put down<br />
abundance changes to direct effects of flooding<br />
on population-dynamic parameters and to indirect<br />
effects of flooding through modification of<br />
interspecific competition. We found a negative effect<br />
of flood duration on abundance changes for<br />
the non-specialist species Agrostis stolonifera and<br />
Phalaris arundinacea, but no effect on Carex acuta.<br />
<strong>The</strong> specialist species, Ranunculus reptans but<br />
not Littorella uniflora showed a positive effect of<br />
flooding. Data analysis revealed an unambiguous<br />
competitive hierarchy with the two graminoid<br />
species (C acuta, P. arundinacea) being superior,<br />
and the habitat specialists being most sensitive<br />
to interspecific competition. We used estimated<br />
parameters to project the community dynamics<br />
under different flooding regimes. Long-term projection<br />
showed that the original community is<br />
threatened by two non-specialist species (C acuta<br />
139<br />
and P. arundinacea). Even if this forecast was influenced<br />
by various model limitations, it may indicate<br />
irreversible changes in soil fertility during<br />
the phase of high eutrophication between 1950<br />
and 1980. Our study demonstrated that long-term<br />
abundance releves combined with Markov modelling<br />
and predictive simulations are an important<br />
counterpart to detailed short-term studies. <strong>The</strong><br />
combination of empirical and theoretical methods<br />
elucidates the interaction of biotic and abiotic<br />
factors in community change.<br />
Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics,<br />
2007, V8, N4, pp 179-196.<br />
08.1-269<br />
Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica:<br />
Interannual variability in magnitude,<br />
temporal patterns, and composition<br />
Peloquin J A, Smith W O Jr<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Oceanography , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
<strong>The</strong> continental shelf of the Ross Sea, Antarctica,<br />
is a unique region within the Southern Ocean.<br />
Phytoplankton growth is believed to be seasonally<br />
limited, first in austral spring by irradiance, and<br />
then in summer by biologically available iron. It<br />
also is historically known to have taxonomically<br />
distinct regimes: the south-central portion is<br />
dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica and to the<br />
west diatoms are abundant. We measured photochemical<br />
yield to interpret the health of the phytoplankton<br />
assemblage from 2001-2004 and interfaced<br />
these measurements with satellite remote<br />
sensing of pigments. <strong>The</strong> bloom of 2001-2002 was<br />
similar in both temporal and spatial distributions<br />
to the climatological mean of the Ross Sea, with a<br />
peak in biomass being observed in mid-December<br />
within the Ross Sea polynyas; F-v/F-m values averaged<br />
0.43. We found high (0.50-0.65) F-v/F-m for<br />
most of the seasonal phytoplankton bloom for<br />
2002-2003, suggesting that it was not seasonally<br />
iron limited. An unusual, large bloom occurred<br />
during 2003-2004, with an initial bloom of P. antarctica<br />
during austral spring followed by an extensive<br />
diatom bloom in summer that may have<br />
been enhanced by an intrusion of modified circumpolar<br />
deep water. On the basis of an analysis<br />
of the historical SeaWiFS records, accumulation<br />
of phytoplankton biomass in February may occur<br />
approximately every 2-4 years, potentially being<br />
a significant source of carbon on the continental<br />
shelf.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 2007,<br />
V112, NC8, AUG 23 ARTN: C08013.
140 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-270<br />
One-year survey of a single Micronesian reef<br />
reveals extraordinarily rich diversity of Symbiodinium<br />
types in soritid foraminifera<br />
Pochon X, Garcia Cuetos L, Baker A C, Castella E,<br />
Pawlowski J<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Recent molecular studies of symbiotic dinoflagellates<br />
(genus Symbiodinium) from a wide array<br />
of invertebrate hosts have revealed exceptional<br />
fine-scale symbiont diversity whose distribution<br />
among hosts, regions and environments exhibits<br />
significant biogeographic, ecological and evolutionary<br />
patterns. Here, similar molecular approaches<br />
using the internal transcribed spacer-2<br />
(ITS-2) region were applied to investigate cryptic<br />
diversity in Symbiodinium inhabiting soritid foraminifera.<br />
Approximately 1,000 soritid specimens<br />
were collected and examined during a 12-month<br />
period over a 40 m depth gradient from a single<br />
reef in Guam, Micronesia. Out of 61 ITS-2 types<br />
distinguished, 46 were novel. Most types found<br />
are specific for soritid hosts, except for three types<br />
(Cl, C15 and C19) that are common in metazoan<br />
hosts. <strong>The</strong> distribution of these symbionts was<br />
compared with the phylotype of their foraminifera<br />
hosts, based on soritid small subunit ribosomal<br />
DNA sequences, and three new phylotypes<br />
of soritid hosts were identified based on these<br />
sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 645 host-symbiont<br />
pairings revealed that most Symbiodinium<br />
types associated specifically with a particular<br />
foraminiferal host genus or species, and that the<br />
genetic diversity of these symbiont types was positively<br />
correlated with the genetic diversity found<br />
within each of the three host genera. Compared<br />
to previous molecular studies of Symbiodinium<br />
from other locations worldwide, the diversity reported<br />
here is exceptional and suggests that Micronesian<br />
coral reefs are home to a remarkably<br />
large Symbiodinium assemblage.<br />
Coral Reefs, 2007, V26, N4, DEC, pp 867-882.<br />
08.1-271<br />
Continuous measurement of sediment transport<br />
in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric<br />
bedload impact sensors<br />
Rickenmann D, Mcardell B W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Geomorphology<br />
We report on bedload transport observations using<br />
piezoelectric bedload impact sensors (PBIS),<br />
an indirect method of estimating the volume of<br />
bedload transport of coarse sediment. <strong>The</strong> PBIS<br />
device registers vibrations produced by bedload<br />
(particle diameter >similar to 20 mm) and records<br />
the signal as a sum of the number of impulses per<br />
time. Sediment transport at the Erlenbacb stream<br />
has been continuously monitored with a PBIS array<br />
starting in 1986. <strong>The</strong> sensor array spans the<br />
width of an entire cross-section and is mounted<br />
Hush with the surface of a check dam immediately<br />
upstream of a sediment retention basin. We<br />
compare PBIS data with long-term sedimentation<br />
records obtained from repeated surveys of<br />
material stored in the sediment retention basin,<br />
with artificial sediment input under controlled<br />
conditions in the field, and also with laboratory<br />
experiments. <strong>The</strong> rate of bedload transport is proportional<br />
to the number of impacts on the sensor<br />
per unit time. <strong>The</strong> reliability of the calibration relationship<br />
increases with the length of the observation<br />
period, e.g. for higher numbers of impacts<br />
and larger bedload volumes. Sediment volumes<br />
for individual flood events estimated with the<br />
PBIS method are in agreement with volumes estimated<br />
using an independent empirical method<br />
based on the effective runoff volume of water, the<br />
peak water discharge, and the critical discharge<br />
for the onset of sediment transport. Copyright (c)<br />
2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<br />
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2007, V32,<br />
N9, AUG, pp 1362-1378.<br />
08.1-272<br />
Cadmium isotope fractionation in seawater - A<br />
signature of biological activity<br />
Ripperger S, Rehkamper M, Porcelli D, Halliday A N<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine<br />
& Freshwater Biology<br />
Investigations of cadmium isotope variations in<br />
the oceans may provide new insights into the factors<br />
that control the marine distribution and cycling<br />
of this element. Here we present the results<br />
of Cd isotope and concentration analyses for 22<br />
seawater samples from the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific,<br />
and Arctic Oceans. <strong>The</strong> results reveal, for the<br />
first time, large and well resolved Cd isotope fractionations<br />
in the marine environment. <strong>The</strong> majority<br />
of the seawater samples display an inverse<br />
relationship between dissolved Cd contents and<br />
isotope compositions, which range from epsilon<br />
Cd-114 /110 approximate to +3 +/- 0.5 for Cd-rich<br />
waters (0.8-1.0 nmol/kg) to epsilon Cd-114/110 approximate<br />
to 38 +/- 6 for surface water with a Cd<br />
concentration of only 0.003 nmol/kg (all epsilon<br />
Cd-114/110 data are reported relative to the JMC<br />
Cd Munster standard). This suggests that the Cd<br />
isotope variations reflect kinetic isotope effects<br />
that are generated during closed system uptake
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
of dissolved seawater Cd by phytoplankton. A<br />
few samples do not follow this trend, as they exhibit<br />
extremely low Cd contents (= 900 in depth, despite of Cd concentrations<br />
that display the expected increase along<br />
the global deep-water pathway from the Atlantic<br />
(similar to 0.3 nmol/kg) to the Pacific Ocean (similar<br />
to 0.9 nmol /kg). This indicates that the biomass,<br />
which is remineralized in the deeper ocean,<br />
is also characterized by a very constant Cd isotope<br />
composition. This observation is in accord with<br />
the interpretation that the Cd distribution in<br />
surface waters is primarily governed by Rayleigh<br />
fractionation during near-quantitative uptake of<br />
dissolved seawater Cd.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V261,<br />
N3-4, SEP 30, pp 670-684.<br />
08.1-273<br />
Density-dependent life history differences in<br />
a stream mayfly (Deleatidium) inhabiting permanent<br />
and intermittent stream reaches<br />
Robinson C T, Buser T<br />
Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology , Zoology<br />
A life-history response by the mayfly Deleatidium<br />
(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from a permanent-fl<br />
owing and an intermittent- flowing reach<br />
of the Selwyn River, New Zealand, to failing water<br />
conditions was examined using field populations<br />
and laboratory experiments in January 2006.<br />
Field populations had similar densities under<br />
flowing water conditions, but size distributions<br />
were skewed towards larger larvae in the intermittent<br />
reach relative to the permanent reach. Under<br />
field conditions of falling water at the intermittent<br />
reach, more larvae were caught in the drift<br />
during the day and more adults at dusk at the<br />
intermittent than at the permanent reach. A desiccation<br />
study in the laboratory showed that larvae<br />
survived up to 3 days under moist conditions,<br />
whereas larvae died within 3 h under dry conditions.<br />
Another laboratory experiment revealed<br />
that both populations increased emergence under<br />
falling water in the high density treatment<br />
but not in the ambient density treatment. We<br />
conclude that a density increase caused by falling<br />
water cues late instar larvae to hasten emergence,<br />
141<br />
an adaptive trait that may reduce population<br />
mortality from stream drying.<br />
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater<br />
Research, 2007, V41, N3, SEP, pp 265-271.<br />
08.1-274<br />
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of a high elevation<br />
stream/lake network with an emphasis<br />
on the Chironomidae<br />
Robinson C T, Hieber M, Wenzelides V, Lods Crozet B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Limnology , Marine & Freshwater Biology ,<br />
Hydrology , Zoology<br />
Macroinvertebrate assemblages of inlet and outlet<br />
streams were examined in a high elevation cirque<br />
comprising two basins in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps. Average<br />
taxon richness, with chironomids included as a<br />
single taxon, was < 8 at most sites. Chironomids<br />
represented between 26 and 85 % of the individuals<br />
and at least 50 % of the species collected at the<br />
different sites with over 22 chironomid species<br />
identified in total. No differences in the relative<br />
abundance of common macroinvertebrate taxa<br />
were found between inlet and outlet streams,<br />
but composition differed between the north and<br />
south basin of the cirque. <strong>The</strong> north basin was<br />
mostly fed by groundwater and snowmelt, whereas<br />
the south basin was dominated by glacier-melt<br />
from rock glaciers. Chironomids were 26 % more<br />
abundant and had more species in south basin<br />
than north basin streams, whereas the simuliid<br />
Prosimulium latimucro was 24 % more abundant<br />
in north basin streams. Other common taxa, e.g.,<br />
Nemoura sp., Dicranota sp., Crenobia alpina and<br />
Pseudopsilopteryx zimmeri, also showed substantial<br />
differences in abundance between the two<br />
basins. Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae were the<br />
most common chironomid subfamilies collected<br />
with Diamesa zernyilcinerella, Pseudodianiesa<br />
branickii, Pseudodiamesa arctica, Corynoneura<br />
scutellata, and Tvetenia calvescens together representing<br />
on average > 10 % of the assemblage at<br />
most sites. Chironomid abundance typically was<br />
higher in outlets than inlets. An exception was Diamesa<br />
zernyilcinerella, which had greater relative<br />
abundances in inlets (24 %) than outlets (6 %). <strong>The</strong><br />
results suggest that alpine macroinvertebrates,<br />
chironomids in particular, are sensitive to subtle<br />
differences in habitat conditions and may thus<br />
make good sentinels of environmental change to<br />
alpine waters.<br />
Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169,<br />
N1, pp 25-36.
142 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-275<br />
Hydrological heterogeneity of an alpine<br />
stream-lake network in Switzerland<br />
Robinson C T, Matthaei S<br />
Switzerland<br />
Limnology , Water Resources , Hydrology<br />
Water source and lake landscape position can<br />
strongly influence the physico-chemical characteristics<br />
of flowing waters over space and time. We<br />
examined the physico-chemical heterogeneity in<br />
surface waters of an alpine stream-lake network<br />
(>2600 m a.s.l.) in Switzerland. <strong>The</strong> catchment comprises<br />
two basins interspersed with 26 cirque lakes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> larger lakes in each basin are interconnected<br />
by streams that converge in a lowermost lake<br />
with an outlet stream. <strong>The</strong> north basin is primarily<br />
fed by precipitation and groundwater, whereas<br />
the south basin is fed mostly by glacial melt from<br />
rock glaciers. Surface flow of the entire channel<br />
network contracted by similar to 60% in early autumn,<br />
when snowmelt runoff ceased and cold temperatures<br />
reduced glacial outputs, particularly in<br />
the south basin. Average water temperatures were<br />
similar to 4 degrees C cooler in the south basin,<br />
and temperatures increased by about 4-6 degrees C<br />
along the longitudinal gradient within each basin.<br />
Although overall water conductivity was low (300 µg<br />
1(-1) (nitrite + nitrate-nitrogen), whereas particulate<br />
nitrogen was approximately nine times greater in<br />
the north basin (seasonal average: 97 µg 1(-1)) than<br />
in the south basin (seasonal average: 12 µg 1(-1)).<br />
Total inorganic carbon was low (usually
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
hydrological soil information is not available at a<br />
European scale, we reclassified the Soil Geographical<br />
Database of Europe (SGDBE) at 1:1 million in a<br />
hydrological manner by adopting the Hydrology Of<br />
Soil Types (HOST) system developed in the UK. <strong>The</strong><br />
HOST classification describes dominant pathways<br />
of water movement through soil and was related to<br />
the base flow index (BFI) of a catchment (the longterm<br />
proportion of base flow on total stream flow).<br />
In the original UK study, a linear regression of the<br />
coverage of HOST classes in a catchment explained<br />
79% of BFI variability. We found that a hydrological<br />
soil classification can be built based on the information<br />
present in the SGDBE. <strong>The</strong> reclassified SGDBE<br />
and the regression coefficients from the original UK<br />
study were used to predict BFIs for 103 catchments<br />
spread throughout Europe. <strong>The</strong> predicted BFI explained<br />
around 65% of the variability in measured<br />
BFI in catchments in Northern Europe, but the explained<br />
variance decreased from North to South.<br />
We therefore estimated new regression coefficients<br />
from the European discharge data and found that<br />
these were qualitatively similar to the original estimates<br />
from the UK. This suggests little variation<br />
across Europe in the hydrological effect of particular<br />
HOST classes, but decreasing influence of soil<br />
on BFI towards Southern Europe. Our preliminary<br />
study showed that pedological information is useful<br />
for characterising soil hydrology within Europe and<br />
the long-term discharge regime of catchments in<br />
Northern Europe. Based on these results, we draft a<br />
roadmap for a refined hydrological classification of<br />
European soils.<br />
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2007, V11,<br />
N4, pp 1501-1513.<br />
08.1-278<br />
Selecting scenarios to assess exposure of surface<br />
waters to veterinary medicines in Europe<br />
Schneider M K, Stamm C, Fenner K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Water Resources , Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Registering a veterinary medicinal product (VMP) in<br />
the European Union requires assessing its potential<br />
to contaminate surface waters (SW) on a European<br />
scale. VMP are spread to land in manure or excreted<br />
during grazing and may enter SW through runoff,<br />
erosion, or leaching. Since the factors driving these<br />
processes vary largely across Europe, it is necessary<br />
to identify characteristic conditions, so-called scenarios,<br />
un(er which VMP enter SW. <strong>The</strong>se scenarios<br />
may guide the parameterization of mechanistic fate<br />
models to predict environmental concentrations for<br />
environmental risk assessment. A number of such<br />
scenarios for pesticides and VMP have been developed<br />
rather pragmatically. Here, we describe how a<br />
143<br />
geo-referenced European database of driving factors<br />
was used to divide the European environment into<br />
groups with similar conditions for SW contamination<br />
by VMP. Out of these groups, relevant exposure<br />
scenarios in Europe were selected by a simple scoring<br />
system. Comparing these to the existing scenarios<br />
showed that a number of situations are not well<br />
covered. <strong>The</strong> newly identified scenarios are primarily<br />
located in hilly areas of Central Europe and the<br />
Mediterranean, and in Eastern European plains with<br />
a continental climate. We recommend that they are<br />
included in the technical guidelines for higher-tier<br />
assessment of VMP.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N13, JUL 1, pp 4669-4676.<br />
08.1-279<br />
Assessing iron-mediated oxidation of toluene<br />
and reduction of nitroaromatic contaminants<br />
in anoxic environments using compound- specific<br />
isotope analysis<br />
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Schwarzenbach R P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Microbiology , Marine<br />
& Freshwater Biology<br />
We evaluated compound-specific isotope analysis<br />
(CSIA) as a tool to assess the coupling of microbial<br />
toluene oxidation by Fe(III)- reducing<br />
bacteria and abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic<br />
contaminants by biogenic mineral-bound Fe(II)<br />
species. Examination of the two processes in<br />
isolated systems revealed a reproducible carbon<br />
isotope fractionation for toluene oxidation by<br />
Geobacter metallireducens with a solid Fe(111)<br />
phase as terminal electron acceptor. We found a<br />
carbon isotope enrichment factor, epsilon(C), of<br />
-1.0 +/- 0.1%o, which corresponds to an apparent<br />
kinetic isotope effect (AKIE(C)) of 1.0073 +/- 0.0009<br />
for the oxidative cleavage of a C-H bond. Nitrogen<br />
isotope fractionation of the reduction of nitroaromatic<br />
compounds (NAC) by mineral-bound Fe(11)<br />
species yielded a nitrogen isotope enrichment factor,<br />
EN, of -39.7 +/- 3.4%o for the reduction of an<br />
aromatic NO 2-group (AKIE(N) = 1.0413 +/- 0.0037)<br />
that was constant for variable experimental conditions.<br />
Finally, AKIE values for C and N observed<br />
in coupled experiments, where reactive Fe(11) was<br />
generated through microbial activity, were identical<br />
to those obtained in the isolated experiments.<br />
This study provides new evidence on isotope fractionation<br />
behavior during contaminant transformation<br />
and promotes the use of CSIA for-the elucidation<br />
of complex contaminant transformation<br />
pathways in the environment.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N22, NOV 15, pp 7773-7780.
144 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-280<br />
Iron-mediated microbial oxidation and abiotic<br />
reduction of organic contaminants under anoxic<br />
conditions<br />
Tobler N B, Hofstetter T B, Straub K L, Fontana D,<br />
Schwarzenbach R P<br />
Switzerland, Austria<br />
Microbiology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine<br />
& Freshwater Biology<br />
In anoxic environments, the oxidation of organic<br />
compounds, such as BTEX fuel components, by<br />
dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction can generate reactive<br />
mineral-bound Fe(II) species, which in turn<br />
are able to reduce other classes of organic and inorganic<br />
groundwater contaminants. In this study,<br />
we designed and evaluated an anaerobic batch reactor<br />
that mimicks iron-reducing conditions to investigate<br />
the factors that favor the coupling of microbial<br />
toluene oxidation and abiotic reduction of<br />
nitroaromatic contaminants . We investigated the<br />
influence of different Fe(III)-bearing minerals and<br />
combinations thereof on the coupling of these two<br />
processes. Results from laboratory model systems<br />
show that complete oxidation of toluene to CO 2<br />
by Geobacter metallireducens in the presence of<br />
Fe(III)-bearing minerals leads to the formation of<br />
mineral-bound Fe(II) species capable of the reduction<br />
of 4-nitroacetophenone. Whereas significant<br />
microbial toluene oxidation was only observed in<br />
the presence of amorphous Fe(III) phases, reduction<br />
of nitroaromatic compounds only proceeded<br />
with Fe(II) species bound to crystalline Fe(III) oxides.<br />
Our results suggest that in anoxic soils and<br />
sediments containing amorphous and crystalline<br />
iron phases simultaneously, coupling of microbial<br />
oxidation and abiotic reduction of organic<br />
compounds may allow for concurrent natural attenuation<br />
of different contaminant classes.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N22, NOV 15, pp 7765-7772.<br />
08.1-281<br />
Probabilistic flood forecasting with a limitedarea<br />
ensemble prediction system: Selected<br />
case studies<br />
Verbunt M, Walser A, Gurtz J, Montani A, Schär C<br />
Switzerland, Italy<br />
Modelling , Hydrology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
A high-resolution atmospheric ensemble forecasting<br />
system is coupled to a hydrologic model to<br />
investigate probabilistic runoff forecasts for the<br />
alpine tributaries of the Rhine River basin (34 550<br />
km(2)). Five-day ensemble forecasts consisting of<br />
51 members, generated with the global ensemble<br />
prediction system (EPS) of the European Centre<br />
for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),<br />
are downscaled with the limited-area model Lokal<br />
Modell (LM). <strong>The</strong> resulting limited-area ensemble<br />
prediction system (LEPS) uses a horizontal grid<br />
spacing of 10 km and provides one-hourly output<br />
for driving the distributed hydrologic model Precipitation-Runoff-Evapotranspiration-Hydrotope<br />
(PREVAH) hydrologic response unit (HRU) with a<br />
resolution of 500 x 500 m(2) and a time step of 1<br />
h. <strong>The</strong> hydrologic model component is calibrated<br />
for the river catchments considered, which are<br />
characterized by highly complex topography, for<br />
the period 1997-98 using surface observations,<br />
and validated for 1999-2002. This study explores<br />
the feasibility of atmospheric ensemble predictions<br />
for runoff forecasting, in comparison with<br />
deterministic atmospheric forcing. Detailed analysis<br />
is presented for two case studies: the spring<br />
1999 flood event affecting central Europe due to<br />
a combination of snowmelt and heavy precipitation,<br />
and the November 2002 flood in the Alpine<br />
Rhine catchment. For both cases, the deterministic<br />
simulations yield forecast failures, while the<br />
coupled atmospheric-hydrologic EPS provides<br />
appropriate probabilistic forecast guidance with<br />
early indications for extreme floods. It is further<br />
shown that probabilistic runoff forecasts using a<br />
subsample of EPS members, selected by a cluster<br />
analysis, properly represent the forecasts using all<br />
51 EPS members, while forecasts from randomly<br />
chosen subsamples reveal a reduced spread compared<br />
to the representative members. Additional<br />
analyses show that the representation of horizontal<br />
advection of precipitation in the atmospheric<br />
model may be crucial for flood forecasts in alpine<br />
catchments.<br />
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N4, AUG,<br />
pp 897-909.<br />
08.1-282<br />
Where a springhead becomes a springbrook -<br />
a regional zonation of springs<br />
von Fumetti S, Nagel P, Baltes B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity<br />
Hydrology , Zoology<br />
Springs are important freshwater habitats that<br />
provide specific abiotic conditions for many species.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se conditions may change very rapidly<br />
downstream. Limnologists tend to treat spring<br />
sources and their adjacent springbrooks as a unity<br />
because of the lack of clear criteria to separate<br />
these sections. In this study, we investigated the<br />
longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate<br />
assemblages in ten undisturbed springs in northwestern<br />
Switzerland at three different distances
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
from the source. Using non-metric multidimensional<br />
scaling and analysis of similarities, we detected<br />
significant differences between the macroinvertebrate<br />
assemblages of the investigated<br />
sections in all spring ecosystems, even over short<br />
distances. <strong>The</strong>se results stress the importance of<br />
distinguishing between the sequential habitats in<br />
this upper region of headwaters. Although a complex<br />
of abiotic factors is responsible for the distribution<br />
of macroinvertebrates, we consider temperature<br />
to be of special importance. Based on our<br />
faunistic data, we propose that the rheocrene-like<br />
springs in the Jura Mountains consist of two sections:<br />
the springhead and the springbrook, with<br />
the springhead consisting of the source and the<br />
upper part of the adjacent downstream section.<br />
In accordance with literature and our faunistic<br />
and temperature data, we place the beginning of<br />
the springbrook at approximately 5 m from the<br />
springhead. With this distinction, we justify that<br />
springheads and springbrooks are unique, discrete<br />
ecosystems, and as such must be considered<br />
in conservation legislation.<br />
Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 2007, V169,<br />
N1, pp 37-48.<br />
08.1-283<br />
Nitrate-depleted conditions on the increase in<br />
shallow northern European lakes<br />
Weyhenmeyer G A, Jeppesen E, Adrian R, Arvola<br />
L, Blenckner T, Jankowski T, Jennings E, Noges P,<br />
Noges T, Straile D<br />
Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Switzerland,<br />
Ireland, Italy, Estonia<br />
Limnology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Marine &<br />
Freshwater Biology<br />
We determined relative nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3- N)<br />
loss rates in 100 north-mid-European lakes from<br />
late spring to summer by using the exponential<br />
function N-2 5 N-1e(-k)((t)(2) - (t)(2)), where N-1 and<br />
N-2 are NO 3- N concentrations at the beginning<br />
(t(1)) and the end (t (2)) of the time interval, respectively,<br />
and k is the specific NO 3- N loss rate. We<br />
found that k decreased with increasing lake depth.<br />
Adjusting k to the lake depth (k(adj)), we observed<br />
that k(adj) was positively related to spring NO 3-N<br />
concentrations, but this relationship became insignificant<br />
at mean lake depths exceeding 12.5 m.<br />
A relationship between k(adj) and spring NO 3-N<br />
concentrations in lakes shallower than 12.5 m implies<br />
that changes in spring NO 3-N concentrations<br />
influence the NO 3- N loss rate and thereby summer<br />
NO 3- N concentrations. Time series from one<br />
Estonian, one German, and 14 Swedish lakes shallower<br />
than 12.5 m since 1988 revealed that May<br />
to August NO 3- N concentrations have decreased<br />
145<br />
over time everywhere, and the number of time periods<br />
exhibiting a NO 3- N depleted condition, i.e.,<br />
NO3-N levels below 10 µ g L-1, in these lakes has<br />
tripled since 1988. We explained the decreasing<br />
NO 3- N concentrations by a reduction in external<br />
nitrogen loading including atmospheric deposition,<br />
and by changes in climate. <strong>The</strong> observed prolongation<br />
of NO 3- N depleted conditions might be<br />
one possible explanation for the increasing occurrence<br />
of nitrogen- fixing cyanobacteria in a variety<br />
of lake ecosystems.<br />
Limnology and Oceanography, 2007, V52, N4, JUL,<br />
pp 1346-1353.<br />
08.1-284<br />
Differential decline and recovery of haplochromine<br />
trophic groups in the Mwanza Gulf<br />
of Lake Victoria<br />
Witte F, Wanink J H, Kishe Machumu M, Mkumbo<br />
O C, Goudswaard P C, Seehausen O<br />
Netherlands, Tanzania, Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Biodiversity , Ecology<br />
Zoology<br />
Lake Victoria had a fish fauna dominated by 500+<br />
species of haplochromine cichlids that made up<br />
more than 80% of the fish mass. <strong>The</strong> five main<br />
trophic groups caught with bottom trawlers in<br />
the sub- littoral areas of the Mwanza Gulf were:<br />
detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, molluscivores<br />
and piscivores. <strong>The</strong> detritivores (13+<br />
species) formed the most important guild, making<br />
up 60-80% of the number of individuals, followed<br />
by the zooplanktivores (12+ species), which<br />
comprised 10-30%. In the 1980s the haplochromines<br />
from the sub-littoral and offshore areas (estimated<br />
at some 200 species) vanished almost completely.<br />
Commercial trawl fishery, the upsurge<br />
of the introduced Nile perch, and an increase of<br />
eutrophication were potential causes of this decline.<br />
In the 1990s, when Nile perch was heavily<br />
fished, a recovery of some haplochromine species<br />
was observed. We studied the decline and partial<br />
recovery of the different haplochromine trophic<br />
groups in the northern part of the Mwanza Gulf.<br />
<strong>The</strong> rate at which the trophic groups declined differed;<br />
the relatively large piscivores, insectivores<br />
and molluscivores were the first to disappear from<br />
the catches. <strong>The</strong> small detritivores and zooplanktivores<br />
declined at lower rates, especially the latter<br />
group. From the beginning of the 1990s a resurgence<br />
of both groups was observed. By 2001,<br />
the zooplanktivores had reached their previous<br />
level of abundance, but their diversity declined<br />
from more than 12 species to only three. Though<br />
four detritivorous species began being regularly<br />
caught again, they constituted only about 15% of
146 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
the number of individuals, while the zooplanktivores<br />
made up more than 80%. <strong>The</strong> patterns of<br />
decline and recovery indicate that, though fishery<br />
played a role locally, predation by Nile perch and<br />
eutrophication were the main factors determining<br />
the fate of the haplochromines. However, it<br />
has so far been impossible to establish the causal<br />
relationship between the two, and the relative<br />
impact of each of these phenomena separately.<br />
<strong>The</strong> potential effects of the changed trophic dominance,<br />
and the importance of the haplochromines<br />
for the ecosystem and a sustainable fishery,<br />
are discussed.<br />
Aquatic Ecosystem Health Management, 2007,<br />
V10, N4, pp 416-433.<br />
08.1-285<br />
Oxygen isotope biogeochemistry of pore water<br />
sulfate in the deep biosphere: Dominance<br />
of isotope exchange reactions with ambient<br />
water during microbial sulfate reduction (ODP<br />
Site 1130)<br />
Wortmann U G, Chernyavsky B, Bernasconi S M,<br />
Brunner B, Böttcher M E, Swart P K<br />
Canada, Switzerland, USA, Germany<br />
Geology , Modelling , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,<br />
Microbiology<br />
Microbially mediated sulfate reduction affects the<br />
isotopic composition of dissolved and solid sulfur<br />
species in marine sediments. Experiments and field<br />
data show that the delta O-18(SO 4) 2- composition is<br />
also modified in the presence of sulfate-reducing microorganisms.<br />
This has been attributed either to a<br />
kinetic isotope effect during the reduction of sulfate<br />
to sulfite, cell-internal exchange reactions between<br />
enzymatically-activated sulfate (APS), and /or sulfite<br />
with cytoplasmic water. <strong>The</strong> isotopic fingerprint of<br />
these processes may be further modified by the cellexternal<br />
reoxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur,<br />
and the subsequent disproportionation to sulfide<br />
and sulfate or by the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate.<br />
Here we report delta O-18(SO 4) 2- values from interstitial<br />
water samples of ODP Leg 182 (Site 1130) and<br />
provide the mathematical framework to describe<br />
the oxygen isotope fractionation of sulfate during<br />
microbial sulfate reduction. We show that a purely<br />
kinetic model is unable to explain our delta(OSO 4 2-)-<br />
O-18 data, and that the data are well explained by a<br />
model using oxygen isotope exchange reactions. We<br />
propose that the oxygen isotope exchange occurs between<br />
APS and cytoplasmic water, and/or between<br />
sulfite and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) during<br />
APS formation. Model calculations show that cell external<br />
reoxidation of reduced sulfur species would<br />
require up to 3000 mol/m(3) of an oxidant at ODP<br />
Site 1130, which is incompatible with the sediment<br />
geochemical data. In addition, we show that the<br />
volumetric fluxes required to explain the observed<br />
delta O-18(SO 4) 2- data are on average 14 times higher<br />
than the volumetric sulfate reduction rates (SRR)<br />
obtained from inverse modeling of the porewater<br />
data. <strong>The</strong> ratio between the gross sulfate flux into<br />
the microbes and the net sulfate flux through the<br />
microbes is depth invariant, and independent of sulfide<br />
concentrations. This suggests that both fluxes<br />
are controlled by cell density and that cell-specific<br />
sulfate reduction rates remain constant with depth.<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71,<br />
N17, SEP 1, pp 4221-4232.<br />
08.1-286<br />
Virtual water: An unfolding concept in integrated<br />
water resources management<br />
Yang H, Zehnder A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Political Sciences , Economics , Water Resources<br />
In its broadest sense, virtual water refers to the water<br />
required for the production of food commodities. Issues<br />
relating to virtual water have drawn much attention<br />
in scientific communities and the political<br />
sphere since the mid 1990s. This paper provides a<br />
critical review of major research issues and results<br />
in the virtual water literature and pinpoints the remaining<br />
questions and the direction of research in<br />
future virtual water studies. We conclude that virtual<br />
water studies have helped to raise the awareness<br />
of water scarcity and its impact on food security and<br />
to improve the understanding of the role of food<br />
trade in compensating for water deficit. However,<br />
the studies so far have been overwhelmingly concerned<br />
with the international food trade, and many<br />
solely quantified virtual water flows associated with<br />
food trade. <strong>The</strong>re is a general lack of direct policy<br />
relevance to the solutions to water scarcity and food<br />
insecurity, which are often local, regional, and river<br />
basin issues. <strong>The</strong> obscurity in the conceptual basis of<br />
virtual water also entails some confusion. <strong>The</strong> methodologies<br />
and databases of the studies are often<br />
crude, affecting the robustness and reliability of the<br />
results. Looking ahead, future virtual water studies<br />
need to enhance the policy relevance by strengthening<br />
their linkages with national and regional water<br />
resources management. Meanwhile, integrated<br />
approaches taking into consideration the spatial<br />
and temporal variations of blue and green water resources<br />
availability and the complexity of natural,<br />
socioeconomic, and political conditions are necessary<br />
in assessing the trade-offs of the virtual water<br />
strategy in dealing with water scarcity. To this end,<br />
interdisciplinary efforts and quantitative methods<br />
supported by improved data availability are greatly<br />
important.<br />
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N12, DEC 5<br />
ARTN: W12301.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
08.1-287<br />
Hydrological modelling of the chaohe basin<br />
in china: Statistical model formulation and<br />
Bayesian inference<br />
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C, Yang H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Hydrology , Modelling<br />
Calibration of hydrologic models is very difficult<br />
because of measurement errors in input and response,<br />
errors in model structure, and the large<br />
number of non-identifiable parameters of distributed<br />
models. <strong>The</strong> difficulties even increase in arid<br />
regions with high seasonal variation of precipitation,<br />
where the modelled residuals often exhibit<br />
high heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. On<br />
the other hand, support of water management by<br />
hydrologic models is important in and regions,<br />
particularly if there is increasing water demand<br />
due to urbanization. <strong>The</strong> use and assessment of<br />
model results for this purpose require a careful<br />
calibration and uncertainty analysis. Extending<br />
earlier work in this field, we developed a procedure<br />
to overcome (i) the problem of non-identifiability<br />
of distributed parameters by introducing<br />
aggregate parameters and using Bayesian inference,<br />
(ii) the problem of heteroscedasticity of errors<br />
by combining a Box-Cox transformation of<br />
results and data with seasonally dependent error<br />
variances, (iii) the problems of autocorrelated errors,<br />
missing data and outlier omission with a<br />
continuous-time autoregressive error model, and<br />
(iv) the problem of the seasonal variation of error<br />
correlations with seasonally dependent characteristic<br />
correlation times. <strong>The</strong> technique was tested<br />
with the calibration of the hydrologic sub-model<br />
of the Soil and Water Assessment Toot (SWAT) in<br />
the Chaohe Basin in North China. <strong>The</strong> results demonstrated<br />
the good performance of this approach<br />
to uncertainty analysis, particularly with respect<br />
to the fulfilment of statistical assumptions of the<br />
error model. A comparison with an independent<br />
error model and with error models that only considered<br />
a subset of the suggested techniques clearly<br />
showed the superiority of the approach based<br />
on all the features (i)-(iv) mentioned above.<br />
Journal of Hydrology, 2007, V340, N3-4, JUL 15,<br />
pp 167-182.<br />
08.1-288<br />
Bayesian uncertainty analysis in distributed<br />
hydrologic modeling: A case study in the Thur<br />
River basin (Switzerland)<br />
Yang J, Reichert P, Abbaspour K C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Hydrology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
147<br />
Calibration and uncertainty analysis in hydrologic<br />
modeling are affected by measurement errors in<br />
input and response and errors in model structure.<br />
Recently, extending similar approaches in discrete<br />
time, a continuous time autoregressive error<br />
model was proposed for statistical inference and<br />
uncertainty analysis in hydrologic modeling. <strong>The</strong><br />
major advantages over discrete time formulation<br />
are the use of a continuous time error model for<br />
describing continuous processes, the possibility of<br />
accounting for seasonal variations of parameters<br />
in the error model, the easier treatment of missing<br />
data or omitted outliers, and the opportunity<br />
for continuous time predictions. <strong>The</strong> model was<br />
developed for the Chaohe Basin in China and had<br />
some features specific for this semiarid climatic<br />
region (in particular, the seasonal variation of parameters<br />
in the error model in response to seasonal<br />
variation in precipitation). This paper tests and<br />
extends this approach with an application to the<br />
Thur River basin in Switzerland, which is subject<br />
to completely different climatic conditions. This<br />
application corroborates the general applicability<br />
of the approach but also demonstrates the necessity<br />
of accounting for the heavy tails in the distributions<br />
of residuals and innovations. This is done<br />
by replacing the normal distribution of the innovations<br />
by a Student t distribution, the degrees of<br />
freedom of which are adapted to best represent<br />
the shape of the empirical distribution of the innovations.<br />
We conclude that with this extension,<br />
the continuous time autoregressive error model<br />
is applicable and flexible for hydrologic modeling<br />
under different climatic conditions. <strong>The</strong> major<br />
remaining conceptual disadvantage is that this<br />
class of approaches does not lead to a separate<br />
identification of model input and model structural<br />
errors. <strong>The</strong> major practical disadvantage is the<br />
high computational demand characteristic for all<br />
Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.<br />
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT 2<br />
ARTN: W10401.<br />
08.1-289<br />
Salinization of groundwater in the Nefzawa<br />
oases region, Tunisia: results of a regionalscale<br />
hydrogeologic approach<br />
Zammouri M, Siegfried T, El Fahem T, Kriaa S,<br />
Kinzelbach W<br />
Tunisia, Switzerland, Germany, Nigeria<br />
Water Resources , Hydrology , Modelling<br />
Groundwater pumped from the semi-confined<br />
Complexe Terminal (CT) aquifer is an important<br />
production factor in irrigated oases agriculture in<br />
southern Tunisia. A rise in the groundwater salinity<br />
has been observed as a consequence of increas-
148 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Oceans and Fresh Water Systems<br />
ing abstraction from the aquifer during the last<br />
few decades. All sources of contamination were<br />
investigated using hydrochemical data available<br />
from the 1980s. Water samples were taken from<br />
drains and observation wells tapping both the<br />
CT and the phreatic aquifers and analyzed with<br />
regard to chemistry, temperature, isotopes and<br />
other environmental tracers. Local salinization<br />
mechanisms are suggested, i.e. the upwelling of<br />
saline water from the underlying, confined Continental<br />
Intercalaire (CI) aquifer, as well as backflow<br />
of agricultural drainage water. At this stage, the<br />
main salt pan, the Chott el Djerid, is not a contamination<br />
source. A finite difference model was<br />
also developed to simulate groundwater flow and<br />
contaminant transport in the oases. Calibration<br />
for the period 1950-2000 was carried out in order<br />
to adjust geological and chemical system parameters.<br />
<strong>The</strong> simulation of planned extraction projects<br />
predicts a worsening of the present situation.<br />
Maintenance of the present abstraction regime<br />
will not reduce or stop the salinity increase.<br />
Hydrogeology Journal, 2007, V15, N7, NOV, pp<br />
1357-1375.<br />
08.1-290<br />
Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
Alps<br />
Zappa M, Kan C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling ,<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Hydrology<br />
<strong>The</strong> hydrological response of <strong>Swiss</strong> river basins<br />
to the 2003 European summer heatwave was<br />
evaluated by a combined analysis of historical<br />
discharge records and specific applications of distributed<br />
hydrological modeling. In the summer<br />
of 2003, the discharge from headwater streams<br />
of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Central Plateau was only 40%-60% of<br />
the long-term average. For alpine basins runoff<br />
was about 60%-80% of the average. Glacierized basins<br />
showed the opposite behavior. According to<br />
the degree of glacierization, the average summer<br />
runoff was close or even above average. <strong>The</strong> hydrological<br />
model PREVAH was applied for the period<br />
1982-2005. Even if the model was not calibrated for<br />
such extreme meteorological conditions, it was<br />
well able to simulate the hydrological responses<br />
of three basins. <strong>The</strong> aridity index phi describes<br />
feedbacks between hydrological and meteorological<br />
anomalies, and was adopted as an indicator of<br />
hydrological drought. <strong>The</strong> anomalies of phi and<br />
temperature in the summer of 2003 exceeded the<br />
1982-2005 mean by more than 2 standard deviations.<br />
Catchments without glaciers showed negative<br />
correlations between phi and discharge R.<br />
In basins with about 15% glacierization, phi and<br />
R were not correlated. River basins with higher<br />
glacier percentages showed a positive correlation<br />
between phi and R. Icemelt was positively correlated<br />
with phi and reduced the variability of discharge<br />
with larger amounts of meltwater. Runoff<br />
generation from the non-glaciated sub-areas was<br />
limited by high evapotranspiration and reduced<br />
precipitation. <strong>The</strong> 2003 summer heatwave could<br />
be a precursor to similar events in the near future.<br />
Hydrological models and further data analysis<br />
will allow the identification of the most sensitive<br />
regions where heatwaves may become a recurrent<br />
natural hazard with large environmental, social<br />
and economical impacts.<br />
Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2007,<br />
V7, N3, pp 375-389.<br />
08.1-291<br />
Insights into the management of sea turtle<br />
internesting area through satellite telemetry<br />
Zbinden J A, Aebischer A, Margaritoulis D, Arlettaz<br />
R<br />
Switzerland, Greece<br />
Zoology , Marine & Freshwater Biology , Ecology ,<br />
Biodiversity<br />
Female sea turtles typically lay several clutches<br />
during each nesting season and rest in the time<br />
between laying clutches (the internesting period)<br />
in the waters off the nesting beach. Adequate protection<br />
of turtles in the internesting area requires<br />
knowledge on their spatial behaviour and was so<br />
far hampered by methodological limitations. Satellite<br />
telemetry data of exceptionally high quality<br />
allowed us to scrutinize internesting area use of<br />
four logger-head sea turtles nesting in the Bay of<br />
Laganas (Zakynthos, Greece). We assessed the efficacy<br />
of two zones of a marine reserve with distinct<br />
levels of protection (boats are excluded from one<br />
zone). Most of the obtained locations of three of the<br />
four turtles were within the bay, a result consistent<br />
with a strategy to minimize energy expenditure.<br />
T Turtles showed no obvious preference for the<br />
highly protected area of the bay. <strong>The</strong> availability<br />
of warmer water in the less protected area may be<br />
more crucial than avoidance of boat disturbance.<br />
Biological Conservation, 2007, V137, N1, JUN, pp<br />
157-162.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Energy Balance<br />
1.6 Energy Balance<br />
08.1-292<br />
Impact of ice supersaturated regions and thin<br />
cirrus on radiation in the midlatitudes<br />
Fusina F, Spichtinger P, Lohmann U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Cryology / Glaciology<br />
(1) In this study we investigate the radiative impact<br />
of ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs, i.e., cloud<br />
free air masses in the upper troposphere that are<br />
supersaturated with respect to ice) and thin cirrus.<br />
For this purpose we use corrected radiosonde<br />
data obtained from routine measurements over<br />
the meteorological observatory in Lindenberg,<br />
Germany. <strong>The</strong> radiative effect of the measured ice<br />
supersaturation is determined. By constructing<br />
an idealized profile from the measurement data<br />
the radiative properties of ISSRs and thin cirrus<br />
containing ice supersaturation were studied. <strong>The</strong><br />
impact of ISSRs on the surface forcing is negligible<br />
but locally, within the vertical profile, changes<br />
in the heating rates up to 1 K d (-1) for typical values<br />
of 130% relative humidity with respect to ice<br />
compared to the saturated profiles are found. This<br />
is also important for the local dynamics within<br />
the supersaturated layers. <strong>The</strong> outgoing longwave<br />
radiation due to the enhanced water vapor content<br />
inside ISSRs decreases up to 0.8 W m(-2). <strong>The</strong><br />
radiative impact of thin cirrus is much stronger.<br />
Thin cirrus influence the surface budget, the top<br />
of the atmosphere radiation and the vertical profile<br />
of the heating rates. <strong>Change</strong>s in the outgoing<br />
longwave radiation and in the reflected shortwave<br />
flux at top of the atmosphere up to 64 W m(-2) and<br />
79 W m(-2), respectively, are possible. <strong>Change</strong>s in<br />
the surface flux (downward) up to 89 W m(-2) are<br />
found. <strong>The</strong> maximal heating rate differences between<br />
thin cirrus and ISSR amount to 15 K d(-1).<br />
<strong>The</strong> radiative impact of thin cirrus clouds depends<br />
strongly on cloud ice content and the size<br />
of the ice crystals. Additionally, the radiative impact<br />
of cirrus formed by parameterizations not allowing<br />
ice supersaturations in large-scale models<br />
is estimated. <strong>The</strong> errors due to artificially formed<br />
cirrus are quite large; differences up to 3 K d(-1) in<br />
the vertical heating profiles and up to 38 and 40<br />
W m(-2) in the outgoing longwave radiation and<br />
the surface flux, respectively, are found. Thus we<br />
recommend using physically based parameterizations<br />
in GCMs which allow ice supersaturation.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND24, DEC 15 ARTN: D24514.<br />
149<br />
08.1-293<br />
Year-round observation of longwave radiative<br />
flux divergence in Greenland<br />
Hoch S W, Calanca P, Philipona R, Ohmura A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Longwave radiative flux divergence within the lowest<br />
50 m of the atmospheric boundary layer was<br />
observed during the Eidgenossische Technische<br />
Hochschule (ETH) Greenland Summit experiment.<br />
<strong>The</strong> dataset collected at 72 degrees 35’N, 38 degrees<br />
30’W, 3203 m MSL is based on longwave radiation<br />
measurements at 2 and 48 m that are corrected for<br />
the influence of the supporting tower structure.<br />
<strong>The</strong> observations cover all seasons and reveal the<br />
magnitude of longwave radiative flux divergence<br />
and its incoming and outgoing component under<br />
stable and unstable conditions. Longwave radiative<br />
flux divergence during winter corresponds to<br />
a radiative cooling of -10 K day(-1), but values of -30<br />
K day(-1) can persist for several days. During summer,<br />
the mean cooling effect of longwave radiative<br />
flux divergence is small (-2 K day(-1)) but exhibits a<br />
strong diurnal cycle. With values ranging from -35<br />
K day(-1) around midnight to 15 K day(-1) at noon,<br />
the heating rate due to longwave radiative flux divergence<br />
is of the same order of magnitude as the<br />
observed temperature tendency. However, temperature<br />
tendency and longwave radiative flux divergence<br />
are out of phase, with temperature tendency<br />
leading the longwave radiative flux divergence by 3<br />
h. <strong>The</strong> vertical variation of the outgoing longwave<br />
flux usually dominates the net longwave flux divergence,<br />
showing a strong divergence at nighttime<br />
and a strong convergence during the day. <strong>The</strong> divergence<br />
of the incoming longwave flux plays a secondary<br />
role, showing a slight counteracting effect.<br />
Fog is frequently observed during summer nights.<br />
Under such conditions, a divergence of both incoming<br />
and outgoing fluxes leads to the strongest radiative<br />
cooling rates that are observed. Considering all<br />
data, a correlation between longwave radiative flux<br />
divergence and the temperature difference across<br />
the 2-48-m layer is found.<br />
Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,<br />
2007, V46, N9, SEP, pp 1469-1479.<br />
08.1-294<br />
Long-term changes in the cosmic ray intensity<br />
at Earth, 1428-2005<br />
Mccracken K G, Beer J<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) <strong>The</strong> instrumental cosmic ray data recorded in<br />
the interval 1933-1965 by S. E. Forbush and H. V.<br />
Neher and cosmogenic 10 Be data are merged with
150 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Energy Balance<br />
the neutron monitor data since 1951 to study the<br />
long- and short-term variations in the galactic cosmic<br />
radiation intensity for the interval 1428-2005.<br />
It is shown that the ionization chamber data<br />
published by S. E. Forbush were deliberately detrended<br />
to remove long- term changes. <strong>The</strong> highaltitude<br />
ionization chambers used by H. V. Neher<br />
during this interval were well calibrated and their<br />
data exhibit a substantial decrease between 1933<br />
and 1954 that is consistent with the long- term<br />
trends in the cosmogenic 10 Be data. Using the<br />
specific yield functions appropriate to neutron<br />
monitors, ionization chambers, and 10 Be, the<br />
nonlinear relationships between these data types<br />
are determined. It is shown that the nonlinearities<br />
are large and will introduce serious errors if<br />
ignored. An intercalibrated record (the “pseudo-<br />
Climax neutron monitor record’’) is developed for<br />
the interval 1428-2005. It is used to study several<br />
features of the long- term periodicities in the cosmic<br />
radiation, after discussion of residual effects<br />
due to meteorological effects, and the production<br />
of 10 Be by solar cosmic rays. It is shown that (1)<br />
the average intensity in the neutron monitor energy<br />
range for the interval 1954-1996 is similar to<br />
16% less than the average for the period 1428-1944<br />
and that it shows a consistency and depth of<br />
modulation that had not occurred in the previous<br />
580 years. (2) <strong>The</strong> residual cosmic ray modulation<br />
was low throughout the Gleissberg cycle<br />
1540-1645, considerably higher for the next two<br />
Gleissberg Cycles, and highest of all since 1944. (3)<br />
<strong>The</strong> cosmogenic data imply that solar activity was<br />
anomalously low throughout the whole interval<br />
1428-1715, the amplitude of the solar activity during<br />
the Gleissberg cycle 1540-1645 being similar to<br />
50% of that during the following two Gleissberg<br />
cycles and similar to 25% of that in the post-1954<br />
era. (4) It is proposed that the steadily increasing<br />
cosmic ray modulation since 1428 constitutes a<br />
quarter cycle of the previously identified 2300 year<br />
periodicity in the cosmogenic data. (5) <strong>The</strong> cosmic<br />
ray intensity decreased in two steps between 1889<br />
and 1901 and 1944 and 1954, in broad agreement<br />
with the two-step increase in heliomagnetic field<br />
strength determined by Schrijver et al. (2002). It<br />
is proposed that the “pseudo-Climax neutron record’’<br />
will be of benefit in the normalization of<br />
other cosmogenic records to the neutron monitor<br />
record starting in 1951.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics,<br />
2007, V112, NA10, OCT 5 ARTN: A10101.<br />
08.1-295<br />
Modelling the ground heat flux of an urban<br />
area using remote sensing data<br />
Rigo G, Parlow E<br />
Switzerland<br />
Urban Studies , Remote Sensing , Modelling , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences<br />
During the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment<br />
(BUBBLE) conducted in 2002, micrometeorological<br />
in-situ data were collected for different<br />
sites using a variety of instruments. This provides<br />
a unique data set for urban climate studies. Nevertheless,<br />
the spatial distribution of energy and<br />
heat fluxes can only be taken into account with<br />
remote sensing methods or numerical models.<br />
<strong>The</strong>refore, multiple satellite images from different<br />
platforms (NOAA-AVHRR, MODIS and LAND-<br />
SAT ETM+) were acquired, processed and analysed.<br />
In addition, a high resolution digital elevation<br />
model (DEM) and a 1 m resolution digital surface<br />
model (DSM) of a large part of the city of Basel<br />
was utilized. This paper focuses on the calculation<br />
and modelling of the ground (or storage) heat<br />
flux density using remotely sensed data combined<br />
with in-situ measurements using three different<br />
approaches. First, an empirical regression function<br />
was generated to estimate the storage heat<br />
flux from NDVI values second approach used the<br />
Objective Hysteresis Model (OHM) which is often<br />
used for in-situ measurements. <strong>The</strong> last method<br />
used information of the geometric parameters of<br />
urban street canyons, computed from the high<br />
resolution digital urban surface model. Modelled<br />
and measured data are found to be in agreement<br />
within +/- 30 Wm(-2) and result in a coefficient of<br />
determination (R-2) of 0.95.<br />
<strong>The</strong>oretical and Applied Climatology, 2007, V90,<br />
N3-4, NOV, pp 185-199.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
1.7 Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
08.1-296<br />
An Earth-system perspective of the global<br />
nitrogen cycle<br />
Gruber N, Galloway J N<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Ecology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
With humans having an increasing impact on the<br />
planet, the interactions between the nitrogen cycle,<br />
the carbon cycle and climate are expected to<br />
become an increasingly important determinant<br />
of the Earth system.<br />
Nature, 2008, V451, N7176, JAN 17, pp 293-296.<br />
08.1-297<br />
Comparison of quantification methods to measure<br />
fire-derived (black /elemental) carbon in<br />
soils and sediments using reference materials<br />
from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere<br />
Hammes K, Schmidt M W I, Smernik R J, Currie L<br />
A, Ball W P, Nguyen T H, Louchouarn P, Houel S,<br />
Gustafsson O, Elmquist M, Cornelissen G, Skjemstad<br />
J O, Masiello C A, Song J, Peng P, Mitra S,<br />
Dunn J C, Hatcher P G, Hockaday W C, Smith<br />
Dwight M, Hartkopf Fröder C, Böhmer A, Lueer B,<br />
Huebert B J, Amelung W, Brodowski S, Huang L,<br />
Zhang W, Gschwend P M, Flores C D X, Largeau C,<br />
Rouzaud J N, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kaiser<br />
K, Rodionov A, Gonzalez Vila F J, Gonzalez Perez J<br />
A, de La Rosa J M, Manning D A C, Lopez Capel E,<br />
Ding L<br />
Switzerland, Germany, USA, Sweden, Spain, Canada,<br />
France, England, Peoples R China, Australia<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Black carbon (BC), the product of incomplete<br />
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass (called elemental<br />
carbon (EC) in atmospheric sciences), was<br />
quantified in 12 different materials by 17 laboratories<br />
from different disciplines, using seven different<br />
methods. <strong>The</strong> materials were divided into<br />
three classes: (1) potentially interfering materials,<br />
(2) laboratory-produced BC-rich materials, and (3)<br />
BC-containing environmental matrices (from soil,<br />
water, sediment, and atmosphere). This is the first<br />
comprehensive intercomparison of this type (multimethod,<br />
multilab, and multisample) , focusing<br />
mainly on methods used for soil and sediment<br />
BC studies. Results for the potentially interfering<br />
materials (which by definition contained no firederived<br />
organic carbon) highlighted situations<br />
where individual methods may overestimate BC<br />
concentrations. Results for the BC-rich materials<br />
(one soot and two chars) showed that some of the<br />
methods identified most of the carbon in all three<br />
151<br />
materials as BC, whereas other methods identified<br />
only soot carbon as BC. <strong>The</strong> different methods<br />
also gave widely different BC contents for the environmental<br />
matrices. However, these variations<br />
could be understood in the light of the findings<br />
for the other two groups of materials, i.e., that<br />
some methods incorrectly identify non-BC carbon<br />
as BC, and that the detection efficiency of each<br />
technique varies across the BC continuum. We<br />
found that atmospheric BC quantification methods<br />
are not ideal for soil and sediment studies as<br />
in their methodology these incorporate the definition<br />
of BC as light-absorbing material irrespective<br />
of its origin, leading to biases when applied to<br />
terrestrial and sedimentary materials. This study<br />
shows that any attempt to merge data generated<br />
via different methods must consider the different,<br />
operationally defined analytical windows of<br />
the BC continuum detected by each technique,<br />
as well as the limitations and potential biases of<br />
each technique. A major goal of this ring trial was<br />
to provide a basis on which to choose between the<br />
different BC quantification methods in soil and<br />
sediment studies. In this paper we summarize the<br />
advantages and disadvantages of each method. In<br />
future studies, we strongly recommend the evaluation<br />
of all methods analyzing for BC in soils and<br />
sediments against the set of BC reference materials<br />
analyzed here.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG<br />
31 ARTN: GB3016.<br />
08.1-298<br />
Analysis of seasonal terrestrial water storage<br />
variations in regional climate simulations over<br />
Europe<br />
Hirschi M, Seneviratne S I, Hagemann S, Schär C<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Hydrology ,<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Land-surface processes play a major role in the<br />
climate system, and their validation is crucial to<br />
improve current climate models. Here we investigate<br />
the seasonal evolution of terrestrial water<br />
storage (TWS) (includes all water stored on land)<br />
in an ensemble of 30-year- long climate simulations<br />
from the PRUDENCE archive (9 regional and<br />
2 global models), representing current and future<br />
climatic conditions. For validation purposes we<br />
employ a recently published basin-scale waterbalance<br />
(BSWB) data set of diagnosed monthly<br />
TWS variations, where the term variations refers<br />
to monthly changes in TWS. <strong>The</strong> analysis is conducted<br />
in five large-scale European domains composed<br />
of major river basins. This analysis shows<br />
that the climatology of most models lies within
152 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
the interannual variability of the BSWB data set<br />
in the investigated regions, but the different models<br />
sometimes display considerable discrepancies<br />
in the seasonal evolution of TWS. In particular,<br />
we find that all models suffer from a considerable<br />
underestimation of interannual TWS variability.<br />
<strong>The</strong> deviations of the individual models from the<br />
BSWB data set can be linked to biases in the hydrological<br />
fluxes (i.e., precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration).<br />
<strong>The</strong> simulated future changes for<br />
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate <strong>Change</strong><br />
(IPCC) A2 scenario suggest an enhancement of the<br />
seasonal cycle of TWS, with drier soils in summer.<br />
Mainly in the Central European domain, several<br />
models show a reduction of the year-to-year variability<br />
of summer TWS variations, indicating an<br />
exhaustion of the models’ soil water reservoirs by<br />
the end of summer under future climatic conditions.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND22, NOV 30 ARTN: D22109.<br />
08.1-299<br />
Evaluation of AMIP II global climate model<br />
simulations of the land surface water budget<br />
and its components over the GEWEX-CEOP<br />
regions<br />
Irannejad P, Henderson Sellers A<br />
Iran, Australia, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling ,<br />
Hydrology<br />
<strong>The</strong> land surface water balance components simulated<br />
by 20 atmospheric global circulation models<br />
(AGCMs) participating in phase II of the Atmospheric<br />
Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP II)<br />
are analyzed globally and over seven <strong>Global</strong> Energy<br />
and Water Cycle Experiment Coordinated<br />
Enhanced Observing Period basins. In contrast to<br />
the conclusions from analysis of AMIP I, the results<br />
presented here suggest that the group average<br />
of available AGCMs does not outperform all<br />
individual AGCMs in simulating the surface water<br />
balance components. Analysis shows that the<br />
available reanalysis products are not appropriate<br />
for evaluation of AGCMs’ simulated land surface<br />
water components. <strong>The</strong> worst simulation of the<br />
surface water budget is in the Murray-Darling, the<br />
most arid basin, where all the reanalyses and seven<br />
of the AGCMs produce a negative surface water<br />
budget, with evaporation alone exceeding precipitation<br />
and soil moisture decreasing over the<br />
whole AMIP II period in this basin. <strong>The</strong> spatiotemporal<br />
correlation coefficients between observed<br />
and AGCM- simulated runoff are smaller than<br />
those for precipitation. In almost all basins (except<br />
for the two most arid basins), the spatiotem-<br />
poral variations of the AGCMs’ simulated evaporation<br />
are more coherent and agree better with<br />
observations, compared to those of simulated precipitation.<br />
This suggests that differences among<br />
the AGCMs’ surface water budget predictions are<br />
not solely due to model- generated precipitation<br />
differences. Specifically, it is shown that different<br />
land surface parameterization schemes partition<br />
precipitation between evaporation and runoff differently<br />
and that this, in addition to the predicted<br />
differences in atmospheric forcings, is responsible<br />
for different predictions of basin-scale water budgets.<br />
<strong>The</strong> authors conclude that the selection of<br />
a land surface scheme for an atmospheric model<br />
has significant impacts on the predicted continental<br />
and basin-scale surface hydrology.<br />
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, V8, N3, JUN,<br />
pp 304-326.<br />
08.1-300<br />
Comprehensive comparison of gap-filling techniques<br />
for eddy covariance net carbon fluxes<br />
Moffat A M, Papale D, Reichstein M, Hollinger D<br />
Y, Richardson A D, Barr A G, Beckstein C, Braswell<br />
B H, Churkina G, Desai A R, Falge E, Gove J H,<br />
Heimann M, Hui D, Jarvis A J, Kattge J, Noormets<br />
Asko, Stauch V J<br />
Germany, Italy, USA, Canada, England, Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Forestry , Plant Sciences , Agriculture,<br />
Soil Sciences<br />
We review 15 techniques for estimating missing<br />
values of net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) in<br />
eddy covariance time series and evaluate their<br />
performance for different artificial gap scenarios<br />
based on a set of 10 benchmark datasets from six<br />
forested sites in Europe. <strong>The</strong> goal of gap filling is<br />
the reproduction of the NEE time series and hence<br />
this present work focuses on estimating missing<br />
NEE values, not on editing or the removal of suspect<br />
values in these time series due to systematic<br />
errors in the measurements (e.g., nighttime flux,<br />
advection). <strong>The</strong> gap filling was examined by generating<br />
50 secondary datasets with artificial gaps<br />
(ranging in length from single half- hours to 12<br />
consecutive days) for each benchmark dataset and<br />
evaluating the performance with a variety of statistical<br />
metrics. <strong>The</strong> performance of the gap filling<br />
varied among sites and depended on the level of aggregation<br />
(native half-hourly time step versus daily),<br />
long gaps were more difficult to fill than short<br />
gaps, and differences among the techniques were<br />
more pronounced during the day than at night.<br />
<strong>The</strong> non-linear regression techniques (NLRs), the<br />
look-up table (LUT), marginal distribution sampling<br />
(MDS), and the semiparametric model (SPM)<br />
generally showed good overall performance. <strong>The</strong>
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
artificial neural network based techniques (ANNs)<br />
were generally, if only slightly, superior to the other<br />
techniques. <strong>The</strong> simple interpolation technique<br />
of mean diurnal variation (MDV) showed a moderate<br />
but consistent performance. Several sophisticated<br />
techniques, the dual unscented Kalman filter<br />
(UKF), the multiple imputation method (MIM),<br />
the terrestrial biosphere model (BETHY), but also<br />
one of the ANNs and one of the NLRs showed high<br />
biases which resulted in a low reliability of the<br />
annual sums, indicating that additional development<br />
might be needed. An uncertainty analysis<br />
comparing the estimated random error in the 10<br />
benchmark datasets with the artificial gap residuals<br />
suggested that the techniques are already at or<br />
very close to the noise limit of the measurements.<br />
Based on the techniques and site data examined<br />
here, the effect of gap filling on the annual sums<br />
of NEE is modest, with most techniques falling<br />
within a range of +/- 25 g C m(-2) year(-1.)<br />
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2007, V147,<br />
N3-4, DEC 10, pp 209-232.<br />
08.1-301<br />
Impact of circulation on export production,<br />
dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen<br />
in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the<br />
Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison<br />
Project (OCMIP-2)<br />
Najjar R G, Jin X, Louanchi F, Aumont O, Caldeira K,<br />
Doney S C, Dutay J C, Follows M, Gruber N, Joos F,<br />
Lindsay K, Maier Reimer E, Matear R J, Matsumoto<br />
K, Monfray P, Mouchet A, Orr J C, Plattner G K,<br />
Sarmiento J L, Schlitzer R, Slater R D, Weirig M F,<br />
Yamanaka Y, Yool A<br />
USA, France, Switzerland, Algeria, Germany, Australia,<br />
Belgium, Japan, England<br />
Modelling , Oceanography , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Results are presented of export production, dissolved<br />
organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen<br />
simulated by 12 global ocean models participating<br />
in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon-cycle<br />
Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple<br />
biogeochemical model is utilized in different<br />
coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. <strong>The</strong><br />
model mean (+/- 1 sigma) downward flux of organic<br />
matter across 75 m depth is 17 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1).<br />
Model means of globally averaged particle export,<br />
the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface<br />
semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC),<br />
and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are<br />
in good agreement with observation- based estimates,<br />
but particle export and surface DOC are<br />
153<br />
too high in the tropics. <strong>The</strong>re is a high sensitivity<br />
of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1)<br />
the correlation of surface DOC and export with<br />
circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon<br />
inventory and deep-ocean radiocarbon, (2) very<br />
large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean<br />
export, and (3) greater export production, fraction<br />
of export as DOM, and SNO in models with<br />
explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep-ocean<br />
oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is<br />
poorly correlated with other model indices. Crossmodel<br />
means of several biogeochemical metrics<br />
show better agreement with observation-based<br />
estimates when restricted to those models that<br />
best simulate deep-ocean radiocarbon. Overall,<br />
the results emphasize the importance of physical<br />
processes in marine biogeochemical modeling<br />
and suggest that the development of circulation<br />
models can be accelerated by evaluating them<br />
with marine biogeochemical metrics.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N3, AUG<br />
8 ARTN: GB3007.<br />
08.1-302<br />
Experimental assessment of N 2O background<br />
fluxes in grassland systems<br />
Neftel A, Flechard C, Ammann C, Conen F, Emmenegger<br />
L, Zeyer K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
In the absence of, or between, fertilization events<br />
in agricultural systems, soils are generally assumed<br />
to emit N 2O at a small rate, often described<br />
as the ‘background’ flux. In contrast, net uptake of<br />
N 2O by soil has been observed in many field studies,<br />
but has not gained much attention. Observations<br />
of net uptake of N 2O form a large fraction<br />
(about half) of all individual flux measurements<br />
in a long- term time series at our temperate fertilized<br />
grassland site. Individual uptake fluxes from<br />
chamber measurements are often not statistically<br />
significant but mean values integrated over longer<br />
time periods from days to weeks do show a clear<br />
uptake. An analysis of semi- continuous chamber<br />
flux data in conjunction with continuous measurements<br />
of the N 2O concentration in the soil profile<br />
and eddy covariance measurements suggests that<br />
gross production and gross consumption of N 2O<br />
are of the same order, and as consequence only a<br />
minor fraction of N 2O molecules produced in the<br />
soil reaches the atmosphere.<br />
Tellus Series B Chemical and Physical Meteorology,<br />
2007, V59, N3, JUL, pp 470-482.
154 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
08.1-303<br />
Effects of increased soil water availability on<br />
grassland ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes<br />
Risch A C, Frank D A<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Plant Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is considerable interest in how ecosystems<br />
will respond to changes in precipitation. Alterations<br />
in rain and snowfall are expected to influence<br />
the spatio-temporal patterns of plant and soil<br />
processes that are controlled by soil moisture, and<br />
potentially, the amount of carbon (C) exchanged<br />
between the atmosphere and ecosystems. Because<br />
grasslands cover over one third of the terrestrial<br />
landscape, understanding controls on grassland<br />
C processes will be important to forecast how<br />
changes in precipitation regimes will influence<br />
the global C cycle. In this study we examined how<br />
irrigation affects carbon dioxide (CO 2) fluxes in<br />
five widely variable grasslands of Yellowstone National<br />
Park during a year of approximately average<br />
growing season precipitation. We irrigated plots<br />
every 2 weeks with 25% of the monthly 30-year average<br />
of precipitation resulting in plots receiving<br />
approximately 150% of the usual growing season<br />
water in the form of rain and supplemented irrigation.<br />
Ecosystem CO 2 fluxes were measured with<br />
a closed chamber-system once a month from May-<br />
September on irrigated and unirrigated plots in<br />
each grassland. Soil moisture was closely associated<br />
with CO 2 fluxes and shoot biomass, and was<br />
between 1.6% and 11.5% higher at the irrigated<br />
plots (values from wettest to driest grassland) during<br />
times of measurements. When examining the<br />
effect of irrigation throughout the growing season<br />
(May-September) across sites, we found that<br />
water additions increased ecosystem CO 2 fluxes<br />
at the two driest and the wettest sites, suggesting<br />
that these sites were water-limited during the<br />
climatically average precipitation conditions of<br />
the 2005 growing season. In contrast, no consistent<br />
responses to irrigation were detected at the<br />
two sites with intermediate soil moisture. Thus,<br />
the ecosystem CO 2 fluxes at those sites were not<br />
water-limited, when considering their responses<br />
to supplemental water throughout the whole season.<br />
In contrast, when we explored how the effect<br />
of irrigation varied temporally, we found that irrigation<br />
increased ecosystem CO 2 fluxes at all the<br />
sites late in the growing season (September). <strong>The</strong><br />
spatial differences in the response of ecosystem<br />
CO 2 fluxes to irrigation likely can be explained<br />
by site specific differences in soil and vegetation<br />
properties. <strong>The</strong> temporal effects likely were due to<br />
delayed plant senescence that promoted plant and<br />
soil activity later into the year. Our results suggest<br />
that in Yellowstone National Park, above-normal<br />
amounts of soil moisture will only stimulate CO 2<br />
fluxes across a portion of the ecosystem. Thus, depending<br />
on the topographic location, grassland<br />
CO 2 fluxes can be water-limited or not. Such information<br />
is important to accurately predict how<br />
changes in precipitation/soil moisture will affect<br />
CO 2 dynamics and how they may feed back to the<br />
global C cycle.<br />
Biogeochemistry, 2007, V86, N1, OCT, pp 91-103.<br />
08.1-304<br />
Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of<br />
trace gases in the boundary layer over the<br />
tropical Atlantic Ocean and the Guyanas during<br />
the GABRIEL field campaign<br />
Stickler A, Fischer H, Bozem H, Gurk C, Schiller C,<br />
Martinez Harder M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Williams<br />
J, Eerdekens G, Yassaa N, Ganzeveld L, Sander R,<br />
Lelieveld J<br />
Switzerland, Germany, Canada<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling<br />
We present a comparison of different Lagrangian<br />
and chemical box model calculations with measurement<br />
data obtained during the GABRIEL campaign<br />
over the tropical Atlantic Ocean and the<br />
Amazon rainforest in the Guyanas, October 2005.<br />
Lagrangian modelling of boundary layer (BL) air<br />
constrained by measurements is used to derive a<br />
horizontal gradient (approximate to 5.6 pmol/mol<br />
km(-1)) of CO from the ocean to the rainforest (east<br />
to west). This is significantly smaller than that derived<br />
from the measurements (16-48 pmol/mol<br />
km(-1)), indicating that photochemical production<br />
from organic precursors alone cannot explain the<br />
observed strong gradient. It appears that HCHO<br />
is overestimated by the Lagrangian and chemical<br />
box models, which include dry deposition but not<br />
exchange with the free troposphere (FT). <strong>The</strong> relatively<br />
short lifetime of HCHO implies substantial<br />
BL-FT exchange. <strong>The</strong> mixing-in of FT air affected<br />
by African and South American biomass burning<br />
at an estimated rate of 0.12 h(-1) increases the CO<br />
and decreases the HCHO mixing ratios, improving<br />
agreement with measurements. A mean deposition<br />
velocity of 1.35 cm/s for H 2O 2 over the ocean<br />
as well as over the rainforest is deduced assuming<br />
BL-FT exchange adequate to the results for CO.<br />
<strong>The</strong> measured increase of the organic peroxides<br />
from the ocean to the rainforest (approximate to<br />
0.66 nmol/mol d(-1)) is significantly overestimated<br />
by the Lagrangian model, even when using high<br />
values for the deposition velocity and the entrainment<br />
rate. Our results point at either heterogeneous<br />
loss of organic peroxides and/or their radical<br />
precursors, underestimated photodissociation
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Coupled Systems and Cycles<br />
or missing reaction paths of peroxy radicals not<br />
forming peroxides in isoprene chemistry. We<br />
calculate a mean integrated daytime net ozone<br />
production (NOP) in the BL of (0.2+/-5.9) nmol/mol<br />
(ocean) and (2.4+ /-2.1) nmol/mol (rainforest). <strong>The</strong><br />
NOP strongly correlates with NO and has a positive<br />
tendency in the boundary layer over the rainforest.<br />
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2007, V7,<br />
N14, pp 3933-3956.<br />
08.1-305<br />
Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere<br />
exchange of nitrogen species<br />
Sutton M A, Nemitz E, Erisman J W, Beier C, Butterbach<br />
Bahl K, Cellier P, de Vries W, Cotrufo F,<br />
Skiba U, Di Marco C, Jones S, Laville P, Soussana J F,<br />
Loubet B, Twigg M, Famulari D, Whitehead J, Gallagher<br />
M W, Neftel A, Flechard C R, Herrmann B,<br />
Calanca P, Schjoerring J K, Daemmgen U, Horvath<br />
L, Tang Y S, Emmett B A, Tietema A, Penuelas J,<br />
Kesik M, Brueggemann N, Pilegaard K, Vesala T,<br />
Campbell C L, Olesen J E, Dragosits U, <strong>The</strong>obald M<br />
R, Levy P, Mobbs D C, Milne R, Viovy N, Vuichard N,<br />
Smith J U, Smith P, Bergamaschi P, Fowler D, Reis S<br />
Scotland, Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, France,<br />
Italy, England, Switzerland, Hungary, Wales, Spain,<br />
Finland<br />
Modelling , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences<br />
Recent research in nitrogen exchange with the<br />
atmosphere has separated research communities<br />
according to N form. <strong>The</strong> integrated perspective<br />
needed to quantify the net effect of N on greenhouse-gas<br />
balance is being addressed by the Nitro-<br />
Europe Integrated Project (NEU). Recent advances<br />
have depended on improved methodologies, while<br />
ongoing challenges include gas-aerosol interactions,<br />
organic nitrogen and N-2 fluxes. <strong>The</strong> NEU<br />
strategy applies a 3-tier Flux Network together<br />
with a Manipulation Network of global-change experiments,<br />
linked by common protocols to facilitate<br />
model application. Substantial progress has<br />
been made in modelling N fluxes, especially for<br />
N 2O, NO and bi-directional NH 3 exchange. Landscape<br />
analysis represents an emerging challenge<br />
to address the spatial interactions between farms,<br />
fields, ecosystems, catchments and air dispersion<br />
/deposition. European up-scaling of N fluxes is<br />
highly uncertain and a key priority is for better<br />
data on agricultural practices. Finally, attention is<br />
needed to develop N flux verification procedures<br />
to assess compliance with international protocols.<br />
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N1, NOV, pp<br />
125-139.<br />
155<br />
08.1-306<br />
Sensitivity of carbon cycling in the European<br />
Alps to changes of climate and land cover<br />
Zierl B, Bugmann H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Modelling , Plant Sciences , Ecology<br />
Assessments of the impacts of global change on<br />
carbon stocks in mountain regions have received<br />
little attention to date, in spite of the considerable<br />
role of these areas for the global carbon cycle. We<br />
used the regional hydro-ecological simulation system<br />
RHESSys in five case study catchments from<br />
different climatic zones in the European Alps to<br />
investigate the behavior of the carbon cycle under<br />
changing climatic and land cover conditions derived<br />
from the SRES scenarios of the IPCC. <strong>The</strong> focus<br />
of this study was on analyzing the differences<br />
in carbon cycling across various climatic zones of<br />
the Alps, and to explore the differences between<br />
the impacts of various SRES scenarios (A1FI, A2, B1,<br />
B2), and between several global circulation models<br />
(GCMs, i.e., HadCM3, CGCM2, CSIRO2, PCM).<br />
<strong>The</strong> simulation results indicate that the warming<br />
trend generally enhances carbon sequestration in<br />
these catchments over the first half of the twenty-<br />
first century, particularly in forests just below<br />
treeline. <strong>The</strong>reafter, forests at low elevations<br />
increasingly release carbon as a consequence of<br />
the changed balance between growth and respiration<br />
processes, resulting in a net carbon source at<br />
the catchment scale. Land cover changes have a<br />
strong modifying effect on these climate- induced<br />
patterns. While the simulated temporal pattern of<br />
carbon cycling is qualitatively similar across the<br />
five catchments, quantitative differences exist due<br />
to the regional differences of the climate and land<br />
cover scenarios, with land cover exerting a stronger<br />
influence. <strong>The</strong> differences in the simulations<br />
with scenarios derived from several GCMs under<br />
one SRES scenario are of the same magnitude as<br />
the differences between various SRES scenarios<br />
derived from one single GCM, suggesting that the<br />
uncertainty in climate model projections needs to<br />
be narrowed before accurate impact assessments<br />
under the various SRES scenarios can be made at<br />
the local to regional scale. We conclude that the<br />
carbon balance of the European Alps is likely to<br />
shift strongly in the future, driven mainly by land<br />
cover changes, but also by changes of the climate.<br />
We recommend that assessments of carbon cycling<br />
at regional to continental scales should make sure<br />
to adequately include sub-regional differences of<br />
changes in climate and land cover, particularly in<br />
areas with a complex topography.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V85, N1-2, NOV, pp<br />
195-212.
156 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
2 Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-307<br />
Pleistocene ice and paleo-strain rates at Taylor<br />
Glacier, Antarctica<br />
Aciego S M, Cuffey K M, Kavanaugh J L, Morse D L,<br />
Severinghaus J P<br />
USA, Switzerland, Canada<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology<br />
Ice exposed in ablation zones of ice sheets can<br />
be a valuable source of samples for paleoclimate<br />
studies and information about long-term ice dynamics.<br />
We report a 28-km long stable isotope<br />
sampling transect along a flowline on lower Taylor<br />
Glacier, Antarctica, and show that ice from<br />
the last glacial period is exposed here over tens<br />
of kilometers. Gas isotope analyses on a small<br />
number of samples confirm our age hypothesis.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se chronostratigraphic data contain information<br />
about past ice dynamics and in particular<br />
should be sensitive to the longitudinal strain rate<br />
on the north flank of Taylor Dome, averaged over<br />
millennia. <strong>The</strong> imprint of climatic changes on ice<br />
dynamics may be discernible in these data.<br />
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N3, NOV, pp<br />
303-313.<br />
08.1-308<br />
Sequencing events across the Permian-Triassic<br />
boundary, Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India)<br />
Algeo T J, Hannigan R, Rowe H, Brookfield M, Baud<br />
A, Krystyn L, Ellwood B B<br />
USA, Canada, Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
<strong>The</strong> Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) section at<br />
Guryul Ravine (Kashmir, India) comprises a ><br />
100-m-thick, apparently conformable succession<br />
of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments deposited<br />
in a deep-shelf or ramp setting. This section,<br />
although long important in debates concerning<br />
placement of the PTB, has not previously been the<br />
focus of an integrated chemostratigraphic study.<br />
In the present study, samples from a 20-m-thick<br />
interval straddling the PTB were analyzed for major-<br />
and trace-element concentrations, TOC-TIC,<br />
REEs, and organic delta C-13-delta N-15 to investigate<br />
contemporaneous environmental changes.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Guryul Ravine section exhibits a sequence of<br />
discrete events that provide potentially important<br />
information about the character and cause(s) of<br />
the PTB. Two transient negative C-isotopic excursions<br />
within the upper changxingensis zone predate<br />
the Late Permian event horizon (LPEH, i.e., the<br />
global mass extinction event) by similar to 200-400<br />
kyr and are associated with the onset of a major<br />
eustatic rise and with secondary extinction peaks.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se excursions may record minor environmen-<br />
tal disturbances prior to the main end-Permian<br />
crisis, supporting an intrinsic mechanism such<br />
as volcanism and climate change rather than an<br />
extrinsic mechanism such as a bolide impact. <strong>The</strong><br />
onset of a large (similar to -4.0 to -4.5%), sustained<br />
negative C-isotope shift marks the LPEH, which is<br />
located at the Zewan-Khunamub formation contact<br />
similar to 260 cm below the biostratigraphically<br />
defined PTB, <strong>The</strong> Guryul Ravine section<br />
exhibits a stepwise extinction pattern, with the<br />
largest peak between the LPEH and PTB and a secondary<br />
peak just above the PTB, a pattern similar<br />
to that observed in the Meishan D GSSP.<br />
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,<br />
2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 328-346.<br />
08.1-309<br />
Sub-orbital sea-level change in early MIS 5e:<br />
New evidence from the Gulf of Corinth, Greece<br />
Andrews J E, Portman C, Rowe P J, Leeder M R,<br />
Kramers J D<br />
England, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,<br />
Geology<br />
New evidence from uplifted marine isotope stage<br />
(MIS) 5e carbonate deposits in the Gulf of Corinth<br />
demonstrate two rapid, sub-orbitally forced, sealevel<br />
oscillations in the early part of MIS 5e. Microbial<br />
bioherms with inter-grown marine coralline<br />
algae are interpreted as early highstand deposits.<br />
Presence of thin vadose flowstone (speleothem)<br />
coating inter-bioherm surfaces mark a short-lived<br />
regression of > 10 m, followed by sea-level recovery<br />
and re- establishment of the highstand, marked<br />
by coralline algae coating inter-bioherm cavity<br />
surfaces. <strong>The</strong>se marine algae are then coated<br />
by a younger vadose flowstone, thick enough to<br />
provide an uncontaminated U/Th date of 134.8 +/-<br />
12.0 ka. <strong>The</strong> dated flowstone is itself encrusted by<br />
marine fauna and the entire sequence overlain by<br />
highstand marine sediments and marine aragonite<br />
cements dated to 114-118 ka, part of the sustained<br />
MIS 5e highstand. <strong>The</strong> age of the younger<br />
flowstone demonstrates that the early highstand<br />
occurred before 134.8 +/- 2.0 ka, and uplift arguments<br />
suggest that the bioherms are unlikely to<br />
be older than similar to 136 ka. <strong>The</strong>se data are<br />
consistent with the notion that most of termination<br />
II (TII) sea- level rise had occurred before<br />
135 ka; indeed they suggest sea-level at this time<br />
reached about 2-4 (+/- 4) m below present sea-level,<br />
6-18 (+/- 4) m higher than previous estimates. This<br />
early highstand was itself punctuated by a rapid<br />
sea-level oscillation of > 10 m (as yet undated),<br />
and this oscillation, supported by new TII sealevel<br />
data from the Red Sea (Siddall, M., Bard, E.,
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
Rohling, E.J., Hemleben, C., 2006, Sea-level reversal<br />
during termination 11, Geology, 34, 817-820.),<br />
probably occurred in about 1000 yr. <strong>The</strong> flowstone<br />
dated at 134.8 2.0 ka is interpreted to record the<br />
early part of the ‘Aladdin’s Cave’ regressive event<br />
from Papua New Guinea, although in Greece only<br />
the first 16 m of the event is recorded. <strong>The</strong> new<br />
data presented here support a recently published<br />
Red Sea TII sea- level curve: they also highlight minor<br />
discrepancies in the absolute dating of these<br />
early MIS 5e sea-level events worldwide.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V259,<br />
N3-4, JUL 30, pp 457-468.<br />
08.1-310<br />
Age and significance of former low-altitude<br />
corrie glaciers on Hoy, Orkney Islands<br />
Ballantyne C K, Hall A M, Phillips W, Binnie S,<br />
Kubik P W<br />
Scotland, USA, Switzerland<br />
Geomorphology , Paleontology , Cryology /<br />
Glaciology<br />
Geomorphological mapping provides evidence for<br />
two former low-level corrie glaciers on Hoy, both<br />
defined by end moraines. Five Be-10 exposure ages<br />
obtained from sandstone boulders on moraine<br />
crests fall within the range 12.4 +/- 1.5 ka to 10.4<br />
+/- 1.7 ka (weighted mean 11.7 +/- 0.6 ka), confirming<br />
that these glaciers developed during the Loch<br />
Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade (LLS) of 12.9-11.5<br />
cal. ka BP, and demonstrate the feasibility of using<br />
this approach to establish the age of LLS glacier<br />
limits. <strong>The</strong> equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of<br />
one of the glaciers (99 m) is the lowest recorded<br />
for any LLS glacier, and the area-weighted mean<br />
ELA for both (141 m) is consistent with a general<br />
northward ELA decrease along the west coast<br />
of Britain. <strong>The</strong> size of moraines fronting these<br />
small (
158 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
cover) and pollen for the Juniperus site (eg, r(2) =<br />
0.76 between crown cover and arboreal pollen, AP)<br />
and the Picea site (r(2) = 0.85), whereas the linkage<br />
is weaker at the Juglans site (r(2) = 0.35) and<br />
in mixed forests (r(2) = 0.32). <strong>The</strong> results of the<br />
surface samples of moss polsters are compared<br />
and discussed with surface samples of lake sediments<br />
that were taken at the same locations. We<br />
use vegetational maps from around the lakes to<br />
discuss the link between vegetation and pollen at<br />
extra-local scales (800 m around the sites). <strong>The</strong>se<br />
comparisons show that AP underestimates the effective<br />
tree cover around all sites, with in extreme<br />
cases densely forested areas corresponding to AP<br />
values as low as < 60; 30%. We explain this finding<br />
by the prevalent background pollen load that<br />
derives from the dry lowland and slope steppes<br />
(Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae). Our investigation<br />
may improve the reconstruction of<br />
Quaternary vegetation and climate history of<br />
these forest belts in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia) on<br />
the basis of fossil pollen assemblages from mire<br />
and lake sediments. It provides new insights into<br />
the pollen reflection of forest isles (eg, on humid<br />
slopes or mountain tops) that are surrounded by<br />
continental steppes; a vegetational situation that<br />
may be used as an analogue for the conditions<br />
during the full glacial in Eurasia and Northern<br />
America.<br />
Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 599-611.<br />
08.1-313<br />
Surface-exposure ages of Front Range moraines<br />
that may have formed during the<br />
Younger Dryas, 8.2cal ka, and Little Ice Age<br />
events<br />
Benson L, Madole R, Kubik P W, Mcdonald R<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Geomorphology , Geology<br />
Surface-exposure (Be-10) ages have been obtained<br />
on boulders from three post-Pinedale end-moraine<br />
complexes in the Front Range, Colorado. Boulder<br />
rounding appears related to the cirque-to-moraine<br />
transport distance at each site with subrounded<br />
boulders being typical of the 2-km-long Chicago<br />
Lakes Glacier, subangular boulders being typical<br />
of the 1-km-long Butler Gulch Glacier, and angular<br />
boulders being typical of the few-hundred-mlong<br />
Isabelle Glacier. Surface-exposure ages of angular<br />
boulders from the Isabelle Glacier moraine,<br />
which formed during the Little Ice Age (LIA) according<br />
to previous lichenometric dating, indicate<br />
cosmogenic inheritance values ranging from<br />
0 to similar to 3.0 Be-10 ka. (1) Subangular boulders<br />
from the Butler Gulch end moraine yielded<br />
surface-exposure ages ranging from 5 to 10.2 Be-10<br />
ka. We suggest that this moraine was deposited<br />
during the 8.2 cal ka event, which has been associated<br />
with outburst floods from Lake Agassiz and<br />
Lake Ojibway, and that the large age range associated<br />
with the Butler Gulch end moraine is caused<br />
by cosmogenic shielding of and(or) spalling from<br />
boulders that have ages in the younger part of the<br />
range and by cosmogenic inheritance in boulders<br />
that have ages in the older part of the range. <strong>The</strong><br />
surface-exposure ages of eight of nine subrounded<br />
boulders from the Chicago Lakes area fall within<br />
the 13.0-11.7 Be-10 ka age range, and appear to<br />
have been deposited during the Younger Dryas<br />
interval. <strong>The</strong> general lack of inheritance in the<br />
eight samples probably stems from the fact that<br />
only a few thousand years intervened between the<br />
retreat of the Pinedale glacier and the advance of<br />
the Chicago Lakes glacier; in addition, bedrock in<br />
the Chicago Lakes cirque area may have remained<br />
covered with snow and ice during that interval,<br />
thus partially shielding the bedrock from cosmogenic<br />
radiation.<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N11-12,<br />
JUN, pp 1638-1649.<br />
08.1-314<br />
Palaeoclimate-induced range shifts may explain<br />
current patterns of spatial genetic variation<br />
in renosterbos (Elytropappus rhinocerotis,<br />
Asteraceae)<br />
Bergh N G, Hedderson T A, Linder H P, Bond W J<br />
South Africa, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Microbiology , Plant Sciences , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> impact of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on<br />
the distributions of plant species in the Greater<br />
Cape Floristic Region is largely unknown. We used<br />
a molecular fingerprinting tool, inter-simple sequence<br />
repeat (ISSR) PCR to examine the spatial<br />
distribution of genetic variation in the common<br />
and widespread shrub Elytropoppus rhinocerotis.<br />
We wished to test the hypothesis that refugia<br />
for the species were located in areas which were<br />
buffered from marked variations in precipitation<br />
between glacial and interglacial periods. Populations<br />
from less protected areas, in contrast, should<br />
have suffered size reductions or extinctions during<br />
the dry Holocene optimum. We detected a<br />
large amount of genetic variation in the species,<br />
which was apportioned largely amongst individuals<br />
within populations rather than amongst populations<br />
or regions, as expected for an outcrossing<br />
and well-dispersed plant species. However, there<br />
was significant spatial structure and an uneven<br />
distribution of diversity across the range. Geo-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
graphic distance is a very poor predictor of genetic<br />
distance between localities, especially towards<br />
the cast of the range. This may be due to range<br />
alteration over the time-scale reflected by ISSR<br />
polymorphism. Inter-SSR variation declined from<br />
south to north in the western arm of the range,<br />
consistent with the prediction of Holocene aridification<br />
starting first and being most extreme in<br />
the north. Areas shown by the marker to harbour<br />
populations with high levels of variability include<br />
most parts of the eastern arm of the range, and<br />
the Kamiesberg highlands. Possible explanations<br />
for the observed patterns of ISSR variation are discussed.<br />
Taxon, 2007, V56, N2, MAY, pp 393-408.<br />
08.1-315<br />
Decadal-scale autumn temperature reconstruction<br />
back to AD 1580 inferred from the varved<br />
sediments of Lake Silvaplana (southeastern<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps)<br />
Blass A, Bigler C, Grosjean M, Sturm M<br />
Switzerland, Sweden<br />
Limnology , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Paleontology<br />
A quantitative high-resolution autumn (September-November)<br />
temperature reconstruction for<br />
the southeastern <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps back to AD 1580 is<br />
presented here. We used the annually resolved<br />
biogenic silica (diatoms) flux derived from the accurately<br />
dated and annually sampled sediments of<br />
Lake Silvaplana (46 degrees 27’N, 9 degrees 48’E,<br />
1800 m a.s.l.). <strong>The</strong> biogenic silica flux smoothed<br />
by means of a 9-yr running mean was calibrated<br />
(r=0.70, p < 0.01) against local instrumental temperature<br />
data (AD 1864-1949). <strong>The</strong> resulting reconstruction<br />
(+/- 2 standard errors= 0.7 degrees C) indicates<br />
that autumns during the late Little Ice Age<br />
were generally cooler than they were during the<br />
20th century. During the cold anomaly around<br />
AD 1600 and during the Maunder Minimum, however,<br />
the reconstructed autumn temperatures did<br />
not experience strong negative departures from<br />
the 20th-century mean. <strong>The</strong> warmest autumns<br />
prior to 1900 occurred around AD 1770 and 1820<br />
(0.75 degrees C above the 20th-century mean). Our<br />
data agree closely with two other autumn temperature<br />
reconstructions for the Alps and for Europe<br />
that are based on documentary evidence and are<br />
completely unrelated to our data, revealing a very<br />
consistent picture over the centuries.<br />
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp<br />
184-195.<br />
159<br />
08.1-316<br />
Signature of explosive volcanic eruptions in<br />
the sediments of a high- altitude <strong>Swiss</strong> lake<br />
Blass A, Grosjean M, Livingstone D M, Sturm M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Limnology , Geology<br />
<strong>The</strong> analysis of 125 years of well-dated varved sediments<br />
in Lake Silvaplana, located at 1,791 m a.s.l.<br />
in the Upper Engadine region of south-eastern<br />
Switzerland, reveals that 7 out of the 8 climatically<br />
relevant explosive volcanic eruptions between<br />
A.D. 1880 and 2004 were followed by distinct<br />
peaks in median grain-size. Although the underlying<br />
mechanisms are yet unclear, an analysis of<br />
local meteorological data suggests that this phenomenon<br />
is unlikely to be related to any change<br />
in air temperature associated with the eruptions,<br />
but instead may be related to an increase in autumn<br />
precipitation subsequent to the eruptions<br />
that led to the erosion and fluvial transport of particles<br />
larger than normal.<br />
Journal of Paleolimnology, 2008, V39, N1, JAN, pp<br />
35-42.<br />
08.1-317<br />
A European pattern climatology 1766-2000<br />
Casty C, Raible C C, Stocker T F, Wanner H, Luterbacher<br />
J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Modelling ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
Using monthly independently reconstructed gridded<br />
European fields for the 500 hPa geopotential<br />
height, temperature, and precipitation covering<br />
the last 235 years we investigate the temporal and<br />
spatial evolution of these key climate variables<br />
and assess the leading combined patterns of climate<br />
variability. Seasonal European temperatures<br />
show a positive trend mainly over the last 40 years<br />
with absolute highest values since 1766. Precipitation<br />
indicates no clear trend. Spatial correlation<br />
technique reveals that winter, spring, and autumn<br />
covariability between European temperature and<br />
precipitation is mainly influenced by advective<br />
processes, whereas during summer convection<br />
plays the dominant role. Empirical Orthogonal<br />
Function analysis is applied to the combined<br />
fields of pressure, temperature, and precipitation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> dominant patterns of climate variability for<br />
winter, spring, and autumn resemble the North<br />
Atlantic Oscillation and show a distinct positive<br />
trend during the past 40 years for winter and<br />
spring. A positive trend is also detected for summer<br />
pattern 2, which reflects an increased influence<br />
of the Azores High towards central Europe<br />
and the Mediterranean coinciding with warm
160 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
and dry conditions. <strong>The</strong> question to which extent<br />
these recent trends in European climate patterns<br />
can be explained by internal variability or are a<br />
result of radiative forcing is answered using cross<br />
wavelets on an annual basis. Natural radiative<br />
forcing (solar and volcanic) has no imprint on annual<br />
European climate patterns. Connections to<br />
CO 2 forcing are only detected at the margins of<br />
the wavelets where edge effects are apparent and<br />
hence one has to be cautious in a further interpretation.<br />
Climate Dynamics, 2007, V29, N7-8, DEC, pp<br />
791-805.<br />
08.1-318<br />
Reconstructing recent environmental changes<br />
from proglacial lake sediments in the western<br />
Alps (Lake blanc huez, 2543 m a.s.l., grandes<br />
rousses massif, france)<br />
Chapron E, Faien X, Magand O, Charlet L, Debret<br />
M, Melieres M A<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Paleontology , Geology , Geomorphology<br />
<strong>The</strong> evolution of high-altitude glaciers and human<br />
activities in the Grandes Rousses massif is<br />
documented by high-resolution seismic reflection<br />
profiling and multiproxy analysis of short<br />
sediment cores in proglacial Lake Blanc Huez.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se lacustrine data are compared with historical<br />
chronicles, geomorphological features and<br />
glaciological studies in this region of the western<br />
Alps and they allow the documentation of recent<br />
environmental changes. <strong>The</strong> specific geometry<br />
of high-amplitude reflections in the uppermost<br />
seismic unit, the lithology of short cores and the<br />
available limnological data in the lake suggest<br />
that elastic particles eroded by the glaciers and<br />
transported in suspension by glacial melt waters<br />
in early summer essentially develop homopycnal<br />
flood events in the lake. A conceptual model<br />
linking fluctuations of glacier equilibrium line<br />
altitudes in the catchment area with sedimentary<br />
facies retrieved in the lake basin is proposed.<br />
This approach allows reconstructing continuous<br />
glacier fluctuations since AD1820-1850 and suggests<br />
several phases of glacier fluctuations during<br />
the Little Ice Age (LIA). <strong>The</strong>se reconstructions are<br />
based on changes in lacustrine sediment laminations,<br />
density, magnetic susceptibility, reflectance<br />
spectra, organic matter and Arsenic content. <strong>The</strong><br />
age-depth model of short sediment cores is provided<br />
by Pb-210, 117CS and Am-241 radionuclide<br />
dating. This chronology is further supported by<br />
identifying in lacustrine sediments the impact of<br />
(i) the nearby M 5.3 Corren on earthquake in AD<br />
1962, (ii) the development of the ski resort at high-<br />
altitude close to the lake and (iii) the last advance<br />
of glaciers during the LIA in AD1820-1850 and the<br />
following phase of glacier retreat observed in the<br />
alpine region at the end of the LIA in AD 1880. Frequent<br />
sandy layers enriched in organic matter and<br />
associated with fluctuations in the Arsenic concentrations<br />
may result from hydraulic remobilisation<br />
of Middle Age mine tailings at the lake shore<br />
by snow melt or heavy rain fall events during the<br />
LIA. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,<br />
2007, V252, N3-4, SEP 3, pp 586-600.<br />
08.1-319<br />
Long-term interactions between Mediterranean<br />
climate, vegetation and fire regime at<br />
Lago di Massaciuccoli (Tuscany, Italy)<br />
Colombaroli D, Marchetto A, Tinner W<br />
Switzerland, Italy<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Paleontology , Ecology<br />
1. A Holocene sedimentary sequence from a coastal<br />
lake in the Mediterranean area (Lago di Massaciuccoli,<br />
Tuscany, Italy, 0 m a.s.l.) was sampled<br />
for pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses.<br />
Contiguous 1-cm samples represent an estimated<br />
time interval of c. 13 years, thus providing a highresolution<br />
sequence from 6100 to 5400 cal. years<br />
BP. 2. Just before 6000 cal. years BP, sub-Mediterranean<br />
and Mediterranean forests were present together<br />
with fir (Abies alba), a submontane species<br />
that is today absent at low altitudes in the Mediterranean.<br />
A sharp vegetational change occurred<br />
after 6000 cal. years BP involving a drastic decline<br />
of Abies alba around the site. 3. Time-series analyses<br />
suggest that increased fire activity at this time<br />
caused a strong decline in Abies alba, a highly<br />
fire-sensitive species. During 100 years of higher<br />
fire incidence, diverse (predominantly evergreen)<br />
forest communities were converted to low- diversity<br />
fire-prone shrub communities. 4. Cross-correlations<br />
reveal that fire during the mid-Holocene<br />
hindered the expansion of holm oak (Quercus<br />
ilex), the most common tree species today in Mediterranean<br />
environments. While the factors that<br />
triggered the Holocene expansion of this species<br />
in the Mediterranean area are unclear, our results<br />
do not support the hypothesis that fire was key<br />
for holm oak expansion. 5. Diatom analyses of<br />
the same sediment core provide an independent<br />
palaeoenvironmental proxy for palaeoclimatic<br />
reconstruction. A change in the eutrophy and<br />
salinity of the lake occurred just before 6000 cal.<br />
years BP, suggesting that a climatic shift towards<br />
aridity may have triggered the observed change<br />
in hydrology and possibly also in fire regime. 6.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
Over the millennia fire has decisively contributed<br />
to the establishment of the present fire-adapted<br />
vegetation type (macchia). Native fire-sensitive<br />
species were displaced or repressed, and arboreal<br />
vegetation became less diverse. Combined ecological<br />
and palaeoecological data may help to assess<br />
possible future scenarios of biosphere responses<br />
to global change. Our results imply that the forecasted<br />
global warming and fire increase may trigger<br />
irrecoverable biodiversity losses and shifts in<br />
vegetational composition within a few decades or<br />
centuries at most. In particular, fire and drought-<br />
sensitive vegetation types, such as the relict forests<br />
of Abies alba in the Apennines, seem particularly<br />
threatened by large-scale displacement.<br />
Journal of Ecology, 2007, V95, N4, JUL, pp<br />
755-770.<br />
08.1-320<br />
Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use:<br />
a case study of ‘brusada’ (burn) in southern<br />
Switzerland<br />
Conedera M, Vassere S, Neff C, Meurer M, Krebs P<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
History , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Ecology , Paleontology<br />
Toponyms are frequently the outcome of a creative<br />
process, a subjective interpretation by the<br />
local inhabitants at the time of naming. <strong>The</strong>y often<br />
survive changes in the local landscape, thus<br />
becoming historical documents of landscape dynamics<br />
or changes in land use. In this contribution<br />
we provide a systematic synchronic analysis<br />
of the toponym brusada (burn) in Canton Ticino.<br />
In total, 182 instances of place names containing<br />
brusada were recorded, of which 102 cases (56.0%)<br />
were localised. Based on oral information provided<br />
by the local people or on archival documents, it<br />
was possible to group the selected toponyms into<br />
different meaning classes such as burnt building,<br />
exposed sites, pasture-land and others without<br />
any indication (classified here as generic). On the<br />
basis of etymological, topographic, documentary,<br />
bibliographic, and historic evidence, as well<br />
as proxy-archives (such as charcoal in lake sediments),<br />
we hypothesise that most of the toponyms<br />
associated with pasture-land - and probably also a<br />
large portion of the generic toponyms - are directly<br />
or indirectly related to the habit of using fire<br />
to clear brushwood to improve pasture-land or to<br />
eliminate trees. In the study area, the practice of<br />
pasture-fires appears to have been a very well controlled<br />
and targeted activity in medieval times. In<br />
contrast, pasture-fires became very frequent and<br />
uncontrolled in the second half of the nineteenth<br />
century up until the Second World War. Our study<br />
161<br />
confirms the usefulness and suitability of toponymy,<br />
in combination with other disciplines, for<br />
ecohistorical reconstructions of past environmental<br />
and land-use changes.<br />
Journal of Historical Geography, 2007, V33, N4,<br />
OCT, pp 729-748.<br />
08.1-321<br />
Multiproxy late quaternary stratigraphy of<br />
the Nile deep-sea turbidite system - Towards a<br />
chronology of deep-sea terrigeneous systems<br />
Ducassou E, Capotondi L, Murat A, Bernasconi<br />
S M, Mulder T, Gonthier E, Migeon S, Duprat J,<br />
Giraudeau J, Mascle J<br />
France, Italy, Switzerland<br />
Geology , Paleontology<br />
Understanding the recent formation of a sedimentary<br />
system such as a deep-sea turbidite system<br />
(DSTS) requires an accurate stratigraphic control<br />
on deposits. Due to the important terrigeneous input<br />
which disrupts the sedimentary record, DSTS<br />
is an environment where stratigraphic control<br />
is difficult to assess. Most of the time, traditional<br />
stratigraphic tools are not accurate enough. This<br />
has led to a rather limited number of studies concerning<br />
stratigraphy in DSTS. In this study, we examine<br />
several hemipelagic long piston cores collected<br />
from the Nile DSTS (eastern Mediterranean),<br />
in order to understand the recent evolution of the<br />
complex sedimentary system in this area. <strong>The</strong> first<br />
aim of this study is to show how to obtain a reliable<br />
timeframe in DSTS. Indeed, we provided a detailed<br />
ecostratigraphical scheme based on planktonic foraminiferal<br />
distribution, oxygen isotope records and<br />
lithostratigraphy (sapropels and tephra) of three<br />
cores where the sedimentation is least disturbed.<br />
We have identified 29 foraminiferal ecozones during<br />
the last 250,000 years BP, with an approximately<br />
2000-year time resolution. <strong>The</strong> time span of each<br />
ecozone was constrained by the oxygen isotope<br />
record, C-14 AMS radiometric data, tephrochronology<br />
and the sapropel chronology. <strong>The</strong>se high-resolution<br />
ecostratigraphical time subdivisions have<br />
been applied in discontinuous mixed hemipelagic/<br />
turbiditic sequences of a levee record. This example<br />
shows how to date gravity events, formation and<br />
time periods of sedimentary accumulations. (c)<br />
2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
Sedimentary Geology, 2007, V200, N1-2, AUG 1,<br />
pp 1-13.<br />
08.1-322<br />
Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian phylloid algal<br />
buildups in south Guizhou, China<br />
Enpu G, Samankassou E, Changqing G, Yongli Z<br />
Baoliang S
162 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
Switzerland, Peoples R China<br />
Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
Pennsylvanian phylloid algal reefs are widespread<br />
and well exposed in south Guizhou, China. Here<br />
we report on reefs ranging from 2 to 8 m thickness<br />
and 30-50 m lateral extension. Algae, the<br />
main components, display a wide spectrum of<br />
growth forms, but are commonly cyathiform<br />
(cup-shaped) and leaf-like (undulate plates). <strong>The</strong><br />
algal reef facies is dominated by boundstone. Algal<br />
thalli form a dense carpet whose framework<br />
pores are filled with marine cement and peloidal<br />
micrite. <strong>The</strong> peloidal matrix is dense, partly laminated<br />
or clotted with irregular surfaces and often<br />
gravity defying. Algal reefs in Guizhou differ from<br />
examples reported to date by the high biodiversity<br />
of organisms other than phylloids: e.g., the<br />
intergrowth of algae with corals (some of which<br />
are twice the size of algal thalli) and numerous<br />
large brachiopods. This contrasts to previous<br />
views that phylloid algal “meadows” dominated<br />
the actual seafloor, excluding other biota. Also,<br />
the pervasive marine cements (up to 50%) including<br />
botryoidal cement are noteworthy. Algal reefs<br />
developed at platform margins, a depositional<br />
environment similar to that of modern Halimeda<br />
mounds in Java, Australia and off Bahamas, and to<br />
that of time-equivalent examples reported from<br />
the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Whereas nutrients<br />
appear decisive in the growth of Halimeda<br />
reefs, algal reefs reported herein seemingly grew<br />
under conditions of low nutrient levels. Overall,<br />
algal reefs in Guizhou challenge previous views<br />
on growth forms, diversity patterns, and depositional<br />
environments and add to the spectrum of<br />
these partly puzzling biogenic structures.<br />
Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 615-623.<br />
08.1-323<br />
Long-term drought severity variations in<br />
Morocco<br />
Esper J, Frank D, Buentgen U, Verstege A, Luterbacher<br />
J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Forestry , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Paleontology<br />
Cedrus atlantica ring width data are used to reconstruct<br />
long-term changes in the Palmer Drought<br />
Severity Index (PDSI) over the past 953 years in<br />
Morocco, NW Africa. <strong>The</strong> reconstruction captures<br />
the dry conditions since the 1980s well and places<br />
this extreme period within a millennium-long<br />
context. PDSI values were above average for most<br />
of the 1450-1980 period, which let recent drought<br />
appear exceptional. However, our results also indicate<br />
that this pluvial episode of the past millen-<br />
nium was preceded by generally drier conditions<br />
back to 1049. Comparison of PDSI estimates with<br />
large-scale pressure field reconstructions revealed<br />
steady synoptic patterns for drought conditions<br />
over the past 350 years. <strong>The</strong> long-term changes<br />
from initially dry to pluvial to recent dry conditions<br />
are similar to PDSI trends reported from N<br />
America, and we suggest that they are related to<br />
long-term temperature changes, potentially teleconnected<br />
with ENSO variability and forced by<br />
solar irradiance changes.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N17, SEP<br />
5 ARTN: L17702.<br />
08.1-324<br />
Modern pollen assemblages as climate indicators<br />
in southern Europe<br />
Finsinger W, Heiri O, Valsecchi V, Tinner W,<br />
Lotter A F<br />
Netherlands, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
, Paleontology<br />
Aim and Location Our aim is to develop pollen-climate<br />
inference models for southern Europe and<br />
to test their performance and inference power by<br />
cross-validation with modern climate data. Surface<br />
sediments collected from lakes along a climate<br />
gradient from the winter-cold/summer-wet<br />
Alps to winter-wet/summer-dry Sicily were analysed<br />
for modern pollen assemblages. Methods For<br />
each lake, mean monthly temperatures, seasonal<br />
precipitation and site-specific climate uncertainties<br />
have been estimated. Pollen-climate relationships<br />
were studied using numerical analyses, and<br />
inference models were derived by partial least<br />
squares (PLS) and weighted-averaging PLS (WA-PLS)<br />
regressions for January and July temperatures (T),<br />
and for winter, spring and summer precipitation<br />
(P). In order to assess whether these variables are<br />
also of ecological importance for vegetation in the<br />
subregions, we split the data set into an Alpine<br />
and a Mediterranean subset. Results Low bootstrap<br />
cross-validated root mean square errors of<br />
prediction (RMSEP) for January T (1.7 degrees C),<br />
July T (2.1 degrees C) and summer P (38 mm), as<br />
well as low RMSEPs expressed as a percentage of<br />
the gradient length (8-9%), indicate a good inference<br />
power. Models revealed excellent to good<br />
performance statistics for January T, July T and<br />
summer P (r(2)= 0.8), and for winter and spring P<br />
(r(2) =c. 0.5). We show that the variables with the<br />
highest explanatory power differ between the two<br />
subregions. <strong>The</strong>se are summer T and P for the Alpine<br />
set, and January T, winter P and July T for the<br />
Mediterranean set. Main conclusions <strong>The</strong> study<br />
reveals the influence of climatic conditions dur-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
ing the growing season on modern pollen assemblages<br />
and indicates the potential of pollen data<br />
for long-term climate reconstructions of parameters<br />
such as winter precipitation and temperature,<br />
which seem to be the main factors having<br />
an influence on the variability of Mediterranean<br />
climate. <strong>The</strong>se models may therefore provide important<br />
information on past regional climate variability<br />
in southern Europe.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Ecology and Biogeography, 2007, V16, N5,<br />
SEP, pp 567-582.<br />
08.1-325<br />
Reconstruction of millennial changes in dust<br />
emission, transport and regional sea ice coverage<br />
using the deep EPICA ice cores from the<br />
Atlantic and Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica<br />
Fischer H, Fundel F, Ruth U, Twarloh B, Wegner A,<br />
Udisti R, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A, Severi<br />
M, Wolff E, Littot G, Röthlisberger R, Mulvaney<br />
R, Hutterli M A, Kaufmann P, Federer U, Lambert<br />
F, Bigler M, Hansson M, Jonsell U, de Angelis M,<br />
Boutron C, Siggaard Andersen M L, Steffensen J P,<br />
Barbante C, Gaspari V, Gabrielli P, Wagenbach D<br />
Germany, Italy, England, Switzerland, Sweden,<br />
France, Denmark<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics , Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology<br />
Continuous sea salt and mineral dust aerosol records<br />
have been studied on the two EPICA (European<br />
Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) deep ice<br />
cores. <strong>The</strong> joint use of these records from opposite<br />
sides of the East Antarctic plateau allows for an<br />
estimate of changes in dust transport and emission<br />
intensity as well as for the identification of<br />
regional differences in the sea salt aerosol source.<br />
<strong>The</strong> mineral dust flux records at both sites show a<br />
strong coherency over the last 150 kyr related to<br />
dust emission changes in the glacial Patagonian<br />
dust source with three times higher dust fluxes in<br />
the Atlantic compared to the Indian Ocean sector<br />
of the Southern Ocean (SO). Using a simple conceptual<br />
transport model this indicates that transport<br />
can explain only 40% of the atmospheric dust<br />
concentration changes in Antarctica, while factor<br />
5-10 changes occurred. Accordingly, the main<br />
cause for the strong glacial dust flux changes in<br />
Antarctica must lie in environmental changes in<br />
Patagonia. Dust emissions, hence environmental<br />
conditions in Patagonia, were very similar during<br />
the last two glacials and interglacials, respectively,<br />
despite 2-4 degrees C warmer temperatures<br />
163<br />
recorded in Antarctica during the penultimate<br />
interglacial than today. 2-3 times higher sea salt<br />
fluxes found in both ice cores in the glacial compared<br />
to the Holocene are difficult to reconcile<br />
with a largely unchanged transport intensity and<br />
the distant open ocean source. <strong>The</strong> substantial<br />
glacial enhancements in sea salt aerosol fluxes<br />
can be readily explained assuming sea ice formation<br />
as the main sea salt aerosol source with<br />
a significantly larger expansion of (summer) sea<br />
ice in the Weddell Sea than in the Indian Ocean<br />
sector. During the penultimate interglacial, our<br />
sea salt records point to a 50% reduction of winter<br />
sea ice coverage compared to the Holocene both<br />
in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean sector of the SO.<br />
However, from 20 to 80 ka before present sea salt<br />
fluxes show only very subdued millennial changes<br />
despite pronounced temperature fluctuations,<br />
likely due to the large distance of the sea ice salt<br />
source to our drill sites.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V260,<br />
N1-2, AUG 15, pp 340-354.<br />
08.1-326<br />
Adjustment for proxy number and coherence<br />
in a large-scale temperature reconstruction<br />
Frank D, Esper J, Cook E R<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
(1) Proxy records may display fluctuations in climate<br />
variability that are artifacts of changing replication<br />
and interseries correlation of constituent<br />
time-series and also from methodological considerations.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se biases obscure the understanding<br />
of past climatic variability, including estimation of<br />
extremes, differentiation between natural and anthropogenic<br />
forcing, and climate model validation.<br />
Herein, we evaluate as a case-study, the Esper et al.<br />
(2002) extra-tropical millennial-length temperature<br />
reconstruction that shows increasing variability<br />
back in time. We provide adjustments considering<br />
biases at both the site and hemispheric scales. <strong>The</strong><br />
variance adjusted record shows greatest differences<br />
before 1200 when sample replication is quite low. A<br />
reduced amplitude of peak warmth during Medieval<br />
Times by about 0.4 degrees C (0.2 degrees C)<br />
at annual (40-year) timescales slightly re-draws the<br />
longerterm evolution of past temperatures. Many<br />
other regional and large-scale reconstructions appear<br />
to contain variancerelated biases.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N16,<br />
AUG 29 ARTN: L16709.
164 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-327<br />
Carbon dioxide release from the North Pacific<br />
abyss during the last deglaciation<br />
Galbraith E D, Jaccard S L, Pedersen T F, Sigman D<br />
M, Haug G H, Cook M, Southon J R, Francois R<br />
Canada, USA, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Oceanography<br />
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were<br />
significantly lower during glacial periods than<br />
during intervening interglacial periods, but the<br />
mechanisms responsible for this difference remain<br />
uncertain. Many recent explanations call<br />
on greater carbon storage in a poorly ventilated<br />
deep ocean during glacial periods(1-5), but direct<br />
evidence regarding the ventilation and respired<br />
carbon content of the glacial deep ocean is sparse<br />
and often equivocal(6). Here we present sedimentary<br />
geochemical records from sites spanning the<br />
deep subarctic Pacific that-together with previously<br />
published results(7)- show that a poorly ventilated<br />
water mass containing a high concentration<br />
of respired carbon dioxide occupied the North Pacific<br />
abyss during the Last Glacial Maximum. Despite<br />
an inferred increase in deep Southern Ocean<br />
ventilation during the first step of the deglaciation<br />
(18,000-15,000 years ago)(4,8), we find no<br />
evidence for improved ventilation in the abyssal<br />
subarctic Pacific until a rapid transition similar<br />
to 14,600 years ago: this change was accompanied<br />
by an acceleration of export production from the<br />
surface waters above but only a small increase in<br />
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (8). We<br />
speculate that these changes were mechanistically<br />
linked to a roughly coeval increase in deep water<br />
formation in the North Atlantic (9-11), which<br />
flushed respired carbon dioxide from northern<br />
abyssal waters, but also increased the supply of<br />
nutrients to the upper ocean, leading to greater<br />
carbon dioxide sequestration at mid-depths and<br />
stalling the rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide<br />
concentrations. Our findings are qualitatively<br />
consistent with hypotheses invoking a deglacial<br />
flushing of respired carbon dioxide from an isolated,<br />
deep ocean reservoir(1-5,12), but suggest that<br />
the reservoir may have been released in stages,<br />
as vigorous deep water ventilation switched between<br />
North Atlantic and Southern Ocean source<br />
regions.<br />
Nature, 2007, V449, N7164, OCT 18, pp 890-U9.<br />
08.1-328<br />
Smithian-Spathian boundary event: Evidence<br />
for global climatic change in the wake of the<br />
end-Permian biotic crisis<br />
Galfetti T, Hochuli P A, Brayard A, Bucher H, Weissert<br />
H, Vigran J O<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology<br />
, Geology<br />
One of the most important carbon cycle perturbations<br />
following the end-Permian mass extinction<br />
event straddles the Smithian-Spathian boundary<br />
(SSB) (Olenekian, Early Triassic). This anomaly<br />
is characterized by a prominent positive carbon<br />
isotope excursion known from Tethyan marine<br />
rocks. Its global significance is established here<br />
by a new high paleolatitude record (Spitsbergen).<br />
Paleontological evidence, such as Boreal palynological<br />
data (Barents Sea, Norway) and global patterns<br />
of ammonoid distribution, indicates a synchronous<br />
major change in terrestrial and marine<br />
ecosystems near the SSB. <strong>The</strong> reestablishment of<br />
highly diverse plant ecosystems, including the<br />
rise of woody gymnosperms and decline of the<br />
formerly dominating lycopods, is interpreted as<br />
an effect of a major climate change. This hypothesis<br />
is supported by modeling of ammonoid paleobiogeography,<br />
the distribution patterns of which<br />
are interpreted as a proxy for sea surface temperatures<br />
(SST). <strong>The</strong> latest Smithian thus appears to<br />
have been a time of a warm and equable climate<br />
as expressed by an almost flat pole to equator SST<br />
gradient. In contrast, the steep Spathian SST gradient<br />
suggests latitudinally differentiated climatic<br />
conditions. We propose that this drastic climate<br />
change and the global carbon cycle perturbation<br />
were triggered by a massive end-Smithian CO 2 injection.<br />
<strong>The</strong> SSB event could therefore represent<br />
one of the causes for stepwise and delayed recovery<br />
of marine and terrestrial biotas in the wake of<br />
the end- Permian biotic crisis.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 291-294.<br />
08.1-329<br />
Dating of syngenetic ice wedges in permafrost<br />
with Cl-36<br />
Gilichinsky D A, Nolte E, Basilyan A E, Beer J, Blinov<br />
A V, Lazarev V E, Kholodov A L, Meyer H, Nikolskiy<br />
P A, Schirrmeister L, Tumskoy V E<br />
Russia, Germany, Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology<br />
A new method of permafrost dating with the cosmogenic<br />
radionuclide Cl-36 is presented. In the<br />
first application, syngenetic ice wedges are dated<br />
using the ratio of Cl-36 and Cl concentrations in<br />
ice as the signal. Cl-36 is produced in the atmo-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
sphere by nuclear reactions of cosmic rays on argon.<br />
Stable chlorine enters the atmosphere from<br />
the oceans. <strong>The</strong>ir ratio does not depend on chloride<br />
concentration in precipitations and on sublimation<br />
of snow. In situ production of Cl-36 in<br />
permafrost ice via cosmic ray-induced reactions<br />
and neutron capture are calculated and the dating<br />
age limit is estimated as 3 million years. Cl-36/<br />
Cl ratios in permafrost samples from cape Svyatoy<br />
Nos (Laptev Sea coast), North-Eastern Siberia, are<br />
measured by accelerator mass spectrometry. Analysis<br />
of the first results and the calculated dates<br />
support the feasibility of the Cl-36 permafrost dating<br />
method.<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N11-12,<br />
JUN, pp 1547-1556.<br />
08.1-330<br />
Assimilation of the plutonic roots of the Andean<br />
arc: Evidence from CO 2-rich fluid inclusions<br />
in olivines<br />
Ginibre C, Dungan M A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71,<br />
N15, AUG, SS, p A325.<br />
08.1-331<br />
Paleoecology of Late Carboniferous phylloid<br />
algae in southern Guizhou, SW China<br />
Gong E, Mang Y, Guan C, Samankassou E, Sun B,<br />
Sun B L<br />
Peoples R China, Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater<br />
Biology<br />
Phylloid algae are important reef-builders in the<br />
late Carboniferous. This paper focuses on the paleoecology<br />
of phylloid algae in the Late Carboniferous<br />
on well-exposed reefs in Ziyun County,<br />
Guizhou Province. Phylloid algae growing closely<br />
packed are attached via holdfast or similar structure<br />
to substrate. <strong>The</strong>y were growing in environments<br />
such as shallow water, photic zone and below<br />
the wave base with medium energy currents.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y have a variety of morphological forms, such<br />
as single cup-shaped, cabbage-shaped and clustering<br />
cup-shaped. <strong>The</strong> thalli are of certain tenacity<br />
and intensity. In the areas dominated by phylloid<br />
algae, other marine organisms are relatively<br />
scarce. Obviously, phylloid algae are stronger competitors<br />
for living space than other co-occurring<br />
organisms.<br />
Acta Geologica Sinica English Edition, 2007, V81,<br />
N4, AUG, pp 566-572.<br />
165<br />
08.1-332<br />
Late Quaternary river development in the<br />
southwest Chad Basin: OSL dating of sediment<br />
from the Komadugu palaeofloodplain (northeast<br />
Nigeria)<br />
Gumnior M, Preusser F<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Paleontology , Geology , Hydrology<br />
<strong>The</strong> Komadugu river system is the major Nigerian<br />
tributary to Lake Chad. its large alluvial complex<br />
represents an important archive of the late Quaternary<br />
environmental history of the Chad Basin.<br />
Modern floodplains are incised into an older fluvial<br />
terrace that extends over 5000 km(2). Evidence<br />
from satellite images suggests that the ancient<br />
river system was dammed up by the Bama Beach<br />
Ridge during high stands of mega Lake Chad. This<br />
caused the formation of extensive wetlands with<br />
a chaotic network of relic channels. <strong>The</strong> first set<br />
of luminescence ages presented here fits well, into<br />
the previously established environmental history<br />
of the Chad Basin. Both the early and mid-Holocene<br />
pluvial periods as well as a final relatively humid<br />
period during the late Holocene are reflected<br />
by point bar to overbank deposits or channel fills.<br />
<strong>The</strong> onset of the Holocene was characterised by<br />
erosion of older dune fields as indicated by grain-<br />
size distributions of the alluvium. Satellite images<br />
and sedimentological observations show that<br />
the floodplain was dominated by meandering<br />
channels shifted by frequent avulsion, reflecting<br />
a high variability in precipitation and discharge<br />
patterns at the beginning and end of Holocene<br />
humid periods.<br />
Journal of Quaternary Science, 2007, V22, N7,<br />
OCT, pp 709-719.<br />
08.1-333<br />
Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the<br />
southern Alps, Ticino Switzerland<br />
Hajdas I, Schlumpf N, Minikus Stary N, Hagedorn F,<br />
Eckmeier E, Schoch W, Burga C, Bonani G, Schmidt<br />
M W I, Cherubini P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Forestry , Plant Sciences , Paleontology<br />
Radiocarbon dating of macroscopic charcoal is a<br />
useful toot for paleocliniatic and paleoecologic reconstructions.<br />
Here we present results of C-14 dating<br />
of charcoals found in charcoal-rich soils of Ticino<br />
and the Misox Valley (southern Switzerland)<br />
which indicate that the Late Glacial and early<br />
Holocene fires coincided with warm phases in the<br />
North Atlantic region and low lake levels in the<br />
Central Europe. Late Holocene charcoals found<br />
in these soils document an earlier than believed
166 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
presence of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)<br />
in southern Switzerland. Sweet chestnut trees<br />
play a key role in Mediterranean woodlands, and<br />
for longer than two millennia have been used as a<br />
food source. Based on palynological evidence it is<br />
commonly believed that in southern Switzerland<br />
C. sativa was first introduced 2000 years ago by<br />
the Romans, who cultivated it for wood and fruit<br />
production. Our results indicate that this tree<br />
species was present on the southern slopes of the<br />
Alps similar to 1500 years earlier than previously<br />
assumed, and therefore was likely introduced independently<br />
from cultivation by the Romans.<br />
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research<br />
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and<br />
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 398-402.<br />
08.1-334<br />
Cosmogenic Be-10-ages from the Store Koldewey<br />
island, NE Greenland<br />
Hakansson L, Graf A, Strasky S, Ivy Ochs S, Kubik P<br />
W, Hjort C, Schlüchter C<br />
Switzerland, Sweden, USA<br />
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology<br />
Earlier work in northeast Greenland has suggested<br />
a limited advance of the Greenland Ice Sheet<br />
during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However,<br />
this concept has recently been challenged by marine<br />
geological studies, indicating grounded ice on<br />
the continental shelf at this time. New Be-10-ages<br />
from the Store Koldewey island, northeast Greenland,<br />
suggest that unscoured mountain plateaus<br />
at the outer coast were covered at least partly by<br />
cold-based ice during the LGM. It is, however, still<br />
inconclusive whether this ice was dynamically<br />
connected to the Greenland Ice Sheet or not. Regardless<br />
of the LGM ice sheet extent, the Be-10 results<br />
from Store Koldewey add to a growing body<br />
of evidence suggesting considerable antiquity of<br />
crystalline unscoured terrain near present and<br />
Pleistocene ice sheet margins.<br />
Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography,<br />
2007, V89A, N3, pp 195-202.<br />
08.1-335<br />
Evidence for recurrent changes in Lower Triassic<br />
oceanic circulation of the Tethys: <strong>The</strong> delta<br />
C-13 record from marine sections in Iran<br />
Horacek M, Richoz S, Brandner R, Krystyn L,<br />
Spoetl C<br />
Switzerland, Austria<br />
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography<br />
, Geology<br />
Stable carbon isotope curves derived from Lower<br />
Triassic carbonate rocks from three Iranian sections<br />
are established to investigate changes in the<br />
carbon cycle during the Early Triassic in this area.<br />
<strong>The</strong> sections are located in the south-center (Abadeh),<br />
north (Amol), and northwest (Zal) of Iran.<br />
All three curves show a similar pattern starting<br />
out with high delta C-13 values in the uppermost<br />
Permian decreasing across the Permian-Triassic<br />
boundary, an increase toward more positive values<br />
during the Griesbachian that slowly increase<br />
further up during the Dienerian, followed by a<br />
positive excursion to values as high as +8%o near<br />
the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. During the<br />
Smithian values return to below O%o, whereas<br />
second positive excursion to values higher than +<br />
3%o is recorded at the Smithian /Spathian boundary,<br />
again followed by a drop in delta C-13 into<br />
the Spathian and a final excursion to positive<br />
values at the Spathian /Anisian boundary. <strong>The</strong><br />
results from these Iranian sections are consistent<br />
with previous studies from Italy and China, thus<br />
strongly suggesting that the recorded delta C-13<br />
variability represents at least Tethys-wide geochemical<br />
signals. Moreover, the new curves reveal<br />
evidence of hich-amplitude, frequent oscillations<br />
pointing toward rapid and profound changes in<br />
the global carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic.<br />
Stratification of the ocean interrupted by episodic<br />
overturning transporting deep water to the ocean<br />
surface is a viable mechanism to account for the<br />
recorded isotope variations. Provided that the delta<br />
C-13 curve is representative of the global Lower<br />
Triassic ocean. it has high potential for accurately<br />
dating sedimentary successions via chemostratigraphy.<br />
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,<br />
2007, V252, N1-2, AUG 20, pp 355-369.<br />
08.1-336<br />
1. Flaje-Kiefern (Krusne Hory Mountains): Late<br />
Glacial and Holocene vegetation development<br />
Jankovska V, Kunes P, van der Knaap W O<br />
Czech Republic, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Forestry , Plant Sciences<br />
Grana, 2007, V46, N3, pp 214-216.<br />
08.1-337<br />
Microgram level radiocarbon (C-14) determination<br />
on carbonaceous particles in ice<br />
Jenk T M, Szidat S, Schwikowski M, Gäggeler H W,<br />
Wacker L, Synal H A, Saurer M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Paleontology , Instruments & Instrumentation<br />
In climate research the interest on carbonaceous<br />
particles has increased over the last years because<br />
of their influence on the radiation balance of the<br />
earth. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of available
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
data regarding their concentrations and sources<br />
in the past. Such data would be important for a<br />
better understanding of their effects and for estimating<br />
their influence on future climate. Here,<br />
a technique is described to extract carbonaceous<br />
particles from ice core samples with subsequent<br />
separation of the two main constituents into organic<br />
carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for<br />
analysis of their concentrations in the past. This<br />
is combined with further analysis of OC and EC<br />
C-14/C-12 ratios by accelerator mass spectrometry<br />
(AMS), what can be used for source apportionment<br />
studies of past emissions. We further present how<br />
C-14 analysis of the OC fraction could be used in<br />
the future to date any ice core extracted from a<br />
high-elevation glacier. Described sample preparation<br />
steps to final analysis include the combustion<br />
of micrograms of water- insoluble carbonaceous<br />
particles, primary collected by filtration of melted<br />
ice samples, the graphitisation of the obtained<br />
CO 2 to solid AMS target material and final AMS<br />
measurements. Possible fractionation processes<br />
were investigated for quality assurance. Procedural<br />
blanks were reproducible and resulted in<br />
carbon masses of 1.3 +/- 0.6 µ g OC and 0.3 +/- 0.1 µ<br />
g EC per filter. <strong>The</strong> determined fraction of modern<br />
carbon (f(M)) for the OC blank was 0.61 0.13. <strong>The</strong><br />
analysis of processed IAEA-C6 and IAEA-C7 reference<br />
material resulted in f(M) = 1.521 +/- 0.011 and<br />
delta C-13 = -10.85 0.19%, and f(M) = 0.505 +/- 0.011<br />
and delta C-13 = - 14.21 0.19 parts per thousand,<br />
respectively, in agreement with consensus values.<br />
Initial carbon contents were thereby recovered<br />
with an average yield of 93%.<br />
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research<br />
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and<br />
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 518-525.<br />
08.1-338<br />
Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability<br />
over the past 800,000 years<br />
Jouzel J, Masson Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G,<br />
Falourd S, Hoffmann G, Minster B, Nouet J, Barnola<br />
J M, Chappellaz J, Fischer H, Gallet J C, Johnsen S,<br />
Leuenberger M, Loulergue L, Lüthi D, Oerter H, Parrenin<br />
F, Raisbeck G, Raynaud D, Schilt A, Schwander<br />
J, Selmo E, Souchez R, Spahni R, Stauffer B,<br />
Steffensen J P, Stenni B, Stocker T F, Tison J L,<br />
Werner M, Wolff E W<br />
France, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Switzerland,<br />
Italy, Belgium, England<br />
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A high-resolution deuterium profile is now available<br />
along the entire European Project for Ice<br />
Coring in Antarctica Dome C ice core, extending<br />
167<br />
this climate record back to marine isotope stage<br />
20.2, similar to 800,000 years ago. Experiments<br />
performed with an atmospheric general circulation<br />
model including water isotopes support<br />
its temperature interpretation. We assessed the<br />
general correspondence between Dansgaard-Oeschger<br />
events and their smoothed Antarctic counterparts<br />
for this Dome C record, which reveals the<br />
presence of such features with similar amplitudes<br />
during previous glacial periods. We suggest that<br />
the interplay between obliquity and precession<br />
accounts for the variable intensity of interglacial<br />
periods in ice core records.<br />
Science, 2007, V317, N5839, AUG 10,<br />
pp 793-796.<br />
08.1-339<br />
Applying SAR-IRSL methodology for dating<br />
fine-grained sediments from lake El’gygytgyn,<br />
north-eastern Siberia<br />
Juschus O, Preusser F, Melles M, Radtke U<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Paleontology<br />
Lake El’gygytgyn is situated in a 3.6 Ma old impact<br />
crater in north- eastern Siberia and probably represents<br />
one of the most complete archives of Arctic<br />
climate change. Investigated here is the potential<br />
of infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL)<br />
using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR)<br />
approach for dating sediments from this lake.<br />
Independent age control is available from a published<br />
age model of a parallel core that is based on<br />
tuning sediment proxies with regional insolation<br />
and the results of previous multiple aliquot IRSL<br />
dating. Although the site is located within volcanic<br />
bedrock, anomalous fading seems to have<br />
little effect on the calculated ages. <strong>The</strong> modelled<br />
water content for the entire time of burial is seen<br />
as the most prominent uncertainty at this particular<br />
site. Despite these potential error sources,<br />
SAR-IRSL ages are in acceptable agreement with<br />
the given timeframe and clearly point to the possibility<br />
to establish independent chronologies at<br />
this site up to at least 400,000 years.<br />
Quaternary Geochronology, 2007, V2, N1-4, SI, pp<br />
187-194.<br />
08.1-340<br />
Unfractionated excess air: <strong>The</strong> result of incomplete<br />
dissolution of entrapped air?<br />
Klump S, Cirpka O A, Kipfer R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A496.
168 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-341<br />
Excess air as a potential tracer for paleohydrological<br />
conditions<br />
Klump S, Grundl T, Purtschert R, Kipfer R<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Paleontology , Hydrology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A497.<br />
08.1-342<br />
Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and<br />
transience of geomorphic hillslope-channel<br />
coupling: Evidence from inner gorges in the<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
Korup O, Schlunegger F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Geomorphology , Geology<br />
<strong>The</strong> formation of inner gorges cut into bedrock<br />
has been explained as relief rejuvenation by fluvial<br />
incision in response to rapid base level drop,<br />
repeated glaciations, frequent pore pressuredriven<br />
landsliding focused at hillslope toes, or<br />
catastrophic outburst flows from natural dam<br />
failures. Prominent inner gorges occur in soft<br />
Mesozoic Bundner schist and lower Tertiary<br />
flysch units of the formerly glaciated Alpenrhein<br />
catchment, eastern <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps. <strong>The</strong>ir channel and<br />
hillslope morphologies differ from basins characterized<br />
by strong glacial or landslide imprints,<br />
while formally resembling the theoretically predicted<br />
transient response of detachment-limited<br />
bedrock rivers to rapid base level fall by headward<br />
knickpoint migration. Assuming a postglacial onset<br />
of fluvial bedrock incision into a Last Glacial<br />
Maximum surface in response to base level drop<br />
induced by downwasting of trunk valley glaciers<br />
requires downcutting rates E > 20 mm yr(-1) and<br />
requires hillslopes to adjust by frequent landsliding<br />
toward development of a threshold state. We<br />
test this scenario using data on surface uplift,<br />
geomorphometry, geomorphic hillslope coupling,<br />
and probabilistic slope stability models. We find<br />
that adjustment of inner gorge walls through<br />
landsliding is mainly strength limited and structurally<br />
controlled, and threshold conditions are<br />
restricted to the lower 25% of local hillslope relief.<br />
Mass movement processes on upper hillslopes remain<br />
largely decoupled from channel incision despite<br />
inferred postglacial specific sediment yields<br />
of 10(4) m(3) km(-2) yr(-1) from the studied basins.<br />
Conversely, several constraints imposed by fluvial<br />
bedrock detachment, postglacial sediment yields,<br />
and bedrock landsliding argue for a pre-Holocene<br />
origin for at least some of the inner gorges in the<br />
area. This implies partial protection of fluvial<br />
gorge topography by subglacial sediment fill during<br />
the last (Wurm) extensive glaciation and implies<br />
that glaciers were insufficient to fully eradicate<br />
fluvially sculpted bedrock topography. This<br />
leads us to conclude that lithology and major climate<br />
oscillations should be considered as further<br />
alternative controls on inner gorge formation.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,<br />
2007, V112, NF3, SEP 27 ARTN: F03027.<br />
08.1-343<br />
Millenial scale variations of the isotopic composition<br />
of atmospheric oxygen over Marine<br />
Isotopic Stage 4<br />
Landais A, Masson Delmotte V, Combourieu<br />
Nebout N, Jouzel J, Blunier T, Leuenberger M, Dahl<br />
Jensen D, Johnsen S<br />
Israel, France, Switzerland, Denmark<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Paleontology<br />
, Cryology / Glaciology , Geochemistry &<br />
Geophysics<br />
During rapid events of the last glacial period (DO<br />
events), dramatic changes are recorded at high<br />
and low latitudes. Without a precise common<br />
timescale, links between changes in Greenland<br />
temperature and changes in biosphere productivity,<br />
hydrology regimes and sea level are difficult<br />
to establish. <strong>The</strong> composition of atmospheric<br />
oxygen (delta O-18(atm)) is influenced by global<br />
sea level changes, the global hydrologic cycle and<br />
the biosphere productivity. Since delta O-18(atm)<br />
is measured in ice cores it gives the opportunity<br />
to investigate the underlying processes with no<br />
timescale uncertainty. Here, we present the first<br />
high resolution (50 yrs) record of the isotopic composition<br />
of atmospheric oxygen (delta O-19(atm))<br />
measured in the air trapped in a Greenland ice<br />
core (NorthGRIP). Our record covers a sequence of<br />
DO events (18-19-20) corresponding to the Marine<br />
Isotopic Stage 4, similar to 75 to 60 ka ago. Our<br />
measurements reveal rapid changes of delta O-<br />
18(atm) associated with the DO events. With a few<br />
additional measurements of the third isotope of<br />
oxygen (O-17) during the DO event 19, we exclude<br />
the hypothesis that sea level changes are responsible<br />
for the isotopic variations. <strong>The</strong>y originate<br />
more likely from large changes in relative humidity<br />
and latitudinal repartition of the continental<br />
vegetation over the DO events.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V258,<br />
N1-2, JUN 15, pp 101-113.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-344<br />
Ages for the Big Stone Moraine and the oldest<br />
beaches of glacial Lake Agassiz: Implications<br />
for deglaciation chronology<br />
Lepper K, Fisher T G, Hajdas I, Lowell T V<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology , Geology<br />
Glacial Lake Agassiz has been implicated as the<br />
tritmer for numerous episodes of abrupt climate<br />
change at the close of the last ice age, yet the beginning<br />
age of the lake has never been determined.<br />
Here we report the first numerical age data on the<br />
Big Stone Moraine and the oldest beaches of glacial<br />
Lake Agassiz. Organic remains from lakes, bogs,<br />
and channels distal to, and inset to, the Big Stone<br />
Moraine require that glacial activity at this moraine<br />
ceased prior to 12,000 C-14 yr B.P. (13,950 cal<br />
(calendar) yr). A site near New Effington, South Dakota<br />
(United States), implies full glacial recession<br />
north of the topographic divide prior to 11,810 C-14<br />
yr B.P. (13,670 cal yr), synchronous with the beginning<br />
of glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz shorelines<br />
inset to the moraine yield optically stimulated luminescence<br />
(OSL) ages from 14,200-12,600 yr cal.<br />
Lower strandlines are younger, but the similarity of<br />
ages suggests that initial lake lowering was faster<br />
than OSL ages can currently resolve. Nevertheless,<br />
the OSL ages represent the first numerical age assignments<br />
for the Herman, Norcross, and Upham<br />
beach ridges, setting the stage for future numerical<br />
age assignments within the Lake Agassiz basin.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se two dating methods yield strongly consistent<br />
results within stated uncertainties. <strong>The</strong> age of<br />
the Big Stone Moraine implies an interval of rapid<br />
retreat for the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide<br />
Ice Sheet during the BiAling-Allerod warm interval.<br />
<strong>The</strong> overlapping ages for the uppermost beach<br />
levels and abandonment of the highest Lake Agassiz<br />
spillway indicate a rapidly evolving lake until at<br />
least 13,500 yr cal.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 667-670.<br />
08.1-345<br />
Variable Be-10 fluxes in lacustrine sediments<br />
from Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic: a solar<br />
record?<br />
Ljung K, Bjorck S, Muscheler R, Beer J, Kubik P W<br />
Sweden, USA, Switzerland<br />
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics ,<br />
Oceanography , Paleontology<br />
A 650-yr-long sediment sequence from a crater<br />
lake on Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic, was<br />
analysed for its Be-10 content. Based on C-14 dating,<br />
and sedimentary, geochemical, magnetic<br />
and palynological records, the period between<br />
900 and 1450 AD appears to have been unusually<br />
169<br />
stable in terms of sedimentation and vegetation<br />
and therefore this period was chosen for analysis<br />
of the Be-10 content. During this period of highly<br />
organic sedimentation and closed vegetation, the<br />
pattern of Be-10 flux variations follows the Be-10<br />
fluctuations from the GRIP ice core and estimated<br />
C-14 production rates well. However, before and<br />
after this stable period, variable sedimentation<br />
rates have to be accounted for to obtain results<br />
that are comparable to the established Be-10/C-14<br />
records. Our data show not only the possibility of<br />
obtaining detailed enough Be-10 flux data from<br />
sedimentary sequences to reconstruct past solar<br />
forcing but also how sensitive this type of record<br />
is to sedimentary and environmental changes. If<br />
suitable archives can be found, they have the potential<br />
to improve reconstructions of solar activity<br />
far back in time.<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N7-8,<br />
APR, pp 829-835<br />
08.1-346<br />
Characterizing carbon isotopic variability in<br />
Sphagnum<br />
Loader N J, Mccarroll D, van der Knaap W O,<br />
Robertson I, Gagen M<br />
Wales, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry , Geology<br />
To understand more fully the nature of isotopic<br />
fractionation in mosses and to explore the potential<br />
of stable isotope analyses of selected peat<br />
constituents for palaeoenvironmental research,<br />
we present results from a study of inter- and intraplant<br />
delta C-13 variability in Sphagnum spp. Subdivisions<br />
of stem, pendant and horizontal branch<br />
elements of modern Sphagnum capillifolium<br />
plants revealed consistent and statistically significant<br />
differences in their isotopic composition. Sequential<br />
(downstem) analysis of a further cohort<br />
of four modern Sphagnum capillifolium plants<br />
also reveals evidence of common forcing on the<br />
isotopic composition of sequentially formed stem<br />
and branch increments. This relationship was<br />
tested further by analysis of a series of branch and<br />
stem samples manually recovered from Sphagnum<br />
fuscum preserved within a late Holocene (AD<br />
2003-1970) peat monolith from a European mire.<br />
<strong>The</strong> high degree of isotopic coherence observed<br />
between plants supports the analysis of Sphagnum<br />
in palaeoecological investigations. However<br />
inter- and intra-plant variability between both<br />
branch and stem. sections emphasize the need for<br />
representative sampling, replication and sample<br />
homogeneity when conducting palaeoecological<br />
studies.<br />
Holocene, 2007, V17, N3, APR, pp 403-410.
170<br />
08.1-347<br />
Detailed record of the mid-Oxfordian (Late<br />
Jurassic) positive carbon- isotope excursion in<br />
two hemipelagic sections (France and Switzerland):<br />
A plate tectonic trigger?<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Bernasconi S M, Pellenard P,<br />
Collin P Y, Weissert H<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry<br />
& Geophysics<br />
<strong>The</strong> Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) was a time of widespread<br />
change in Jurassic marine (carbonate) sedimentation<br />
patterns. A marked positive excursion<br />
in delta C-13 is dated as Middle Oxfordian in age.<br />
In this study we investigate if changes in carbonate<br />
sedimentation coincided with altered carbon<br />
cycling and climate. We use C-isotope records as<br />
a proxy for the evolution of the carbon cycle and<br />
compare delta C-13- trends with the evolution of<br />
sedimentation in a segment of the opening Tethys<br />
seaway. One of the studied sections is located in<br />
the Subalpine basin of France (Trescleoux and<br />
Oze), the other in the <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura mountains (Liesberg).<br />
Carbon-isotope stratigraphy of carbonate<br />
carbon locates the peak values of the Middle Oxfordian<br />
positive excursion to the antecedens and<br />
parandieri subzones of the plicatilis and transversarium<br />
ammonite zones, respectively. Causes of<br />
the excursion remain enigmatic. <strong>The</strong> excursion<br />
seems not to coincide with a global oceanic anoxic<br />
event, but regionally enhanced organic carbon<br />
accumulation during the Early and early Middle<br />
Oxfordian may be the cause of the increase in<br />
delta C-13. <strong>The</strong> excursion occurs during a time of<br />
progressive climate warming, and its peak values<br />
coincide with the first calcareous sediments recurring<br />
after a period of reduced carbonate accumulation<br />
in the Early and early Middle Oxfordian.<br />
<strong>The</strong> excursion is also time-equivalent to a major<br />
reorganisation of global ocean currents: the opening<br />
Atlantic and Tethys oceans combined with rising<br />
sea level led to the formation of an efficient<br />
circumglobal seaway. We conclude that this favoured<br />
the widespread recurrence of carbonate<br />
producers by providing new habitats. As a result,<br />
C-carb burial increased, leading to a lower C- org/<br />
C-carb burial rate and therefore to stabilisation<br />
and decrease in delta C-13 in the Middle Oxfordian.<br />
Thus, the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion<br />
in carbonate C-isotopes may reflect changes in the<br />
carbon cycle that were triggered by a copious reorganisation<br />
of the ocean current system caused by<br />
major plate tectonic movements.<br />
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,<br />
2007, V248, N3-4, MAY 25, pp 459-472.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-348<br />
Impact of methane seeps on the local carbonisotope<br />
record: a case study from a Late Jurassic<br />
hemipelagic section<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Logvinovich D, Bernasconi S<br />
M, Weissert H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geology , Paleontology , Geochemistry &<br />
Geophysics<br />
An Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) hemipelagic succession<br />
from Beauvoisin (SE France) contains a<br />
pronounced, short-lived negative excursion in<br />
the bulk-carbonate carbon-isotope record, with<br />
an amplitude of 47 parts per thousand. it was<br />
shown previously that the Beauvoisin paleoenvironment<br />
was impacted by hydrocarbon seepage.<br />
New isotopic data corroborate that methane was<br />
a significant constituent of these hydrocarbons.<br />
<strong>The</strong> negative excursion was caused by transient<br />
enhanced precipitation of 13 C-depleted carbonate,<br />
mediated by anaerobic oxidation of methane.<br />
Despite its local diagenetic origin, the Beauvoisin<br />
excursion is similar in shape and duration to globally<br />
recognized negative C-isotope excursions that<br />
have been related to catastrophic, massive dissociation<br />
of methane hydrate. Shape and duration<br />
of negative excursions therefore cannot be used<br />
as an argument when determining their origin if<br />
they have not been shown to represent a global<br />
perturbation of the carbon cycle.<br />
Terra Nova, 2007, V19, N4, AUG, pp 259-265.<br />
08.1-349<br />
Plate tectonic trigger of changes in pCO(2)<br />
and climate in the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic):<br />
Carbon isotope and modeling evidence<br />
Louis Schmid B, Rais P, Schäffer P, Bernasconi S M,<br />
Weissert H<br />
Switzerland, France<br />
Modelling , Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
<strong>The</strong> transition from the Middle to the Late Jurassic<br />
was characterized by significant changes<br />
in oceanography and climate and by changes in<br />
global carbon cycle as shown in the C-isotope<br />
record. A prominent mid-Oxfordian positive excursion<br />
in bulk carbonate carbon isotope values<br />
(delta C-13(carb)) With an amplitude of more than<br />
1% has been documented from many sections in<br />
the Northern Tethys realm. In this study we present<br />
new bulk organic matter C-isotope data (delta<br />
C-13 (org)) from northwestern Tethys that do not<br />
record the mid-Oxfordian positive excursion in<br />
carbonate carbon. On the contrary, delta C-13<br />
(org) decreases during the interval of the most
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s 171<br />
rapid increase in delta C-13(carb). We demonstrate<br />
that this decrease is not due to a changing marine-terrestrial<br />
organic carbon partitioning but<br />
that the contrasting isotope trends record peculiar<br />
environmental and climate changes which<br />
occurred near the beginning of the Late Jurassic.<br />
Using a simple carbon cycle model we show<br />
that an increase in atmospheric p CO(2) starting<br />
at modem levels could be the cause of contrasting<br />
trends in delta C-13(carb) and delta C-13(org).<br />
We suggest that a reorganisation of ocean currents<br />
related to the opening and/or widening of<br />
the Tethys-Atlantic-Pacific seaway, and a massive<br />
spread of shallow-sea carbonate production led<br />
to higher pCO(2). Model simulations indicate that<br />
this increase in pCO(2) may have triggered changes<br />
in the biological carbon pump and in organic<br />
carbon burial that can explain the Middle Oxfordian<br />
C-isotope record.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V258,<br />
N1-2, JUN 15, pp 44-60.<br />
08.1-350<br />
New constraints on the gas age-ice age difference<br />
along the EPICA ice cores, 0-50 kyr<br />
Loulergue L, Parrenin F, Blunier T, Barnola J M,<br />
Spahni R, Schilt A, Raisbeck G, Chappellaz J<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Cryology / Glaciology<br />
Gas is trapped in polar ice sheets at similar to 50-120<br />
m below the surface and is therefore younger than<br />
the surrounding ice. Firn densification models<br />
are used to evaluate this ice age-gas age difference<br />
(Delta age) in the past. However, such models need<br />
to be validated by data, in particular for periods<br />
colder than present day on the East Antarctic plateau.<br />
Here we bring new constraints to test a firn<br />
densification model applied to the EPICA Dome C<br />
(EDC) site for the last 50 kyr, by linking the EDC<br />
ice core to the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML)<br />
ice core, both in the ice phase (using volcanic horizons)<br />
and in the gas phase (using rapid methane<br />
variations). We also use the structured Be-10 peak,<br />
occurring 41 kyr before present (BP) and due to<br />
the low geomagnetic field associated with the<br />
Laschamp event, to experimentally estimate the<br />
Delta age during this event. Our results seem to<br />
reveal an overestimate of the Delta age by the firn<br />
densification model during the last glacial period<br />
at EDC. Tests with different accumulation rates<br />
and temperature scenarios do not entirely resolve<br />
this discrepancy. Although the exact reasons for<br />
the Delta age overestimate at the two EPICA sites<br />
remain unknown at this stage, we conclude that<br />
current densification model simulations have def-<br />
icits under glacial climatic conditions. Whatever<br />
the cause of the Delta age overestimate, our finding<br />
suggests that the phase relationship between<br />
CO 2 and EDC temperature previously inferred for<br />
the start of the last deglaciation (lag of CO 2 by 800<br />
+/- 600 yr) seems to be overestimated.<br />
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 527-540.<br />
08.1-351<br />
Comparison of techniques for dating of subsurface<br />
ice from Monlesi ice cave, Switzerland<br />
Luetscher M, Bolius D, Schwikowski M, Schotterer<br />
U, Smart P L<br />
Switzerland, England<br />
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology<br />
<strong>The</strong> presence of cave ice is documented in many<br />
karst regions but very little is known about the age<br />
range of this potential paleoclimate archive. This<br />
case study from the Monlesi ice cave, <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura<br />
Mountains, demonstrates that dating of cave ice<br />
is possible using a multi-parameter approach. Ice<br />
petrography, debris content and oxygen isotope<br />
composition have the potential for identification<br />
of annual growth layers, but require a continuous<br />
core from the ice deposits, limiting application<br />
of this approach. Furthermore, complete melting<br />
of ice accumulations from individual years<br />
may occur, causing amalgamation of several annual<br />
bands. Use of H-3 content of the ice and C-14<br />
dating of organic debris present in the ice proved<br />
to be of limited utility, providing rather broad<br />
bounds for the actual age. Initial estimates based<br />
on Pb-210 analyses from clear ice samples gave<br />
results comparable to those from other methods.<br />
<strong>The</strong> most reliable techniques applied were the determination<br />
of ice turnover rates, and the dating<br />
of anthropogenic inclusions (a roof tile) in the ice.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se suggest, respectively, that the base of the<br />
cave ice was a minimum of 120 and a maximum<br />
of 158 years old. <strong>The</strong>refore, our data support the<br />
idea that mid-latitude and low-altitude subsurface<br />
ice accumulations result from modern deposition<br />
processes rather than from presence of<br />
Pleistocene relict ice.<br />
Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182,<br />
pp 374-384.<br />
08.1-352<br />
Detailed sedimentary N isotope records from<br />
Cariaco Basin for terminations I and V: Local<br />
and global implications<br />
Meckler N A , Haug G H, Sigman D M, Plessen B,<br />
Peterson L C, Thierstein H R<br />
Switzerland, Germany, USA<br />
Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics , Oceanography<br />
, Paleontology
172 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
(1) For the last deglaciation and Termination<br />
V (the initiation of MIS 11 at around 430 ka) we<br />
report high-resolution sedimentary nitrogen<br />
isotope (delta N-15)records from Cariaco Basin<br />
in the Caribbean Sea. During both terminations<br />
the previously reported interglacial decrease in<br />
delta N-15 clearly lags local changes such as water<br />
column anoxia as well as global increases in<br />
denitrification by several thousand years. On top<br />
of the glacial-interglacial change, several delta<br />
N-15 peaks were observed during the last deglaciation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> deglacial signal in Cariaco Basin can be<br />
best explained as a combination of (1) local variations<br />
in suboxia and water column denitrification<br />
as the reason for the millennial-scale peaks, (2) a<br />
deglacial maximum in mean ocean nitrate delta<br />
N-15, and (3) increasing N-2 fixation in response<br />
to globally increased denitrification causing the<br />
overall deglacial delta N-15 decrease. In the Holocene,<br />
much of the decrease in delta N-15 occurred<br />
between 6 and 3 ka, coinciding with an expected<br />
precession-modulated increase in African dust<br />
transport to the tropical North Atlantic and the<br />
Caribbean. This begs the hypothesis that N-2 fixation<br />
in this region increased in response to interglacial<br />
maxima in denitrification elsewhere but<br />
that this response strengthened with increased<br />
mid- Holocene iron input. It remains to be seen<br />
whether the data for MIS 11 support this interpretation.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, DEC<br />
15 ARTN: GB4019.<br />
08.1-353<br />
Grape harvest dates as a proxy for <strong>Swiss</strong> April<br />
to August temperature reconstructions back to<br />
AD 1480<br />
Meier N, Rutishauser T, Pfister C, Wanner H, Luterbacher<br />
J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Plant Sciences , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Paleontology<br />
We present an annually resolved record of grape<br />
harvest dates for Switzerland. <strong>The</strong> strong negative<br />
relationship between grape harvest dates<br />
and April August temperatures allowed a new<br />
reconstruction, with associated uncertainties, to<br />
be derived back to 1480. Calibration (1928 -1979)<br />
was performed with monthly data from the Basel<br />
and Geneva stations and verified over 1980<br />
-2006. Twelve days of grape harvest difference<br />
correspond to around 1 degrees C April - August<br />
temperature difference. Periods cooler (late grape<br />
harvest dates) than the 1961 -1990 mean are reconstructed<br />
during the 17th century and at the beginning<br />
of the 19th century. Warmer conditions were<br />
experienced in the early 18th century and during<br />
the recent decades, in agreement with grape harvest<br />
temperature reconstructions from France and<br />
other independent temperature estimates. On<br />
decadal (annual) time-scales the earliest harvests<br />
were in the 1580s (2003) and the latest vintages in<br />
the 1740s (1816). Large tropical volcanic eruptions<br />
led to significantly later grape harvest dates (cooling)<br />
one to two years after the event.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N20, OCT<br />
24 ARTN: L20705.<br />
08.1-354<br />
Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during<br />
the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento<br />
end moraine system (eastern Alps)<br />
Monegato G, Ravazzi C, Donegana M, Pini R, Calderoni<br />
G, Wick L<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology ,<br />
Geomorphology<br />
<strong>The</strong> glacial history of the Tagliamento morainic<br />
amphitheater (southeastern Alpine foreland, Italy)<br />
during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has<br />
been reconstructed by means of a geological survey<br />
and drillings, radiocarbon dating and pollen<br />
analysis in the amphitheater and in the sandur.<br />
Two phases of glacial culmination, separated by a<br />
distinct recession, are responsible for glacial landforms<br />
and related sediments in the outer part of<br />
the amphitheater. <strong>The</strong> age of the younger advance<br />
fits the chronology of the culmination of the last<br />
glaciation in the Alps, well established between<br />
24 and 21 cal ka BP (20 to 17.5 C-14 ka BP), whereas<br />
the first pulse between 26.5 and 23 cal ka BP (22<br />
to 21 (14C) ka BP), previously undated, was usually<br />
related to older (pre-LGM) glaciations by previous<br />
authors. Here, the first pulse is the most extensive<br />
LGM culmination, but is often buried by the subsequent<br />
pulse. <strong>The</strong> onset and final recession of the<br />
late Wurm Alpine glaciation in the Tagliamento<br />
amphitheater are synchronous with the established<br />
global glacial maximum between 30 and 19<br />
cal ka BP. <strong>The</strong> two-fold LGM glacial oscillation is interpreted<br />
as a millennial-scale modulation within<br />
the late Warm glaciation, caused by oscillations in<br />
inputs of southerly atmospheric airflows related<br />
to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Phases of enhanced<br />
southerly circulation promoted increased rainfall<br />
and ice accumulation in the southern Alps.<br />
Quaternary Research, 2007, V68, N2, SEP, pp<br />
284-302.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-355<br />
European ammonoid diversity questions the<br />
spreading of anoxia as primary cause for the<br />
Cenomanian/Turonian (Late Cretaceous) mass<br />
extinction<br />
Monnet C, Bucher H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology , Geology ,<br />
Paleontology , Biodiversity<br />
Ammonoid diversity patterns show that the<br />
spreading of oceanic anoxia is not the initial and<br />
major kill mechanism for the Cenomanian /Turonian<br />
mass extinction as usually suggested. In the<br />
Anglo-Paris Basin and the Vocontian Basin, the<br />
drop of ammonoid species richness starts around<br />
the middle/late Cenomanian boundary, i.e. 0.75<br />
myr before the occurrence of anoxic deep-water<br />
sediments. <strong>The</strong> stepwise extinction of first heteromorphs<br />
and then acanthoceratids is incompatible<br />
with the rise of the oxygen minimum zone. Moreover,<br />
shelf environments of these basins remained<br />
well oxygenated during the Cenomanian/Turonian<br />
boundary interval. Thus, we stress that other<br />
causative mechanisms initiated the ammonoid<br />
extinction even if anoxia subsequently participated<br />
in the demise of marine ecosystems.<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Journal of Geosciences, 2007, V100, N1,<br />
JUN, pp 137-144.<br />
08.1-356<br />
Phosphorus and the roles of productivity and<br />
nutrient recycling during oceanic anoxic event 2<br />
Mort H P, Adatte T, Föllmi K B, Keller G, Steinmann<br />
P, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D<br />
Switzerland, USA, Germany<br />
Oceanography , Geology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
, Paleontology<br />
Four sections documenting the impact of the late<br />
Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) were<br />
studied in basins with different paleoenvironmental<br />
regimes. Accumulation rates of phosphorus<br />
(P) bound to iron, organic matter, and authigenic<br />
phosphate are shown to rise and arrive at a<br />
distinct maximum at the onset of OAE 2, with an<br />
associated increase in delta C-13 values. Accumulation<br />
rates of P return to preexcursion values in<br />
the interval where the delta C-13 record reaches<br />
its first maximum. An offset in time between the<br />
maximum in P accumulation and peaks in organic<br />
carbon burial, hydrogen indices, and C-org/P-react<br />
molar ratios is explained by the evolution of OAE 2<br />
in the following steps. (1) An increase in productivity<br />
increased the flux of organic matter and P into<br />
the sediments; the preservation of organic matter<br />
was low and its oxidation released P, which was<br />
predominantly mineralized. (2) Enhanced produc-<br />
173<br />
tivity and oxidation of organic matter created dysoxic<br />
bottom waters; the preservation potential for<br />
organic matter increased, whereas the sediment<br />
retention potential for P decreased. (3) <strong>The</strong> latter<br />
effect sustained high primary productivity, which<br />
led to an increase in the abundance of free oxygen<br />
in the ocean and atmosphere system. After the<br />
sequestration of CO 2 in the form of black shales,<br />
this oxygen helped push the ocean back into equilibrium,<br />
terminating black shale deposition and<br />
removing bioavailable P from the water column.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N6, JUN, pp 483-486.<br />
08.1-357<br />
<strong>The</strong> Cenomanian/Turonian anoxic event at the<br />
Bonarelli level in Italy and Spain: enhanced<br />
productivity and/or better preservation?<br />
Mort H, Jacquat O, Adatte T, Steinmann P, Föllmi K<br />
B, Matera V, Berner Z, Stüben D<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Paleontology , Geology , Oceanography<br />
<strong>The</strong> upper Cenomanian pelagic sediments of Furlo<br />
in the northern Apennines, Italy, are characterized<br />
by a 1.5-m-thick organic-rich stratigraphic horizon<br />
called the Bonarelli Level, which represents<br />
the second major oceanic anoxic event in the<br />
Cretaceous (OAE 2). <strong>The</strong> Bonarelli Level is depleted<br />
in carbonates and consists essentially of biogenic<br />
quartz, phyllosilicates, and organic matter, with<br />
values of TOC reaching 18%. <strong>The</strong> age of the Furlo<br />
section is constrained by correlating its delta C-13<br />
curve with that of the well-dated Pueblo (USA)<br />
and Eastbourne (UK) sections. <strong>The</strong> presence of all<br />
the planktonic foraminiferid zones and details of<br />
the OAE 2 delta C-13 excursion indicates a relatively<br />
continuous but reduced sedimentation rate<br />
across the Cenomanian/Turonian (C/T) boundary.<br />
Sediment and TOC mass accumulation rates have<br />
been calculated and suggest a sedimentation<br />
break in the upper Bonarelli Level. This may be an<br />
artifact of the diachronous FAD of the planktonic<br />
foraminiferid Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica and<br />
suggests that in some sections the delta C-13 curve<br />
may provide more reliable age control for dating<br />
the C/T boundary. In order quantitatively to explain<br />
the carbon isotope curve and the measured<br />
TOC mass accumulation rate, a simple dynamic<br />
model of the isotope effects of organic versus inorganic<br />
carbon burial was developed. In order to<br />
verify the consistency of the model we correlated<br />
the modeled Output of the Furlo section with<br />
that of the Manilva section, in southeast Spain.<br />
<strong>The</strong> modeling shows that increasing productivity<br />
only partially explains the measured delta C-13<br />
excursion and is not the only factor relevant to<br />
black shales deposition. Preservation may play a
174 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
central role, especially in the later stages of OAE 2.<br />
Phosphorus and TOC accumulation patterns in the<br />
Bonarelli Level in both Furlo and Manilva suggest a<br />
similar process although other factors may also be<br />
involved. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />
Cretaceous Research, 2007, V28, N4, AUG,<br />
pp 597-612.<br />
08.1-358<br />
Glacial in situ survival in the Western Alps and<br />
polytopic autopolyploidy in Biscutella laevigata<br />
L. (Brassicaceae)<br />
Parisod C, Besnard G<br />
Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Plant Sciences , Paleontology<br />
, Microbiology<br />
Past climatic changes and especially the ice ages<br />
have had a great impact on both the distribution<br />
and the genetic composition of plant populations,<br />
but whether they promoted speciation is still controversial.<br />
<strong>The</strong> autopolyploid complex Biscutella<br />
laevigata is a classical example of polyploidy linked<br />
to glaciations and is an interesting model to explore<br />
migration and speciation driven by climate<br />
changes in a complex alpine landscape. Diploid<br />
taxa survived the last glacial maximum in several<br />
never-glaciated areas and autotetraploids are clearly<br />
dominant in the central parts of the Alps; however,<br />
previous range-wide studies failed to identify<br />
their diploid ancestor(s). This study highlights the<br />
phylogeographical relationships of maternal lineages<br />
in the Western Alps and investigates the polyploidy<br />
process using plastid DNA sequences (trn StrnG<br />
and trnK-intron) combined with plastid DNA<br />
length polymorphism markers, which were transferable<br />
among Brassicaceae species. Twenty- one<br />
distinct plastid DNA haplotypes were distinguished<br />
in 67 populations densely sampled in the Western<br />
Alps and main lineages were identified by a median-joining<br />
network. <strong>The</strong> external Alps harboured<br />
high levels of genetic diversity, while the Central<br />
Alps contained only a subset of haplotypes due to<br />
postglacial recolonization. Several haplotypes were<br />
restricted to local peripheral refugia and evidence<br />
of in situ survival in central nunataks was detected<br />
by the presence of highly differentiated haplotypes<br />
swamped by frequent ones. As hierarchical genetic<br />
structure pointed to an independent evolution of<br />
the species in different biogeographical districts,<br />
and since tetraploids displayed haplotypes belonging<br />
to different lineages restricted to either<br />
the northern or the southern parts of the Alpine<br />
chain, polytopic autopolyploidy was also apparent<br />
in the Western Alps.<br />
Molecular Ecology, 2007, V16, N13, JUL,<br />
pp 2755-2767.<br />
08.1-359<br />
<strong>The</strong> EDC3 chronology for the EPICA dome C ice<br />
core<br />
Parrenin F, Barnola J M, Beer J, Blunier T, Castellano<br />
E, Chappellaz J, Dreyfus G, Fischer H, Fujita S,<br />
Jouzel J, Kawamura K, Lemieux Dudon B, Loulergue<br />
L, Masson Delmotte V, Narcisi B, Petit J R, Raisbeck<br />
G, Raynaud D, Ruth U, Schwander J, Severi<br />
M, Spahni R, Steffensen J P, Svensson A, Udisti R,<br />
Waelbroeck C, Wolff E<br />
France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Japan, Denmark,<br />
England<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Cryology / Glaciology<br />
<strong>The</strong> EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in<br />
Antarctica) Dome C drilling in East Antarctica has<br />
now been completed to a depth of 3260 m, at only<br />
a few meters above bedrock. Here we present the<br />
new EDC3 chronology, which is based on the use<br />
of 1) a snow accumulation and mechanical flow<br />
model, and 2) a set of independent age markers<br />
along the core. <strong>The</strong>se are obtained by pattern<br />
matching of recorded parameters to either absolutely<br />
dated paleoclimatic records, or to insolation<br />
variations. We show that this new time scale<br />
is in excellent agreement with the Dome Fuji and<br />
Vostok ice core time scales back to 100 kyr within<br />
1 kyr. Discrepancies larger than 3 kyr arise during<br />
MIS 5.4, 5.5 and 6, which points to anomalies<br />
in either snow accumulation or mechanical flow<br />
during these time periods. We estimate that EDC3<br />
gives accurate event durations within 20% (2 sigma)<br />
back to MIS11 and accurate absolute ages with<br />
a maximum uncertainty of 6 kyr back to 800 kyr.<br />
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 485-497.<br />
08.1-360<br />
Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization<br />
around the Middle-Late Jurassic<br />
transition<br />
Rais P, Louis Schmid B, Bernasconi S M, Weissert H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Oceanography , Geology<br />
A Middle to Upper Jurassic succession of submarine<br />
hardgrounds overlain by nodular limestones<br />
is exposed in the Jura mountains and in<br />
the Helvetic of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps. <strong>The</strong>se sediments<br />
were accumulated along the northern shelf of<br />
the cast-west trending Tethys seaway. Submarine<br />
hardgrounds and nodular limestones were also<br />
formed on the Brianconnais High, today outcropping<br />
in the middle Perminic nappe pile of the<br />
Alps. Hardgrounds record strong and persistent<br />
current activity along the northern Tethys shelf<br />
and on the Brianconnais High during the Callovian<br />
and Early Oxfordian. <strong>The</strong> transition from
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
hardgrounds to nodular limestones corresponds<br />
to a major reorganization of Tethys oceanography.<br />
<strong>The</strong> change occurred in Plicatilis ammonite Zone<br />
(Middle Oxfordian). Carbon isotope stratigraphy,<br />
calibrated against an ammonite-dated reference<br />
section in the French Subalpine Basin, serves as<br />
a correlation tool between ammonite-dated sections<br />
and successions with poor biostratigraphic<br />
resolution. Correlation demonstrates that the end<br />
of hardground formation was synchronous over<br />
wide parts of the northern Tethys. <strong>The</strong> change<br />
in shelf sedimentation coincides with a positive<br />
carbon isotope excursion with an amplitude of<br />
1.5%o. <strong>The</strong> change in Cisotope stratigraphy indicates<br />
that observed reorganization of current patterns<br />
along the northern Tethys shelf was coupled<br />
with global change in oceanography and climate.<br />
We propose that the change in northern Tethys<br />
sedimentation was caused by opening of new seaways<br />
at a time of progressive collapse of Pangaea.<br />
(c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.<br />
Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,<br />
2007, V251, N3-4, AUG 8, pp 527-546.<br />
08.1-361<br />
Direct north-south synchronization of abrupt<br />
climate change record in ice cores using Beryllium<br />
10<br />
Raisbeck G M, Yiou F, Jouzel J, Stocker T F<br />
France, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Cryology / Glaciology<br />
A new, decadally resolved record of the Be-10 peak<br />
at 41 kyr from the EPICA Dome C ice core (Antarctica)<br />
is used to match it with the same peak<br />
in the GRIP ice core (Greenland). This permits a<br />
direct synchronisation of the climatic variations<br />
around this time period, independent of uncertainties<br />
related to the ice age-gas age difference<br />
in ice cores. Dansgaard-Oeschger event 10 is in the<br />
period of best synchronisation and is found to be<br />
coeval with an Antarctic temperature maximum.<br />
Simulations using a thermal bipolar seesaw model<br />
agree reasonably well with the observed relative<br />
climate chronology in these two cores. <strong>The</strong>y<br />
also reproduce three Antarctic warming events<br />
observed between A1 and A2.<br />
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 541-547.<br />
175<br />
08.1-362<br />
Temporal stability of climate-isotope relationships<br />
in tree rings of oak and pine (Ticino,<br />
Switzerland)<br />
Reynolds Henne C E, Siegwolf R T W, Treydte K S,<br />
Esper J, Henne S, Saurer M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Forestry<br />
Climate reconstructions based on stable isotopes<br />
in tree rings commonly rely on the assumption<br />
that climate-isotope relations are stable over time.<br />
However, studies of tree ring growth have revealed<br />
trends thought to result from either physiological<br />
changes or changes in the climate-growth relationship.<br />
We investigated whether or not similar<br />
trends exist for tree ring stable isotopic ratios using<br />
a statistical approach. Correlations between<br />
climate (temperature and precipitation amount)<br />
and tree ring cellulose delta C-13 and delta O-18<br />
of oak and pine from Ticino, Switzerland, were<br />
calculated for the period AD 1660 - 2000. Climate<br />
calibration of tree rings was enabled by long-term<br />
monthly resolved temperature and precipitation<br />
data sets on the basis of instrumental and documentary<br />
proxy data. Overall, five findings have<br />
been identified: (1) Isotopic ratios in tree rings<br />
most strongly reflect conditions of the current<br />
growing season, (2) temporally stable climate signals<br />
are found in pine delta C-13 only, (3) all other<br />
correlations between tree ring isotopes and climate<br />
are temporally unstable and characterized<br />
by shifts in correlation sign and strength, (4) climate<br />
signals in oak are strongest in the 20th century,<br />
and (5) tree ring delta C-13 reflects local climatic<br />
conditions while delta O-18 is influenced by<br />
large- scale synoptic circulation. <strong>The</strong> nonstationary<br />
relationships observed could reflect changes<br />
in the relationship between the climate variables<br />
or a physiological adaptation to warmer conditions.<br />
Our results provide a cautionary note for<br />
the calibration of long tree ring series with 20th<br />
century relationships, at least for trees located at<br />
ecologically nonextreme sites.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, V21, N4, NOV<br />
2 ARTN: GB4009.<br />
08.1-363<br />
Climatic cycles during a Neoproterozoic<br />
“snowball” glacial epoch<br />
Rieu R, Allen P A, Ploetze M, Pettke T<br />
Spain, England, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Cryology /<br />
Glaciology , Modelling , Paleontology<br />
<strong>The</strong> profound glaciations of the Neoproterozoic<br />
Cryogenian period (ca. 850-544 Ma) represent an<br />
extreme climatic mode when, it is claimed, Earth
176 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
was fully or almost completely covered with ice<br />
for millions of years. We show that the geochemistry<br />
and mineralogy of finegrained Neoproterozoic<br />
sedimentary rocks in Oman are best explained by<br />
climatic oscillations that drove variations in the<br />
intensity of chemical weathering on contemporary<br />
land surfaces. <strong>The</strong> cold climate modes of the<br />
Cryogenian were therefore cyclical, punctuated<br />
with welldefined warm-humid interglacial periods.<br />
<strong>The</strong> hydrological cycle and the routing of sediment<br />
were active throughout the glacial epoch,<br />
which requires substantial open ocean water. This<br />
reconstruction represents a significantly different<br />
target for numerical climate models at this critical<br />
time in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 299-302.<br />
08.1-364<br />
EDML1: a chronology for the EPICA deep ice<br />
core from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica,<br />
over the last 150 000 years<br />
Ruth U, Barnola J M, Beer J, Bigler M, Blunier T,<br />
Castellano E, Fischer H, Fundel F, Huybrechts P,<br />
Kaufmann P, Kipfstuhl S, Lambrecht A, Morganti A,<br />
Oerter H, Parrenin F, Rybak O, Severi M, Udisti R,<br />
Wilhelms F, Wolff E<br />
Germany, France, Switzerland, Italy, England, Denmark,<br />
Belgium<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology<br />
A chronology called EDML1 has been developed<br />
for the EPICA ice core from Dronning Maud Land<br />
(EDML). EDML1 is closely interlinked with EDC3, the<br />
new chronology for the EPICA ice core from Dome-C<br />
(EDC) through a stratigraphic match between EDML<br />
and EDC that consists of 322 volcanic match points<br />
over the last 128 ka. <strong>The</strong> EDC3 chronology comprises<br />
a glaciological model at EDC, which is constrained<br />
and later selectively tuned using primary dating<br />
information from EDC as well as from EDML, the<br />
latter being transferred using the tight stratigraphic<br />
link between the two cores. Finally, EDML1 was<br />
built by exporting EDC3 to EDML. For ages younger<br />
than 41 ka BP the new synchronized time scale<br />
EDML1/EDC3 is based on dated volcanic events and<br />
on a match to the Greenlandic ice core chronology<br />
GICC05 via Be-10 and methane. <strong>The</strong> internal consistency<br />
between EDML1 and EDC3 is estimated to be<br />
typically similar to 6 years and always less than 450<br />
years over the last 128 ka (always less than 130 years<br />
over the last 60 ka), which reflects an unprecedented<br />
synchrony of time scales. EDML1 ends at 150 ka BP<br />
(2417 m depth) because the match between EDML<br />
and EDC becomes ambiguous further down. This<br />
hints at a complex ice flow history for the deepest<br />
350 m of the EDML ice core.<br />
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 475-484.<br />
08.1-365<br />
Six millennia of atmospheric dust deposition<br />
in southern South America (Isla Navarino,<br />
Chile)<br />
Sapkota A, Cheburkin A K, Bonani G, Shotyk W<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Geology<br />
To characterize dust deposition in southern<br />
South America for the Holocene, a 542 cm long<br />
core from a peat bog in southern Chile (Oreste<br />
bog. Isla Navarino) was studied. Peat formation<br />
started similar to 11 160 C-14 yr before present<br />
(BP). <strong>The</strong> titanium (Ti) concentration in bulk peat,<br />
combined with dry bulk density, and peat accumulation<br />
rate, were used to calculate the mineral<br />
accumulation rate (MAR) in the Oreste bog. <strong>The</strong><br />
distribution of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and<br />
titanium (Ti) showed that mineral accumulation<br />
for the last c. 6000 yr was predominantly atmospheric<br />
with a record of effectively constant deposition<br />
(0.43 +/- 0.12g/m(2) per yr). Similarly, Ti<br />
and zirconium (Zr) concentrations in the acid<br />
insoluble ash (AIA) were also effectively constant<br />
and agreed well with the MAR for the last six millennia,<br />
except at c. 4200 cal. yr BP, where Zr was<br />
enriched relative to Ti. Here, Scanning Electron<br />
Microscope (SEM) micrographs A showed that the<br />
AIA was dominated by volcanic particles (> 20-40<br />
µm), with the Mt Burney eruption identified as<br />
the most likely source. In contrast with this anomalous<br />
zone, SEM studies showed that the mineral<br />
particles found in the majority of the sample were<br />
predominantly fine grained (< 20 ton) and rounded.<br />
Derived from surficial sediment and supplied<br />
by long-range atmospheric transport, they reflect<br />
the climate stability for the past 6000yr.<br />
Holocene, 2007, V17, N5, JUL, pp 561-572.<br />
08.1-366<br />
Siliceous algae-based seasonal temperature<br />
inference and indicator pollen tracking ca.<br />
4,000 years of climate/land use dependency in<br />
the southern Austrian Alps<br />
Schmidt R, Kamenik C, Roth M<br />
Austria, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Limnology , Marine & Freshwater<br />
Biology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Diatom and chrysophyte cyst-based reconstructions<br />
of the dates of spring and autumn lakemixing<br />
enabled us to estimate spring (STanom)<br />
and autumn (AT(anom)) temperature anomalies<br />
as well as ice-cover of the last ca. 4,000 years in<br />
a lake sediment core (Oberer Landschitzsee, 2,076<br />
m a.s.l.) from the southern slopes of the Austrian<br />
Central Alps. <strong>The</strong> two independently inferred temperature<br />
anomalies were significantly correlated.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
On average, spring and autumn temperatures<br />
were lower during the two millennia B.C than during<br />
0-1,300 A.D. Marked spring and autumn temperature<br />
minima occurred at about 1,300 and 600<br />
B.C. At about 1,300 A.D, STanom declined again.<br />
Spring-temperature anomalies during Roman<br />
and Medieval times equaled or slightly exceeded<br />
the modern values and paralleled tree-line and<br />
glacier fluctuations. <strong>The</strong> de-coupling of autumn<br />
and spring climates, which began during the Medieval<br />
period, might indicate changes in major<br />
circulation modes. It was assumed that the North-<br />
Atlantic influence, triggering winter-rain climate<br />
in the Northern Mediterranean, became weaker<br />
during Medieval times, resulting in a trend towards<br />
warmer autumns and overall more continental<br />
climate conditions in the study area. Four<br />
pulses of land use, inferred from indicator pollen,<br />
occurred during (1) the Early to Late Bronze, (2)<br />
the transition from Late Bronze to Early Iron Age<br />
(Hallstatt), (3) Late Iron Age (La Tene, Celtic time)<br />
to Roman times, and (4) during high to late Medieval<br />
times. Climate seemed to be an important,<br />
though complex, trigger of Alpine land use.<br />
Journal of Paleolimnology, 2007, V38, N4, NOV, pp<br />
541-554.<br />
08.1-367<br />
Synchronisation of the EDML and EDC ice<br />
cores for the last 52 kyr by volcanic signature<br />
matching<br />
Severi M, Becagli S, Castellano E, Morganti A,<br />
Traversi R, Udisti R, Ruth U, Fischer H, Huybrechts<br />
P, Wolff E, Parrenin F, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Steffensen<br />
J P<br />
Italy, Germany, England, France, Switzerland, Denmark,<br />
Belgium<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Paleontology<br />
A common time scale for the EPICA ice cores from<br />
Dome C (EDC) and Dronning Maud Land (EDML)<br />
has been established. Since the EDML core was not<br />
drilled on a dome, the development of the EDML1<br />
time scale for the EPICA ice core drilled in Dronning<br />
Maud Land was based on the creation of a detailed<br />
stratigraphic link between EDML and EDC,<br />
which was dated by a simpler 1D ice-flow model.<br />
<strong>The</strong> synchronisation between the two EPICA ice<br />
cores was done through the identification of several<br />
common volcanic signatures. This paper describes<br />
the rigorous method, using the signature<br />
of volcanic sulfate, which was employed for the<br />
last 52 kyr of the record. We estimated the discrepancies<br />
between the modelled EDC and EDML<br />
glaciological age scales during the studied period,<br />
by evaluating the ratio R of the apparent duration<br />
of temporal intervals between pairs of isochrones.<br />
177<br />
On average R ranges between 0.8 and 1.2 corresponding<br />
to an uncertainty of up to 20% in the<br />
estimate of the time duration in at least one of<br />
the two ice cores. Significant deviations of R up<br />
to 1.4-1.5 are observed between 18 and 28 kyr before<br />
present (BP), where present is defined as 1950.<br />
At this stage our approach does not allow us unequivocally<br />
to find out which of the models is affected<br />
by errors, but assuming that the thinning<br />
function at both sites and accumulation history<br />
at Dome C (which was drilled on a dome) are correct,<br />
this anomaly can be ascribed to a complex<br />
spatial accumulation variability (which may be<br />
different in the past compared to the present day)<br />
upstream of the EDML core.<br />
Climate of the Past, 2007, V3, N3, pp 367-374.<br />
08.1-368<br />
A high-resolution, absolute-dated deglacial<br />
speleothem record of Indian Ocean climate<br />
from Socotra Island, Yemen<br />
Shakun J D, Burns S J, Fleitmann D, Kramers J D,<br />
Matter A, Al Subary A<br />
USA, Switzerland, Germany, Yemen<br />
Paleontology , Geology , Geochemistry &<br />
Geophysics<br />
Stalagmite M1-5 from Socotra Island, Yemen in<br />
the northwest Indian Ocean provides a robust,<br />
high-resolution paleoclimate record from similar<br />
to 27.4-11.1 ka based on 717 stable isotope and 28<br />
Th-230 measurements. Variations in M1-5 oxygen<br />
isotope ratios (delta O-18) are interpreted to be<br />
primarily driven by an amount effect related to<br />
changes in the mean position and/or intensity of<br />
convection of the intertropical convergence zone,<br />
the island’s only source of precipitation. <strong>The</strong> M<br />
1-5 delta O-18 time series is strongly correlated<br />
to the Greenland ice cores, similar to an older<br />
Socotra speleothem deposited from 53-40 ka (S.J.<br />
Bums, D. Fleitmann, A. Matter, J. Kramers, A. Al-<br />
Subbary, Indian Ocean climate and an absolute<br />
chronology over Dansgaard/Oeschger events 9 to<br />
13, Science 301 (2003) 1365-1367), indicating that<br />
a North Atlantic-Indian Ocean cold-dry/warm-wet<br />
teleconnection persisted through the end of the<br />
last glacial period. Peak aridification occurred at<br />
similar to 23 ka and a gradual increase in moisture<br />
thereafter was interrupted by an abrupt drying<br />
event at similar to 16.4 ka, perhaps related to<br />
Heinrich event 1. Indian Ocean rainfall increased<br />
dramatically during the Bolling period and then<br />
decreased continuously and gradually through<br />
the Allerod and Younger Dryas. <strong>The</strong> Holocene began<br />
abruptly with increased precipitation at 11.4<br />
ka and was followed by a major but short-lived<br />
drying during the Preboreal Oscillation at similar
178 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
to 11.2 ka. M1-5 is highly correlated to the Dongge<br />
Cave record from 15.5-11 ka, suggesting much of<br />
the Indian Ocean monsoon region responded similarly<br />
to the major climate changes of the last deglaciation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> transitions into the Younger Dryas<br />
and to a lesser extent the Bolling are remarkably<br />
gradual in M1-5, as they are in all other Asian speleothem<br />
records, occurring over several centuries.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se gradual transitions are in striking contrast<br />
to high-resolution records from around the North<br />
Atlantic basin where the transitions are extremely<br />
abrupt and generally occur in under a century.<br />
This spatially variable pattern of climate change<br />
is consistent with an Atlantic origin for these deglacial<br />
climate events.<br />
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2007, V259,<br />
N3-4, JUL 30, pp 442-456.<br />
08.1-369<br />
Climate changes and volcanic signals during<br />
the Bronze Age: A stalagmite record<br />
Siklosy Z, Demeny A, Vennemann T W, Hegner E,<br />
Kramers J D, Leel Ossy Sz<br />
Hungary, Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Geology ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, V71, N15,<br />
AUG, SS, p A936.<br />
08.1-370<br />
Hyalinea marmarica, a new species of benthic<br />
foraminifera from the sea of Marmara (Turkey)<br />
Spezzaferri S, Yanko Hombach V<br />
Switzerland, Canada<br />
Paleontology , Marine & Freshwater Biology<br />
Traditionally, the benthic foraminifera Hyalinea<br />
balthica (Schroter) has been considered a species<br />
with high intraspecific variability, possibly related<br />
to climatic changes, and, therefore, a potential<br />
indicator of paleoclimate in the Mediterranean<br />
Sea. However, a stable and characteristic morphology<br />
very different from the syntype of the species<br />
can be observed in specimens from the Sea<br />
of Marmara. By identification and documentation<br />
of this morphology and a subsequent comparison<br />
to specimens similar to the type species, clear<br />
differences between the two groups have been established.<br />
Hyalinea marmarica n. sp. is proposed<br />
as an example of possible environment- related<br />
speciation in benthic foraminifera. It differs from<br />
H. balthica in having less numerous chambers in<br />
the last whorl (maximum of eight), depressed sutures<br />
at least in the last four chambers, a moderate<br />
increase in chamber size as added, a subacute<br />
profile and accessory apertures on the peripheral<br />
margin. Speciation could have occurred between<br />
14 and 12 ka. At this time, increasingly efficient<br />
connections were progressively established between<br />
the Sea of Marmara and the Eastern Mediterranean<br />
Sea, allowing Hyalinea balthica to migrate<br />
into the Sea of Marmara. Here this species<br />
might have modified its morphology in response<br />
to the extreme environmental conditions.<br />
Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 2007, V37, N4,<br />
OCT, pp 309-317.<br />
08.1-371<br />
Mesolithic agriculture in Switzerland? A critical<br />
review of the evidence<br />
Tinner W, Nielsen E H, Lotter A F<br />
Switzerland, Netherlands<br />
Paleontology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Plant<br />
Sciences , Ecology<br />
Accumulating palaeobotanical evidence points to<br />
agricultural activity in Central Europe well before<br />
the onset of the Neolithic, commonly dated at ca<br />
5500-5200 cal BC. We reinvestigated an existing<br />
pollen profile from Soppensee with refined taxonomical<br />
resolution by further subdividing the<br />
Cerealia pollen type into Triticum t. and Avena t.<br />
because the sediments at this site currently provide<br />
the highest temporal resolution and precision<br />
for the period of interest among all sites in<br />
Switzerland. Our new results are in agreement<br />
with previous high-resolution investigations from<br />
Switzerland showing scattered but consistent<br />
presence of pollen of Cerealia, Plantago lanceolata,<br />
and other cultural plants or weeds during<br />
the late Mesolithic period (6700-5500 cal BC).<br />
Chronologically, this palynological evidence for<br />
sporadic agricultural activities coincides with a<br />
major break in material culture at ca 6700 cal BC<br />
(i.e. the transition from early to late Mesolithic).<br />
Here, we review possible arguments against palaeobotanical<br />
evidences of Mesolithic agriculture<br />
(e.g. chronological uncertainties, misidentification,<br />
contamination, long-distance transport)<br />
and conclude that none of these can explain the<br />
consistent pollen pattern observed at several sites.<br />
<strong>The</strong> palynological evidence can, of course, not<br />
prove the existence of pre-ceramic agriculture in<br />
Central Europe. However, it is so coherent that<br />
this topic should be addressed by systematic archaeolbotanical<br />
analyses in future archaeological<br />
studies. If our interpretation should turn out to<br />
be true, our conclusions would have fundamental<br />
implications for the Neolithic history of Europe.<br />
Currently, it is intensely debated whether Central<br />
European agriculture developed locally under the<br />
influence of incoming ideas from areas where<br />
Neolithic farming had already developed earlier<br />
(e.g. southeastern Europe) or whether it was in-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
troduced by immigrating farmers. On the basis<br />
of our results, we suggest that agriculture developed<br />
locally throughout the late Mesolithic and<br />
Neolithic. Mesolithic trading networks connecting<br />
Southern and Central Europe also support the<br />
hypothesis of a slow and gradual change towards<br />
sessile agriculture, probably as a result of incoming<br />
ideas and regional cultural transformation<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N9-10,<br />
MAY, pp 1416-1431.<br />
08.1-372<br />
Signal strength and climate calibration of a<br />
European tree-ring isotope network<br />
Treydte K, Frank D, Esper J, Andreu L, Bednarz Z,<br />
Berninger F, Boettger T, Dalessandro C M, Etien N,<br />
Filot M, Grabner M, Guillemin M T, Gutierrez E,<br />
Haupt M, Helle G, Hilasvuori E, Jungner H, Kalela<br />
Brundin M, Krapiec M, Leuenberger M, Loader<br />
N J, Masson Delmotte V, Pazdur A, Pawelczyk S,<br />
Pierre M, Planells O, Pukiene R, Reynolds Henne<br />
C E, Rinne K T, Saracino A, Saurer M, Sonninen<br />
E, Stievenard M, Switsur V R, Szczepanek M,<br />
Szychowska Krapiec E, Todaro L, Waterhouse J S,<br />
Weigl M, Schleser G H<br />
Switzerland, Spain, Poland, Canada, Germany, Italy,<br />
France, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Wales, Lithuania,<br />
England<br />
Plant Sciences , Instruments & Instrumentation ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
We present the first European network of tree ring<br />
delta C-13 and delta O-18, containing 23 sites from<br />
Finland to Morocco. Common climate signals are<br />
found over broad climatic-ecological ranges. In temperate<br />
regions we find positive correlations with<br />
summer maximum temperatures and negative<br />
correlations with summer precipitation and Palmer<br />
Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) with no obvious<br />
speciesspecific differences. Regional delta C-13 and<br />
delta O-18 chronologies share high common variance<br />
in year-to-year variations. Long-term variations,<br />
however, exhibit differences that may reflect<br />
spatial variability in environmental forcings, age<br />
trends and/or plant physiological responses to increasing<br />
atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Rotated<br />
principal component analysis (RPCA) and climate<br />
field correlations enable the identification of four<br />
sub- regions in the delta O-18 network - northern<br />
and eastern Central Europe, Scandinavia and the<br />
western Mediterranean. Regional patterns in the<br />
delta C-13 network are less clear and are timescale<br />
dependent. Our results indicate that future reconstruction<br />
efforts should concentrate on delta O-18<br />
data in the identified European regions.<br />
Geophysical Research Letters, 2007, V34, N24, DEC<br />
19 ARTN: L24302.<br />
179<br />
08.1-373<br />
Oncoid growth and distribution controlled<br />
by sea-level fluctuations and climate (Late<br />
Oxfordian, <strong>Swiss</strong> Jura Mountains)<br />
Vedrine S, Strasser A, Hug W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Geology<br />
Abundant lagoonal oncoids occur in the Late Oxfordian<br />
Hauptmumienbank Member of the <strong>Swiss</strong><br />
Jura Mountains. Four oncoid types are observed<br />
in the studied sections and classified according to<br />
the oncoid surface morphology, the structure and<br />
composition of the cortex, and the texture and fauna<br />
of the encasing sediment. Micrite-dominated<br />
oncoids (types 1 and 2) have a smooth surface. Type<br />
1 has a rather homogeneous cortex and occurs in<br />
moderate-energy environments. Type 2 presents<br />
continuous or discontinuous micritic laminae. It<br />
is associated with a low-diversity fauna and occurs<br />
in high-energy facies. Bacinella and Lithocodium<br />
oncoids (types 3 and 4) display a lobate surface.<br />
<strong>The</strong>y are dominated by microencrusters (Bacinella<br />
irregularis and Lithocodium aggregatum) and are<br />
found in low-energy facies. <strong>The</strong> stratigraphic and<br />
spatial distribution of these oncoid types shows a<br />
correlation with the sequence-stratigraphic evolution<br />
of the studied interval, and thus with relative<br />
sea-level fluctuations. It can be shown that<br />
these sea-level fluctuations were controlled by<br />
orbital cycles with 100- and 20-kyr periodicities.<br />
At the scale of 100- and 20-kyr sequences, types<br />
1 and 2 oncoids are preferentially found around<br />
sequence boundaries and in transgressive deposits,<br />
while types 3 and 4 oncoids are preferentially<br />
found around maximum floodings and in highstand<br />
deposits. This implies that changes of water<br />
energy and water depth were direct controlling<br />
factors. Discrepancies in oncoid distribution<br />
point to additional controlling factors. Platform<br />
morphology defines the distribution and type of<br />
the lagoon where the oncoids flourished. A low<br />
accumulation rate is required for oncoid growth.<br />
Additionally, humidity changes in the hinterland<br />
act on the terrigenous influx, which modifies water<br />
transparency and trophic level and thus plays<br />
a role in the biotic composition and diversity in<br />
the oncoid cortex.<br />
Facies, 2007, V53, N4, NOV, pp 535-552.
180 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
08.1-374<br />
Interactions between climate and vegetation<br />
during the Lateglacial period as recorded by<br />
lake and mire sediment archives in Northern<br />
Italy and Southern Switzerland<br />
Vescovi E, Ravazzi C, Arpenti E, Finsinger W, Pini R,<br />
Valsecchi V, Wick L, Ammann B, Tinner W<br />
Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Geology , Paleontology ,<br />
History<br />
We reconstruct the vegetational history of the<br />
southern side of the Alps at 18,000-10,000 cal yr BP<br />
using previous and new ANIS-dated stratigraphic<br />
records of pollen, stomata, and macrofossils. To address<br />
potential effects of climatic change on vegetation,<br />
we compare our results with independent<br />
paleoclimatic series (e.g. isotope and chironomid<br />
records from the Alps and the Alpine forelands).<br />
<strong>The</strong> period before 16,000 cal yr BP is documented<br />
only at the lowland sites. <strong>The</strong> previous studies<br />
used for comparison with our new Palughetto<br />
record, however, shows that Alpine deglaciation<br />
must have started before 18,000-17,500 cal yr BP<br />
south of the Alps and that deglaciated sites were<br />
colonized by open woods and shrublands (Juniperits,<br />
tree Betula, Larix, Pinus cembra) at ca 17,500<br />
cal yr BP. <strong>The</strong> vegetational history of a new site<br />
(Palughetto, 1040 m a.s.l.) is consistent with that<br />
of previous investigations in the study region.<br />
Our results show three conspicuous vegetational<br />
shifts delimited by statistically significant pollen<br />
zones, at ca 14,800-14,400, 13,300-12,800 and<br />
11,600-11,200 cal yr BP. At sites situated above 1000<br />
m a.s.l. (e.g. Palughetto, Pian di Gembro) forests<br />
expanded in alpine environments at ca 14,500 cal<br />
yr BP (onset of Bolling period, GI-1 in the Greenland<br />
ice record). At the same time, rather closed<br />
treeline communities of the lowlands were replaced<br />
by dense stands of Pinus sylvestris and Betula.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se early forests and shrublands consisted<br />
of Larix, P. cembra, Juniperus, P. sylvestris, Pinus<br />
mugo, and Betula, and had become established<br />
at ca 16,000 cal yr BP, probably in response to a<br />
temperature increase. If combined with other records<br />
from the Southern Alps, our data suggest<br />
that treeline ascended by ca 800-1000 m in a few<br />
centuries at most, probably as a consequence of<br />
climatic warming at the beginning of the Bolling<br />
period. At 13,100-12,800 cal yr BP the onset of a<br />
long- lasting decline of P. sylvestris was accompanied<br />
by the expansion of Quercus and other thermophilous<br />
tree taxa below ca 600 m a.s.l. This vegetational<br />
change was probably induced by a shift<br />
to warmer climatic conditions before the onset of<br />
the Younger Dryas, as indicated by independent<br />
paleoclimatic records. Only a few centuries later,<br />
at ca 12,700-12,500calyr BP, an expansion of herbaceous<br />
taxa occurred in the lowlands as well as<br />
at higher altitudes, documenting an opening of<br />
forested habitats. This change coincided with the<br />
beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling (GS-1),<br />
which according to the paleoclimatic series (e.g.<br />
oxygen isotope series), started at 12,700-12,600<br />
cal yr BP and lasted for about 1000 years. Environments<br />
south of the Alps responded markedly to<br />
climatic warming at the onset of the Holocene<br />
(11,600-11,500 cal yr BP). <strong>The</strong>rmophilous trees that<br />
had declined during the Younger Dryas re-expanded<br />
very rapidly in the lowlands and reached the<br />
high altitude sites below ca 1500 m a.s.l. within a<br />
few centuries at most. Our study implies that the<br />
synchronous vegetational changes observed over<br />
wide areas were probably a consequence of abrupt<br />
climatic shifts at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum<br />
(LGM) and during the Lateglacial. We emphasize<br />
that important vegetational changes such<br />
as the expansion of forests occurred millennia before<br />
the onset of similar processes in northwestern<br />
and central Europe.<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N11-12,<br />
JUN, pp 1650-1669.<br />
08.1-375<br />
Primary carbonates and Ca-chloride brines as<br />
monitors of a paleo- hydrological regime in<br />
the Dead Sea basin<br />
Waldmann N, Starinsky A, Stein M<br />
Israel, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Geology , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Lakes Samra, Lisan and the Dead Sea occupied the<br />
Dead Sea basin during the Last Interglacial (similar<br />
to 140-75ka BP), last glacial (similar to 70-14 ka<br />
BP) and Holocene periods, respectively. <strong>The</strong> age<br />
of Lake Lisan and Samra was determined by U-Th<br />
dating of primary aragonites comprising parts of<br />
the lacustrine sedimentary sequences. <strong>The</strong> lakes<br />
have periodically deposited sequences of layered<br />
calcitic marls (Lake Sarnra) or laminated primary<br />
aragonite (Lake Lisan). <strong>The</strong> deposition of aragonite<br />
as the primary carbonate phase reflects the contribution<br />
of the incoming freshwater (loaded with<br />
bi-carbonate) and high Mg-, Ca-chloride brine that<br />
originated from the subsurface vicinity of the<br />
Dead Sea basin. Deposition of calcitic marls suggests<br />
a minor effect of the brines. <strong>The</strong> Ca-chloride<br />
subsurface brine has been migrating in and out<br />
of the wall rocks of the Dead Sea basin, reflecting<br />
the regional hydrological conditions. During<br />
most of the last glacial period and during the late<br />
Holocene, sufficient precipitation above the Judea<br />
Mountains pushed the subsurface Cachloride
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
brines into the lakes causing the deposition of<br />
aragonite. During the Last Interglacial period the<br />
rain that precipitated above the Judea Mountains<br />
was insufficient to induce brine flow toward Lake<br />
Samra. It appears that sporadic floods provided<br />
calcium, bicarbonate and detritus to produce the<br />
Samra calcitic marls. Travertines deposited at the<br />
Samra-Lisan boundary indicate the early stage in<br />
the resumption of groundwater (springs) activity<br />
that led to the resurgence of Ca-chloride brine<br />
and rise of Lake Lisan. Similar variations in the<br />
regional rain precipitation and hydrological activity<br />
probably characterized the long-term geochetnical<br />
evolution of Pleistocene lacustrine waterbodies<br />
in the Dead Sea basin, enabling the use of<br />
the carbonates as paleo-hydrological monitors.<br />
Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007, V26, N17-18,<br />
SEP, pp 2219-2228.<br />
08.1-376<br />
16 000 years of vegetation and settlement history<br />
from Egelsee (Menzingen, central Switzerland)<br />
Wehrli M, Tinner W, Ammann B<br />
Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , History , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences , Plant Sciences<br />
Past vegetation dynamics and human impact from<br />
the Lateglacial to the present are reconstructed<br />
by pollen analysis of a core 12 in long from the<br />
raised bog Egelsee, central Switzerland (770 in<br />
a.s.l.). <strong>The</strong> depth-age model of the core is based on<br />
29 AMS C-14 dates. <strong>The</strong> oldest dated macrofinssil<br />
has an age of 13 080 +/- 105 radiocarbon yr BP (15<br />
370 cal. yr BP); extrapolation leads to a basal age<br />
of the core of 16 200 cal. yr BP. <strong>The</strong> biostratigraphy<br />
shows a typical vegetation development for<br />
Central Europe from open pioneer vegetation to<br />
Betula-Pinus forests in the Lateglacial, thermophilous<br />
mixed deciduous forests in the early Holocene,<br />
then mesophilous Abies-Fagus forests, and<br />
finally to the present cultural landscape. <strong>The</strong> initial<br />
population expansion of Abies alba may have<br />
coincided with climatic change at c. 8500 cal. yr<br />
BP. <strong>The</strong> mass expansion of Abies alba at 8 100 cal.<br />
yr BP may have been triggered by the 8.2-ka event<br />
and coincided with the empirical limit of Fagus<br />
silvatica, indicating initial population expansions.<br />
<strong>The</strong> succession of ecosystems with different<br />
plant composition is confirmed by detrended<br />
correspondence analysis (DCA): the main changes<br />
in the DCA axis I and 2 correspond to the transition<br />
phases between the different ecosystems.<br />
DCA axis I has an eigenvalue of lambda(1) = 0.46<br />
and is significantly correlated (r = 0.82) to the<br />
non-arboreal pollen percentage curve. Rarefac-<br />
181<br />
tion analysis shows a high pollen diversity in the<br />
Lateglacial, lower pollen diversity in the Holocene<br />
before human impact, and increasing pollen diversity<br />
correlated with increasing human impact.<br />
Very little is known about the archaeology of the<br />
montane belt in central Switzerland. This study<br />
provides new data concerning human impact and<br />
settlement history in this area. Human activities<br />
are indicated by cereal pollen (earliest Hordeum/<br />
Triticum type at 4700 cal. yr BP). Distinct pulses of<br />
anthropogenic forest clearances can be observed<br />
from the Neolithic period onwards.<br />
Holocene, 2007, V17, N6, SEP, pp 747-761.<br />
08.1-377<br />
Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity<br />
of the EDML deep- drilling site, Antarctica<br />
Wesche C, Eisen O, Oerter H, Schulte D,<br />
Steinhage D<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Cryology / Glaciology , Geomorphology ,<br />
Paleontology<br />
Interpretation of ice-core records requires accurate<br />
knowledge of the past and present surface<br />
topography and stress-strain fields. <strong>The</strong> European<br />
Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) drilling<br />
site (75.0025 degrees S, 0.0684 degrees E; 2891.7 m)<br />
in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is located in<br />
the immediate vicinity of a transient and forking<br />
ice divide. A digital elevation model is determined<br />
from the combination of kinematic GPS measurements<br />
with the GLAS12 datasets from the ICESat.<br />
Based on a network of stakes, surveyed with static<br />
GPS, the velocity field around the drilling site is<br />
calculated. <strong>The</strong> annual mean velocity magnitude<br />
of 12 survey points amounts to 0.74 m a(-1). Flow<br />
directions mainly vary according to their distance<br />
from the ice divide. Surface strain rates are determined<br />
from a pentagon-shaped stake network<br />
with one center point close to the drilling site.<br />
<strong>The</strong> strain field is characterized by along-flow<br />
compression, lateral dilatation and vertical layer<br />
thinning.<br />
Journal of Glaciology, 2007, V53, N182,<br />
pp 442-448.<br />
08.1-378<br />
Leaf area index for northern and eastern<br />
North America at the Last Glacial Maximum: a<br />
data-model comparison<br />
Williams J W, Gonzales L M, Kaplan J O<br />
USA, Switzerland<br />
Paleontology , Plant Sciences , Modelling , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Aim To estimate the effects of full-glacial atmospheric<br />
CO 2 concentrations and climate upon
182 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
leaf area index (LAI), using both global vegetation<br />
models and palaeoecological data. Prior simulations<br />
indicate lowered LAIs at the Last Glacial<br />
Maximum (LGM), but this is the first attempt to<br />
corroborate predictions against observations. Location<br />
Eastern North America and eastern Beringia.<br />
Methods Using a dense surface pollen data set<br />
and remotely sensed LAIs from the Moderate Resolution<br />
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument,<br />
we evaluate the ability of analogue-based<br />
techniques to reconstruct modern LAIs from pollen<br />
data. We then apply analogue techniques to<br />
LGM pollen records, calculate the ratio of LGM to<br />
modern LAIs (RLAI) and compare reconstructed<br />
RLAIs to RLAIs simulated by BIOME4. Sensitivity<br />
experiments with BIOME4 distinguish the effects<br />
of CO 2 and climate on glacial LAIs. Results Modern<br />
LAIs are skilfully predicted (r(2) = 0.83). Data<br />
and BIOME4 indicate that LAIs at the LGM were up<br />
to 12% lower than modern values in eastern North<br />
America and 60-94% lower in Beringia. In eastern<br />
North America, LGM climates partially counteracted<br />
CO 2-driven decreases in LAI, while in Beringia<br />
both contributed to lowered LAIs. Main conclusions<br />
In both regions climate is the primary<br />
driver of LGM LAIs. <strong>The</strong> decline in eastern North<br />
America LAIs is smaller than previously reported,<br />
so regional vegetation feedbacks to LGM climate<br />
may have been less significant than previously<br />
supposed. CO 2 exerts both physiological and community<br />
effects upon LAI, by regulating resource<br />
availability for leaf production and by influencing<br />
the competitive balance among species and hence<br />
the composition and structure of plant communities.<br />
Pollen-based reconstructions using analogue<br />
methods do not incorporate the physiological effect<br />
and so are upper estimates of full-glacial LAIs.<br />
BIOME4 sensitivity experiments indicate that the<br />
community and physiological effects together<br />
caused 10% to 20% decrease in LAIs at the LGM, so<br />
simulated RLAIs that are 80-100% of reconstructed<br />
RLAIs are regarded as consistent with data.<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Ecology and Biogeography, 2008, V17, N1,<br />
JAN, pp 122-134.<br />
08.1-379<br />
A matter of divergence: Tracking recent warming<br />
at hemispheric scales using tree ring data<br />
Wilson R, D’arrigo R, Buckley B, Büntgen U, Esper J,<br />
Frank D, Luckman B, Payette S, Vose R, Youngblut D<br />
Scotland, USA, Switzerland, Canada<br />
Paleontology , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
, Plant Sciences , Forestry<br />
No current tree ring (TR) based reconstruction of<br />
extratropical Northern Hemisphere (ENH) temperatures<br />
that extends into the 1990s captures the<br />
full range of late 20th century warming observed<br />
in the instrumental record. Over recent decades,<br />
a divergence between cooler reconstructed and<br />
warmer instrumental large-scale temperatures<br />
is observed. We hypothesize that this problem is<br />
partly related to the fact that some of the constituent<br />
chronologies used for previous reconstructions<br />
show divergence against local temperatures<br />
in the recent period. In this study, we compiled TR<br />
data and published local /regional reconstructions<br />
that show no divergence against local temperatures.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se data have not been included in other<br />
large-scale temperature reconstructions. Utilizing<br />
this data set, we developed a new, completely<br />
independent reconstruction of ENH annual temperatures<br />
(1750-2000). This record is not meant to<br />
replace existing reconstructions but allows some<br />
degree of independent validation of these earlier<br />
studies as well as demonstrating that TR data can<br />
better model recent warming at large scales when<br />
careful selection of constituent chronologies is<br />
made at the local scale. Although the new series<br />
tracks the increase in ENH annual temperatures<br />
over the last few decades better than any existing<br />
reconstruction, it still slightly under predicts<br />
values in the post-1988 period. We finally discuss<br />
possible reasons why it is so difficult to model<br />
post- mid-1980s warming, provide some possible<br />
alternative approaches with regards to the instrumental<br />
target and detail several recommendations<br />
that should be followed in future large-scale<br />
reconstruction attempts that may result in more<br />
robust temperature estimates.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,<br />
2007, V112, ND17, SEP 11 ARTN: D17103.<br />
08.1-380<br />
Relation between rock uplift and denudation<br />
from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in<br />
the Central Alps of Switzerland<br />
Wittmann H, von Blanckenburg F, Kruesmann T,<br />
Norton K P, Kubik P W<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Geology , Paleontology , Cryology / Glaciology<br />
A north-south traverse through the <strong>Swiss</strong> Central<br />
Alps reveals that denudation rates correlate with<br />
recent rock uplift rates in both magnitude and<br />
spatial distribution. This result emerges from a<br />
study of in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10 in riverborne<br />
quartz in Central Alpine catchments. As a<br />
prerequisite, we took care to investigate the potential<br />
influence of shielding from cosmic rays due<br />
to snow, glaciers, and topographic obstructions;<br />
to calculate a possible memory from Last Glacial<br />
Maximum (LGM) glaciation; and to identify a<br />
watershed size that is appropriate for systematic
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Past <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong>s<br />
sampling. Mean denudation rates are 0.27 +/- 0.14<br />
mm/ a for the Alpine foreland and 0.9 +/- 0.3 mm/<br />
a for the crystalline Central Alps. <strong>The</strong> measured<br />
cosmogenic nuclide-derived denudation rates<br />
are in good agreement with post-LGM lake infill<br />
rates and are about twice as high as denudation<br />
rates from apatite fission track ages that record<br />
denudation from 9 to 5 Ma. In general, denudation<br />
rates are high in areas of high topography<br />
and high crustal thickness. <strong>The</strong> similarity in the<br />
spatial distribution and magnitude of denudation<br />
rates and those of rock uplift rates can be interpreted<br />
in several ways: (1) Postglacial rebound or<br />
climate change has introduced a transient change<br />
in which both uplift and denudation follow each<br />
other with a short lag time; (2) the amplitude of<br />
glacial to interglacial changes in both is small and<br />
is contained in the scatter of the data; (3) both are<br />
driven by ongoing convergence where their similarity<br />
might hint at some form of long-term quasi<br />
steady state; or (4) enhanced continuous Quaternary<br />
erosion and isostatic compensation of the<br />
mass removed accounts for the distribution of<br />
present-day rock uplift.<br />
Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,<br />
2007, V112, NF4, NOV 29 ARTN: F04010.<br />
183<br />
08.1-381<br />
<strong>The</strong> prelude of the end-Permian mass extinction<br />
predates a postulated bolide impact<br />
Yin H, Feng Q, Baud A, Xie S, Benton M J, Lai X,<br />
Bottjer D J<br />
Peoples R China, Switzerland, England, USA<br />
Paleontology , Geology<br />
<strong>The</strong> mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic<br />
Boundary (PTB) is said to have been abrupt and<br />
probably caused by an extraterrestrial impact.<br />
However, evidence from the <strong>Global</strong> Stratotype Section<br />
and Point (GSSP) of the base of the Induan<br />
at Meishan, China, shows that the biotic crisis began<br />
prior to the level, in beds 25 and 26 at which<br />
the postulated impact event occurred. Evidence<br />
of such an earlier biotic crisis occurs in other sections<br />
in South China, and in central and western<br />
Tethyan regions. This event is characterized by<br />
the extinction of a range of faunas, including corals,<br />
deep-water radiolarians, most fusulinids and<br />
pseudotirolitidammonoids, and many Permian<br />
brachiopods. In all sections, this extinction level<br />
is usually a few decimeters to meters below that<br />
of the main mass extinction in the event beds (25<br />
and 26) at Meishan, and their correlatives elsewhere.<br />
This earlier extinction event happened before<br />
the postulated bolide impact at the level of<br />
beds 25 and 26, and constrains interpretation of<br />
the mechanisms that brought about this greatest<br />
mass extinction.<br />
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2007, V96,<br />
N5, OCT, pp 903-909.
184 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
3 Human Dimensions<br />
08.1-382<br />
Linking extreme climate events and economic<br />
impacts: Examples from the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps<br />
Beniston M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
This paper focuses upon topics related to current<br />
and possible future extreme weather events<br />
in order to highlight the links between climatic<br />
change and its economic impacts. Most of the examples<br />
given here are drawn from observations<br />
in Switzerland and the Alpine region that have<br />
a wealth of climatic, environmental and socioeconomic<br />
data. <strong>The</strong>se enable detailed studies to<br />
be undertaken on trends in mean and extreme<br />
climates and their impacts. Model simulations for<br />
a “greenhouse climate” suggest that risks associated<br />
with various forms of extreme events that<br />
affect the Alps may increase in the future, which<br />
could lead to high damage costs. In addition to the<br />
direct impacts of extremes, it is also necessary to<br />
take into account the increasing economic value<br />
of infrastructure located in zones potentially at<br />
risk. <strong>The</strong> final part of the paper addresses some of<br />
the issues that are related to fully integrated modeling<br />
approaches that are aimed at assessing the<br />
costs of damage in the wake of an extreme event.<br />
(C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp<br />
5384-5392.<br />
08.1-383<br />
Reduced exposure to PM10 and attenuated<br />
age-related decline in lung function<br />
Downs S H, Schindler C, Liu L J S, Keidel D, Bayer<br />
Oglesby L, Brutsche M H, Gerbase M W, Keller<br />
R, Kuenzli N, Leuenberger P, Probst Hensch N M,<br />
Tschopp J M, Zellweger J P, Rochat T, Schwartz J,<br />
Ackermann Liebrich U<br />
Switzerland, USA, Spain<br />
Human & Public Health , Medicine , Meteorology &<br />
Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Background Air pollution has been associated<br />
with impaired health, including reduced lung<br />
function in adults. Moving to cleaner areas has<br />
been shown to attenuate adverse effects of air<br />
pollution on lung function in children but not<br />
in adults. Methods We conducted a prospective<br />
study of 9651 adults (18 to 60 years of age) randomly<br />
selected from population registries in 1990<br />
and assessed in 1991, with 8047 participants reassessed<br />
in 2002. <strong>The</strong>re was complete information<br />
on lung volumes and flows (e. g., forced vital capacity<br />
(FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second<br />
(FEV1), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC, and forced<br />
expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the FVC<br />
(FEF25-75)), smoking habits, and spatially resolved<br />
concentrations of particulate matter that was<br />
less than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10)<br />
from a validated dispersion model assigned to<br />
residential addresses for 4742 participants at<br />
both the 1991 and the 2002 assessments and in<br />
the intervening years. Results Overall exposure<br />
to individual home outdoor PM10 declined over<br />
the 11-year follow-up period (median, -5.3 µg per<br />
cubic meter; interquartile range, -7.5 to -4.2). In<br />
mixed-model regression analyses, with adjustment<br />
for confounders, PM10 concentrations at<br />
baseline, and clustering within areas, there were<br />
significant negative associations between the decrease<br />
in PM10 and the rate of decline in FEV1 (P<br />
= 0.045), FEV1 as a percentage of FVC (P = 0.02),<br />
and FEF25-75 (P = 0.001). <strong>The</strong> net effect of a decline<br />
of 10 µg of PM10 per cubic meter over an 11-year<br />
period was to reduce the annual rate of decline in<br />
FEV1 by 9% and of FEF25-75 by 16%. Cumulative<br />
exposure in the interval between the two examinations<br />
showed similar associations. Conclusions<br />
Decreasing exposure to airborne particulates appears<br />
to attenuate the decline in lung function related<br />
to exposure to PM10. <strong>The</strong> effects are greater<br />
in tests reflecting small-airway function.<br />
New England Journal of Medicine, 2007, V357,<br />
N23, DEC 6, pp 2338-2347.<br />
08.1-384<br />
Climate change-related health impacts in the<br />
Hindu Kush-Himalayas<br />
Ebi K L, Woodruff R, von Hildebrand A, Corvalan C<br />
USA, Australia, India, Switzerland<br />
Human & Public Health , Social Sciences<br />
Our goal was to identify the climate change-related<br />
health risks and vulnerable populations specific<br />
to the mountainous regions of the Hindu Kush-<br />
Himalayas. We reviewed published information of<br />
the likely health consequences of climate change<br />
in mountain regions, especially the findings of a<br />
workshop for countries in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya<br />
region, organized by the World Health Organization,<br />
World Meteorological Organization, United<br />
Nations Environment Programme, and United Nations<br />
Development Programme. <strong>The</strong> main climaterelated<br />
risks in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region<br />
include the expansion of vector-borne diseases as<br />
pathogens take advantage of new habitats in altitudes<br />
that were formerly unsuitable. Diarrheal diseases<br />
could become more prevalent with changes<br />
in freshwater quality and availability. More extreme<br />
rainfall events are likely to increase the<br />
number of floods and landslides with consequent<br />
death and injuries. A unique risk is sudden floods
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
from high glacier lakes, which cause substantial<br />
destruction and loss of life. Because glaciers are the<br />
main source of freshwater for upland regions and<br />
downstream countries, the long-term reduction in<br />
annual glacier snowmelt is expected to heighten<br />
existing water insecurity in these areas. Climate<br />
change also is bringing some benefits to mountain<br />
populations, including milder winters and longer<br />
growing seasons. Populations in mountain regions<br />
have unique combinations of vulnerabilities to<br />
climate change. <strong>The</strong> extent of the health impacts<br />
experienced will depend on the effectiveness of<br />
public health efforts to identify and implement<br />
low-cost preparedness and response measures, and<br />
on the speed at which emissions of greenhouse gas<br />
emissions can be reduced.<br />
Ecohealth, 2007, V4, N3, SEP, pp 264-270.<br />
08.1-385<br />
Lasting management of the countryside. <strong>The</strong><br />
lessons that new regional natural parks must<br />
take from the experience of old communities<br />
Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Social Sciences<br />
Le paysage est de plus en plus perçu comme une<br />
ressource. À ce titre, il est nécessaire de trouver<br />
des instruments juridiques, politiques ou<br />
économiques susceptibles de gérer cette « ressource-paysage<br />
» sur le long terme. Le gouvernement<br />
suisse a introduit récemment l’instrument<br />
des parcs naturels régionaux, organisés selon le<br />
modèle français, dans sa législation de protection<br />
de la nature et du paysage. Une mise en regard<br />
des nouveaux parcs avec des structures de gestion<br />
beaucoup plus anciennes, les bourgeoisies et les<br />
corporations, permet de mettre en évidence les<br />
forces et les faiblesses de chacun de ces instruments<br />
dans leur contribution à résoudre les rivalités<br />
d’usage entre acteurs utilisant ou influençant<br />
la ressource paysage. Cette comparaison permet<br />
de formuler des recommandations pratiques concernant<br />
la gestion de cette ressource.<br />
Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine<br />
Research, 2007, V95, N3, SEP, pp 53-62.<br />
08.1-386<br />
<strong>The</strong> sustainable management of the landscape:<br />
the lessons the new regional nature<br />
parks must draw from the experience of the<br />
old corporations<br />
Gerber J D, Rodewald R, Knoepfel P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Social Sciences , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> landscape is increasingly perceived as a resource.<br />
For this reason, it is necessary to find le-<br />
185<br />
gal, political and economic instruments that will<br />
succeed in managing this > in the long term. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> government recently<br />
introduced the instrument of regional nature<br />
parks into the legislation governing nature<br />
and landscape preservation; the proposed parks<br />
are organized on the basis of the French model.<br />
<strong>The</strong> examination of the new parks from the perspective<br />
of much older management structures,<br />
i.e. the civic municipalities (bourgeoisies) and<br />
corporations, makes it possible to demonstrate<br />
the strengths and weaknesses of each of these instruments<br />
in their contribution to die resolution<br />
of use rivalries between actors who use or influence<br />
the resource landscape. This comparison<br />
also enables the formulation of practical recommendations<br />
regarding the management of this<br />
resource.<br />
Revue de Geographie Alpine Journal of Alpine<br />
Research, 2007, V95, N3, SEP, pp 63-74.<br />
08.1-387<br />
Recognising the complexities of ecosystem<br />
management and the ecosystem service concept<br />
Ghazoul J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences<br />
Ecosystem management emphasises ecosystem<br />
service concepts in order to improve land management<br />
and to justify nature conservation. This<br />
approach rests on the assumption that conserving<br />
ecosystem services can deliver net benefits<br />
for human welfare in terms of economic development.<br />
To retain credibility, the advocates of<br />
ecosystem service concepts must acknowledge<br />
the constraints that may limit the reliability of<br />
this assumption, including trade-offs with other<br />
land- use benefits. <strong>The</strong> fact that ecosystem service<br />
concepts have not been well integrated into management<br />
implies that such initiatives have not<br />
been persuasive among land managers and agriculturalists.<br />
I argue that this is due to the combination<br />
of a failure by scientists, conservationists,<br />
and other advocates of the ecosystem management<br />
approach to account for the trade-offs and<br />
opportunity costs inherent in land management,<br />
and a lack of willingness to accept that managing<br />
for ecosystem services may place constraints on<br />
future management options. However, the ecosystem<br />
service concept has the opportunity to make<br />
substantial contributions toward more effective<br />
management by influencing thinking among policy<br />
makers, land managers, and the wider public.<br />
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,<br />
2007, V16, N3, pp 215-221.
186 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
08.1-388<br />
Sink or Swim? Water security for growth and<br />
development<br />
Grey D, Sadoff C W<br />
India, Sri Lanka, Switzerland<br />
Economics , Social Sciences , Water Resources<br />
Achieving basic water security, both harnessing<br />
the productive potential of water and limiting<br />
its destructive impact, has always been a societal<br />
priority. To capture this duality, water security<br />
is defined here as the availability of an acceptable<br />
quantity and quality of water for health,<br />
livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled<br />
with an acceptable level of water-related risks to<br />
people, environments and economies. This paper<br />
looks broadly at those countries that have<br />
achieved water security, the paths they chose and<br />
the costs they paid, and those countries that have<br />
not achieved water security and how this constrains<br />
economies and societies. It defines three<br />
typologies: countries that have harnessed hydrology,<br />
those hampered by hydrology and those that<br />
are hostage to hydrology. It finds that countries<br />
remaining hostage to hydrology are typically<br />
among the world’s poorest. <strong>The</strong>y face “difficult”<br />
hydrologies often characterized by high inter- and<br />
intra-annual rainfall and runoff variability, where<br />
the level of institutional and infrastructure investment<br />
needed is very high and the ability to invest<br />
is low. This paper seeks to capture the dynamics<br />
of achieving water security in a hypothetical water<br />
and growth “S-curve”, which illustrates how a<br />
minimum platform of investments in water institutions<br />
and infrastructure can produce a tipping<br />
point beyond which water makes an increasingly<br />
positive contribution to growth and how that tipping<br />
point will vary in different circumstances.<br />
As there are inevitable trade-offs, achieving water<br />
security is never without social and environmental<br />
costs; in some countries these are significant,<br />
often unforeseen and even unacceptable. This<br />
brief analysis suggests that the only historically<br />
demonstrated path to achieving water security<br />
at the national level has been through investment<br />
in an evolving balance of complementary<br />
institutions and infrastructure, but that lessons<br />
exist for following this basic path in more sustainable<br />
and balanced ways. Insights are provided for<br />
balancing and sequencing investments, adapting<br />
to changing values and priorities, and pushing<br />
down the social and environmental costs. <strong>The</strong><br />
paper concludes that most water-insecure countries<br />
today face far greater challenges than those<br />
that achieved water security in the last century<br />
and are wealthy countries today. <strong>The</strong>y face more<br />
difficult hydrologies and a greater understanding<br />
of and therefore greater responsibility for, the social<br />
and environment trade-offs inherent in water<br />
management. As the costs of poor countries not<br />
achieving water security, in terms of human suffering,<br />
sustained poverty, constrained growth and<br />
social unrest, would be very high, achieving water<br />
security is a challenge that must be recognized<br />
and must be met.<br />
Water Policy, 2007, V9, N6, pp 545-571.<br />
08.1-389<br />
Carbon constraints in the fourteenth and<br />
twenty-first centuries<br />
Hoffmann V, Busch T<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , History<br />
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM,<br />
pp 4-6.<br />
08.1-390<br />
Assessing psycho-social effects of participatory<br />
landscape planning<br />
Höppner C, Frick J, Buchecker M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Social Sciences<br />
Participation has become an important issue in<br />
landscape planning. Within the relevant literature,<br />
an increasing number of authors emphasise<br />
the meaning of psycho-social effects such as the<br />
building of trust and engagement for planning<br />
projects. Yet, empirical studies examining psycho-social<br />
effects of participatory techniques in<br />
landscape planning are still an exception and are<br />
often conceptually and methodologically limited.<br />
<strong>The</strong> present paper addresses these gaps by adapting<br />
a mixed method design consisting of repeated<br />
measurement (n = 35) and qualitative interviews<br />
(n = 11). In the course of a municipal Landscape<br />
Development Concept (LDC) in Switzerland, short-<br />
term effects were assessed regarding participants’<br />
(a) trust in other persons involved, (b) confidence<br />
in the outcomes of the LDC, and (c) intention to<br />
participate. Significant changes were found on<br />
trust in involved persons and on the confidence<br />
in the general benefit of the LDC. <strong>The</strong> intention<br />
to participate did not change significantly. Information<br />
events had no significant effect on participants,<br />
whereas workshops had a significant effect<br />
on participants’ trust. Trust of workshop attendees<br />
decreased during the planning process, which<br />
may partly represent a shift from enthusiastic expectations<br />
to a more realistic view, and must not<br />
be regarded as a negative outcome, since it prevents<br />
participants from serious frustration. <strong>The</strong><br />
paper concludes that a long-term participation<br />
strategy, providing different participatory arenas
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
and settings, is essential in order to comprehensively<br />
affect all dimensions of trust and to foster<br />
engagement.<br />
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3,<br />
NOV 19, pp 196-207.<br />
08.1-391<br />
Local learning-networks on energy efficiency<br />
in industry - Successful initiative in Germany<br />
Jochem E, Gruber E<br />
Switzerland, Germany<br />
Energy & Fuels , Political Sciences , Economics<br />
Profitable energy-efficiency potentials are often<br />
not exploited in industry since management<br />
tends not to focus on energy issues. Sharing experiences<br />
between companies reveals possibilities<br />
for reducing the transaction costs involved. For<br />
this purpose, regionally or locally-organised learning<br />
networks of companies have been established.<br />
Social mechanisms are used to motivate management<br />
to pay more attention to energy efficiency in<br />
Switzerland and Germany. <strong>The</strong> main elements of<br />
the activities include initial consultation for each<br />
company with an experienced engineer, agreement<br />
on a common target for energy-efficiency<br />
improvement, regular meetings with technical<br />
presentations and an exchange of experiences,<br />
yearly control of energy consumption and CO 2<br />
emissions as well as scientific monitoring and<br />
evaluation of the process. <strong>The</strong> results of some evaluations<br />
show that substantial progress has been<br />
made in implementing organisational measures<br />
and investments in energy efficiency in the participating<br />
companies. <strong>The</strong> reasons for these achievements<br />
are discussed and conclusions drawn about<br />
the opportunities and limits of this instrument.<br />
Finally, a recommendation is made to implement<br />
this instrument on a broader level.<br />
Applied Energy, 2007, V84, N7-8, JUL-AUG, pp<br />
806-816.<br />
08.1-392<br />
Objectives of public participation: Which actors<br />
should be involved in the decision making<br />
for river restorations?<br />
Junker B, Buchecker M, Müller Böker U<br />
Switzerland<br />
Political Sciences , Water Resources , Hydrology<br />
(1) River restoration as a measure to improve both<br />
flood protection and ecological quality has become<br />
a common practice in river management.<br />
This new practice, however, has also become a<br />
source of conflicts arising from a neglect of the<br />
social aspects in river restoration projects. <strong>The</strong>refore<br />
appropriate public involvement strategies<br />
have been recommended in recent years as a way<br />
187<br />
of coping with these conflicts. However, an open<br />
question remains: Which stakeholders should be<br />
involved in the decision-making process? This, in<br />
turn, raises the question of the appropriate objectives<br />
of public participation. This study aims to<br />
answer these questions drawing on two case studies<br />
of <strong>Swiss</strong> river restoration projects and a related<br />
representative nationwide survey. Our findings<br />
suggest that public involvement should not be restricted<br />
to a small circle of influential stakeholder<br />
groups. As restoration projects have been found<br />
to have a substantial impact on the quality of life<br />
of the local population, avoiding conflicts is only<br />
one of several objectives of the involvement process.<br />
Including the wider public provides a special<br />
opportunity to promote social objectives, such as<br />
trust building and identification of people with<br />
their local environment.<br />
Water Resources Research, 2007, V43, N10, OCT<br />
31 ARTN: W10438.<br />
08.1-393<br />
Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming<br />
of adaptation to climate change<br />
into development assistance<br />
Klein R J T, Eriksen S E H, Naess L O, Hammill A,<br />
Tanner T M, Robledo C, O’brien K L<br />
Sweden, Norway, England, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Economics ,<br />
Political Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> need to mainstream adaptation to climate<br />
change into development planning and ongoing<br />
sectoral decision-making is increasingly recognised,<br />
and several bilateral and multilateral development<br />
agencies are starting to take an interest.<br />
Over the past years at least six development agencies<br />
have screened their project portfolios, generally<br />
with two goals in mind: (1) to ascertain the<br />
extent to which existing development projects<br />
already consider climate risks or address vulnerability<br />
to climate variability and change, and (2) to<br />
identify opportunities for incorporating climate<br />
change explicitly into future projects. As each<br />
portfolio screening was conducted independently,<br />
the broader lessons emerging from the screenings<br />
have not been systematically analysed. In this<br />
paper we assess the screening activities to date,<br />
focusing on both the results and the methods<br />
applied. Based on this assessment we identify opportunities<br />
for development agencies to expand<br />
their current focus on the links between climate<br />
and development. Most agencies already consider<br />
climate change as a real but uncertain threat<br />
to future development, but they have given less<br />
thought to how different development patterns<br />
might affect vulnerability to climate change. <strong>The</strong>
188 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
screenings undertaken have shown the need to<br />
take a comprehensive approach to adaptation and<br />
its integration into development planning and<br />
sectoral decision-making, and a number of policy<br />
initiatives have been taken to promote such integration.<br />
We provide some initial guidance as to<br />
how portfolio screening can be carried out in a<br />
way that would allow agencies to assess systematically<br />
the relevance of climate change to their<br />
ongoing and planned development projects.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 23-44.<br />
08.1-394<br />
A MERGE model with endogenous technological<br />
change and the cost of carbon stabilization<br />
Kypreos S<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Two stylized backstop systems with endogenous<br />
technological learning (ETL) are introduced in the<br />
“model for evaluating regional and global effects”<br />
(MERGE): one for the electric and the other for the<br />
non- electric markets. <strong>The</strong>n the model is applied to<br />
analyze the impacts of ETL on carbon-mitigation<br />
policy, contrasting the resulting impacts with the<br />
situation without ETL. We model research and development<br />
(R&D) spending and learning subsidies<br />
for the demonstration and deployment stage as<br />
control variables, and we investigate the ability of<br />
this extra spending to create path-dependent experience<br />
and knowledge to aid in the implementation<br />
of carbon-free technologies. Based on model<br />
estimations and sensitivity analyses, we conclude<br />
that increased commitments for the development<br />
of new technologies to advance along their learning<br />
curves has a potential for substantial reductions<br />
in the cost of mitigating climate change and<br />
thereby helping to reach safe concentrations of<br />
carbon in the atmosphere. (<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV, pp<br />
5327-5336.<br />
08.1-395<br />
Characterization of source-specific air pollution<br />
exposure for a large population-based<br />
<strong>Swiss</strong> Cohort (SAPALDIA)<br />
Liu L J S, Curjuric I, Keidel D, Heldstab J, Künzli N,<br />
Bayer Oglesby L, Ackermann Liebrich U, Schindler C<br />
Switzerland, USA, Spain<br />
Human & Public Health , Medicine<br />
BACKGROUND: Although the dispersion model approach<br />
has been used in some epidemiologic studies<br />
to examine health effects of traffic- specific air<br />
pollution, no study has evaluated the model predictions<br />
vigorously. METHODS: We evaluated total<br />
and traffic-specific particulate matter < 10 and < 2.5<br />
pm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10, PM2.5), nitrogren<br />
dioxide, and nitrogen oxide concentrations<br />
predicted by Gaussian dispersion models against<br />
fixed-site measurements at different locations,<br />
including traffic-impacted, urban-background,<br />
and alpine settings between and across cities. <strong>The</strong><br />
model predictions were then used to estimate<br />
individual subjects’ historical and cumulative exposures<br />
with a temporal trend model. RESULTS:<br />
Modeled PM10 and NO 2 predicted at least 55%<br />
and 72% of the variability of the measured PM10<br />
and NO 2, respectively. Traffic- specific pollution<br />
estimates correlated with the NOx measurements<br />
(R-2 >= 0.77) for background sites but not for traffic<br />
sites. Regional background PM10 accounted for<br />
most PM10 mass in all cities. Whereas traffic PM10<br />
accounted for < 20% of the total PM10, it varied<br />
significantly within cities. <strong>The</strong> modeling error for<br />
PM10 was similar within and between cities. Traffic<br />
NOx accounted for the majority of NOx mass in<br />
urban areas, whereas background NOx accounted<br />
for the majority of NOx in rural areas. <strong>The</strong> within-city<br />
NO 2 modeling error was larger than that<br />
between cities. CONCLUSIONS: <strong>The</strong> dispersion<br />
model predicted well the total PM10, NOx, and<br />
NO 2 and traffic-specific pollution at background<br />
sites. However, the model underpredicted traffic<br />
NOx and NO 2 at traffic sites and needs refinement<br />
to reflect local conditions. <strong>The</strong> dispersion model<br />
predictions for PM10 are suitable for examining<br />
individual exposures and health effects within<br />
and between cities.<br />
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115,<br />
N11, NOV, pp 1638-1645.<br />
08.1-396<br />
Climate risks and peak oil: Challenge for the<br />
trans disciplinary research<br />
Maibach M, Guyer M, Kläy A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,<br />
Multidisciplinary Sciences<br />
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,<br />
2007, V16, N3, pp 229-231.<br />
08.1-397<br />
Does climate policy promote development?<br />
Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Political Sciences , Economics , Meteorology &<br />
Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 1-4.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
08.1-398<br />
Climate or development: is ODA diverted from<br />
its original purpose?<br />
Michaelowa A, Michaelowa K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Economics ,<br />
Political Sciences<br />
We analyze the interaction of climate and development<br />
policy that has taken place since the early<br />
1990s. Increasing dissatisfaction about the results<br />
of traditional development cooperation and the appeal<br />
of climate policy as a new policy field led to a<br />
rapid reorientation of aid flows. At the turn of the<br />
century, over 7% of aid flows were spent on greenhouse<br />
gas emissions mitigation. However, the contribution<br />
of emissions mitigation projects to the<br />
central development objective of poverty reduction<br />
as specified in the Millennium Development Goals<br />
is limited and other project types are likely to be<br />
much more effective. Adaptation to climate change<br />
can be expected to have higher synergies with poverty<br />
alleviation than mitigation, primarily through<br />
its impact on health, the conservation of arable<br />
land and the protection against natural disasters.<br />
An analysis of the Clean Development Mechanism<br />
shows that projects addressing the poor directly<br />
are very rare; even small renewable energy projects<br />
in rural areas tend to benefit rich farmers and<br />
the urban population. Use of development aid for<br />
CDM projects and / or their preparation via capacity<br />
building is thus clearly not warranted. We further<br />
analyze whether the use of development aid for climate<br />
policy could be justified as a countermeasure<br />
against the emission increase related to successful<br />
development itself. However, countries that are<br />
achieving an improvement of human development<br />
from a low level are unlikely to increase their energy<br />
consumption substantially. Only at a level where the<br />
middle class expands rapidly, energy consumption<br />
and greenhouse gas emissions soar. Thus targeting<br />
middle class energy consumption by appliance efficiency<br />
standards and public transport-friendly<br />
urban planning are the most effective measures to<br />
address developing country emissions. Rural renewable<br />
energy provision in poor countries has a much<br />
higher impact on poverty, but a much lower impact<br />
on greenhouse gas emissions. We conclude that<br />
while there are valid reasons for long-term collaboration<br />
with emerging economies on greenhouse gas<br />
mitigation, there should be a separate budget line<br />
for such activities to avoid “obfuscation” of a decline<br />
of resources aimed at poverty alleviation. Nevertheless,<br />
mitigation will remain attractive for donors because<br />
it ensures quick disbursements and relatively<br />
simple measures of success. Moreover, mitigation activities<br />
in developing countries provide politicians<br />
189<br />
in industrialized countries with a welcome strategy<br />
to divert the attention of their constituencies from<br />
the lack of success in reducing greenhouse gas emissions<br />
domestically.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 5-21.<br />
08.1-399<br />
Phenology of Ixodes ricinus and infection<br />
with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato along a<br />
North- and South-facing altitudinal gradient<br />
on Chaumont Mountain, Switzerland<br />
Moran Cadenas F, Rais O, Jouda F, Douet V, Humair<br />
P F, Moret J, Gern L<br />
Switzerland<br />
Zoology , Medicine , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
Questing Ixodes ricinus L. ticks were collected<br />
monthly from 2003 to 2005 on the north- and southfacing<br />
slopes of Chaumont Mountain in Neuchatel,<br />
Switzerland, at altitudes varying from 620 to 1,070<br />
in. On the south-facing slope, questing tick density<br />
was higher than on the north-facing slope, and it<br />
decreased with altitude. Density tended to increase<br />
with altitude on the north-facing slope. Saturation<br />
deficit values higher than 10 mmHg and lasting<br />
for >2 mo were often recorded on the south-facing<br />
slope, explaining seasonal patterns of questing tick<br />
activity. <strong>The</strong> overall prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi<br />
sensu lato was 22.4%, and prevalence differed<br />
according to exposure and among years. No difference<br />
was noticed between nymphs and adults. Four<br />
Borrelia species were identified. Mixed infections<br />
were detected in 52 ticks, B. garinii and B. valaisiana<br />
(n = 21) and B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi s.s. (n<br />
= 20) were the most frequent associations observed.<br />
<strong>The</strong> density of infected ticks varied from 3.6 to 78.7<br />
infected nymphs per 1 00 m(2) and from 0.6 to 16.9<br />
infected adults per 100 m(2), both slopes combined.<br />
<strong>The</strong> study on the south-facing slope was a followup<br />
of a previous study carried out at the same location<br />
during 1999-2001. Comparison of climatic<br />
data between the two periods showed a marked<br />
increase in saturation deficit. Substantial differences<br />
in density and phenology of ticks also were<br />
observed. At high elevations, ticks were significantly<br />
more abundant during the current study. This<br />
can be explained by rising temperatures recorded<br />
during summer at altitude, reaching values similar<br />
to those registered in the first study beneath.<br />
At the lowest altitude, adults were significantly less<br />
abundant, probably due to long-lasting high saturation<br />
deficits that impaired nymphal survival. <strong>The</strong><br />
density of Borrelia-infected ticks was higher than<br />
in the previous study.<br />
Journal of Medical Entomology, 2007, V44, N4,<br />
JUL, pp 683-693.
190 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
08.1-400<br />
Integrated assessment of global climate<br />
change with learning-by-doing and energyrelated<br />
research and development<br />
Müller Fürstenberger G, Stephan G<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences , Economics ,<br />
Energy & Fuels<br />
This paper presents a small-scale version of an Integrated<br />
Assessment Model (IAM) of global climate<br />
change, which is based on a global, regionally differentiated<br />
computable general equilibrium (CGE)<br />
model with endogenous technological change.<br />
This model can be viewed as a basic framework<br />
for analyzing a broad range of economic issues related<br />
to climate change, in particular since technological<br />
change is represented in two ways: on<br />
the one hand, there is learning-by- doing (LbD) in<br />
non-fossil energy supply technologies, and on the<br />
other hand there is research and development<br />
(R&D)-driven energy- saving technical progress<br />
in production. Computational experiments are<br />
added for illustrating the role of technological<br />
innovation in a world both with and without cooperation<br />
in the solution of the global climate<br />
problem.<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV,<br />
pp 5298-5309.<br />
08.1-401<br />
CDM potential of bagasse cogeneration in<br />
India<br />
Purohita P, Michaelowa A<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels , Economics<br />
So far, the cumulative capacity of renewable energy<br />
systems such as bagasse cogeneration in India<br />
is far below their theoretical potential despite<br />
government subsidy programmes. One of the major<br />
barriers is the high investment cost of these<br />
systems. <strong>The</strong> Clean Development Mechanism<br />
(CDM) provides industrialized countries with an<br />
incentive to invest in emission reduction projects<br />
in developing countries to achieve a reduction in<br />
CO 2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes<br />
sustainable development in the host country. Bagasse<br />
cogeneration projects could be of interest<br />
under the CDM because they directly displace<br />
greenhouse gas emissions while contributing<br />
to sustainable rural development. This study assesses<br />
the maximum theoretical as well as the<br />
realistically achievable CDM potential of bagasse<br />
cogeneration in India. Our estimates indicate<br />
that there is a vast theoretical potential of CO 2<br />
mitigation by the use of bagasse for power generation<br />
through cogeneration process in India.<br />
<strong>The</strong> preliminary results indicate that the annual<br />
gross potential availability of bagasse in India is<br />
more than 67 million tonnes (MT). <strong>The</strong> potential<br />
of electricity generation through bagasse cogeneration<br />
in India is estimated to be around 34TWh<br />
i.e. about 5575MW in terms of the plant capacity.<br />
<strong>The</strong> annual CER potential of bagasse cogeneration<br />
in India could theoretically reach 28 MT. Under<br />
more realistic assumptions about diffusion of<br />
bagasse cogeneration based on past experiences<br />
with the government-run programmes, annual<br />
CER volumes by 2012 could reach 20 26 million.<br />
<strong>The</strong> projections based on the past diffusion trend<br />
indicate that in India, even with highly favorable<br />
assumptions, the dissemination of bagasse cogeneration<br />
for power generation is not likely to reach<br />
its maximum estimated potential in another 20<br />
years. CDM could help to achieve the maximum<br />
utilization potential more rapidly as compared to<br />
the current diffusion trend if supportive policies<br />
are introduced. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N10, OCT,<br />
pp 4779-4798.<br />
08.1-402<br />
<strong>The</strong> economic potential of bagasse cogeneration<br />
as CDM projects in Indonesia<br />
Restuti D, Michaelowa A<br />
Germany, Switzerland<br />
Economics , Energy & Fuels<br />
Surplus bagasse in Indonesian sugar mills is potential<br />
for arid- connected electricity-generating<br />
projects under Clean Development Mechanism<br />
(CDM) scheme. In addition, it is further perceived<br />
to considerably support the efforts to address<br />
prevailing crises in domestic sugar industry and<br />
power generation sector. This paper aims at analyzing<br />
the economic potential of bagasse cogeneration<br />
as CDM projects in Indonesia with the<br />
main deliverables of total emission reductions<br />
per year and Certified Emission Reduction (CFR)<br />
earnings. <strong>The</strong> analysis was made by following the<br />
applicable methodologies and based on publicly<br />
available data from official and other sources on<br />
the websites. <strong>The</strong> results show that with the electricity<br />
displacement potential at 260,253 MWh,<br />
Indonesia could generate Greenhouse Gas (GHG)<br />
emission reductions as much as 240,774 (large<br />
scale) or 198,177 tCO(2) (small scale) per annum<br />
from the recently-employed low efficiency cogeneration<br />
leading to the earnings of about US$1.36<br />
or 1.12 million, respectively. Out of 6 regional<br />
grids where the electricity from the project activities<br />
can be grid-connected, the primary emission<br />
reductions potentials are encountered in Java-Bali
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
and Southern Sumatera grids. Additionally, various<br />
barriers in technical, institutional, financial,<br />
and other aspects have been identified as the justifications<br />
to pass the additionality test.<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N7, JUL, pp 3952-3966.<br />
08.1-403<br />
Short-term effects of carbon monoxide on<br />
mortality: An analysis within the APHEA<br />
project<br />
Samoli E, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, Anderson H R,<br />
Schindler C, Forsberg B, Vigotti M A, Vonk J, Kosnik<br />
M, Skorkovsky J, Katsouyanni K<br />
Greece, USA, England, Switzerland, Sweden, Italy,<br />
Netherlands, Slovenia, Czech Republic<br />
Medicine , Human & Public Health<br />
OBJECTIVES: We investigated the short-term effects<br />
of carbon monoxide on total and cardiovascular<br />
mortality in 19 European cities participating<br />
in the APHEA-2 (Air Pollution and Health: A European<br />
Approach) project. METHODS: We examined<br />
the association using hierarchical models implemented<br />
in two stages. In the first stage, data from<br />
each city were analyzed separately, whereas in the<br />
second stage the city- specific air pollution estimates<br />
were regressed on city-specific covariates<br />
to obtain overall estimates and to explore sources<br />
of possible heterogeneity. We evaluated the sensitivity<br />
of our results by applying different degrees<br />
of smoothing for seasonality control in the cityspecific<br />
analysis. RESULTS: We found significant<br />
associations of CO with total and cardiovascular<br />
mortality. A 1-mg/m(3) increase in the 2-day mean<br />
of CO, levels was associated with a 1.20% (95% confidence<br />
interval (CI), 0.63-1.77%) increase in total<br />
deaths and a 1.25% (95% CI, 0.30-2.21%) increase<br />
in cardiovascular deaths. <strong>The</strong>re was indication of<br />
confounding with black smoke and nitrogen dioxide,<br />
but the pollutant- adjusted effect of CO on<br />
mortality remained at least marginally statistically<br />
significant. <strong>The</strong> effect of CO on total and cardiovascular<br />
mortality was observed mainly in western<br />
and southern European cities and was larger<br />
when the standardized mortality rate was lower.<br />
CONCLUSIONS: <strong>The</strong> results of this large study are<br />
consistent with an independent effect of CO on<br />
mortality. <strong>The</strong> heterogeneity found in the effect<br />
estimates among cities may be explained partly by<br />
specific city characteristics.<br />
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007, V115,<br />
N11, NOV, pp 1578-1583.<br />
191<br />
08.1-404<br />
A synopsis of land use, land-use change and<br />
forestry (LULUCF) under the Kyoto Protocol<br />
and Marrakech Accords<br />
Schlamadinger B, Bird N, Johns T, Brown S,<br />
Canadell J, Ciccarese L, Dutschke M, Fiedler J,<br />
Fischlin A, Fearnside P, Forner C, Freibauer A, Frumhoff<br />
P, Hoehne N, Kirschbaum M U F, Labat A, Marland<br />
G, Michaelowa A, Montanarella L, Moutinho<br />
P, Murdiyarso D, Pena N, Pingoud K, Rakonczay Z,<br />
Rametsteiner E, Rock J, Sanz M J, Schneider U A,<br />
Shuidenko A, Skutsch M, Smith P, Somogyi Z, Trines<br />
E, Ward M, Yamagata Y<br />
Austria, USA, Australia, Italy, Germany, Switzerland,<br />
Brazil, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Finland, Belgium,<br />
Spain, Netherlands, Scotland, Hungary, New Zealand,<br />
Japan<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Political Sciences , International<br />
Relations , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> complexities inherent in land use, land-use<br />
change and forestry (LULUCF) activities have led<br />
to contentious and prolonged debates about the<br />
merits of their inclusion in the 2008-2012 first<br />
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Yet the<br />
inclusion of these activities played a key role in<br />
agreement on the general framework of the Kyoto<br />
Protocol, and LULUCF will likely continue to play<br />
a substantial part in negotiations on national<br />
commitments post-2012. <strong>The</strong> Marrakech Accords<br />
dictate which LULUCF activities are to be included<br />
under the Kyoto Protocol and provide rules on how<br />
they are to be accounted in the first commitment<br />
period. However, these rules have limitations and<br />
drawbacks that may be avoided in the structure<br />
of future commitments beyond 2012. Through<br />
adherence to the objectives of the United Nations<br />
Framework Convention on Climate. <strong>Change</strong> (UN-<br />
FCCC), and the incorporation of several critical<br />
features, a future framework can more effectively<br />
address the mitigation challenges and opportunities<br />
of this sector.<br />
Environmental Science Policy, 2007, V10, N4, JUN,<br />
pp 271-282.<br />
08.1-405<br />
How is climate change perceived in relation<br />
to other socioeconomic and environmental<br />
threats in Nairobi, Kenya?<br />
Shisanya C A, Khayesi M<br />
Kenya, Switzerland<br />
Social Sciences , Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric<br />
Sciences<br />
This article examines the perception of climate<br />
change, in relation to 21 other socioeconomic<br />
and environmental problems, on the part of 132
192 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
respondents to a survey conducted in the city of<br />
Nairobi, Kenya. Factor analysis, used to condense<br />
these interrelated problems into a few dimensions,<br />
identified two overriding threats: the first being to<br />
socioeconomic security, and the second to the physical<br />
environment. Threats to socioeconomic security<br />
explained 76.6% of the variance in the rating of environmental<br />
and socioeconomic problems facing Nairobi,<br />
with very high factor loadings from corruption,<br />
unemployment, crime, street children, garbage,<br />
transport, poverty, pollution of Nairobi River, HIV/<br />
AIDS and immorality/promiscuity. Threats to the<br />
physical and living environment explained 22.2% of<br />
the variance in the rating of environmental and socioeconomic<br />
problems facing Nairobi. We were led<br />
to conclude that the respondents did not perceive<br />
climate change as being a significant problem in<br />
Nairobi. <strong>The</strong> global concern about climate change<br />
appeared like a mere drop in the oceanic context<br />
pervaded by problems of poverty, unemployment,<br />
crime and corruption, etc. which Nairobi faces, as<br />
does Kenya as a whole. Our conclusion is partially reflected<br />
in the priorities of the Kenyan government,<br />
which focus on poverty alleviation, the fight against<br />
crime and graft, improved access to education, and<br />
on addressing health problems; it also poses a challenge<br />
to the climate change community to find ways<br />
to making interventions relevant to local socioeconomic<br />
reality facing a developing country city like<br />
Nairobi. <strong>The</strong>re may be a need to reconsider ‘whose<br />
reality counts’ (borrowing from Robert Chambers,<br />
Whose reality counts? Putting the first last, Intermediate<br />
Technology Publications, London, p 122, 1997)<br />
in addressing climate change: should protracted<br />
Kyoto protocol negotiations be given priority or<br />
should a long lasting solution be sought to socioeconomic<br />
problems facing developing world cities such<br />
as Nairobi? We recommend that the ongoing efforts<br />
at integrating climate risk management, as components<br />
of climate-sensitive sustainable development,<br />
be studied in many settings, with a focus on the<br />
developing world which is the most vulnerable, in<br />
order to inform decision-making and development<br />
of intervention measures.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V85, N3-4, DEC,<br />
pp 271-284.<br />
08.1-406<br />
<strong>The</strong> future of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps: A participatory<br />
sustainability assessment of agricultural and<br />
landscape scenarios<br />
Soliva R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Social Sciences , Ecology<br />
In the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps, as in other European Alpine<br />
regions, agricultural decline is leading to land<br />
abandonment and natural reforestation, which<br />
may have wider implications for a sustainable<br />
development of these areas. A sustainability assessment<br />
of three scenarios involving discussions<br />
with a local stakeholder group was performed<br />
as part of a case study in the <strong>Swiss</strong> canton of<br />
Grisons. <strong>The</strong> first scenario, called “liberalisation”,<br />
assumed withdrawal of all agricultural support.<br />
A second scenario, called “biodiversity”, assumed<br />
full replacement of agricultural support by biodiversity<br />
payments. <strong>The</strong>se two scenarios were compared<br />
with a “trend” scenario, i.e., continuation<br />
of current trends. <strong>The</strong> liberalisation scenario was<br />
found to have the most negative consequences<br />
on livelihoods as well as social and environmental<br />
aspects, and it was completely rejected by the<br />
local stakeholder group. <strong>The</strong> trend scenario was<br />
best received, although it does not substantially<br />
contribute to sustainable development. <strong>The</strong> biodiversity<br />
scenario was the most controversial<br />
scenario, with positive environmental outcomes<br />
but negative cultural and social consequences.<br />
Using scenarios in a participatory sustainability<br />
assessment was found helpful both as a research<br />
technique and for stimulating a debate about the<br />
future of European mountain areas.<br />
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,<br />
2007, V16, N2, pp 122-129.<br />
08.1-407<br />
Output and abatement effects of allocation<br />
readjustment in permit trade<br />
Sterner T, Müller A<br />
Sweden, USA, Switzerland<br />
Economics , Political Sciences , International Relations<br />
In permit trading systems, free initial allocation<br />
is common practice. A recent example is the European<br />
Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading<br />
Scheme (EU-ETS). We investigate effects of different<br />
free allocation schemes on incentives and<br />
identify significant perverse effects on abatement<br />
and output employing a simple multi- period<br />
model. Firms have incentives for strategic action<br />
if allocation in one period depends on their actions<br />
in previous ones and thus can be influenced<br />
by them. <strong>The</strong>se findings play a major role where<br />
trading schemes become increasingly popular<br />
as environmental or resource use policy instruments.<br />
This is of particular relevance in the EU-<br />
ETS where the current period is a trial-period<br />
before the first commitment period of the Kyoto<br />
protocol. Finally, this paper fills a gap in the literature<br />
by establishing a consistent terminology for<br />
initial allocation.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2008, V86, N1-2, JAN, pp 33-49.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Human Dimensions<br />
08.1-408<br />
Does the current Clean Development Mechanism<br />
(CDM) deliver its sustainable development<br />
claim? An analysis of officially registered<br />
CDM projects<br />
Sutter C, Parreno J C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
This article presents an analytical framework for<br />
analyzing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)<br />
projects in terms of their contribution to employment<br />
generation, equal distribution of CDM<br />
returns, and improvement of local air quality. It<br />
assesses 16 officially registered CDM projects with<br />
regard to whether they fulfill the two objectives<br />
required by the Kyoto Protocol: greenhouse gas<br />
emission reductions and contribution to sustainable<br />
development in the host country. While a<br />
large part (72%) of the total portfolio’s expected<br />
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) are likely to<br />
represent real and measurable emission reductions,<br />
less than 1% are likely to contribute significantly<br />
to sustainable development in the host<br />
country. According to our analysis, there are currently<br />
no UNFCCC registered CDM projects that<br />
are likely to fulfill the Kyoto Protocol’s twofold objective<br />
of simultaneously delivering greenhouse<br />
gas (GHG) emission reduction and contributing to<br />
sustainable development.<br />
Climatic <strong>Change</strong>, 2007, V84, N1, SEP, pp 75-90.<br />
08.1-409<br />
Technology in climate policy and climate models<br />
- Introduction<br />
Thalmann P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Instruments & Instrumentation , Meteorology<br />
& Atmospheric Sciences , Political Sciences<br />
Energy Policy, 2007, V35, N11, NOV,<br />
pp 5263-5266.<br />
08.1-410<br />
Perceptions and evaluations of biosphere<br />
reserves by local residents in Switzerland and<br />
Ukraine<br />
Wallner A, Bauer N, Hunziker M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Social Sciences , Ecology<br />
In a cross-cultural study perceptions of local<br />
people living in the surroundings of biosphere reserves<br />
in Switzerland and Ukraine were examined<br />
using the method of qualitative interviews. In<br />
the UNESCO Biosphere Entlebuch in Switzerland<br />
people stated that they hoped for a better regional<br />
economic development due to the existence of<br />
the biosphere reserve. However, at the same time<br />
193<br />
people feared further restrictions regarding landuse.<br />
In the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve located<br />
in Transcarpathia/Ukraine people tended to connect<br />
certain conditions - such as the high price for<br />
wood - directly to the existence of the biosphere<br />
reserve, when in fact these conditions and the<br />
biosphere reserve were separate, parallel developments.<br />
In both case studies three key-categories<br />
influencing local residents’ perceptions and evaluations<br />
of biosphere reserves could be identified.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se categories are (1) the economic situation, (2)<br />
the history of nature protection, and (3) the power<br />
balance between the involved stakeholders. Paying<br />
close attention to those three categories will<br />
help planners and managers of protected areas to<br />
better understand the reasoning of local residents<br />
for or against a biosphere reserve in their area.<br />
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, V83, N2-3,<br />
NOV 19, pp 104-114.<br />
08.1-411<br />
<strong>The</strong> concept of sustainable development - consequences<br />
for social theory. Research desiderata<br />
and a proposal for a research strategy in<br />
social geography<br />
Zierhofer W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , Social Sciences<br />
<strong>The</strong> concept of sustainable development - consequences<br />
for social theory. Research desiderata and<br />
a proposal for a research strategy in social geography<br />
According to the mainstream of modern<br />
social sciences, nature and environment are opposed<br />
to the social and not regarded as part of the<br />
disciplinary object field. This view is profoundly<br />
challenged by the regulative idea of sustainable<br />
development, since it urges reconciliation of ecological,<br />
economic and social demands. This paper<br />
discusses the state of the art of integrating nature,<br />
environment or the biophysical world into<br />
the basics of social theory. It shows further that<br />
so far the relations between society and environment<br />
have so far not been sufficiently conceptualized<br />
on the level of collective or aggregated interactions,<br />
and thus the macro-level of social theory.<br />
In respect of this research desideratum, the paper<br />
presents a research strategy, which sets out from<br />
the concept of “ecological regimes”.<br />
Erdkunde, 2007, V61, N3, JUL-SEP, pp 239-247.
194 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
4 Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
08.1-412<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmo-economic optimization of a solid oxide<br />
fuel cell, gas turbine hybrid system<br />
Autissier N, Palazzi F, Marechal F, van Herle J, Favrat D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
Large scale power production benefits from the<br />
high efficiency of gas-steam combined cycles.<br />
fit the lower power range, fuel cells are a good<br />
candidate to combine with gas turbines. Such<br />
systems can achieve efficiencies exceeding 60%.<br />
High-temperature solid oxide fuel cells SOFC) offer<br />
good opportunities for this coupling. In this<br />
paper a systematic method to select a design according<br />
to user specifications is presented. <strong>The</strong><br />
most attractive configurations of this technology<br />
coupling art? identified using a thermoeconomic<br />
multi-objective optimization approach. <strong>The</strong> SOFC<br />
model includes detailed computation of losses of<br />
the electrodes and thermal management. <strong>The</strong> system<br />
is integrated using pinch based methods. A<br />
thermo-econonnic approach is then used to compute<br />
the integrated system performances, size,<br />
and cost. This allows to perform the optimization<br />
of the system with regard to two objectives:<br />
minimize the specific cost and maximize the efficiency<br />
Optimization results prove the existence<br />
of designs with costs from 2400 $ / kW for a 44%<br />
efficiency to 6700 $ /kW for a 70% efficiency. Several<br />
design options are analyzed regarding, among<br />
others fuel processing, pressure ratio, or turbine<br />
inlet temperature. <strong>The</strong> model of a pressurized<br />
SOFC-mu GT hybrid cycle combines a state-of-theart<br />
planar SOFC with a high- speed micro-gas turbine<br />
sustained by air bearings.<br />
Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007,<br />
V4, N2, MAY, pp 123-129.<br />
08.1-413<br />
Effect of pressure and fuel-air unmixedness<br />
on NOx emissions from industrial gas turbine<br />
burners<br />
Biagioli F, Güthe F<br />
Switzerland<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
<strong>The</strong> effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions<br />
from industrial lean premixed gas turbine<br />
burners fueled with natural gas is analyzed in the<br />
pressure range from 1 to 30 bar. <strong>The</strong> analysis is<br />
based on a model where NOx production is split,<br />
according to a Darnkohler number criterion, into<br />
a “prompt” (fast) contribution generated within<br />
the very narrow instantaneous heat release region<br />
(flamelet) and a “postflame” (slow) one, generated<br />
in the combustion products. Using GRIM<br />
chemical kinetics, it is found that (a) the prompt<br />
NOx contribution is approximately a factor of<br />
3 less sensitive to adiabatic flame temperature<br />
variations than postflame NOx and (b) prompt<br />
and postflame NOx change with pressure respectively<br />
according to an exponent alpha(PR) similar<br />
or equal to -0.45 and alpha(PF) similar or equal to<br />
0.67. It is shown that total NOx emissions change<br />
from being mostly of prompt type at 1 bar to being<br />
mostly of postflame type at 30 bar, so that the<br />
effect of fuel-air unmixedness on NOx emissions<br />
significantly increases with increasing pressure.<br />
<strong>The</strong> combination of these findings yields a negative<br />
NOx pressure exponent under fully premixed<br />
conditions across a rather large range of equivalence<br />
ratios but a positive one for levels of fuel-air<br />
unmixedness typical of industrial burners. This<br />
result is confirmed by the application of the NOx<br />
model in the large eddy simulation of the ALSTOM<br />
EV double cone burner, which gives, in line with<br />
experimental data, an NOx pressure exponent<br />
growing, with equivalence ratio, from similar or<br />
equal to 0.1 to similar or equal to 0.67.<br />
Combustion and Flame, 2007, V151, N1-2, OCT,<br />
pp 274-288.<br />
08.1-414<br />
Consumption and efficiency of a passenger car<br />
with a hydrogen/oxygen PEFC based hybrid<br />
electric drivetrain<br />
Büchi F N, Paganelli G, Dietrich P, Laurent D, Tsukada<br />
A, Varenne P, Delfino A, Koetz R, Freunberger<br />
S A, Magne P A, Walser D, Olsommer D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Engineering,<br />
Energy & Fuels<br />
<strong>The</strong> main factors for reducing the consumption<br />
of a vehicle are reduction of curb weight, air drag<br />
and increase in the drivetrain efficiency. Highly<br />
efficient drivetrains can be developed based on<br />
PEFC technology and curb weight may be limited<br />
by an innovative vehicle construction. In this paper,<br />
data on consumption and efficiency of a fourplace<br />
passenger vehicle with a curb weight of 1<br />
850 kg and an H-2/O-2 fed PEFC/Supercap hybrid<br />
electric powertrain are presented. Hydrogen consumption<br />
in the New European Driving Cycle is<br />
0.67 kg H-2/100 km, which corresponds to a gasoline<br />
equivalent cosumption of 2.51/100 km. When<br />
including the energy needed to supply pure oxygen,<br />
the calculated consumption increases from<br />
0.67 to 0.69-0.79 kg H-2/100 km, depending on the<br />
method of oxygen production.<br />
Fuel Cells, 2007, V7, N4, AUG, pp 329-335.
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
08.1-415<br />
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 2.<br />
Catalytic behavior in the reduction of NO by<br />
H-2 under lean conditions<br />
Chiarello G L, Ferri D, Grunwaldt J D, Forni L, Baiker A<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
A 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3, prepared by flame-spray pyrolysis<br />
(FP), was tested as catalyst for the low-temperature<br />
selective reduction of NO by H-2 in the<br />
presence of excess O-2. In particular, the effect of<br />
the precalcination and prereduction temperature<br />
on catalytic activity was compared with that of a<br />
similar Pd/LaCoO3 sample prepared by impregnation<br />
with a Pd solution of FP-prepared LaCoO3.<br />
<strong>The</strong> FP-made catalyst allowed full NO conversion<br />
at 150 degrees C, with 78% selectivity to N-2, thus<br />
outperforming the catalytic behavior of the corresponding<br />
sample prepared by impregnation.<br />
<strong>The</strong> higher activity of the FP-made catalyst has<br />
been attributed to the formation of segregated Co<br />
metal particles, not present in the impregnated<br />
sample, formed during the precalcination at 800<br />
degrees C, followed by reduction at 300 degrees C.<br />
Two reaction mechanisms can be deduced from<br />
the temperature-programmed experiments. <strong>The</strong><br />
first of these, occurring at lower temperatures, indicates<br />
cooperation between the Pd and Co metal<br />
particles, with formation of active nitrates on cobalt,<br />
successively reduced by hydrogen spillover<br />
from Pd. <strong>The</strong> second, occurring at higher temperature,<br />
allows 50% conversion of NO, with >90% selectivity<br />
to N-2, and involves N adatoms formed by<br />
dissociative NO adsorption over Pd. Prereduction<br />
at 600 degrees C led to a slight increase in catalytic<br />
activity, due to the formation of a Pd-Co alloy,<br />
which is more stable on reoxidization compared<br />
with Pd alone. Moreover, the cooperative reaction<br />
mechanism seems to be favored by the proximity<br />
of Co and Pd in metal particles.<br />
Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10,<br />
pp 137-147.<br />
08.1-416<br />
Flame-synthesized LaCoO3-supported Pd 1.<br />
Structure, thermal stability and reducibility<br />
Chiarello G L, Grunwaldt J D, Ferri D, Krumeich R,<br />
Oliva C, Forni L, Baiker A<br />
Italy, Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences<br />
Nanosized LaCoO3 (LCO) and 0.5 wt% Pd/LaCoO3<br />
(PdLCO) were synthesized in a single step by<br />
flame-spray pyrolysis (FP) and characterized by<br />
N-2 adsorption-desorption at 77 K (BET), electron<br />
microscopy (HRTEM, STEM-EDXS), in situ XRD, in<br />
situ fluorescence XANES and EXAFS (around the<br />
195<br />
Pd K-edge), EPR, and H-2 TGA-TPR. <strong>The</strong> stability<br />
of the perovskite structure under different treatments<br />
and the location of Pd were addressed by<br />
calcination at 600 and 800 degrees C and successive<br />
reduction in 10% H-2/He to 300 and 600 degrees<br />
C. <strong>The</strong> as-prepared Pd LCO exhibited a high<br />
surface area (ca. 100 m(2)/g). Palladium appeared<br />
to be finely dispersed on the FP material and was<br />
partially incorporated in the perovskite lattice.<br />
Calcination at 800 degrees C caused sintering and<br />
substantial incorporation of Pd at the B-site of the<br />
ABO(3) framework. EXAFS revealed that the Pd-O<br />
distance was shorter than in PdO and further decreased<br />
with increasing calcination temperature,<br />
simultaneously with the appearance of a Pd-La<br />
contribution. <strong>The</strong> reduction process involved<br />
both Pd and Co. In the 100-300 degrees C range,<br />
the reduction of Co3+ to Co2+ (from LaCoO3 to<br />
La2CO 2O 5) and the segregation of Pd in the form<br />
of metal particles occurred. <strong>The</strong> reduction of Co<br />
was already reversible at 120 degrees C, and the<br />
perovskite structure was restored after exposure<br />
to oxygen. In contrast, Pd remained in the metallic<br />
state. <strong>The</strong>refore, the final structure of PdLCO<br />
after mild reoxidation consisted of Pd and Co particles<br />
supported on LaCoO3- In contrast, reduction<br />
at 600 degrees C led to the formation of a Pd-Co<br />
alloy. <strong>The</strong> composition of PdLCO reduced at different<br />
temperatures is likely to strongly influence<br />
the catalytic processes involved in combustion exhaust<br />
after treatment.<br />
Journal of Catalysis, 2007, V252, N2, DEC 10,<br />
pp 127-136.<br />
08.1-417<br />
Increase of passenger car engine efficiency<br />
with low engine-out emissions using hydrogen-natural<br />
gas mixtures: A thermodynamic<br />
analysis<br />
Dimopoulos P, Rechsteiner C, Soltic P, Laemmle C,<br />
Boulouchos K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
In this study a state of the art passenger car natural<br />
gas engine was optimised for hydrogen natural<br />
gas mixtures and high exhaust gas recirculation<br />
(EGR) rates in the part load domain. With optimal<br />
combinations of spark timing (ST) and EGR<br />
rate the achievements are significant efficiency<br />
increase with substantially lower engine-out NOx<br />
while total unburned hydrocarbons or CO-engineout<br />
emissions are not affected. Comprehensive investigations<br />
of the parameter space using design<br />
of experiments (DoE) algorithms provided a complete<br />
picture of the potential of such applications.<br />
Combustion analysis on the other hand allowed to
196 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
identify improvements on the basis of accelerated<br />
combustion caused by the hydrogen as well as the<br />
reduced gas exchange losses due to EGR and associated<br />
less required throttling for a given engine<br />
output. <strong>The</strong> best combinations of EGR rate, hydrogen-fraction<br />
in the fuel and ST exhibited optimal<br />
in- cylinder pressure characteristics accompanied<br />
by moderate combustion peak temperatures and<br />
low expansion cylinder temperatures. (c) 2007 International<br />
Association for Hydrogen Energy.<br />
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007,<br />
V32, N14, SI, SEP, pp 3073-3083.<br />
08.1-418<br />
Multi-regional long-term electricity supply<br />
scenarios with fusion<br />
Gnansounou E, Bednyagin D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
This paper examines the global potential for deployment<br />
of fusion power through elaboration<br />
of multi-regional long-term electricity market<br />
scenarios for the time horizon 2100. <strong>The</strong> probabilistic<br />
simulation dynamic programming model<br />
PLANELEC-Pro was applied in order to determine<br />
the expansion plans of the power generation systems<br />
in different world regions that adequately<br />
meet the projected electricity demand at minimum<br />
cost given the quality-of-service and CO 2<br />
emissions constraints. It was found that the deployment<br />
of total 330 - 950 GWe of fusion power<br />
world-wide could allow for reducing 1.8 - 4.3 % of<br />
global CO 2 emissions from electricity generation,<br />
while entailing a slight increase of levelized system<br />
electricity cost (by approx. 0.1 - 0.4 is an element<br />
of(cents)/ kWh). By the end of century, the<br />
estimated share of fusion in regional electricity<br />
mixes varies from 1.5 to 23% depending on the<br />
region. It is concluded that economic analysis of<br />
fusion technology should be complemented with<br />
the evaluation of the whole fusion RTD program<br />
in terms of social rate of return taking into account<br />
its external “spillover” benefits.<br />
Fusion Science and Technology, 2007, V52, N3,<br />
OCT, pp 388-392.<br />
08.1-419<br />
Carbothermal reduction of alumina: <strong>The</strong>rmochemical<br />
equilibrium calculations and<br />
experimental investigation<br />
Halmann M, Frei A, Steinfeld A<br />
Israel, Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
<strong>The</strong> production of aluminum by the electrolytic<br />
Hall-Heroult process suffers from high energy<br />
requirements, the release of perfluorocarbons,<br />
and vast greenhouse gas emissions. <strong>The</strong> alternative<br />
carbothermic reduction of alumina, while<br />
significantly less energy- intensive, is complicated<br />
by the formation of aluminum carbide and oxycarbides.<br />
In the present work, the formation of Al,<br />
as well as Al 2OC, Al 4O 4C, and Al 4C 3 was proven by<br />
experiments on mixtures of Al 2O 3 and activated<br />
carbon in an Ar atmosphere submitted to heat<br />
pulses by an induction furnace. <strong>The</strong>rmochemical<br />
equilibrium calculations indicate that the<br />
Al 2O 3-reduction using carbon as reducing agent is<br />
favored in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen.<br />
<strong>The</strong> temperature threshold for the onset of<br />
aluminum production is lowered, the formation<br />
of Al 4C 3 is decreased, and the yield of aluminum<br />
is improved. Significant further enhancement in<br />
the carbothermic reduction of Al 2O 3 is predicted<br />
by using CH 4 as the reducing agent, again in the<br />
presence of limited amounts of oxygen. In this<br />
case, an important by-product is syngas, with a<br />
H-2/CO molar ratio of about 2, suitable for methanol<br />
or Fischer-Tropsch syntheses. Under appropriate<br />
temperature and stoichiometry of reactants,<br />
the process can be designed to be thermo-neutral.<br />
Using alumina, methane, and oxygen as reagents,<br />
the co-production of aluminum with syngas, to<br />
be converted to methanol, predicts fuel savings of<br />
about 68% and CO 2 emission avoidance of about<br />
91%, vis-A-vis the conventional production of Al<br />
by electrolysis and of methanol by steam reforming<br />
of CH 4. When using carbon (such as coke or<br />
petcoke) as reducing agent, fuel savings of 66%<br />
and CO 2 emission avoidance of 15% are predicted.<br />
Preliminary evaluation for the proposed process<br />
indicates favorable economics, and the required<br />
high temperatures process heat is readily attainable<br />
using concentrated solar energy.<br />
Energy, 2007, V32, N12, DEC, pp 2420-2427.<br />
08.1-420<br />
Secondarv effects of catalytic diesel particulate<br />
filters: Copper- induced formation of<br />
PCDD/Fs<br />
Heeb N V, Zennegg M, Gujer E, Honegger P, Zeyer<br />
K, Gfeller U, Wichser A, Kohler M, Schmid P,<br />
Emmenegger L, Ulrich A, Wenger D, Petermann J L,<br />
Czerwinski J, Mosimann T, Kasper M, Mayer A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences,<br />
Human & Public Health<br />
Potential risks of a secondary formation of polychlorinated<br />
dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) were<br />
assessed for two cordierite- based, wall-through<br />
diesel particulate filters (DPFs) for which soot<br />
combustion was either catalyzed with an iron- or<br />
a copper-based fuel additive. A heavy duty diesel
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
engine was used as test platform, applying the<br />
eightstage ISO 8178/4 C1 cycle. DPF applications<br />
neither affected the engine performance, nor did<br />
they increase NO, NO 2, CO, and CO 2 emissions.<br />
<strong>The</strong> latter is a metric for fuel consumption. THC<br />
emissions decreased by about 40% when deploying<br />
DPFs. PCDD/F emissions, with a focus on tetra-<br />
to octachlorinated congeners, were compared under<br />
standard and worst case conditions (enhanced<br />
chlorine uptake). <strong>The</strong> iron-catalyzed DPF neither<br />
increased PCDD/F emissions, nor did it change the<br />
congener pattern, even when traces of chlorine<br />
became available. In case of copper, PCDD/F emissions<br />
increased by up to 3 orders of magnitude<br />
from 22 to 200 to 12 700 pg I-TEO./L with fuels of<br />
< 2, 14, and 110 µg/g chlorine, respectively. Mainly<br />
lower chlorinated DD/Fs were formed. Based on<br />
these substantial effects on PCDD/F emissions, the<br />
copper-catalyzed DPF system was not approved for<br />
workplace applications, whereas the iron system<br />
fulfilled all the specifications of the <strong>Swiss</strong> procedures<br />
for DPF approval (VERT).<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N16, AUG 15, pp 5789-5794.<br />
08.1-421<br />
Towards multi-source multi-product energy<br />
systems<br />
Hemmes K, Zachariah Wolff J L, Geidl M, Andersson<br />
G<br />
Netherlands, Switzerland<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering , Modelling<br />
Historically, energy conversion was seen as a onedimensional<br />
system, in the sense that one form<br />
of energy was converted into another form. Byproducts<br />
of the conversions such as heat were<br />
disregarded and/or treated as waste. Cogeneration<br />
is a first step towards system improvement since<br />
the ‘waste heat’ is recovered and used as a valuable<br />
product. Trigeneration systems, which take<br />
the concept even further, are proposed for the simultaneous<br />
production of chemicals, power, and<br />
heat, and are integrated into larger systems, such<br />
as chemical plants, to achieve increased overall<br />
performance. In these systems electricity may just<br />
be a by-product. However, co- and trigeneration<br />
systems are still characterized by a single input.<br />
In this paper we further extend this concept and<br />
explore the potential role of multi-source multiproduct<br />
(MSMP) systems.<br />
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007,<br />
V32, N10-11, JUL-AUG, pp 1332-1338.<br />
197<br />
08.1-422<br />
An energy management method for the food<br />
industry<br />
Müller D C A, Marechal F M A, Wolewinski T,<br />
Roux P J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
This article presents a method aimed at tracking<br />
energy saving opportunities in the food-processing<br />
industry through a combination of top-down<br />
and bottom-up approaches. On the one hand, the<br />
top-down modelling method aims at correlating<br />
the measured energy consumptions with the final<br />
products and auxiliaries as well as at allocating<br />
the energy bills among major consumers. This<br />
approach will, therefore, set priorities for energy<br />
saving actions. On the other hand, the bottom-up<br />
approach, which is based on the thermodynamic<br />
requirements of the process operations, is used to<br />
define the energy requirements of these consumers.<br />
A comparison of the measured consumptions<br />
and the energy requirements enables the identification<br />
of energy saving opportunities. In the case<br />
study presented in this article, these opportunities<br />
have been evaluated using thermo-economic<br />
modelling tools and range from good housekeeping<br />
measures and optimised process operations to<br />
energy saving investments.<br />
Applied <strong>The</strong>rmal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16,<br />
NOV, pp 2677-2686.<br />
08.1-423<br />
H 2O-splitting thermochemical cycle based on<br />
ZnO/Zn-redox: Quenching the effluents from<br />
the ZnO dissociation<br />
Müller R, Steinfeld A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics , Engineering<br />
<strong>The</strong> production of zinc by thermal dissociation of<br />
zinc oxide has been experimentally investigated<br />
in the range of 1700-1950 K using a 10 kW solar<br />
chemical reactor directly exposed to concentrated<br />
solar radiation. <strong>The</strong> gaseous products Zn(g) and<br />
O-2 exiting the reactor underwent rapid cooling<br />
by flowing through an annular water-cooled<br />
quench unit and by injection of Ar. XRD analysis<br />
along with SEM and TEM images of the solid products<br />
deposited at the quenching zone revealed<br />
the formation of spherical particles of sizes in the<br />
0.1-30 µm range, with their surface covered with<br />
smaller edged structures, which are characteristic<br />
of Zn(g) undergoing condensation followed by<br />
Zn(l)/Zn(s) oxidation and coalescence.<br />
Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, V63, N1, JAN,<br />
pp 217-227.
198 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
08.1-424<br />
Towards an improved architectural quality<br />
of building integrated solar thermal systems<br />
(BIST)<br />
Munari Probst M C , Roecker C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
Architectural integration is a major issue in the<br />
development and spreading of solar thermal technologies.<br />
Yet the architectural quality of most<br />
existing building integrated solar thermal systems<br />
(BIST) is quite poor, which often discourages<br />
potential new users. In this paper, the results of<br />
a large web survey on architectural quality, addressed<br />
to more than 170 European architects<br />
and other building professionals are presented<br />
and commented. Integration criteria and design<br />
guidelines established and confirmed through<br />
the analysis of these results are proposed. Subsequently,<br />
a novel methodology to design future<br />
solar thermal collectors systems suited to building<br />
integration is described, showing a new range<br />
of design possibilities. <strong>The</strong> methodology focuses<br />
on the essential teamwork between architects and<br />
engineers to ensure both energy efficiency and<br />
architectural integrability, while playing with<br />
the formal characteristics of the collectors (size,<br />
shape, colour, etc.). Finally a practical example of<br />
such a design process conducted within the European<br />
project SOLABS is given; the resulting collector<br />
is described, and integration simulations are<br />
presented.<br />
Solar Energy, 2007, V81, N9, SI, pp 1104-1116.<br />
08.1-425<br />
Biofuels must deliver on their promise of sustainability<br />
Opal C<br />
Switzerland<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
Power Engineer, 2007, V21, N3, JUN-JUL, p 18.<br />
08.1-426<br />
A methodology for thermo-economic modeling<br />
and optimization of solid oxide fuel cell<br />
systems<br />
Palazzi F, Autissier N, Marechal F M A, Favrat D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
In the context of stationary power generation, fuel<br />
cell-based systems are being foreseen as a valuable<br />
alternative to thermodynamic cycle-based power<br />
plants, especially in small scale applications. As<br />
the technology is not yet established, many aspects<br />
of fuel cell development are currently investigated<br />
worldwide. Part of the research focuses on<br />
integrating the fuel cell in a system that is both<br />
efficient and economically attractive. To address<br />
this problem, we present in this paper a thermoeconomic<br />
optimization method that systematically<br />
generates the most attractive configurations of<br />
an integrated system. In the developed methodology,<br />
the energy flows are computed using conventional<br />
process simulation software. <strong>The</strong> system is<br />
integrated using the pinch based methods that<br />
rely on optimization techniques. This defines the<br />
minimum of energy required and sets the basis to<br />
design the ideal heat exchanger network. A thermo-economic<br />
method is then used to compute the<br />
integrated system performances, sizes and costs.<br />
This allows performing the optimization of the<br />
system with regard to two objectives: minimize<br />
the specific cost and maximize the efficiency. A<br />
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system of 50 kW integrating<br />
a planar SOFC is modeled and optimized<br />
leading to designs with efficiencies ranging from<br />
34% to 44%. <strong>The</strong> multi- objective optimization<br />
strategy identifies interesting system configurations<br />
and their performance for the developed<br />
SOFC system model. <strong>The</strong> methods proves to be<br />
an attractive tool to be used both as an advanced<br />
analysis tool and as support to decision makers<br />
when designing new systems.<br />
Applied <strong>The</strong>rmal Engineering, 2007, V27, N16,<br />
NOV, pp 2703-2712.<br />
08.1-427<br />
Dynamics of a solar thermochemical reactor<br />
for steam-reforming of methane<br />
Petrasch J, Steinfeld A<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Modelling , Plant Sciences<br />
A nonlinear dynamic model is developed for a<br />
steam/methane-reforming reactor that uses concentrated<br />
solar radiation as the source of high-<br />
temperature process heat. <strong>The</strong> model incorporates<br />
a set of lumped- parameter reservoirs for mass and<br />
energy. For each reservoir, the unsteady mass and<br />
energy conservation equations are formulated,<br />
which couple conduction, convection, and radiation<br />
heat transfer with the temperature dependent<br />
chemical conversion. Radiative exchange,<br />
the dominant heat transfer mode at above 800 K,<br />
is solved by a band- approximation Monte Carlo<br />
technique. <strong>The</strong> dynamic model is applied to predict<br />
the transient behavior of a 400kW prototype<br />
solar reformer in operational modes of purging,<br />
thermal testing, startup, chemical reaction, shutdown,<br />
and cyclical operation. Time constants vary<br />
between 2 s for species transport and 1 x 10(5) s for<br />
thermal energy transport through ceramic insulation.<br />
Validation is accomplished by comparing
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Mitigation and Adaptation Technologies<br />
modeled and experimentally measured outlet gas<br />
temperatures obtained from reactor tests in a solar<br />
tower facility.<br />
Chemical Engineering Science, 2007, V62, N16,<br />
AUG, pp 4214-4228.<br />
08.1-428<br />
Development steps for parabolic trough solar<br />
power technologies with maximum impact on<br />
cost reduction<br />
Pitz P R, Dersch J, Milow B, Tellez F, Ferriere A,<br />
Langnickel U, Steinfeld A, Karni J, Zarza E, Popel O<br />
Germany, Spain, France, Switzerland, Israel, Russia<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
Besides continuous implementation of concentrating<br />
solar power plants (CSP) in Europe, which<br />
stipulate cost reduction by mass production effects,<br />
further R&D activities are necessary to<br />
achieve the cost competitiveness to fossil power<br />
generation. <strong>The</strong> European Concentrated Solar<br />
<strong>The</strong>rmal Roadmap (ECOSTAR) study that was conducted<br />
by European research institutes in the field<br />
of CSP intends to stipulate the direction for R&D<br />
activities in the context of cost reduction. This paper<br />
gives an overview about the methodology and<br />
the results for one of the seven different CSP system<br />
concepts that are currently under promotion<br />
worldwide and considered within ECOSTAR. <strong>The</strong><br />
technology presented here is the Parabolic trough<br />
with direct steam generation (DSG), which may be<br />
considered as an evolution of the existing parabolic<br />
systems with thermal oil as heat transfer<br />
fluid. <strong>The</strong> methodology is explained using this exemplary<br />
system, and the technical improvements<br />
are evaluated according to their cost- reduction<br />
potential using a common approach, based on an<br />
annual performance model. Research priorities<br />
are given based on the results. <strong>The</strong> simultaneous<br />
implementation of three measures is required in<br />
order to achieve the cost-reduction target: Technical<br />
improvement by R&D, upscaling of the unit<br />
size, and mass production of the equipment.<br />
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Transactions of<br />
the Asme, 2007, V129, N4, NOV, pp 371-377.<br />
08.1-429<br />
Optimum battery size for fuel cell hybrid electric<br />
vehicle - Part I<br />
Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Energy & Fuels , Engineering<br />
This study explores different hybridization levels<br />
of a midsized vehicle powered by a polymer<br />
electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. <strong>The</strong> energy<br />
buffer considered is a lead-acid-type battery. <strong>The</strong><br />
effects of the battery size on the overall energy<br />
199<br />
losses for different drive cycles are determined<br />
when dynamic programming determines the optimal<br />
current drawn from the fuel cell system.<br />
<strong>The</strong> different hybridization levels are explored<br />
for two cases: (i) when the batter), is only used<br />
to decouple the fuel cell system from the voltage<br />
and current demands from the traction motor to<br />
allow the, fuel cell system to operate as close to<br />
optimally as possible and (ii) when regenerative<br />
braking is included in the vehicle with different<br />
efficiencies. <strong>The</strong> optimal power-split policies are<br />
analyzed to quantify all the energy losses and<br />
their paths in an effort to clarify the hybridization<br />
needs for a fuel cell vehicle. Results show that<br />
without any regenerative braking, hybridization<br />
will not decrease, fuel consumption unless the<br />
vehicle is driving in a mild drive cycle (city drive<br />
with low speeds) . However, when the efficiency of<br />
the regenerative braking increases, the fuel consumption<br />
(total energy losses) can be significantly<br />
lowered by choosing an optimal battery size.<br />
Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007,<br />
V4, N2, MAY, pp 167-175.<br />
08.1-430<br />
Optimum Battery Size for Fuel Cell Hybrid<br />
Electric Vehicle With Transient Loading Consideration—Part<br />
II<br />
Sundstrom O, Stefanopoulou A<br />
Switzerland, USA<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
This study presents a simplified model of a midsized<br />
vehicle powered by a polymer electrolyte<br />
membrane fuel cell stack together with a leadacid<br />
battery as an energy buffer. <strong>The</strong> model is<br />
used with dynamic programming in order to<br />
find the optimal coordination of the two power<br />
sources while penalizing transient excursions<br />
in oxygen concentration in the fuel cell and the<br />
state of charge in the battery. <strong>The</strong> effects of the<br />
battery size on the overall energy losses for different<br />
drive cycles are determined, and the optimal<br />
power split policies are analyzed to quantify<br />
all the energy losses and their paths in an ‘effort<br />
to clarify the hybridization needs for a fuel cell<br />
vehicle with constraints on dynamically varying<br />
variables. Finally, a causal nonpredictive controller<br />
is presented. <strong>The</strong> battery sizing results from<br />
the dynamic programming optimizations and the<br />
causal controller are compared.<br />
Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology, 2007,<br />
V4, N2, MAY, pp 176-184.
200 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
5 General Topics<br />
08.1-431<br />
What is a green solvent? A comprehensive<br />
framework for the environmental assessment<br />
of solvents<br />
Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics<br />
Solvents define a major part of the environmental<br />
performance of processes in chemical industry<br />
and also impact on cost, safety and health issues.<br />
<strong>The</strong> idea of “green’’ solvents expresses the goal<br />
to minimize the environmental impact resulting<br />
from the use of solvents in chemical production.<br />
Here the question is raised of how to measure how<br />
“green’’ a solvent is. We propose a comprehensive<br />
framework for the environmental assessment of<br />
solvents that covers major aspects of the environmental<br />
performance of solvents in chemical production,<br />
as well as important health and safety<br />
issues. <strong>The</strong> framework combines the assessment<br />
of substance-specific hazards with the quantification<br />
of emissions and resource use over the full<br />
life-cycle of a solvent. <strong>The</strong> proposed framework<br />
is demonstrated on 26 organic solvents. Results<br />
show that simple alcohols (methanol, ethanol) or<br />
alkanes (heptane, hexane) are environmentally<br />
preferable solvents, whereas the use of dioxane,<br />
acetonitrile, acids, formaldehyde, and tetrahydrofuran<br />
is not recommendable from an environmental<br />
perspective. Additionally, a case study is<br />
presented in which the framework is applied for<br />
the assessment of various alcohol -water or pure<br />
alcohol mixtures used for solvolysis of p-methoxybenzoyl<br />
chloride. <strong>The</strong> results of this case study<br />
indicate that methanol - water or ethanol -water<br />
mixtures are environmentally favourable compared<br />
to pure alcohol or propanol water mixtures.<br />
<strong>The</strong> two applications demonstrate that the presented<br />
framework is a useful instrument to select<br />
green solvents or environmentally sound solvent<br />
mixtures for processes in chemical industry. <strong>The</strong><br />
same framework can also be used for a comprehensive<br />
assessment of new solvent technologies as<br />
soon as the present lack of data can be overcome.<br />
Green Chemistry, 2007, V9, N9, pp 927-934.<br />
08.1-432<br />
Effect of solar water disinfection (SODIS) on<br />
model microorganisms under improved and<br />
field SODIS conditions<br />
Dejung S, Fuentes I, Almanza G, Jarro R, Navarro L,<br />
Arias G, Urquieta E, Torrico A, Fenandez W, Iriarte<br />
M, Birrer C, Stahel W A, Wegelin M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Water Resources , Microbiology , Modelling ,<br />
Engineering<br />
SODIS is a solar water disinfection process which<br />
works by exposing untreated water to the sun in<br />
plastic bottles. Field experiments were carried<br />
out in Cochabamba, Bolivia, to obtain standard<br />
UV-A (320-405 nm) dose values required to inactivate<br />
non-spore forming bacteria, spores of Bacillus<br />
subtilis, and wild type coliphages. inactivation<br />
kinetics for non-spore forming bacteria are<br />
similar under SODIS conditions, exhibiting dose<br />
values ranging between 15 and 30 Wh m(-2) for 1<br />
log(10) (90%) inactivation, 45 to 90 Wh m(-2) for 3<br />
log(10) (99.9%), and 90 to 180 Wh m(-2) for 6 log(10)<br />
(99.9999%) inactivation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa<br />
was found to be the most resistant and Salmonella<br />
typhi, the most sensitive of the non- sporulating<br />
organisms studied here. Phages and spores serve<br />
as model organisms for viruses and parasite cysts.<br />
A UV-A dose of 85 to 210 wh m(-2) accumulated<br />
during one to two days was enough to inactivate 1<br />
log(10) (90%) of these strong biological structures.<br />
<strong>The</strong> process of SODIS depended mainly on the radiation<br />
dose (Wh m(-2)) an organism was exposed<br />
to. An irradiation intensity exceeding some 12 W<br />
m(-2) did not increase the inactivation constant. A<br />
synergistic effect of water temperatures below 50<br />
degrees C was not observed. Data plotting from<br />
various experiments on a single graph proved to<br />
be a reliable alternative method for analysis. inactivation<br />
rates determined by this method were revealed<br />
to be within the same range as individual<br />
analysis.<br />
Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology<br />
Aqua, 2007, V56, N4, JUN, pp 245-256.<br />
08.1-433<br />
Cumulative energy extraction from the natural<br />
environment (CEENE): a comprehensive life<br />
cycle impact assessment method for resource<br />
accounting<br />
Dewulf J, Bosch M E, de Meester B, van der Vorst<br />
G, van Langenhove H, Hellweg S, Huijbregts M A J<br />
Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands<br />
Energy & Fuels , Ecology<br />
<strong>The</strong> objective of the paper is to establish a comprehensive<br />
resource- based life cycle impact assessment<br />
(LCIA) method which is scientifically<br />
sound and that enables to assess all kinds of resources<br />
that are deprived from the natural ecosystem,<br />
all quantified on one single scale, free of<br />
weighting factors. <strong>The</strong> method is based on the<br />
exergy concept. Consistent exergy data on fossils,<br />
nuclear and metal ores, minerals, air, water, land<br />
occupation, and renewable energy sources were<br />
elaborated, with well defined system boundaries.<br />
Based on these data, the method quantifies the exergy<br />
“taken away” from natural ecosystems, and is
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
thus called the cumulative exergy extraction from<br />
the natural environment (CEENE). <strong>The</strong> acquired<br />
data set was coupled with a state-of-the art life<br />
cycle inventory database, ecoinvent. In this way,<br />
the method is able to quantitatively distinguish<br />
eight categories of resources withdrawn from the<br />
natural environment: renewable resources, fossil<br />
fuels, nuclear energy, metal ores, minerals, water<br />
resources, land resources, and atmospheric resources.<br />
Third, the CEENE method is illustrated<br />
for a number of products that are available in ecoinvent,<br />
and results are compared with common<br />
resource oriented LCIA methods. <strong>The</strong> application<br />
to the materials in the ecoinvent database showed<br />
that fossil resources and land use are of particular<br />
importance with regard to the total CEENE score,<br />
although the other resource categories may also<br />
be significant.<br />
Environmental Science Technology, 2007, V41,<br />
N24, DEC 15, pp 8477-8483.<br />
08.1-434<br />
<strong>The</strong> environmental relevance of capital goods<br />
in life cycle assessments of products and<br />
services<br />
Frischknecht R, Althaus H J, Bauer C, Doka G, Heck<br />
T, Jungbluth N, Kellenberger D, Nemecek T<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics<br />
Goal and Scope. Many life cycle assessment case<br />
studies neglect the production of capital goods<br />
that are necessary to manufacture a good or to<br />
provide a service. In ISO standards 14040 and<br />
14044 the capital goods are explicitly part of the<br />
product system. Thus, it is doubtful if capital<br />
goods can be excluded per se as has been done<br />
in quite a number of case studies and LCA databases.<br />
<strong>The</strong>re is yet no clear idea about if and when<br />
capital goods play an important role in life cycle<br />
assessments. <strong>The</strong> present paper evaluates the contribution<br />
of capital goods in a large number and<br />
variety of product and service systems. A classification<br />
of product and service groups is proposed<br />
to give better guidance on when and where capital<br />
goods should be included or can be neglected.<br />
Methods. <strong>The</strong> life cycle inventory database ecoinvent<br />
data v1.2 forms the basis for the assessment<br />
of the environmental importance of capital goods.<br />
<strong>The</strong> importance is assessed on the basis of several<br />
hundreds of cradle-to-gate LCAs of heat and electricity<br />
supply systems, of materials extraction<br />
and production, of agricultural products, and of<br />
transport and waste management services. <strong>The</strong><br />
importance within product (and service) groups is<br />
evaluated with statistical methods by comparing<br />
the LCA results including and excluding capital<br />
201<br />
goods. <strong>The</strong> assessment is based on characterised<br />
cumulative LCI results using the CML baseline<br />
characterisation factors of the impact categories<br />
of global warming, acidification, eutrophication,<br />
human toxicity, freshwater acquatic toxicity, terrestrial<br />
ecotoxicity, ionising radiation, and land<br />
competition, based on proxy indicators (fossil and<br />
nuclear) cumulative energy demand, and based<br />
on the endpoint indicators Eco-indicator 99 (H,<br />
A) mineral resources, human health, eco system<br />
quality and totals. Results. <strong>The</strong> analysis confirms<br />
the fact that capital goods cannot be excluded per<br />
se. On one hand, toxicity related environmental<br />
impacts such as freshwater ecotoxicity or human<br />
toxicity are more sensitive towards an inclusion<br />
or exclusion of capital goods. On the other, certain<br />
products like photovoltaic and wind electricity<br />
are very much or even completely affected by<br />
capital goods contributions, no matter which<br />
indicator is chosen. Nuclear electricity, agricultural<br />
products and processes, and transport services<br />
often behave differently (showing a higher<br />
or lower share of capital goods contribution) than<br />
products from other sectors. Discussions. Some<br />
indicators analysed in this paper show a rather<br />
similar behaviour across all sectors analysed. This<br />
is particularly true for ‘mineral resources’, and<br />
- to a lesser extent - for ‘Eco- indicator 99 total’,<br />
‘acidification’ and ‘climate change’. On the other<br />
hand, ‘land use’ and ‘freshwater ecotoxicity’ show<br />
the most contrasting behaviour with shares of<br />
capital goods’ impacts between less than 1% and<br />
more than 98%. Recommendations. Capital goods<br />
must be included in the assessment of climate<br />
change impacts of non-fossil electricity, agricultural<br />
products and processes, transport services<br />
and waste management services. <strong>The</strong>y must be<br />
included in any sector regarding the assessment<br />
of toxic effects. Energy analyses (quantifying the<br />
non- renewable cumulative energy demand) of<br />
agricultural products and processes, of wooden<br />
products and of transport services should include<br />
capital goods as well. <strong>The</strong> mixing of datasets including<br />
and excluding capital goods is no problem<br />
as long as their share on total impacts is low<br />
and partial omissions do not lead to a significant<br />
imbalance in comparative assertions. Perspectives.<br />
If in doubt whether or not to include capital<br />
goods, it is recommended to check two things:<br />
(1) whether maintenance and depreciation costs<br />
of capital equipment form a substantial part of<br />
the product price (Heijungs et al. 1992a), and (2)<br />
whether actual environmental hot spots occur<br />
along the capital goods’ supply chain.<br />
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,<br />
2007, V12, 1, AUG, pp 7-17.
202 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
08.1-435<br />
New concepts of Be-10 AMS at low energies<br />
Grajcar M, Döbeli M, Kubik P W, Synal H A,<br />
Wacker L, Suter M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering ,<br />
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Isotopic ratios of Be-10/Be-9 with a background<br />
sensitivity of 2 x 10 (-14) can now be measured<br />
with the 0.6 MV Tandem accelerator of PST /ETH<br />
Zürich using BeF2 instead of BeO as sample material<br />
and injecting BeF- to suppress the boron<br />
detector count rate. A new, high-resolution gas<br />
ionization detector with a thin silicon nitride<br />
entrance window and special preamplifier design<br />
are essential in order to achieve this sensitivity. A<br />
particle transmission of 50% is possible for charge<br />
state 1+. Due to the maximum count rate that<br />
can be accepted by the detector the BeF- currents<br />
are limited to a few hundred nA. Measurements<br />
of Be-10 in rainwater samples performed under<br />
these conditions at the low terminal voltage of<br />
0.6 MV with the new compact AMS system show<br />
good agreement with results using the conventional<br />
Be-10 measurement setup on the 6 MV facility.<br />
Thus, this type of small scale equipment can<br />
now also be applied for Be-10 AMS as long as Be-10/<br />
Be-9 ratios are sufficiently high and measurement<br />
time is not a limiting factor. Instead, using BeO<br />
and the degrader foil technique with a silicon<br />
nitride membrane the boron count rate can also<br />
be suppressed sufficiently but the Be-10/Be-9 background<br />
level is limited to 10 (-13) by scattered Be-9<br />
and the overall transmission is less than 5%.<br />
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research<br />
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and<br />
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 173-177.<br />
08.1-436<br />
Terrestrial ecotoxicity and effect factors of<br />
metals in life cycle assessment (LCA)<br />
Haye S, Slaveykova V I, Payet J<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Toxicology<br />
Life cycle impact assessment aims to translate the<br />
amounts of substance emitted during the life cycle<br />
of a product into a potential impact on the environment,<br />
which includes terrestrial ecosystems.<br />
This work suggests some possible improvements in<br />
assessing the toxicity of metals on soil ecosystems<br />
in life cycle assessment (LCA). <strong>The</strong> current available<br />
data on soil ecotoxicity allow one to calculate the<br />
chronic terrestrial HC50(EC50) (hazardous concentration<br />
affecting 50% of the species at their EC50<br />
level, i.e. the level where 50% of the individuals of<br />
the species are affected) of nine metals and metal-<br />
loids (As(III) or (V), Be(II), Cr(III) or (VI), Sb(III) or (V),<br />
Pb(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II)). Contrarily to what is<br />
generally advised in LCIA, the terrestrial HC50 of<br />
metals shall not be extrapolated from the aquatic<br />
HC50, using the Equilibrium Partitioning method<br />
since the partition coefficient (Kd) of metals is<br />
highly variable. <strong>The</strong> experimental ecotoxicology<br />
generally uses metallic salts to contaminate artificial<br />
soils but the comparison of the EC50 or NOEC<br />
obtained for the same metal with different salts<br />
reveals that the kind of salt used insignificantly<br />
influences these values. In contrast, depending<br />
on the metallic fraction of concern, the EC50 may<br />
vary, as for cadmium: the EC50 of Folsotnia candida,<br />
expressed as free Cd in pore water is almost<br />
2.5 orders of magnitude lower than that expressed<br />
as total metal. A similar result is obtained with<br />
Eisenia fetida, confirming the importance of metals<br />
speciation in assessing their impact on soils.<br />
By ranking the metals according to the difference<br />
between their terrestrial and aquatic HC50 values,<br />
two groups are distinguished, which match the<br />
hard soft acids and bases (HSAB) concept. This allows<br />
to estimate their affinity for soil components<br />
and potential toxicity according to their chemical<br />
characteristics.<br />
Chemosphere, 2007, V68, N8, JUL, pp 1489-1496.<br />
08.1-437<br />
Challenges for forestry and forest research<br />
- How to promote effective cooperation between<br />
science and practice?<br />
Jäger J, Pluess A, Klank C, Ghazoul J<br />
Canada, Switzerland<br />
Forestry , Plant Sciences , Social Sciences<br />
Wie vielerorts steht in der Schweiz das Waldmanagement<br />
angesichts des Klimawandels und<br />
gesellschaftlicher Änderungen vor großen Herausforderungen.<br />
Die verschiedenen Ansprüche an<br />
den Wald wie rentable Holznutzung, Risikominderung,<br />
Freizeit oder Erhaltung der Biodiversität<br />
bergen ein Konfliktpotenzial. Wie können und<br />
sollen Forstwirtschaft und forstliche Forschung<br />
die Probleme angehen?<br />
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,<br />
2007, V16, N4, pp 261-266.<br />
08.1-438<br />
Environmental impacts of conventional and<br />
sustainable investment funds compared using<br />
input-output life-cycle assessment<br />
Köllner T, Suh S, Weber O, Moser C, Scholz R W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Economics , Ecology<br />
This study compares equity funds that are managed<br />
according to sustainability goals with con-
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
ventionally managed funds with respect to their<br />
environmental impacts. Overlap in the portfolios<br />
of sustainable equity funds and conventional equity<br />
funds can be very large. Further, the sector<br />
allocation of both types of funds is generally very<br />
similar, because portfolio managers follow a chosen<br />
benchmark to minimize risk. <strong>The</strong>se two effects<br />
may result in no difference existing between<br />
the two types of funds in terms of their environmental<br />
impact and damage (null hypothesis of<br />
this research). This study comparatively assesses<br />
the environmental impact of portfolios of 26 investment<br />
funds: 13 sustainable investment funds<br />
and 13 conventional funds, which are managed<br />
according to the benchmark MSCI World. <strong>The</strong><br />
study applies input output life-cycle assessment<br />
(IO-LCA) in combination with a simulation of company-<br />
specific environmental performance. <strong>The</strong><br />
environmental impact is evaluated per functional<br />
unit for each fund, measured as the risk- adjusted<br />
financial performance. <strong>The</strong> statistical analysis<br />
showed that the analyzed sustainable investment<br />
funds performed better with respect to environmental<br />
impact assessment but worse in economic<br />
risk-adjusted performance (RAP) over the period<br />
2000-2004. In 2004, however, the RAP of the selected<br />
sustainable investment funds showed better<br />
performance. Both samples considerably overlap<br />
for the environmental and economic parameters.<br />
<strong>The</strong> results suggest that the environmental impact<br />
of sustainable investment funds in the sample is<br />
slightly less than that of conventional funds.<br />
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2007, V11, N3, SUM,<br />
pp 41-60.<br />
08.1-439<br />
Problem-oriented environmental research: <strong>The</strong><br />
view of geography and landscape ecology on<br />
science and application<br />
Leser H<br />
Switzerland<br />
Ecology , Modelling<br />
Environmental research is a broad field of study. On<br />
the one hand, environmental research is carried<br />
out on the basis of specialised approaches and on<br />
the other, on an integrative (i.e. holistic) approach.<br />
In this contribution about environmental research,<br />
landscape ecology is understood as a man-naturespace<br />
system, the subject of which is the functional<br />
connection of nature, technology and society, according<br />
to Ernst Neef. Landscape ecology defines it<br />
as the so-called “landscape ecosystem”. This model<br />
comprises the three very complex subsystems: the<br />
geosystem, biosystem, and anthroposystem. This<br />
complex subject of environmental research can only<br />
be adequately examined if the approach is integra-<br />
203<br />
tive. This in turn means that the various sciences<br />
must scrutinise their approaches and methods, so<br />
that they do not over-specialise, and that they cooperate<br />
on a transdisciplinary basis. <strong>The</strong> results of<br />
this transdisciplinary research work are directed to<br />
the various sciences as well as the different fields of<br />
practice.<br />
Gaia Ecological Perspectives For Science and Society,<br />
2007, V16, N3, pp 200-207.<br />
08.1-440<br />
Linking models of land use, resources, and<br />
economy to simulate the development of<br />
mountain regions (ALPSCAPE)<br />
Lundstroem C, Kytzia S, Walz A, Gret Regamey A,<br />
Bebi P<br />
Switzerland<br />
Modelling , Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Economics<br />
We present a framework of a scenario-based model<br />
that simulates the development of the municipality<br />
of Davos (<strong>Swiss</strong> Alps). ‘We illustrate our method<br />
with the calculation of the scenario for 2050 “Decrease<br />
in subsidies for mountoin agriculture and<br />
liberalization of markets.” <strong>The</strong> main objective was<br />
to link submodels of land-use allocation (regression-based<br />
approach), material and energy flows<br />
submodels (Material and Energy Flux Analysis),<br />
and economic submodels (Input- Output Analysis).<br />
Letting qualitative and quantitative information<br />
flow from one SUbmodel to the next, following the<br />
storyline describing a scenario, has proven to be<br />
suitable for linking submodels. <strong>The</strong> succession of<br />
the submodels is then strongly dependent on the<br />
scenario. Qualitative information flows are simulated<br />
with microsimulations of actor choices. Links<br />
between the submodels show different degrees of<br />
robustness: although the links involving microsimulations<br />
are the weakest, the uncertainty introduced<br />
by the land-use allocation model is actually<br />
advantageous because it allows one possible change<br />
in the landscape in the future to be simulated. <strong>The</strong><br />
modeling results for the scenario here presented<br />
show that the disappearance of agriculture only<br />
marginally affects the region’s factor income, but<br />
that the consequences for the self-sufficiency rate,<br />
for various landscape-related indicators and ecosystem<br />
services, and for the economy in the long term<br />
may be considerable. <strong>The</strong>se benefits compensate<br />
for agriculture’s modest direct economic value.<br />
<strong>The</strong> framework presented can potentially be applied<br />
to any region and scenario. This framework<br />
provides a basis for a learning package that allows<br />
potential detrimental consequences of regional development<br />
to be anticipated at an early stage.<br />
Environmental Management, 2007, V40, N3, SEP,<br />
pp 379-393.
204 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
08.1-441<br />
Occurrence, behavior and effects of nanoparticles<br />
in the environment<br />
Nowack B, Bucheli T D<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering<br />
<strong>The</strong> increasing use of engineered nanoparticles<br />
(NP) in industrial and household applications<br />
will very likely lead to the release of such materials<br />
into the environment. Assessing the risks of<br />
these NP in the environment requires an understanding<br />
of their mobility, reactivity, ecotoxicity<br />
and persistency. This review presents an overview<br />
of the classes of NP relevant to the environment<br />
and summarizes their formation, emission, occurrence<br />
and fate in the environment. <strong>The</strong> engineered<br />
NP are thereby compared to natural products<br />
such as soot and organic colloids. To date only<br />
few quantitative analytical techniques for measuring<br />
NP in natural systems are available, which results<br />
in a serious lack of information about their<br />
occurrence in the environment. Results from ecotoxicological<br />
studies show that certain NP have<br />
effects on organisms under environmental conditions,<br />
though mostly at elevated concentrations.<br />
<strong>The</strong> next step towards an assessment of the risks<br />
of NP in the environment should therefore be to<br />
estimate the exposure to the different NP. It is<br />
also important to notice that most NP in technical<br />
applications are functionalized and therefore<br />
studies using pristine NP may not be relevant for<br />
assessing the behavior of the NP actually used.<br />
Environmental Pollution, 2007, V150, N1, NOV,<br />
pp 5-22.<br />
08.1-442<br />
Life cycle assessment in the telecommunication<br />
industry: A review<br />
Scharnhorst W<br />
Switzerland<br />
Economics , Engineering<br />
Background, Goal and Scope. Today, after the technologically<br />
and commercially successful breakthrough<br />
of electronic telecommunication facilities,<br />
rapid and globally untrammelled information<br />
exchange has become an indispensable service in<br />
daily life. Associated with the tremendous growth<br />
in electronic telecommunication hardware (GS-<br />
MAssociation 2005), however, was and continues<br />
to be an increasing awareness of the environmental<br />
effects related to both the operation and the<br />
production, as well as the End-of-Life (EoL) treatment<br />
of such communication equipment. Environmental<br />
concerns, for example, have resulted<br />
in various governmental regulations such as the<br />
WEEE- (CEC 2003b) and the RoHS-directives (CEC<br />
2003a). To analyse, interpret and improve the environmental<br />
performance of electronic telecommunication<br />
equipment, life cycle assessment (LCA) is<br />
increasingly recognised as one promising analytical<br />
tool. Based on a thorough review of the scientific<br />
work and by discussing industrial views, this<br />
paper is intended to determine the key milestones<br />
achieved, to analyse the current research situation<br />
and to outline the key challenges concerning<br />
LCA and electronic telecommunication industries.<br />
Method. Starting with a brief reflection of<br />
the LCA approach, the particularities in context<br />
with telecommunication products’ are discussed.<br />
Exemplary for various stakeholders participating<br />
in the supply chain of telecommunication means<br />
recent industry perspectives are also presented.<br />
Results. In the core section of the proposed paper,<br />
the pertinent scientific literature on LCA and electronic<br />
telecommunication means is reviewed and<br />
the most impressive achievements are documented.<br />
Particular attention is dedicated to subcomponents<br />
of individual electronic telecommunication<br />
devices (e.g. Printed Wiring Board Assemblies<br />
(PWBA) of mobile phones), components of mobile<br />
communication networks (e.g. Base Transceiver<br />
Stations (BTS)) and entire networks concentrating<br />
on product comparisons, inventory approaches,<br />
impact assessment method development, result<br />
interpretations and presentation, and usability<br />
of LCA in decision- making. Discussion. From the<br />
reviewed scientific literature and industry views,<br />
it was found that telecommunication products,<br />
in general, represent complex objects requiring<br />
a well thought-out performance of the LCA tool.<br />
It has been shown that today there is a lack of<br />
stakeholder involvement resulting in LCA studies<br />
which only partly fulfil the expectations of<br />
the contractors. In this spirit it was recognised, at<br />
present, that most of the LCA studies on telecommunication<br />
equipment result in bulky and stakeholder<br />
unspecific compilations of findings impossible<br />
to be used in rapid decision-making. This<br />
aspect may explain why LCA so far is not or only<br />
partly integrated into decision-making of globally<br />
integrated industries, such as in telecommunication<br />
industries. Conclusions. In summary, it can<br />
be stated that LCA represents a promising alternative<br />
to analyse, to interpret and essentially to adjust<br />
the environmental performance of electronic<br />
telecommunication products. <strong>The</strong> review showed<br />
that there is a need to focus research efforts in<br />
order to arrive at sound improvements of the<br />
LCA methodology. Perspectives. <strong>The</strong> conclusions<br />
from the presented review suggest concentrating<br />
in particular on further development of the LCA<br />
methodology with respect to efficiency, effectivity
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
and flexibility. This challenge is associated with<br />
the need for LCA to be understood as a process<br />
rather than a discontinuously applicable tool,<br />
attending industrial processes, in essence to contribute<br />
to improved environmental performances<br />
of products. In this context, particular attention<br />
should be paid to proper stakeholder involvement<br />
and continuous exchange of concentrated information<br />
relevant for the respective stakeholder.<br />
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,<br />
2008, V13, N1, JAN, pp 75-86.<br />
08.1-443<br />
Agricultural decline, landscape change, and<br />
outmigration: Debating the sustainability of<br />
three scenarios for a <strong>Swiss</strong> mountain region<br />
Soliva R<br />
Switzerland<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences , Multidisciplinary Sciences<br />
, Political Sciences , Economics<br />
As in many other mountain areas, peripheral regions<br />
of the <strong>Swiss</strong> Alps are experiencing outmigration,<br />
especially of younger people, due to lack of<br />
opportunities. Winter tourism, often the backbone<br />
of regional economies, is declining in many small-<br />
and medium-sized resorts. At the same time, agricultural<br />
decline is leading to land abandonment<br />
and natural reforestation, which may have implications<br />
for the sustainability of development in<br />
these areas. In a case study of the European Union<br />
(EU) BioScene research project, 3 agricultural and<br />
land use scenarios were developed for the Surses<br />
valley in the Canton of Grisons and assessed with<br />
respect to their sustainability implications, including<br />
discussions with a local stakeholder group. In<br />
mitigating outmigration from this peripheral area,<br />
it is important that local people can identify with<br />
the development taking place in their region, and<br />
with the landscape in which they live. Based on the<br />
discussion of the scenarios with local stakeholders<br />
and the sustainability assessment, it was possible<br />
to formulate policy recommendations.<br />
Mountain Research and Development, 2007, V27,<br />
N2, MAY, pp 124-129.<br />
08.1-444<br />
Advances in particle identification in AMS at<br />
low energies<br />
Suter M, Döbeli M, Grajcar M, Müller A, Stocker M,<br />
Sun G, Synal H A, Wacker L<br />
Switzerland<br />
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering , Paleontology<br />
, Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
Special gas ionisation detectors have been developed<br />
for ANIS at low energies (0.3-3 MeV). By using<br />
very thin silicon nitride foils as entrance windows<br />
205<br />
and low-noise preamplifiers, significant improvements<br />
in the performance has been obtained. In<br />
addition, electronic noise has been reduced by a<br />
compact design which minimises cable length<br />
and input capacitance. <strong>The</strong> resolution has been<br />
systematically studied as a function of energy for<br />
various projectiles ranging from protons to uranium.<br />
Energy straggling in the thin entrance foil is<br />
only a minor contribution to the total energy resolution.<br />
For heavier ions z(p) > 6 the resolution is<br />
limited by the statistical nature of the ionisation<br />
process in the counter gas. For light elements, the<br />
electronic noise is the dominant contribution to<br />
the resolution. Particle identification with Delta<br />
E - E techniques has been studied as well. Good<br />
isobar separation for Be-10-B-10 can be obtained<br />
in the energy range of 0.3-0.8 MeV. Also isobaric<br />
molecules such as BeH and CH can be identified<br />
in the energy range of I MeV. <strong>The</strong>se advances in<br />
detector performance represent an essential step<br />
forward in the development of multi-isotope AMS<br />
facilities at low energies. <strong>The</strong> detector development<br />
has also a potential for application in other<br />
fields of research where good energy resolution<br />
and particle identification is needed.<br />
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research<br />
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and<br />
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 165-172.<br />
08.1-445<br />
MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS<br />
system<br />
Synal H A, Stocker M, Suter M<br />
Switzerland<br />
Instruments & Instrumentation , Engineering ,<br />
Paleontology , Geochemistry & Geophysics<br />
A novel tabletop AMS system with overall dimensions<br />
of only 2.5 x 3 m (2) has been built and tested.<br />
<strong>The</strong> mini radiocarbon dating System (MICADAS) is<br />
based on a vacuum insulated acceleration unit that<br />
uses a commercially available 200 kV power supply<br />
to generate acceleration fields in a tandem configuration.<br />
At the high-energy end, ions in charge<br />
state 1(+) are selected and interfering molecules of<br />
mass 14 amu are destroyed in multiple collisions.<br />
<strong>The</strong> new system is now fully operational. It is the<br />
prototype of a new generation of radiocarbon spectrometers<br />
which fulfill the requirements for radiocarbon<br />
dating applications as well as for the less<br />
demanding C-14/C-12 isotopic ratio measurements<br />
as needed, e.g. in biomedical applications. A detailed<br />
description of the system is given and results<br />
of performance tests are discussed.<br />
Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research<br />
Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and<br />
Atoms, 2007, V259, N1, JUN, pp 7-13.
206 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
08.1-446<br />
Restoring dense vegetation can slow mountain<br />
erosion to near natural benchmark levels<br />
Vanacker V, von Blanckenburg F, Govers G, Molina<br />
A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Kubik P W<br />
Germany, Belgium, Switzerland<br />
Geomorphology , Geology , Agriculture, Soil<br />
Sciences<br />
Tropical mountain areas may undergo rapid land<br />
degradation as demographic growth and intensified<br />
agriculture cause more people to migrate<br />
to fragile ecosystems. To assess the extent of the<br />
resulting damage, an erosion rate benchmark<br />
against which changes in erosion can be evaluated<br />
is required. Benchmarks reflecting natural<br />
erosion rates are usually not provided by conventional<br />
sediment fluxes, which are often biased due<br />
to modern land use change, and also miss large,<br />
episodic events within the measuring period. To<br />
overcome this, we combined three independent<br />
assessment tools in the southern Ecuadorian Andes,<br />
an area that is severely affected by soil erosion.<br />
First, denudation rates from cosmogenic nuclides<br />
in river sediment average over time periods<br />
of 1-100 k.y. and establish a natural benchmark of<br />
only 150 +/- 100 t km(-2) yr(-1). Second, we find that<br />
land use practices have increased modern sediment<br />
yields as derived from reservoir sedimentation<br />
rates, which average over periods of 10-100 yr<br />
to as much as 15 x 10(3) t km(-2)yr(-1). Third, our<br />
land cover analysis has shown us that vegetation<br />
cover exerts first-order control over present-day<br />
erosion rates at the catchment scale. Areas with<br />
high vegetation density erode at rates that are<br />
characteristically similar to those of the natural<br />
benchmark, regardless of whether the type of<br />
vegetation is native or anthropogenic. <strong>The</strong>refore,<br />
our data suggest that even in steep mountain environments<br />
sediment fluxes can slow to near their<br />
natural benchmark levels with suitable revegetation<br />
programs. A set of techniques is now in place<br />
to evaluate the effectiveness of erosion mitigation<br />
strategies.<br />
Geology, 2007, V35, N4, APR, pp 303-306.<br />
08.1-447<br />
Wooden building products in comparative LCA<br />
Werner F, Richter K<br />
Switzerland<br />
Engineering , Energy & Fuels<br />
Background, Aim and Scope. We revised the results<br />
of approx. 20 years of international research<br />
on the environmental impact of the life cycle of<br />
wood products used in the building sector compared<br />
to functionally equivalent products from<br />
other materials. Main Features. Original studies<br />
either technical reports or scientific papers in<br />
English or German were considered. This literature<br />
was obtained via an extensive literature review<br />
(February 2006), via a consultation of compilations<br />
of life cycle assessments (LCA) of wood<br />
products (e.g. elaborated during the COST action<br />
E9) and from secondary literature. <strong>The</strong> resulting<br />
list of literature is considered to be quite complete<br />
and therefore covers the most relevant original<br />
comparative LCA studies of wood products in the<br />
building sector in Europe, Northern America and<br />
Australia. <strong>The</strong> documentation of the studies differs<br />
considerably in terms of completeness (life<br />
cycle stages included, assessment methods), transparency<br />
(description of methodological assumptions,<br />
characteristics of the products, available<br />
data, etc.) and scientific rigor (e.g. related to the<br />
functional equivalency). All encountered original<br />
studies are cited and their scope and transparency<br />
is shortly described. For the environmental ranking<br />
of wood products compared to functionally<br />
equivalent products, only quantitative, transparently<br />
described studies with no obvious methodological<br />
flaws were included, preferably covering<br />
the whole life cycle and conducted according to<br />
the ISO series of standards 14’040ff. For the assessment,<br />
the contribution of each product to<br />
an impact category was compared to the mean<br />
of all functionally equivalent products included<br />
in a study. Results and Discussion. Among the<br />
most important results are: fossil fuel consumption,<br />
potential contributions to the greenhouse<br />
effect and quantities of solid waste tend to be<br />
minor for wood products compared to competing<br />
products; impregnated wood products tend to<br />
be more critical than comparative products with<br />
respect to toxicological effects and/or photosmog<br />
depending on the type of preservative; incineration<br />
of wood products can cause higher impacts<br />
of acidification and eutrophication than other<br />
products, whereas thermal energy can be recovered;<br />
although composed wood products such as<br />
particle board or fibreboard make use of a larger<br />
share of wood of a tree compared to products out<br />
of solid wood, there is a high consumption of fossil<br />
energy associated with the production of fibres<br />
and particles/chips as well as with the production<br />
of glues, resins, etc. In LCAs of whole buildings,<br />
the materials used outside the areas of applicability<br />
of wood dominate the environmental<br />
profile of the building; current methods used for<br />
the impact assessment do not allow to consider<br />
(also favourable) impacts of forests, such as land<br />
occupation, impacts on biodiversity, purification<br />
of air, etc. Conclusions. Wood products that have<br />
been installed and are used in an appropriate way
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | General Topics<br />
tend to have a favourable environmental profile<br />
compared to functionally equivalent products<br />
from other materials. For the dispersion and application<br />
of these conclusions, it is necessary to<br />
adapt LCA to a form, which can be used on a regular<br />
basis for the decision making of different actors<br />
in the construction sector. Perspectives. LCA<br />
methodology in general (the series of standards<br />
ISO 14’040ff) and for the environmental assessment<br />
of wood products in particular have been developed<br />
and consolidated considerably in Europe<br />
and Northern America during the last decade;<br />
the more and more representative and reliable<br />
LCI data for wood products and competing products<br />
has become available. For the future use of<br />
the environmental value of wood products within<br />
sustainable development, the general perception<br />
of the beneficiary use of wood products has to be<br />
increased at various stages of decision-making.<br />
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,<br />
2007, V12, N7, NOV, pp 470-479.<br />
207
208<br />
Index of Authors<br />
Aaltonen V 08.1-70<br />
Abbaspour K C 08.1-287 , 08.1-288<br />
Abdaladze O 08.1-108<br />
Abdelmoula M 08.1-192<br />
Abed R M M 08.1-261<br />
Aciego S M 08.1-307<br />
Ackermann Liebrich U 08.1-383 , 08.1-395<br />
Acuna V 08.1-235<br />
Adatte T 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Adrian R 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Aebischer A 08.1-291<br />
Aeschlimann D 08.1-216<br />
Aguilar E 08.1-11<br />
Ahlholm J 08.1-128<br />
Akimoto H 08.1-68<br />
Akiyoshi H 08.1-24<br />
Al Subary A 08.1-368<br />
Albrecht M 08.1-80 , 08.1-81<br />
Alewell C 08.1-204<br />
Alfarra M R 08.1-1 , 08.1-14 ,<br />
08.1-79<br />
Alföldi T 08.1-143<br />
Algeo T J 08.1-308<br />
Alioth L 08.1-199<br />
Allaart M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Allan J D 08.1-79<br />
Allen P A 08.1-363<br />
Allman D J 08.1-62<br />
Almanza G 08.1-432<br />
Alonso A 08.1-152<br />
Alsum E M 08.1-171<br />
Althaus H J 08.1-434<br />
Amado R 08.1-143<br />
Amelung W 08.1-297<br />
Ammann A 08.1-263<br />
Ammann B 08.1-374 , 08.1-376<br />
Ammann C 08.1-96 , 08.1-302<br />
Ammann H 08.1-182<br />
Ammann M 08.1-66 , 08.1-224<br />
Ammann W 08.1-142<br />
Amundson N R 08.1-2<br />
An S I 08.1-69<br />
Anastasio C 08.1-224<br />
Ancellet G 08.1-60<br />
Andersen M B 08.1-236<br />
Andersen S B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Anderson H R 08.1-403<br />
Andersson G 08.1-421<br />
Andersson P S 08.1-236<br />
Andreani Aksoyoglu S 08.1-40 , 08.1-44<br />
Andreu L 08.1-181 , 08.1-372<br />
Andrews E 08.1-70<br />
Andrews J E 08.1-309<br />
Andriambololonera S 08.1-101<br />
Angelibert S 08.1-241 , 08.1-264<br />
Annis J L 08.1-10<br />
Anselmetti F S 08.1-196 , 08.1-237<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Aoki T 08.1-220<br />
Aonghusa Caitriona N 08.1-239<br />
Appenzeller C 08.1-41<br />
Archer E 08.1-82<br />
Arey J S 08.1-244<br />
Arias G 08.1-432<br />
Ariztegui D 08.1-196<br />
Arlettaz R 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 ,<br />
08.1-291<br />
Arnaldos R 08.1-102 , 08.1-103<br />
Arnold U 08.1-130<br />
Arp H P H 08.1-3<br />
Arpenti E 08.1-374<br />
Arvola L 08.1-283<br />
Aschwanden J 08.1-83<br />
Ashley K I 08.1-259<br />
Assigbetse K 08.1-134<br />
Astorga Llorens C 08.1-44<br />
Attie J L 08.1-28<br />
Augenstein I 08.1-107<br />
Aumont O 08.1-301<br />
Austin J 08.1-24<br />
Autissier N 08.1-412 , 08.1-426<br />
Aviron S 08.1-84 , 08.1-85<br />
Bacchi B 08.1-58<br />
Backman L 08.1-18<br />
Badot P M 08.1-147<br />
Bae M S 08.1-4<br />
Bahlmann E 08.1-222<br />
Bahreini R 08.1-79<br />
Baiker A 08.1-415 , 08.1-416<br />
Bailey D 08.1-107<br />
Bakayoko A 08.1-152<br />
Baker A C 08.1-270<br />
Baker M B 08.1-5<br />
Balinga M P B 08.1-152<br />
Ball W P 08.1-208 , 08.1-297<br />
Ballantyne C K 08.1-310<br />
Baltensperger U 08.1-1 , 08.1-6 ,<br />
08.1-14 , 08.1-16 ,<br />
08.1-52 , 08.1-71<br />
Baltes B 08.1-282<br />
Barbante C 08.1-222 , 08.1-325<br />
Barnola J M 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-364<br />
Barr A G 08.1-135 , 08.1-300<br />
Barrie L A 08.1-29 , 08.1-38<br />
Bartelt P 08.1-225<br />
Basilyan A E 08.1-329<br />
Baskaran M 08.1-236<br />
Bassin S 08.1-86<br />
Battipaglia G 08.1-87<br />
Baud A 08.1-308 , 08.1-381<br />
Bauder A 08.1-226<br />
Bauer C 08.1-434<br />
Bauer N 08.1-410<br />
Bauerfeind M 08.1-61
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors 209<br />
Baumann Stanzer K 08.1-23<br />
Baur A 08.1-88<br />
Baur B 08.1-88 , 08.1-89<br />
Baur P 08.1-119<br />
Bayer Oglesby L 08.1-383 , 08.1-395<br />
Bazeley White E 08.1-126<br />
Beagley S R 08.1-24<br />
Bebi P 08.1-159 , 08.1-440<br />
Becagli S 08.1-325 , 08.1-367<br />
Beckstein C 08.1-300<br />
Bednarz Z 08.1-372<br />
Bednyagin D 08.1-418<br />
Beer J 08.1-294 , 08.1-329 ,<br />
08.1-345 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364<br />
Beer R 08.1-311 , 08.1-312<br />
Beffrey G 08.1-23<br />
Beier C 08.1-305<br />
Beierkuhnlein C 08.1-126<br />
Beine H J 08.1-224<br />
Belalcazar L C 08.1-78<br />
Beltman B 08.1-238<br />
Benech B 08.1-23<br />
Beniston M 08.1-7 , 08.1-182 ,<br />
08.1-183 , 08.1-382<br />
Benito J L 08.1-108<br />
Benson L 08.1-313<br />
Benton M J 08.1-381<br />
Berg C 08.1-148<br />
Berg G 08.1-148<br />
Bergamaschi P 08.1-305<br />
Bergamini A 08.1-90<br />
Berger H 08.1-23<br />
Bergh N G 08.1-314<br />
Bergin M 08.1-224<br />
Bergmann H 08.1-143<br />
Bernard N 08.1-147<br />
Bernasconi S M 08.1-285 , 08.1-321 ,<br />
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 ,<br />
08.1-349 , 08.1-360<br />
Berner Z 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Berninger F 08.1-372<br />
Berthelin J 08.1-134<br />
Besnard G 08.1-358<br />
Best A S 08.1-91<br />
Bey I 08.1-28<br />
Bhartia P K 08.1-60<br />
Biagioli F 08.1-413<br />
Biedermann R 08.1-127<br />
Biggs J 08.1-240<br />
Bigler C 08.1-92 , 08.1-315<br />
Bigler M 08.1-325 , 08.1-364<br />
Biksham G 08.1-93<br />
Bilenko V 08.1-228<br />
Billeter R 08.1-94 , 08.1-107<br />
Binnie S 08.1-310<br />
Binzenhöfer B 08.1-127<br />
Bird N 08.1-404<br />
Birrer C 08.1-432<br />
Bjorck S 08.1-345<br />
Black T A 08.1-135<br />
Blackard J A 08.1-194<br />
Blass A 08.1-315 , 08.1-316<br />
Blenckner T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Blindheim S 08.1-70<br />
Blinov A V 08.1-329<br />
Blum H 08.1-216<br />
Blunier T 08.1-343 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-364<br />
Bodeker G E 08.1-24 , 08.1-39 ,<br />
08.1-60<br />
Boettger T 08.1-372<br />
Böhmer A 08.1-297<br />
Bohn B 08.1-66<br />
Bojkov B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Bolius D 08.1-351<br />
Boller M 08.1-64<br />
Bolliger J 08.1-90 , 08.1-175<br />
Bollschweiler M 08.1-95<br />
Boltshauser A 08.1-100<br />
Bonani G 08.1-333 , 08.1-365<br />
Bond W J 08.1-314<br />
Bongers F 08.1-152<br />
Bonilla J L 08.1-168<br />
Bonnard Ch 08.1-201<br />
Bontadina F 08.1-166<br />
Boone A 08.1-67<br />
Borel J L 08.1-108<br />
Borrmann S 08.1-79<br />
Bosch M E 08.1-433<br />
Bossard P 08.1-250<br />
Böttcher M E 08.1-285<br />
Bottenheim J 08.1-224<br />
Bottjer D J 08.1-381<br />
Boulouchos K 08.1-417<br />
Boumard F 08.1-8<br />
Bourdon B 08.1-203<br />
Boutron C 08.1-222 , 08.1-325<br />
Boville B A 08.1-24<br />
Bower K 08.1-71 , 08.1-79<br />
Bower K N 08.1-14 , 08.1-52<br />
Boxe C S 08.1-224<br />
Boyd I 08.1-34 , 08.1-63<br />
Bozem H 08.1-304<br />
Braathen G O 08.1-44<br />
Braesicke P 08.1-24<br />
Brandner R 08.1-335<br />
Brandt J 08.1-97<br />
Braswell B H 08.1-300<br />
Braun L 08.1-258<br />
Brayard A 08.1-328<br />
Breitenmoser U 08.1-193<br />
Breitenmoser Wursten C 08.1-193<br />
Brenner M 08.1-196
210<br />
Brenninkmeijer C A M 08.1-8<br />
Breon F M 08.1-28<br />
Brito O 08.1-100<br />
Brodbeck S 08.1-130<br />
Brodowski S 08.1-297<br />
Brönnimann S 08.1-9 , 08.1-10 ,<br />
08.1-73<br />
Brooker R 08.1-108<br />
Brookfield M 08.1-308<br />
Brown S 08.1-404<br />
Brueggemann N 08.1-305<br />
Brühl C 08.1-24<br />
Brunet M 08.1-11 , 08.1-20<br />
Brunner A 08.1-96<br />
Brunner B 08.1-285<br />
Brunner F 08.1-277<br />
Brutsche M H 08.1-383<br />
Buchecker M 08.1-390 , 08.1-392<br />
Bucheli T D 08.1-441<br />
Bucher H 08.1-328 , 08.1-355<br />
Büchi F N 08.1-414<br />
Buchmann B 08.1-74<br />
Buchmann N 08.1-86 , 08.1-113<br />
Buckley B 08.1-379<br />
Buentgen U 08.1-323<br />
Bugmann H 08.1-157 , 08.1-188 ,<br />
08.1-306<br />
Bühler R 08.1-237<br />
Bühler S A 08.1-12<br />
Bunce R G H 08.1-97<br />
Büntgen U 08.1-379<br />
Burel F 08.1-85<br />
Burga C 08.1-333<br />
Burgess P J 08.1-151<br />
Bürgi M 08.1-98 , 08.1-175 ,<br />
08.1-176<br />
Burns S J 08.1-368<br />
Burtscher H 08.1-26 , 08.1-46<br />
Busch T 08.1-389<br />
Buser T 08.1-273<br />
Bussotti F 08.1-99<br />
Butchart N 08.1-24<br />
Butterbach Bahl K 08.1-305<br />
Caballero R 08.1-100<br />
Caboussat A 08.1-2<br />
Cachorro V E 08.1-70<br />
Caffrey P 08.1-72<br />
Cairns B J 08.1-186<br />
Cairns W 08.1-222<br />
Calanca P 08.1-182 , 08.1-183 ,<br />
08.1-293 , 08.1-305<br />
Caldeira K 08.1-301<br />
Caldeira M C 08.1-126<br />
Calderoni G 08.1-354<br />
Callmander M W 08.1-101<br />
Calpini B 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Campanelli M 08.1-70<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Campbell C L 08.1-305<br />
Canadell J 08.1-404<br />
Canagaratna M R 08.1-79<br />
Capello C 08.1-431<br />
Capotondi L 08.1-321<br />
Carmichael C A 08.1-244<br />
Carraro G 08.1-312<br />
Carron G 08.1-265<br />
Carver G 08.1-224<br />
Casassa G 08.1-221<br />
Cascio C 08.1-99<br />
Caspersen J P 08.1-177<br />
Castella E 08.1-265 , 08.1-270<br />
Castellano E 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Casty C 08.1-317<br />
Cattani O 08.1-338<br />
Cedhagen T 08.1-266<br />
Cellier P 08.1-305<br />
Cereghino R 08.1-240 , 08.1-241<br />
Cescon P 08.1-222<br />
Chamecki M 08.1-13<br />
Chancerel B 08.1-210<br />
Chandra S 08.1-60<br />
Changqing G 08.1-322<br />
Chappellaz J 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359<br />
Chapron E 08.1-318<br />
Charlet L 08.1-318<br />
Chatelain C 08.1-152<br />
Chaves M M 08.1-104<br />
Cheburkin A K 08.1-365<br />
Chen G 08.1-224<br />
Chernyavsky B 08.1-285<br />
Cherubini P 08.1-54 , 08.1-87 ,<br />
08.1-333<br />
Cherubinic P 08.1-181<br />
Chiarello G L 08.1-415 , 08.1-416<br />
Chimani B 08.1-23<br />
Chipperfield M P 08.1-24<br />
Chorover J 08.1-197<br />
Chorus I 08.1-254<br />
Choularton T 08.1-14 , 08.1-71<br />
Chow F K 08.1-75<br />
Christodoulakis D 08.1-164<br />
Churkina G 08.1-300<br />
Chylek P 08.1-15<br />
Ciccarese L 08.1-404<br />
Cirpka O A 08.1-340<br />
Clappier A 08.1-78<br />
Claude H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Clement A 08.1-69<br />
Clothier B E 08.1-210<br />
Coch T 08.1-176<br />
Coe H 08.1-14 , 08.1-79<br />
Coelho Inockdo S 08.1-100<br />
Coetzee G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors 211<br />
Cofield R E 08.1-39<br />
Coldea G 08.1-108<br />
Collaud Coen M 08.1-16<br />
Collin P Y 08.1-347<br />
Colombaroli D 08.1-319<br />
Combourieu Nebout N 08.1-343<br />
Comiskey J A 08.1-152<br />
Conedera M 08.1-320<br />
Conen F 08.1-302<br />
Conesa H M 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 ,<br />
08.1-242<br />
Connolly P 08.1-14 , 08.1-52 ,<br />
08.1-71<br />
Consiglio T K 08.1-101<br />
Cook E R 08.1-326<br />
Cook M 08.1-327<br />
Cordero E 08.1-24<br />
Cornelissen G 08.1-297<br />
Cornelius N 08.1-266<br />
Corstanje R 08.1-198<br />
Cortay R 08.1-152<br />
Corvalan C 08.1-384<br />
Cotrufo F 08.1-305<br />
Cotrufo M F 08.1-87<br />
Cottrell L 08.1-79<br />
Cozic J 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 ,<br />
08.1-52 , 08.1-55 ,<br />
08.1-71<br />
Crawford I 08.1-14<br />
Crawford J H 08.1-224<br />
Cremene C 08.1-88<br />
Cripps M G 08.1-144<br />
Croci Maspoli M 08.1-17<br />
Crosier J 08.1-14<br />
Crutzen P 08.1-8<br />
Csencsics D 08.1-189<br />
Cuddy D T 08.1-39<br />
Cuevas E 08.1-60<br />
Cuffey K M 08.1-307<br />
Curchod F 08.1-213<br />
Curjuric I 08.1-395<br />
Currie L A 08.1-297<br />
Czerwinski J 08.1-420<br />
D‘alessandro C M 08.1-181<br />
D‘arrigo R 08.1-379<br />
Dabas A 08.1-23<br />
Daemmgen U 08.1-305<br />
Daffer W H 08.1-39<br />
Dahl Jensen D 08.1-343<br />
Dahm C N 08.1-235<br />
Dalessandro C M 08.1-372<br />
Dameris M 08.1-24<br />
Damski J 08.1-18<br />
Danna B 08.1-66<br />
Daskalova A 08.1-213<br />
Dauer T 08.1-8<br />
David J S 08.1-104<br />
David T S 08.1-104<br />
Davidson N C 08.1-243<br />
Davies H C 08.1-17 , 08.1-22 ,<br />
08.1-37 , 08.1-50<br />
Davies J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 ,<br />
08.1-63<br />
Davis C P 08.1-12<br />
de Angelis M 08.1-325<br />
de Backer H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
de Batist M 08.1-276<br />
de Blust G 08.1-97 , 08.1-107<br />
de Frutos A M 08.1-70<br />
de La Rosa J M 08.1-297<br />
de Meester B 08.1-433<br />
de Vries W 08.1-305<br />
Debret M 08.1-318<br />
Decarlo P F 08.1-79<br />
Deckers J 08.1-446<br />
Deckert R 08.1-24<br />
Declerck S 08.1-240<br />
Decrem M 08.1-105<br />
Defilippi R 08.1-107<br />
Defourny P 08.1-180<br />
Dejung S 08.1-432<br />
Delfino A 08.1-414<br />
Della Marta P M 08.1-11 , 08.1-19 ,<br />
08.1-20 , 08.1-56<br />
Demello J A 08.1-244<br />
Demeny A 08.1-369<br />
Demerjian K L 08.1-4 , 08.1-79<br />
Demuth S 08.1-258<br />
Denoth M 08.1-106<br />
Dersch J 08.1-428<br />
Desai A R 08.1-300<br />
Dessler A E 08.1-21<br />
Deushi M 08.1-24<br />
Dewulf J 08.1-433<br />
Di Carmine C 08.1-70<br />
Di Marco C 08.1-305<br />
Dibb J 08.1-224<br />
Didone M 08.1-22<br />
Diemer M 08.1-94<br />
Dieng L 08.1-134<br />
Dier H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Dietrich P 08.1-414<br />
Dietrich S 08.1-191<br />
Dilley M 08.1-82<br />
Dimitrakopoulos P G 08.1-126<br />
Dimopoulos P 08.1-417<br />
Ding L 08.1-297<br />
Dix B 08.1-8<br />
Döbeli M 08.1-435 , 08.1-444<br />
Dobson R 08.1-245<br />
Docherty K 08.1-79<br />
Doering M 08.1-246
212<br />
Doi H 08.1-68<br />
Doka G 08.1-434<br />
Domine F 08.1-224<br />
Dommergue A 08.1-222<br />
Don A 08.1-169<br />
Donegana M 08.1-354<br />
Doney S C 08.1-301<br />
Dong B 08.1-69<br />
Donoghue M 08.1-138<br />
Doppler T 08.1-247<br />
Dormann C F 08.1-107<br />
Dorninger M 08.1-23<br />
Dorokhov V 08.1-60<br />
Doucet J L 08.1-152<br />
Douet V 08.1-399<br />
Downs S H 08.1-383<br />
Dragosits U 08.1-305<br />
Drewnick F 08.1-79<br />
Drexler C 08.1-248<br />
Dreyfus G 08.1-338 , 08.1-359<br />
Drobinski P 08.1-23<br />
Drouin B J 08.1-39<br />
Dubey M 08.1-15<br />
Dubois D 08.1-143<br />
Ducassou E 08.1-321<br />
Duelli P 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 ,<br />
08.1-176<br />
Dufrene M 08.1-180<br />
Düggelin C 08.1-130<br />
Dullinger S 08.1-108<br />
Duncan B 08.1-60<br />
Dungan M A 08.1-330<br />
Dunlea E 08.1-79<br />
Dunn J C 08.1-297<br />
Duponnois R 08.1-134<br />
Duprat J 08.1-321<br />
Dürr B 08.1-23<br />
Dutay J C 08.1-301<br />
Dutschke M 08.1-404<br />
Dzepina K 08.1-79<br />
Eberl L 08.1-148<br />
Ebert M 08.1-52<br />
Ebi K L 08.1-384<br />
Ebinghaus R 08.1-8 , 08.1-222<br />
Ecker K 08.1-114<br />
Eckmeier E 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 ,<br />
08.1-333<br />
Edwards T C 08.1-194<br />
Eerdekens G 08.1-304<br />
Egli M 08.1-192 , 08.1-199<br />
Ehrmann O 08.1-109 , 08.1-110<br />
Eide H A 08.1-220<br />
Eisen O 08.1-377<br />
El Fahem T 08.1-289<br />
El Madidi S 08.1-150<br />
Elena Rossello R 08.1-97<br />
Elith J 08.1-124<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Ellwood B B 08.1-308<br />
Elmquist M 08.1-297<br />
Elshorbany Y 08.1-66<br />
Emde C 08.1-12<br />
Emmenegger L 08.1-113 , 08.1-302 ,<br />
08.1-420<br />
Emmett B A 08.1-305<br />
Ennos R A 08.1-133<br />
Enpu G 08.1-322<br />
Epstein H E 08.1-111<br />
Erhardt A 08.1-88<br />
Eriksen S E H 08.1-393<br />
Eriksson P 08.1-12<br />
Erisman J W 08.1-305<br />
Ershova N 08.1-228<br />
Esper J 08.1-323 , 08.1-326 ,<br />
08.1-362 , 08.1-372 ,<br />
08.1-379<br />
Esperschuetz J 08.1-112<br />
Esswein H 08.1-131<br />
Etien N 08.1-372<br />
Eugster W 08.1-113<br />
Evans K F 08.1-12<br />
Excoffier L 08.1-266<br />
Eyring V 08.1-24 , 08.1-42<br />
Fabbro T 08.1-138<br />
Fahrig L 08.1-160<br />
Fahrni J 08.1-266<br />
Faien X 08.1-318<br />
Fain X 08.1-222<br />
Falge E 08.1-300<br />
Falourd S 08.1-338<br />
Famulari D 08.1-305<br />
Favrat D 08.1-412 , 08.1-426<br />
Faz A 08.1-102 , 08.1-103<br />
Fearnside P 08.1-404<br />
Federer U 08.1-325<br />
Feist D G 08.1-25<br />
Feldmeyer C E 08.1-114<br />
Feller U 08.1-115 , 08.1-117<br />
Fenandez W 08.1-432<br />
Feng Q 08.1-381<br />
Fenner K 08.1-278<br />
Fenner S 08.1-139<br />
Fereday D R 08.1-56<br />
Fernandez N 08.1-121<br />
Ferrachat S 08.1-45<br />
Ferrari C P 08.1-222<br />
Ferri D 08.1-415 , 08.1-416<br />
Ferriere A 08.1-428<br />
Fette M 08.1-249<br />
Fiebig M 08.1-55<br />
Fiedler J 08.1-404<br />
Fierz M 08.1-26<br />
Filipiak M J 08.1-39<br />
Filippi D 08.1-8<br />
Filot M 08.1-372
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors 213<br />
Findlay C S 08.1-160<br />
Finger D 08.1-237 , 08.1-250 ,<br />
08.1-251 , 08.1-255<br />
Finlayson C M 08.1-243<br />
Finn J A 08.1-126<br />
Finsinger W 08.1-324 , 08.1-374<br />
Fischer E M 08.1-200<br />
Fischer H 08.1-8 , 08.1-304 ,<br />
08.1-325 , 08.1-338 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-364 ,<br />
08.1-367<br />
Fischer M 08.1-163 , 08.1-191<br />
Fischer U 08.1-431<br />
Fischlin A 08.1-404<br />
Fisher T G 08.1-344<br />
Flamant C 08.1-23<br />
Flechard C 08.1-302<br />
Flechard C R 08.1-305<br />
Fleitmann D 08.1-368<br />
Flemming J 08.1-40<br />
Fleuti E 08.1-61<br />
Fliebbach A 08.1-143<br />
Fliessbach A 08.1-112<br />
Flores C D X 08.1-297<br />
Flühler H 08.1-123 , 08.1-212<br />
Flynn M 08.1-14 , 08.1-71<br />
Föllmi K B 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Follows M 08.1-301<br />
Fomin V V 08.1-173<br />
Fontana D 08.1-280<br />
Fook L S 08.1-39<br />
Foppa N 08.1-57 , 08.1-223<br />
Forner C 08.1-404<br />
Forni L 08.1-415 , 08.1-416<br />
Forsberg B 08.1-403<br />
Fowler D 08.1-305<br />
Francois B 08.1-201<br />
Francois R 08.1-327<br />
Frank D 08.1-323 , 08.1-326 ,<br />
08.1-372 , 08.1-379<br />
Frank D A 08.1-158 , 08.1-303<br />
Franke H 08.1-8<br />
Franssen H J H 08.1-247<br />
Frei A 08.1-419<br />
Freibauer A 08.1-404<br />
Frelechoux F 08.1-116<br />
Frenzel M 08.1-107<br />
Frescino T S 08.1-194<br />
Freunberger S A 08.1-414<br />
Frey M M 08.1-224<br />
Frick G 08.1-72<br />
Frick J 08.1-390<br />
Friess H 08.1-77<br />
Friess U 08.1-8<br />
Frioud M 08.1-23 , 08.1-70<br />
Frischknecht R 08.1-434<br />
Frith S M 08.1-24<br />
Fritsche J 08.1-222<br />
Froeberg L 08.1-89<br />
Froidevaux L 08.1-34 , 08.1-39 ,<br />
08.1-60<br />
Frossard E 08.1-212 , 08.1-216<br />
Frumhoff P 08.1-404<br />
Fuentes I 08.1-432<br />
Füglistaler S 08.1-21<br />
Fuhrer J 08.1-54 , 08.1-86 ,<br />
08.1-182 , 08.1-183<br />
Fuhrer O 08.1-27<br />
Fujita S 08.1-359<br />
Fujiwara M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Fuller R A 08.1-39<br />
Fundel F 08.1-325 , 08.1-364<br />
Funk M 08.1-226 , 08.1-233<br />
Furger M 08.1-23<br />
Fusina F 08.1-292<br />
Gabrielli P 08.1-325<br />
Gagen M 08.1-346<br />
Gäggeler H W 08.1-337<br />
Galbraith E D 08.1-327<br />
Galfetti T 08.1-328<br />
Galiana A 08.1-134<br />
Gallagher M W 08.1-14 , 08.1-71 ,<br />
08.1-305<br />
Galle A 08.1-117<br />
Gallet J C 08.1-338<br />
Galloway J N 08.1-296<br />
Gander A 08.1-125<br />
Gander M J 08.1-118<br />
Ganzeveld L 08.1-304<br />
Garcia Cuetos L 08.1-270<br />
Garcia G 08.1-102 , 08.1-103<br />
Garcia Pichel F 08.1-197<br />
Garcia R R 08.1-24<br />
Gaspari V 08.1-325<br />
Gattinger A 08.1-112<br />
Gaumont Guay D 08.1-135<br />
Gausa M 08.1-70<br />
Gautier L 08.1-152<br />
Gavin D G 08.1-92<br />
Gazarini L C 08.1-104<br />
Gedamke S 08.1-48<br />
Geer A J 08.1-25<br />
Gehrig R 08.1-16 , 08.1-46<br />
Geidl M 08.1-421<br />
Gellrich M 08.1-119 , 08.1-156<br />
Generoso S 08.1-28<br />
George C 08.1-66<br />
George D G 08.1-239<br />
Gerbase M W 08.1-383<br />
Gerber J D 08.1-385 , 08.1-386<br />
Gerlach R 08.1-109 , 08.1-110<br />
Gern L 08.1-399<br />
Gettelman A 08.1-24<br />
Gfeller U 08.1-420
214<br />
Ghazoul J 08.1-120 , 08.1-387 ,<br />
08.1-437<br />
Ghosn D 08.1-108<br />
Giaccai D 08.1-192<br />
Gil A 08.1-100<br />
Gilbert D 08.1-147<br />
Gilichinsky D A 08.1-329<br />
Gillet F 08.1-116<br />
Gimenez O 08.1-167<br />
Gimmi U 08.1-98<br />
Ginibre C 08.1-330<br />
Giorgetta M A 08.1-24<br />
Girardclos S 08.1-237<br />
Giraudeau J 08.1-321<br />
Gnansounou E 08.1-418<br />
Godin Beekmann S 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Goldscheider N 08.1-252<br />
Gong E 08.1-331<br />
Gong S L 08.1-29 , 08.1-38<br />
Gonseth Y 08.1-175<br />
Gonthier E 08.1-321<br />
Gonzales L M 08.1-378<br />
Gonzalez Perez J A 08.1-297<br />
Gonzalez Vila F J 08.1-297<br />
Gooday A J 08.1-266<br />
Goss K U 08.1-3 , 08.1-207<br />
Gottfried M 08.1-108<br />
Goudswaard P C 08.1-284<br />
Gove J H 08.1-300<br />
Govers G 08.1-446<br />
Grabherr G 08.1-108<br />
Grabner M 08.1-372<br />
Graf A 08.1-334<br />
Graf R F 08.1-121<br />
Graf U 08.1-114 , 08.1-143<br />
Graham C H 08.1-124<br />
Grajcar M 08.1-435 , 08.1-444<br />
Grangeon S 08.1-222<br />
Granin N G 08.1-276<br />
Grannas A M 08.1-224<br />
Grant A N 08.1-62<br />
Graser N 08.1-253<br />
Graves A R 08.1-151<br />
Green S R 08.1-210<br />
Gret Regamey A 08.1-440<br />
Grey D 08.1-388<br />
Griffin R E M 08.1-73<br />
Griffin R J 08.1-79<br />
Griffis T J 08.1-135<br />
Grimm V 08.1-121<br />
Grisa E 08.1-312<br />
Grobety B 08.1-46<br />
Gröhn I 08.1-23<br />
Gronholm T 08.1-229<br />
Groom G B 08.1-97<br />
Grosjean M 08.1-315 , 08.1-316<br />
Groza C 08.1-88<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Gruber E 08.1-391<br />
Gruber N 08.1-256 , 08.1-296 ,<br />
08.1-301<br />
Gruber S 08.1-231 , 08.1-234<br />
Gruber U 08.1-225<br />
Grübler M U 08.1-122<br />
Grundl T 08.1-341<br />
Grunwaldt J D 08.1-415 , 08.1-416<br />
Gschwend P M 08.1-297<br />
Guan C 08.1-331<br />
Gubser S 08.1-23<br />
Guerova G 08.1-30<br />
Gueydon A 08.1-100<br />
Gugerli F 08.1-130 , 08.1-189<br />
Guggenberger G 08.1-297<br />
Guglielmetti M 08.1-123<br />
Guillemin M T 08.1-372<br />
Guilyardi E 08.1-69<br />
Guisan A 08.1-124 , 08.1-156 ,<br />
08.1-157<br />
Gujer E 08.1-420<br />
Gulitski G 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33<br />
Gumnior M 08.1-332<br />
Gunning C 08.1-92<br />
Gunst L 08.1-143<br />
Günthardt Goerg M S 08.1-145<br />
Gurk C 08.1-304<br />
Gurtz J 08.1-281<br />
Güsewell S 08.1-125 , 08.1-238<br />
Gustafsson O 08.1-297<br />
Gutermann T 08.1-23<br />
Güthe F 08.1-413<br />
Gutierrez E 08.1-372<br />
Gutirrez E 08.1-181<br />
Guyer M 08.1-396<br />
Guzman M I 08.1-224<br />
Gysel M 08.1-14<br />
Haag S 08.1-159<br />
Häberli C 08.1-23<br />
Hachikubo A 08.1-220<br />
Haeberli W 08.1-221 , 08.1-227<br />
Hagedorn F 08.1-333<br />
Hagemann S 08.1-298<br />
Hahn D 08.1-143<br />
Hajdas I 08.1-333 , 08.1-344<br />
Hak C 08.1-44<br />
Hakansson L 08.1-334<br />
Halada L 08.1-97<br />
Hale B W 08.1-171<br />
Hall A M 08.1-310<br />
Haller L 08.1-252<br />
Häller Scharnhorst E 08.1-23<br />
Halliday A N 08.1-236 , 08.1-272<br />
Halmann M 08.1-419<br />
Hammes K 08.1-297<br />
Hammill A 08.1-393
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors 215<br />
Hanisco T F 08.1-21<br />
Hannigan R 08.1-308<br />
Hansen G 08.1-60<br />
Hansen G H 08.1-70<br />
Hansson M 08.1-325<br />
Harder H 08.1-304<br />
Hartkopf Fröder C 08.1-297<br />
Harwood R S 08.1-39<br />
Hatakeyama S 08.1-79<br />
Hatcher P G 08.1-297<br />
Haug G H 08.1-327 , 08.1-352<br />
Haupt M 08.1-372<br />
Hauser A 08.1-57 , 08.1-223<br />
Hauser C 08.1-138<br />
Hawthorne W D 08.1-152<br />
Hayden K 08.1-49<br />
Haye S 08.1-436<br />
Haylock M R 08.1-19<br />
He J W 08.1-2<br />
Heard D E 08.1-224<br />
Heck T 08.1-434<br />
Hector A 08.1-126<br />
Hedderson T A 08.1-314<br />
Heeb N V 08.1-420<br />
Hegner E 08.1-369<br />
Heimann M 08.1-300<br />
Hein S 08.1-127<br />
Heintzenberg J 08.1-8<br />
Heiri O 08.1-311 , 08.1-324<br />
Helander M 08.1-128<br />
Heldstab J 08.1-40 , 08.1-395<br />
Helle G 08.1-372<br />
Helleis F 08.1-8<br />
Hellweg S 08.1-433<br />
Helmig D 08.1-224<br />
Hemmes K 08.1-421<br />
Henderson Sellers A 08.1-299<br />
Hendricks J 08.1-42 , 08.1-55<br />
Hendrickx F 08.1-107<br />
Henne S 08.1-362<br />
Henning S 08.1-16<br />
Henriques M O 08.1-104<br />
Herber A 08.1-70<br />
Hermann M 08.1-8<br />
Hermle S 08.1-145<br />
Herrmann B 08.1-305<br />
Herzog F 08.1-84 , 08.1-105 ,<br />
08.1-107 , 08.1-151<br />
Heymsfield A J 08.1-12<br />
Hieber M 08.1-274<br />
Hilasvuori E 08.1-372<br />
Hillamo R 08.1-70<br />
Hinden H 08.1-264<br />
Hinneri S 08.1-128<br />
Hinz H L 08.1-144<br />
Hirschi M 08.1-298<br />
Hirzel A H 08.1-129 , 08.1-166 ,<br />
08.1-180<br />
Hjort C 08.1-334<br />
Hoch S W 08.1-293<br />
Hochuli P A 08.1-328<br />
Hockaday W C 08.1-297<br />
Hocke K 08.1-34<br />
Hodell D A 08.1-196<br />
Hoebee S E 08.1-130<br />
Hoegger B 08.1-63<br />
Hoehne N 08.1-404<br />
Hofer G 08.1-97<br />
Hoffman H 08.1-61<br />
Hoffmann G 08.1-338<br />
Hoffmann H 08.1-100<br />
Hoffmann M R 08.1-224<br />
Hoffmann V 08.1-389<br />
Hofmeister J 08.1-206<br />
Hofstetter P 08.1-100<br />
Hofstetter T B 08.1-279 , 08.1-280<br />
Hogrefe O 08.1-4<br />
Hohenegger C 08.1-35 , 08.1-36<br />
Höhener P 08.1-205<br />
Hoinka K P 08.1-37<br />
Holderegger R 08.1-130 , 08.1-177 ,<br />
08.1-189<br />
Holliger C 08.1-263<br />
Hollinger D Y 08.1-300<br />
Hollingsworth P M 08.1-133<br />
Hollis J M 08.1-277<br />
Holten J I 08.1-108<br />
Holzgang O 08.1-83<br />
Hölzle M 08.1-231<br />
Holzner C P 08.1-253<br />
Honegger P 08.1-420<br />
Honrath R E 08.1-224<br />
Hoose C 08.1-45<br />
Hopke P K 08.1-4<br />
Hoppel W 08.1-72<br />
Höppner C 08.1-390<br />
Horacek M 08.1-335<br />
Hori M 08.1-220<br />
Horvath L 08.1-305<br />
Houel S 08.1-297<br />
Houlahan J E 08.1-160<br />
Howard D C 08.1-97<br />
Hruska J 08.1-206<br />
Hu A 08.1-69<br />
Huang L 08.1-297<br />
Huang P 08.1-29 , 08.1-38<br />
Huebert B J 08.1-297<br />
Huey L G 08.1-224<br />
Hug W 08.1-373<br />
Hugentobler M 08.1-231<br />
Hui D 08.1-300<br />
Huijbregts M A J 08.1-433<br />
Humair P F 08.1-399
216<br />
Hungerbühler K 08.1-232 , 08.1-431<br />
Hunkeler D 08.1-205<br />
Huntrieser H 08.1-55<br />
Hunziker M 08.1-410<br />
Hurkmans R 08.1-215<br />
Hurni H 08.1-228<br />
Huss Danell K 08.1-126<br />
Huss M 08.1-226<br />
Hutterli M 08.1-224<br />
Hutterli M A 08.1-325<br />
Huybrechts P 08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Ibelings B W 08.1-254<br />
Indermühle N 08.1-264<br />
Irannejad P 08.1-299<br />
Iriarte M 08.1-432<br />
Isaksen I S A 08.1-44<br />
Issembe Y A 08.1-152<br />
Ivits E 08.1-187<br />
Ivy Ochs S 08.1-334<br />
Jaccard S L 08.1-327<br />
Jacobeit J 08.1-56<br />
Jacobi H W 08.1-224<br />
Jacquat O 08.1-202 , 08.1-357<br />
Jaffre T 08.1-133<br />
Jäger J 08.1-131 , 08.1-160 ,<br />
08.1-437<br />
Jäggi M 08.1-132 , 08.1-216<br />
Jahn C 08.1-61<br />
Jankovska V 08.1-336<br />
Jankowski T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Jarnot R F 08.1-39<br />
Jarro R 08.1-432<br />
Jarvinen M 08.1-239<br />
Jarvis A J 08.1-300<br />
Jaun L 08.1-250 , 08.1-255<br />
Jayne J T 08.1-79<br />
Jeanneret P 08.1-84<br />
Jenk T M 08.1-337<br />
Jenni L 08.1-83 , 08.1-146<br />
Jennings E 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Jeppesen E 08.1-283<br />
Jiang Y B 08.1-39<br />
Jimenez C 08.1-12<br />
Jimenez Carceles F J 08.1-242<br />
Jimenez J L 08.1-79<br />
Jin X 08.1-301<br />
Jochem E 08.1-391<br />
Joeckel P 08.1-42<br />
Joergensen R G 08.1-218<br />
John V O 08.1-12<br />
Johns T 08.1-404<br />
Johnsen S 08.1-338 , 08.1-343<br />
Johnson B 08.1-39<br />
Johnson B J 08.1-60 , 08.1-63<br />
Johnson G C 08.1-256<br />
Johst K 08.1-91<br />
Jokela J 08.1-172<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Jonas T 08.1-142<br />
Jones A E 08.1-224<br />
Jones G 08.1-221<br />
Jones N 08.1-30<br />
Jones P D 08.1-10 , 08.1-11 ,<br />
08.1-56<br />
Jones S 08.1-305<br />
Jongman R H G 08.1-97<br />
Jonsell U 08.1-325<br />
Joos F 08.1-301<br />
Jörgensen R G 08.1-190<br />
Joseph E 08.1-60<br />
Joshi J 08.1-126<br />
Jouda F 08.1-399<br />
Jouzel J 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-361<br />
Jumpponen A 08.1-126<br />
Jung J Y 08.1-68<br />
Jungbluth N 08.1-434<br />
Jungclaus J H 08.1-69<br />
Jungner H 08.1-372<br />
Junker B 08.1-392<br />
Junkermann W 08.1-44<br />
Jürgens N 08.1-74<br />
Jurgensen M F 08.1-158<br />
Juschus O 08.1-339<br />
Kägi R 08.1-46<br />
Kahn R 08.1-15<br />
Kaiser H P 08.1-247<br />
Kaiser K 08.1-297<br />
Kalela Brundin M 08.1-372<br />
Kalin Arroyo M T 08.1-138<br />
Kamdem M N D 08.1-152<br />
Kamenik C 08.1-257 , 08.1-366<br />
Kaminski J W 08.1-29<br />
Kämpfer N 08.1-25 , 08.1-34<br />
Kan C 08.1-290<br />
Kanka R 08.1-108<br />
Kapitanov V A 08.1-276<br />
Kaplan J O 08.1-111 , 08.1-378<br />
Karni J 08.1-428<br />
Käser G 08.1-221<br />
Kasper M 08.1-420<br />
Katsouyanni K 08.1-403<br />
Kattge J 08.1-300<br />
Kaufmann P 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 ,<br />
08.1-367<br />
Kavanaugh J L 08.1-307<br />
Kawamura K 08.1-359<br />
Keel S G 08.1-132<br />
Keidel D 08.1-383 , 08.1-395<br />
Kelder H 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Kellenberger D 08.1-434<br />
Keller A 08.1-213<br />
Keller F 08.1-227<br />
Keller G 08.1-356<br />
Keller J 08.1-40 , 08.1-44
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors 217<br />
Keller M 08.1-40<br />
Keller R 08.1-383<br />
Kery M 08.1-162<br />
Kesik M 08.1-305<br />
Kettle C J 08.1-133<br />
Khayesi M 08.1-405<br />
Kholmyansky M 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33<br />
Kholodov A L 08.1-329<br />
Kiczka M 08.1-203<br />
Kienast F 08.1-149 , 08.1-175<br />
Kim K R 08.1-68<br />
Kindlmann P 08.1-85<br />
Kinnison D E 08.1-24<br />
Kinzelbach W 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33 , 08.1-289<br />
Kipfer R 08.1-253 , 08.1-340 ,<br />
08.1-341<br />
Kipfstuhl S 08.1-364<br />
Kirschbaum M U F 08.1-404<br />
Kisa M 08.1-134<br />
Kishe Machumu M 08.1-284<br />
Klan P 08.1-224<br />
Klank C 08.1-437<br />
Klar N 08.1-160<br />
Klausenn J 08.1-68<br />
Kläy A 08.1-396<br />
Kleffmann J 08.1-66<br />
Kleijn D 08.1-80<br />
Klein R J T 08.1-393<br />
Kleinbauer I 08.1-108<br />
Klettner C 08.1-108<br />
Kljun N 08.1-135<br />
Kloster S 08.1-45<br />
Klotz S 08.1-107<br />
Klump S 08.1-340 , 08.1-341<br />
Kneisel C 08.1-227<br />
Knoepfel P 08.1-385 , 08.1-386<br />
Knosp B W 08.1-39<br />
Kock H H 08.1-8<br />
Koenig Langlo G 08.1-39<br />
Koeppel C 08.1-8<br />
Koetz R 08.1-414<br />
Kohler M 08.1-420<br />
Kohls K 08.1-261<br />
Köllner T 08.1-136 , 08.1-438<br />
Kondo Y 08.1-79<br />
König Langlo G 08.1-60<br />
Konz M 08.1-258<br />
Koptsik G 08.1-204<br />
Körner C 08.1-132 , 08.1-137 ,<br />
08.1-138 , 08.1-140 ,<br />
08.1-141 , 08.1-164<br />
Korup O 08.1-342<br />
Kosnik M 08.1-403<br />
Kouame F N 08.1-152<br />
Kouka L A 08.1-152<br />
Kovar P 08.1-97<br />
Kram P 08.1-206<br />
Krämer S M 08.1-203<br />
Kramer Schadt S 08.1-121 , 08.1-160<br />
Kramers J D 08.1-309 , 08.1-368 ,<br />
08.1-369<br />
Krapiec M 08.1-372<br />
Kräuchi N 08.1-54<br />
Krebs P 08.1-320<br />
Kretzschmar R 08.1-197 , 08.1-202 ,<br />
08.1-203<br />
Kreuzer M 08.1-184<br />
Kriaa S 08.1-289<br />
Kruesmann T 08.1-380<br />
Krumeich R 08.1-416<br />
Krüsi B O 08.1-149<br />
Krystyn L 08.1-308 , 08.1-335<br />
Kubik P W 08.1-310 , 08.1-313 ,<br />
08.1-334 , 08.1-345 ,<br />
08.1-380 , 08.1-435 ,<br />
08.1-446<br />
Kubistin D 08.1-304<br />
Küchler M 08.1-187<br />
Kuechler M 08.1-114<br />
Kuenzli N 08.1-383<br />
Kuhlman U 08.1-247<br />
Kulakowski D 08.1-159<br />
Kulawik S 08.1-60<br />
Kulmala M 08.1-18 , 08.1-229<br />
Kunes P 08.1-336<br />
Kunz H 08.1-41<br />
Künzli N 08.1-395<br />
Kupper J 08.1-146<br />
Kurz Besson C 08.1-104<br />
Kurz D 08.1-206<br />
Kuypers M M M 08.1-261<br />
Kypreos S 08.1-394<br />
Kyro E 08.1-39<br />
Kyroe E 08.1-60<br />
Kyrola E 08.1-34<br />
Kytzia S 08.1-440<br />
Labat A 08.1-404<br />
Labba N 08.1-100<br />
Lachavanne J B 08.1-260<br />
Läderach C 08.1-214<br />
Laemmle C 08.1-417<br />
Lai X 08.1-381<br />
Laivao M O 08.1-101<br />
Laloui L 08.1-201<br />
Lambert A 08.1-39<br />
Lambert F 08.1-325 , 08.1-367<br />
Lambrecht A 08.1-364<br />
Lancini A 08.1-237<br />
Landais A 08.1-343<br />
Landry C 08.1-2
218<br />
Laneve G 08.1-39<br />
Langnickel U 08.1-428<br />
Lanz V A 08.1-1<br />
Largeau C 08.1-297<br />
Lark R M 08.1-198<br />
Larson T V 08.1-76<br />
Lauer A 08.1-42 , 08.1-55<br />
Laurent D 08.1-414<br />
Laville P 08.1-305<br />
Law K 08.1-55<br />
Lawrence G A 08.1-259<br />
Lazarev V E 08.1-329<br />
Le Meur E 08.1-233<br />
Leadley P W 08.1-126<br />
Leaitch W R 08.1-49<br />
Leal M E 08.1-152<br />
Leblanc T 08.1-39<br />
Lecroq B 08.1-266<br />
Lee G 08.1-68<br />
Lee M H 08.1-68<br />
Leeder M R 08.1-309<br />
Leel Ossy Sz 08.1-369<br />
Lefebvre E 08.1-233<br />
Lefer B 08.1-224<br />
Legreid G 08.1-43<br />
Lehmann A 08.1-175<br />
Lehning M 08.1-229<br />
Lehr P 08.1-49<br />
Leifeld J 08.1-139<br />
Lejoly J 08.1-152<br />
Lelieveld J 08.1-8 , 08.1-304<br />
Leme N P 08.1-39<br />
Lemieux Dudon B 08.1-359<br />
Leong C P 08.1-60<br />
Lepage M 08.1-134<br />
Lepper K 08.1-344<br />
Leser H 08.1-439<br />
Lesins G 08.1-59<br />
Leuenberger H 08.1-184<br />
Leuenberger M 08.1-8 , 08.1-338 ,<br />
08.1-343 , 08.1-372<br />
Leuenberger P 08.1-383<br />
Leuzinger S 08.1-140 , 08.1-141<br />
Levelt P F 08.1-60<br />
Levy P 08.1-305<br />
Lewis S L 08.1-152<br />
Li W 08.1-220<br />
Li Y F 08.1-29<br />
Liebst B 08.1-170<br />
Lihavainen H 08.1-70<br />
Liira J 08.1-107<br />
Lin N H 08.1-68<br />
Linder H P 08.1-314<br />
Lindsay K 08.1-301<br />
Liniger H P 08.1-262<br />
Liniger M A 08.1-41<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Lips M 08.1-182<br />
Lischke H 08.1-111 , 08.1-156 ,<br />
08.1-157<br />
Lister D 08.1-11<br />
Littot G 08.1-325<br />
Liu L 08.1-44<br />
Liu L J S 08.1-76 , 08.1-383 ,<br />
08.1-395<br />
Livesey N J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Livingstone D M 08.1-239 , 08.1-267 ,<br />
08.1-316<br />
Ljung K 08.1-345<br />
Loader N J 08.1-346 , 08.1-372<br />
Lods Crozet B 08.1-274<br />
Logvinovich D 08.1-348<br />
Lohmann U 08.1-12 , 08.1-15 ,<br />
08.1-42 , 08.1-45 ,<br />
08.1-49 , 08.1-59 ,<br />
08.1-292<br />
Longet D 08.1-266<br />
Lopez Capel E 08.1-297<br />
Lopez D 08.1-11<br />
Loreau M 08.1-126<br />
Lorenzo R 08.1-46<br />
Lorke A 08.1-267<br />
Lotter A F 08.1-324 , 08.1-371<br />
Louanchi F 08.1-301<br />
Loubet B 08.1-305<br />
Louchouarn P 08.1-297<br />
Louis Schmid B 08.1-347 , 08.1-348 ,<br />
08.1-349 , 08.1-360<br />
Loulergue L 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359<br />
Lowell T V 08.1-344<br />
Lowry P P Ii 08.1-101<br />
Luckman B 08.1-379<br />
Lueer B 08.1-297<br />
Luetscher M 08.1-351<br />
Luka H 08.1-155<br />
Lundstroem C 08.1-440<br />
Lundstroem T 08.1-142<br />
Lupi A 08.1-70<br />
Lüscher A 08.1-174<br />
Luterbacher J 08.1-19 , 08.1-20 ,<br />
08.1-317 , 08.1-323 ,<br />
08.1-353<br />
Lüthi B 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33<br />
Lüthi D 08.1-22 , 08.1-200 ,<br />
08.1-338<br />
Macmillan L 08.1-262<br />
Mäder P 08.1-112 , 08.1-143<br />
Madole R 08.1-313<br />
Maelfait J P 08.1-107<br />
Magand O 08.1-318<br />
Magne P A 08.1-414
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Maibach M 08.1-396<br />
Maier Reimer E 08.1-301<br />
Malhi Y 08.1-152<br />
Mancini E 08.1-24<br />
Mang Y 08.1-331<br />
Mann M E 08.1-47<br />
Manning D A C 08.1-297<br />
Manzi V 08.1-78<br />
Manzini E 08.1-24<br />
Marchetto A 08.1-319<br />
Marcolli C 08.1-48<br />
Marechal F 08.1-412<br />
Marechal F M A 08.1-422 , 08.1-426<br />
Margaritoulis D 08.1-291<br />
Marland G 08.1-404<br />
Marsh D R 08.1-24<br />
Marshall J 08.1-49<br />
Martinez Harder M 08.1-304<br />
Martinsson B G 08.1-8<br />
Martius O 08.1-50<br />
Martucci G 08.1-51<br />
Marty P 08.1-241<br />
Martynenko A V 08.1-2<br />
Masamvu K 08.1-82<br />
Mascle J 08.1-321<br />
Maselli D 08.1-228<br />
Masiello C A 08.1-297<br />
Masson Delmotte V 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-372<br />
Matear R J 08.1-301<br />
Matera V 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Matsueda H 08.1-68<br />
Matsumoto K 08.1-301<br />
Matter A 08.1-368<br />
Matthaei S 08.1-275<br />
Matthes S 08.1-24<br />
Matthey R 08.1-51<br />
Matzinger A 08.1-259<br />
Mätzler C 08.1-123<br />
Mayer A 08.1-420<br />
Mayer J 08.1-190 , 08.1-218<br />
Mazza C 08.1-118<br />
Mc Connell J 08.1-224<br />
Mcardell B W 08.1-271<br />
Mccarroll D 08.1-346<br />
Mccaughey J H 08.1-135<br />
Mccracken K G 08.1-294<br />
Mcdermid I S 08.1-39<br />
Mcdonald R 08.1-313<br />
Mcginnis D F 08.1-276<br />
Mckenney J L 08.1-144<br />
Meckler N A 08.1-352<br />
Meier N 08.1-353<br />
Meisser M 08.1-116<br />
Meister R 08.1-223<br />
Melieres M A 08.1-318<br />
219<br />
Melles M 08.1-339<br />
Menetrey N 08.1-260<br />
Meneveau C 08.1-13<br />
Menon M 08.1-145<br />
Merlin O 08.1-215<br />
Merrill J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Mertes S 08.1-52 , 08.1-71<br />
Merzouki A 08.1-108<br />
Metzger M J 08.1-97<br />
Meurer M 08.1-320<br />
Meyer H 08.1-329<br />
Michaelowa A 08.1-397 , 08.1-398 ,<br />
08.1-401 , 08.1-402 ,<br />
08.1-404<br />
Michaelowa K 08.1-397 , 08.1-398<br />
Michna P 08.1-113<br />
Middlebrook A M 08.1-79<br />
Miemczyk S 08.1-8<br />
Migeon S 08.1-321<br />
Mills T M 08.1-210<br />
Milne R 08.1-305<br />
Milow B 08.1-428<br />
Minikus Stary N 08.1-333<br />
Minster B 08.1-338<br />
Mirabella A 08.1-192 , 08.1-199<br />
Mishchenko M 08.1-15<br />
Mitchell E A D 08.1-147<br />
Mitev V 08.1-51<br />
Mitra S 08.1-297<br />
Miyoshi T 08.1-79<br />
Mizandrontsev I B 08.1-276<br />
Mkumbo O C 08.1-284<br />
Mobbs D C 08.1-305<br />
Moberg A 08.1-11 , 08.1-56<br />
Moffat A M 08.1-300<br />
Mohr M 08.1-1<br />
Moiseev P 08.1-108<br />
Moisen G G 08.1-194<br />
Molau U 08.1-108<br />
Molina A 08.1-446<br />
Mondeshka M 08.1-213<br />
Monegato G 08.1-354<br />
Monfray P 08.1-301<br />
Monnet C 08.1-355<br />
Montanarella L 08.1-404<br />
Montani A 08.1-281<br />
Moore D 08.1-60<br />
Moran B 08.1-133<br />
Moran Cadenas F 08.1-399<br />
Morand M 08.1-122<br />
Morasch B 08.1-205<br />
Moreira M B 08.1-100<br />
Moret H P 08.1-8<br />
Moret J 08.1-399<br />
Morganti A 08.1-325 , 08.1-364 ,<br />
08.1-367
220 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Morgenstern K 08.1-135<br />
Morris G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Morse D L 08.1-307<br />
Mort H 08.1-357<br />
Mort H P 08.1-356<br />
Moser C 08.1-438<br />
Mosimann T 08.1-420<br />
Motik E 08.1-100<br />
Motoyoshi H 08.1-220<br />
Mouchet A 08.1-301<br />
Moutinho P 08.1-404<br />
Mozurkewich M 08.1-72<br />
Mucher C A 08.1-97<br />
Mukai H 08.1-68<br />
Mukhala E 08.1-82<br />
Mulder C P H 08.1-126<br />
Mulder T 08.1-321<br />
Müller A 08.1-407 , 08.1-444<br />
Müller B 08.1-250<br />
Müller Böker U 08.1-392<br />
Müller C 08.1-80<br />
Müller C B 08.1-81<br />
Müller D C A 08.1-422<br />
Müller Fürstenberger G 08.1-400<br />
Müller M 08.1-131 , 08.1-139<br />
Müller M D 08.1-53<br />
Müller R 08.1-211 , 08.1-423<br />
Müller S 08.1-25<br />
Müller S W 08.1-89<br />
Müller T 08.1-190 , 08.1-218<br />
Mulvaney R 08.1-325<br />
Munari Probst M C 08.1-424<br />
Münkemüller T 08.1-91<br />
Murat A 08.1-321<br />
Murdiyarso D 08.1-404<br />
Murdoch W W 08.1-129<br />
Muscheler R 08.1-345<br />
Musial W 08.1-100<br />
Myers J H 08.1-106<br />
Myhre C L 08.1-70<br />
Naef Dänzer B 08.1-122<br />
Naert C 08.1-146<br />
Naess L O 08.1-393<br />
Nagashima T 08.1-24<br />
Nagel P 08.1-282<br />
Nägeli H 08.1-146<br />
Nagy L 08.1-108<br />
Najjar R G 08.1-301<br />
Nakajima Y 08.1-220<br />
Narcisi B 08.1-359<br />
Nater M 08.1-199<br />
Navarro L 08.1-432<br />
Navratil T 08.1-206<br />
Ndour M 08.1-66<br />
Neary L 08.1-38<br />
Neff C 08.1-320<br />
Neftel A 08.1-96 , 08.1-302 ,<br />
08.1-305<br />
Nekrasova V 08.1-263<br />
Nelson F E 08.1-234<br />
Nelson R K 08.1-244<br />
Nemecek T 08.1-434<br />
Nemitz E 08.1-305<br />
Neretin L N 08.1-261<br />
Nesic Z 08.1-135<br />
Nesshoever C 08.1-126<br />
Neu U 08.1-47<br />
Newchurch M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Newman P A 08.1-24<br />
Nguyen H N 08.1-8<br />
Nguyen T H 08.1-297<br />
Nguyen Viet H 08.1-147<br />
Niederer C 08.1-207<br />
Niederer P 08.1-228<br />
Nieke J 08.1-220<br />
Nielsen E H 08.1-371<br />
Nielsen J E 08.1-24<br />
Niggli U 08.1-143<br />
Nikolskiy P A 08.1-329<br />
Nisbet R M 08.1-129<br />
Niu T 08.1-29<br />
Noges P 08.1-283<br />
Noges T 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Nogues Bravo D 08.1-138<br />
Nolte E 08.1-329<br />
Noormets Asko 08.1-300<br />
Norina E S 08.1-217<br />
Northam T 08.1-63<br />
Norton K P 08.1-380<br />
Notter B 08.1-262<br />
Nouet J 08.1-338<br />
Novak K 08.1-54<br />
Nowack B 08.1-219 , 08.1-441<br />
Nozhevnikova A N 08.1-263<br />
Nunes J 08.1-104<br />
Nusbaumer L 08.1-152<br />
Nyeki S 08.1-16<br />
Nyenhuis M 08.1-230<br />
Nyfeler P 08.1-8<br />
O‘brien K L 08.1-393<br />
Oberdoerster C 08.1-123<br />
Oberson A 08.1-212<br />
Obrist D 08.1-222<br />
Obzhirov A I 08.1-276<br />
Oehme M 08.1-143<br />
Oerter H 08.1-338 , 08.1-364 ,<br />
08.1-377<br />
Oertli B 08.1-240 , 08.1-260 ,<br />
08.1-264<br />
Oesch D 08.1-223<br />
Ohmura A 08.1-15 , 08.1-293<br />
Okumura Y 08.1-69
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Olesen J E 08.1-305<br />
Oliva C 08.1-416<br />
Olsommer D 08.1-414<br />
Oltmans S J 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 ,<br />
08.1-63<br />
Onasch T 08.1-79<br />
Opal C 08.1-425<br />
Opelt K 08.1-148<br />
Oram D 08.1-8<br />
Ordonez C 08.1-44<br />
Orr J C 08.1-301<br />
Orsini D 08.1-4<br />
Ortega Calvo J J 08.1-208<br />
Ortiz P 08.1-70<br />
Osullivan D 08.1-8<br />
Otto R 08.1-149<br />
Ou Yang C F 08.1-68<br />
Oukarroum A 08.1-150<br />
Padoa Schioppa E 08.1-97<br />
Paelinx D 08.1-97<br />
Paganelli G 08.1-414<br />
Paillex A 08.1-265<br />
Palazzi F 08.1-412 , 08.1-426<br />
Palma J 08.1-151<br />
Palmborg C 08.1-126<br />
Palo A 08.1-97<br />
Panciera R 08.1-215<br />
Pantet A 08.1-209<br />
Papale D 08.1-300<br />
Parisod C 08.1-358<br />
Parlange M B 08.1-13<br />
Parlow E 08.1-53 , 08.1-295<br />
Parmentier I 08.1-152 , 08.1-153<br />
Parren M P E 08.1-152<br />
Parrenin F 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-364 ,<br />
08.1-367<br />
Parreno J C 08.1-408<br />
Parriaux A 08.1-209<br />
Parrish A 08.1-34<br />
Parrondos M C 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Pauli H 08.1-108<br />
Pautasso M 08.1-153<br />
Pawelczyk S 08.1-372<br />
Pawlowski J 08.1-266 , 08.1-270<br />
Pawson S 08.1-24<br />
Payet J 08.1-436<br />
Payette S 08.1-379<br />
Pazdur A 08.1-372<br />
Peacock E E 08.1-244<br />
Pearman P B 08.1-154<br />
Pedersen T F 08.1-327<br />
Peeters F 08.1-267<br />
Peh K S H 08.1-152<br />
Peintinger M 08.1-94 , 08.1-268<br />
Pellenard P 08.1-347<br />
221<br />
Peloquin J A 08.1-269<br />
Pena N 08.1-404<br />
Peng P 08.1-297<br />
Penkett S 08.1-8<br />
Penuelas J 08.1-305<br />
Pereira J S 08.1-104<br />
Perez Soba M 08.1-97<br />
Perun V S 08.1-39<br />
Petelski T 08.1-70<br />
Peter A 08.1-249<br />
Peter T 08.1-5 , 08.1-48<br />
Petermann J L 08.1-420<br />
Peterson A T 08.1-124<br />
Peterson L C 08.1-352<br />
Petit J R 08.1-359<br />
Petrasch J 08.1-427<br />
Pettke T 08.1-363<br />
Petzold A 08.1-55<br />
Pfiffner L 08.1-155<br />
Pfister C 08.1-353<br />
Philipona R 08.1-293<br />
Philipp A 08.1-56<br />
Phillips O L 08.1-152<br />
Phillips S 08.1-124<br />
Phillips W 08.1-310<br />
Pierre M 08.1-372<br />
Pieters R 08.1-259<br />
Pilegaard K 08.1-305<br />
Pingoud K 08.1-404<br />
Pini R 08.1-354 , 08.1-374<br />
Pitari G 08.1-24<br />
Pitz P R 08.1-428<br />
Plane J 08.1-224<br />
Planells O 08.1-372<br />
Platt U 08.1-8<br />
Plattner G K 08.1-301<br />
Plessen B 08.1-352<br />
Ploetze M 08.1-363<br />
Pluess A 08.1-437<br />
Plummer D A 08.1-24<br />
Pochanart P 08.1-68<br />
Pochon X 08.1-270<br />
Poesen J 08.1-446<br />
Poethke H J 08.1-127<br />
Pohl M 08.1-125<br />
Polyakov A V 08.1-34<br />
Poon S 08.1-68<br />
Popel O 08.1-428<br />
Popp C 08.1-57<br />
Porcelli D 08.1-236 , 08.1-272<br />
Portman C 08.1-309<br />
Posny F 08.1-39 , 08.1-60 ,<br />
08.1-63<br />
Possenti P 08.1-233<br />
Possingham H P 08.1-186<br />
Pote J 08.1-252
222 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Potvin C 08.1-168<br />
Prati D 08.1-268<br />
Preusser F 08.1-332 , 08.1-339<br />
Prevot A S H 08.1-1 , 08.1-6 ,<br />
08.1-40 , 08.1-44<br />
Price W J 08.1-144<br />
Prin Y 08.1-134<br />
Probst Hensch N M 08.1-383<br />
Pronk W 08.1-64<br />
Pszenny A A P 08.1-62<br />
Pukiene R 08.1-372<br />
Pupek M 08.1-8<br />
Purohita P 08.1-401<br />
Purtschert R 08.1-341<br />
Radionov V 08.1-70<br />
Radoux J 08.1-180<br />
Radtke U 08.1-339<br />
Raharimampionona J 08.1-101<br />
Raible C C 08.1-317<br />
Raimondi S 08.1-199<br />
Rais O 08.1-399<br />
Rais P 08.1-347 , 08.1-348 ,<br />
08.1-349 , 08.1-360<br />
Raisbeck G 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359<br />
Raisbeck G M 08.1-361<br />
Rakonczay Z 08.1-404<br />
Rametsteiner E 08.1-404<br />
Raminosoa T 08.1-101<br />
Ramonet M 08.1-8<br />
Ramos I L 08.1-97<br />
Randa B 08.1-8<br />
Ranzi R 08.1-58<br />
Rappenglück B 08.1-61<br />
Rasmus K 08.1-229<br />
Rasmus S 08.1-229<br />
Ratheiser G 08.1-23<br />
Rautiainen J 08.1-79<br />
Ravazzi C 08.1-354 , 08.1-374<br />
Raynaud D 08.1-338 , 08.1-359<br />
Read D J 08.1-126<br />
Read W G 08.1-39<br />
Real E 08.1-55<br />
Rechsteiner C 08.1-417<br />
Reddy C M 08.1-244<br />
Redecker D 08.1-178<br />
Redondas A 08.1-60<br />
Rehkamper M 08.1-272<br />
Reichelt M 08.1-8<br />
Reichert P 08.1-287 , 08.1-288<br />
Reichstein M 08.1-300<br />
Reimann S 08.1-43 , 08.1-44 ,<br />
08.1-74<br />
Reis S 08.1-305<br />
Reiter K 08.1-108<br />
Rellstab C 08.1-237<br />
Renold M 08.1-69<br />
Restuti D 08.1-402<br />
Reynolds Henne C E 08.1-362 , 08.1-372<br />
Rhee T S 08.1-8<br />
Rhoads K 08.1-4<br />
Ribstein P 08.1-221<br />
Richardson A D 08.1-300<br />
Richardson D M 08.1-185<br />
Richner H 08.1-23 , 08.1-51<br />
Richner W 08.1-105<br />
Richoz S 08.1-335<br />
Richter K 08.1-447<br />
Rickebusch S 08.1-156 , 08.1-157<br />
Rickenmann D 08.1-271<br />
Rieke Zapp D 08.1-214<br />
Rieu R 08.1-363<br />
Rigling A 08.1-188<br />
Rigo G 08.1-295<br />
Rinne K T 08.1-372<br />
Ripperger S 08.1-272<br />
Risch A C 08.1-158 , 08.1-303<br />
Riseth J A 08.1-100<br />
Rivera A 08.1-221 , 08.1-221<br />
Rixen C 08.1-159<br />
Robertson I 08.1-346<br />
Robinson B H 08.1-210<br />
Robinson C T 08.1-273 , 08.1-274 ,<br />
08.1-275<br />
Robledo C 08.1-393<br />
Rochat T 08.1-383<br />
Roche P 08.1-97<br />
Rock J 08.1-404<br />
Röckner E 08.1-45<br />
Rodewald R 08.1-385 , 08.1-386<br />
Rodionov A 08.1-297<br />
Roecker C 08.1-424<br />
Roedenbeck I A 08.1-160<br />
Roeder N 08.1-100<br />
Roer I 08.1-230<br />
Rohwer J 08.1-8<br />
Roiger A 08.1-55<br />
Rosch M 08.1-110<br />
Roscher C 08.1-161<br />
Rosenfeld K 08.1-8<br />
Rosenmeier M F 08.1-196<br />
Rossi G 08.1-108<br />
Rotach A 08.1-246<br />
Rotach M W 08.1-75<br />
Rotach P 08.1-130<br />
Roth M 08.1-366<br />
Rothenbühler C 08.1-227<br />
Röthlisberger R 08.1-325<br />
Roux P J 08.1-422<br />
Rouzaud J N 08.1-297<br />
Rowe H 08.1-308<br />
Rowe P J 08.1-309
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Roy D 08.1-172<br />
Royle J A 08.1-162<br />
Rozanov E 08.1-24<br />
Rudel T K 08.1-165<br />
Rudmann Maurer K 08.1-163<br />
Ruffieux D 08.1-23 , 08.1-34<br />
Ruggiero A 08.1-241<br />
Rummler H 08.1-118<br />
Rumpel C 08.1-297<br />
Ruth U 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Rutishauser T 08.1-353<br />
Rybak O 08.1-364<br />
Rydberg B 08.1-12<br />
Sabbatelli T A 08.1-47<br />
Sadoff C W 08.1-388<br />
Sahsuvar L 08.1-29<br />
Saikkonen K 08.1-128<br />
Saladie O 08.1-11<br />
Salam A 08.1-59<br />
Salcedo D 08.1-79<br />
Salzmann N 08.1-231<br />
Samankassou E 08.1-322 , 08.1-331<br />
Samoli E 08.1-403<br />
Sander R 08.1-224 , 08.1-304<br />
Sandradewi J 08.1-1<br />
Sanon A 08.1-134<br />
Sanz M J 08.1-404<br />
Sapkota A 08.1-365<br />
Saracino A 08.1-181 , 08.1-372<br />
Sarmiento J L 08.1-301<br />
Sarris D 08.1-164<br />
Sartori M 08.1-260<br />
Satake A 08.1-165<br />
Sattler T 08.1-166<br />
Saurer M 08.1-54 , 08.1-87 ,<br />
08.1-337 , 08.1-362 ,<br />
08.1-372<br />
Savarino J 08.1-224<br />
Sawa Y 08.1-68<br />
Schäfer K 08.1-61<br />
Schäffer B 08.1-211<br />
Schäffer E 08.1-250<br />
Schäffer P 08.1-349<br />
Schansker G 08.1-150<br />
Schär C 08.1-27 , 08.1-35 ,<br />
08.1-36 , 08.1-67 ,<br />
08.1-200 , 08.1-281 ,<br />
08.1-298<br />
Schärer M 08.1-212<br />
Scharffe D 08.1-8<br />
Scharnhorst W 08.1-442<br />
Schatz G E 08.1-101<br />
Schaub M 08.1-54 , 08.1-167<br />
Scheidegger C 08.1-90 , 08.1-187 ,<br />
08.1-189<br />
223<br />
Scherer Lorenzen M 08.1-126 , 08.1-168 ,<br />
08.1-169<br />
Scheringer M 08.1-232<br />
Scherrer L 08.1-46<br />
Scherrer S C 08.1-41<br />
Schier W 08.1-110<br />
Schileyko A A 08.1-88<br />
Schiller C 08.1-304<br />
Schilt A 08.1-338 , 08.1-350<br />
Schindler C 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 ,<br />
08.1-403<br />
Schippers A 08.1-261<br />
Schirrmeister L 08.1-329<br />
Schjoerring J K 08.1-305<br />
Schlaepfer D R 08.1-246<br />
Schlager H 08.1-8 , 08.1-55<br />
Schlamadinger B 08.1-404<br />
Schleser G H 08.1-372<br />
Schlitzer R 08.1-301<br />
Schloter M 08.1-112<br />
Schlüchter C 08.1-334<br />
Schlumpf N 08.1-333<br />
Schlunegger F 08.1-214 , 08.1-342<br />
Schmid B 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 ,<br />
08.1-126 , 08.1-161<br />
Schmid M 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 ,<br />
08.1-276<br />
Schmid P 08.1-420<br />
Schmid S 08.1-183<br />
Schmidlin F 08.1-39<br />
Schmidlin F J 08.1-60 , 08.1-63<br />
Schmidt Lüttman M 08.1-131<br />
Schmidt M W I 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 ,<br />
08.1-297 , 08.1-333<br />
Schmidt R 08.1-257 , 08.1-366<br />
Schmidt T 08.1-107<br />
Schmutz C 08.1-53<br />
Schneider C 08.1-221<br />
Schneider H 08.1-143<br />
Schneider J 08.1-52 , 08.1-79<br />
Schneider M K 08.1-277 , 08.1-278<br />
Schneider U A 08.1-404<br />
Schneller J 08.1-170<br />
Schneuwly D M 08.1-95<br />
Schnitzler A 08.1-171<br />
Schoch W 08.1-333<br />
Schoeberl M R 08.1-60<br />
Scholz R W 08.1-136 , 08.1-438<br />
Schönmann S 08.1-148<br />
Schotterer U 08.1-351<br />
Schraner M 08.1-24<br />
Schreiber D 08.1-1<br />
Schroeder B 08.1-127<br />
Schroth M H 08.1-217 , 08.1-245<br />
Schubert C J 08.1-261
224 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Schulin R 08.1-145 , 08.1-198 ,<br />
08.1-208 , 08.1-211 ,<br />
08.1-213 , 08.1-219<br />
Schulte D 08.1-377<br />
Schultz M 08.1-44<br />
Schulz T 08.1-64<br />
Schulze E D 08.1-161 , 08.1-169<br />
Schumacher J 08.1-161 , 08.1-169<br />
Schumann U 08.1-8<br />
Schüpbach B 08.1-84<br />
Schürmann G 08.1-61<br />
Schurter M 08.1-255<br />
Schwab F J 08.1-4<br />
Schwab M 08.1-214<br />
Schwander J 08.1-338 , 08.1-359<br />
Schwank M 08.1-123<br />
Schwartz J 08.1-383 , 08.1-403<br />
Schwartz M J 08.1-39<br />
Schwarz M 08.1-187<br />
Schwarz von Raumer H G 08.1-131<br />
Schwarzenbach R P 08.1-3 , 08.1-207 ,<br />
08.1-279 , 08.1-280<br />
Schwarzlaender M 08.1-144<br />
Schweiger O 08.1-107<br />
Schwierz C 08.1-17 , 08.1-50<br />
Schwikowski M 08.1-337 , 08.1-351<br />
Scinocca J F 08.1-24<br />
Seehausen O 08.1-172 , 08.1-284<br />
Seidel T M 08.1-62<br />
Seinfeld J H 08.1-2<br />
Seiz G 08.1-23<br />
Selmo E 08.1-338<br />
Semeniuk K 08.1-24<br />
Semple K T 08.1-208<br />
Seneviratne S I 08.1-200 , 08.1-298<br />
Senterre B 08.1-152<br />
Settele J 08.1-127<br />
Severi M 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Severinghaus J P 08.1-307<br />
Shakun J D 08.1-368<br />
Sharma S 08.1-70<br />
Sheil D 08.1-152<br />
Shepherd T G 08.1-24<br />
Shepson P B 08.1-224<br />
Shibata K 08.1-24<br />
Shimono A 08.1-79<br />
Shisanya C A 08.1-405<br />
Shiyatov S G 08.1-173<br />
Shotyk W 08.1-365<br />
Shrestha A 08.1-258<br />
Shuidenko A 08.1-404<br />
Siamantziouras A S D 08.1-126<br />
Sieber T N 08.1-128<br />
Siegfried T 08.1-289<br />
Siegwolf R 08.1-104<br />
Siegwolf R T W 08.1-87 , 08.1-132 ,<br />
08.1-216 , 08.1-362<br />
Sierro A 08.1-167<br />
Siggaard Andersen M L 08.1-325<br />
Sigman D M 08.1-327 , 08.1-352<br />
Signarbieux C 08.1-115<br />
Sigro J 08.1-11<br />
Siklosy Z 08.1-369<br />
Simpson W R 08.1-224<br />
Sinaj S 08.1-212<br />
Six D 08.1-233<br />
Sjogren S 08.1-14<br />
Skanes H 08.1-97<br />
Skelly J M 08.1-54<br />
Skiba U 08.1-305<br />
Skjemstad J O 08.1-109 , 08.1-297<br />
Skorkovsky J 08.1-403<br />
Skrivankova P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Skutsch M 08.1-404<br />
Slater R D 08.1-301<br />
Slaveykova V I 08.1-436<br />
Slemr F 08.1-8<br />
Smart P L 08.1-351<br />
Smernik R J 08.1-297<br />
Smit H G J 08.1-63<br />
Smith Dwight M 08.1-297<br />
Smith J U 08.1-305<br />
Smith P 08.1-305 , 08.1-404<br />
Smith W O Jr 08.1-269<br />
Snyder W V 08.1-39<br />
Soberon J 08.1-138<br />
Sodeau J R 08.1-224<br />
Soliva R 08.1-406 , 08.1-443<br />
Soltic P 08.1-417<br />
Somogyi Z 08.1-404<br />
Song J 08.1-297<br />
Sonke B 08.1-152<br />
Sonninen E 08.1-372<br />
Sosef M S M 08.1-152<br />
Souchez R 08.1-338<br />
Soussana J F 08.1-174 , 08.1-305<br />
Southon J R 08.1-327<br />
Spahni R 08.1-338 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-359<br />
Sparks D L 08.1-197<br />
Spatzierer M 08.1-23<br />
Speelmans M 08.1-107<br />
Speers L 08.1-138<br />
Spehn E M 08.1-126 , 08.1-138<br />
Spezzaferri S 08.1-370<br />
Spichiger R 08.1-134<br />
Spichtinger P 08.1-292<br />
Spiess E 08.1-105<br />
Spirig C 08.1-96<br />
Spoetl C 08.1-335<br />
Sprung D 08.1-8
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Sreerekha T R 08.1-12<br />
Stahel W A 08.1-432<br />
Stähelin J 08.1-43 , 08.1-73<br />
Stamm C 08.1-212 , 08.1-277 ,<br />
08.1-278<br />
Stamnes K 08.1-220<br />
Stanisci A 08.1-108<br />
Starinsky A 08.1-375<br />
Stauber M 08.1-211<br />
Stauch V J 08.1-300<br />
Stauffer B 08.1-338<br />
Stauffer F 08.1-247<br />
Stebel K 08.1-70<br />
Steck C E 08.1-175 , 08.1-176<br />
Steck T 08.1-34<br />
Stefanopoulou A 08.1-429 , 08.1-430<br />
Steffensen J P 08.1-325 , 08.1-338 ,<br />
08.1-359 , 08.1-367<br />
Stehlik I 08.1-177<br />
Steil B 08.1-24<br />
Stein M 08.1-375<br />
Steinacker R 08.1-23<br />
Steinbacher M 08.1-43 , 08.1-74<br />
Steiner D 08.1-250<br />
Steiner M 08.1-64<br />
Steinfeld A 08.1-77 , 08.1-419 ,<br />
08.1-423 , 08.1-427 ,<br />
08.1-428<br />
Steinhage D 08.1-377<br />
Steinle P 08.1-65<br />
Steinmann P 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Stek P C 08.1-39<br />
Stemmler K 08.1-43 , 08.1-66<br />
Stenni B 08.1-338<br />
Stephan G 08.1-400<br />
Steppe K 08.1-195<br />
Sterck F J 08.1-195<br />
Sterner T 08.1-407<br />
Stickler A 08.1-304<br />
Stier P 08.1-45<br />
Stievenard M 08.1-372<br />
Stirling C H 08.1-236<br />
Stock P 08.1-8<br />
Stocker J 08.1-232<br />
Stocker M 08.1-444 , 08.1-445<br />
Stocker T F 08.1-69 , 08.1-317 ,<br />
08.1-338 , 08.1-361<br />
Stöckli R 08.1-67<br />
Stöckli V 08.1-142<br />
Stöcklin J 08.1-163<br />
Stofer S 08.1-90 , 08.1-187<br />
Stoffel M 08.1-95<br />
Stohl A 08.1-55<br />
Stolarski R S 08.1-24<br />
Stoll A 08.1-264<br />
Stone R S 08.1-70<br />
225<br />
Storvold R 08.1-220<br />
Stouffer R J 08.1-69<br />
Straeter W 08.1-63<br />
Strahan S 08.1-60<br />
Straile D 08.1-239 , 08.1-267 ,<br />
08.1-283<br />
Strasky S 08.1-334<br />
Strasser A 08.1-373<br />
Strasser R 08.1-99<br />
Strasser R J 08.1-150<br />
Straub K L 08.1-280<br />
Strehler C 08.1-125<br />
Stroem J 08.1-70<br />
Stropp J 08.1-152<br />
Strumia S 08.1-87<br />
Stüben D 08.1-356 , 08.1-357<br />
Stubenrauch C J 08.1-12<br />
Stubi R 08.1-39 , 08.1-63<br />
Stuebi R 08.1-60<br />
Sturm M 08.1-237 , 08.1-315 ,<br />
08.1-316<br />
Sugiura K 08.1-220<br />
Sugiyama S 08.1-226<br />
Suh S 08.1-438<br />
Sullivan W 08.1-72<br />
Sun B 08.1-331<br />
Sun B L 08.1-331<br />
Sun G 08.1-444<br />
Sun H 08.1-138<br />
Sun J Y 08.1-79<br />
Sun Y L 08.1-79<br />
Sunderland T C H 08.1-152<br />
Sundstrom O 08.1-429 , 08.1-430<br />
Suter M 08.1-86 , 08.1-435 ,<br />
08.1-444 , 08.1-445<br />
Sutter C 08.1-408<br />
Sutton M A 08.1-305<br />
Sutton R 08.1-69<br />
Svensson A 08.1-359<br />
Swaine M D 08.1-152<br />
Swart P K 08.1-285<br />
Switsur V R 08.1-372<br />
Sykorova Z 08.1-178<br />
Sylla S 08.1-134<br />
Synal H A 08.1-337 , 08.1-435 ,<br />
08.1-444 , 08.1-445<br />
Szczepanek M 08.1-372<br />
Szeroczynska K 08.1-257<br />
Szidat S 08.1-337<br />
Szidatt S 08.1-1<br />
Szychowska Krapiec E 08.1-372<br />
Taalas P 08.1-18<br />
Tacher L 08.1-201<br />
Takahashi F 08.1-220<br />
Takami A 08.1-79<br />
Takegawa N 08.1-79
226<br />
Takimoto G 08.1-172<br />
Tang Y S 08.1-305<br />
Tanikawa T 08.1-220<br />
Tanimoto H 08.1-68<br />
Tanner T M 08.1-393<br />
Tarasick D 08.1-39<br />
Tarasick D W 08.1-60 , 08.1-63<br />
Targino A 08.1-14<br />
Tchouto M G P 08.1-152<br />
Tellez F 08.1-428<br />
Ter Steege H 08.1-152<br />
Terentev M M 08.1-173<br />
Terry A C 08.1-126<br />
Teubner K 08.1-239<br />
Teuling A J 08.1-215<br />
Thaler R 08.1-8<br />
Thalmann P 08.1-409<br />
<strong>The</strong>is D E 08.1-216<br />
<strong>The</strong>lin P 08.1-209<br />
<strong>The</strong>obald M R 08.1-305<br />
<strong>The</strong>urillat J P 08.1-108<br />
Thierstein H R 08.1-352<br />
Thioulouse J 08.1-134<br />
Thlix L 08.1-18<br />
Thompson A 08.1-39<br />
Thompson A M 08.1-60 , 08.1-63<br />
Thornton P E 08.1-179<br />
Thouret V 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Thurstans R P 08.1-39<br />
Tian W 08.1-24<br />
Tielbörger K 08.1-248<br />
Tietema A 08.1-305<br />
Timmermann A 08.1-69<br />
Timofeyev Y M 08.1-34<br />
Tinguely M 08.1-40<br />
Tinner W 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 ,<br />
08.1-319 , 08.1-324 ,<br />
08.1-371 , 08.1-374 ,<br />
08.1-376<br />
Tison J L 08.1-338<br />
Titeux N 08.1-180<br />
Tobler N B 08.1-279 , 08.1-280<br />
Tockner K 08.1-246<br />
Todaro L 08.1-181 , 08.1-372<br />
Toledano C 08.1-70<br />
Tomaselli M 08.1-108<br />
Tomasi C 08.1-70<br />
Tong C 08.1-2<br />
Torriani D S 08.1-182 , 08.1-183<br />
Torrico A 08.1-432<br />
Touloumi G 08.1-403<br />
Traversi R 08.1-367<br />
Travis J M J 08.1-91<br />
Treffeisen R 08.1-70<br />
Treydte K 08.1-372<br />
Treydte K S 08.1-362<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Tribsch A 08.1-138<br />
Triguero V 08.1-201<br />
Trines E 08.1-404<br />
Troch P A 08.1-215<br />
Troumbis A Y 08.1-126<br />
Tschannett S 08.1-23<br />
Tschopp J M 08.1-383<br />
Tsinober A 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33<br />
Tsuboi K 08.1-68<br />
Tsukada A 08.1-414<br />
Tumskoy V E 08.1-329<br />
Twarloh B 08.1-325<br />
Twigg M 08.1-305<br />
Tykarski P 08.1-138<br />
Tyran E 08.1-100<br />
Udisti R 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Uehlinger U 08.1-246<br />
Uhlenbrook S 08.1-258<br />
Uijlenhoet R 08.1-215<br />
Ulbrich I 08.1-79<br />
Ulrich A 08.1-420<br />
Unterlugauer P 08.1-108<br />
Urmann K 08.1-217<br />
Urquieta E 08.1-432<br />
Valente F 08.1-104<br />
Valentino F 08.1-8<br />
Valsecchi V 08.1-324 , 08.1-374<br />
van den Bergh H 08.1-78<br />
van der Grift E A 08.1-160<br />
van der Knaap W O 08.1-336 , 08.1-346<br />
van der Vorst G 08.1-433<br />
van der Werf W 08.1-151<br />
van Dorland H A 08.1-184<br />
van Gemerden Barend S 08.1-152<br />
van Herle J 08.1-412<br />
van Hout R 08.1-13<br />
van Kleunen M 08.1-185 , 08.1-191<br />
van Langenhove H 08.1-433<br />
van Peteghem C 08.1-146<br />
van Valkenburg J L C H 08.1-152<br />
van Velthoven P 08.1-8<br />
van Wingerden W K R E 08.1-107<br />
Vanacker V 08.1-446<br />
Vanderborght J 08.1-123<br />
Varenne P 08.1-414<br />
Vassere S 08.1-320<br />
Vaz M 08.1-104<br />
Veblen T T 08.1-92<br />
Vedrine S 08.1-373<br />
Velimirov A 08.1-143<br />
Venkatachari P 08.1-4<br />
Vennemann T W 08.1-369<br />
Verbunt M 08.1-281<br />
Verel R 08.1-199
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Verheggen B 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 ,<br />
08.1-52 , 08.1-71 ,<br />
08.1-72<br />
Vernooij M G C 08.1-26<br />
Verstege A 08.1-323<br />
Vesala T 08.1-305<br />
Vescovi E 08.1-374<br />
Viatte P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Vidale P L 08.1-67 , 08.1-200<br />
Vigotti M A 08.1-403<br />
Vigran J O 08.1-328<br />
Vincent C 08.1-233<br />
Viovy N 08.1-305<br />
Virkkula A 08.1-70<br />
Vitale V 08.1-70<br />
Vittoz P 08.1-108<br />
Viviroli D 08.1-262<br />
Voemel H 08.1-60<br />
Vögelin A 08.1-202<br />
Vogler C 08.1-10 , 08.1-73<br />
Vogt S 08.1-23<br />
Volk M 08.1-86<br />
Vollmer M K 08.1-74<br />
Vollmer T 08.1-212<br />
Vomel H 08.1-39<br />
von Blanckenburg F 08.1-380 , 08.1-446<br />
von Clarmann T 08.1-34<br />
von der Gathen P 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
von Fumetti S 08.1-282<br />
von Glasow R 08.1-224<br />
von Hildebrand A 08.1-384<br />
von Hoyningen Huene W 08.1-70<br />
von Weissenfluh H 08.1-20<br />
Vonk J 08.1-403<br />
Vose R 08.1-379<br />
Vuichard N 08.1-305<br />
Vuilleumier S 08.1-186<br />
Wacker L 08.1-126 , 08.1-337 ,<br />
08.1-435 , 08.1-444<br />
Waelbroeck C 08.1-359<br />
Wagenbach D 08.1-325<br />
Wagner A 08.1-260<br />
Wagner H H 08.1-189<br />
Wagner P A 08.1-39<br />
Waibel A 08.1-8<br />
Waldmann N 08.1-375<br />
Walker J P 08.1-215<br />
Walker S 08.1-82<br />
Wallner A 08.1-410<br />
Walser A 08.1-281<br />
Walser D 08.1-414<br />
Walter S 08.1-52<br />
Walther A 08.1-11<br />
Walz A 08.1-440<br />
Wandel A 08.1-8<br />
Wang J L 08.1-68<br />
227<br />
Wang T 08.1-68<br />
Wanink J H 08.1-284<br />
Wanner H 08.1-19 , 08.1-20 ,<br />
08.1-56 , 08.1-317 ,<br />
08.1-353<br />
Ward M 08.1-404<br />
Waschitschek K 08.1-8<br />
Waser L 08.1-114<br />
Waser L T 08.1-187<br />
Waterhouse J S 08.1-372<br />
Waters J W 08.1-39<br />
Waugh D W 08.1-24<br />
Weber C 08.1-249<br />
Weber D 08.1-154<br />
Weber O 08.1-438<br />
Weber P 08.1-188<br />
Wegelin M 08.1-432<br />
Wegmann F 08.1-232<br />
Wegner A 08.1-325<br />
Wehrli B 08.1-249 , 08.1-263<br />
Wehrli C 08.1-70<br />
Wehrli M 08.1-376<br />
Weigel A P 08.1-75<br />
Weigl M 08.1-372<br />
Weilenmann M 08.1-74 , 08.1-126<br />
Weimer A 08.1-4<br />
Weimer S 08.1-1 , 08.1-79<br />
Weinbruch S 08.1-52<br />
Weingartner E 08.1-14 , 08.1-16 ,<br />
08.1-52 , 08.1-55 ,<br />
08.1-71<br />
Weingartner R 08.1-262<br />
Weinzierl B 08.1-55<br />
Weirig M F 08.1-301<br />
Weisser W W 08.1-161<br />
Weissert H 08.1-328 , 08.1-347 ,<br />
08.1-348 , 08.1-349 ,<br />
08.1-360<br />
Weller E 08.1-169<br />
Weller R 08.1-224<br />
Weng L 08.1-219<br />
Wenger D 08.1-420<br />
Wenzelides V 08.1-274<br />
Werner F 08.1-447<br />
Werner M 08.1-338<br />
Werner R 08.1-23<br />
Werth S 08.1-189<br />
Wesche C 08.1-377<br />
Westberg H H 08.1-76<br />
Wettstein H R 08.1-184<br />
Weyand A 08.1-163<br />
Weyhenmeyer G A 08.1-239 , 08.1-283<br />
Whitehead J 08.1-305<br />
Whittaker R J 08.1-152<br />
Wichern F 08.1-190 , 08.1-218<br />
Wichser A 08.1-420
228 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Authors<br />
Wick L 08.1-354 , 08.1-374<br />
Wick L Y 08.1-208<br />
Wiedensohler A 08.1-8<br />
Wiederhold J G 08.1-203<br />
Wiemken A 08.1-178<br />
Wilcox C 08.1-186<br />
Wildi W 08.1-252<br />
Wilhelms F 08.1-364<br />
Willems J H 08.1-238<br />
Willi Y 08.1-191<br />
Williams J 08.1-304<br />
Williams J W 08.1-378<br />
Williams P 08.1-79<br />
Williamson J 08.1-76<br />
Wilson R 08.1-379<br />
Winkler E 08.1-268<br />
Wirth L 08.1-177<br />
Witte F 08.1-284<br />
Witte J C 08.1-60 , 08.1-63<br />
Wittmann H 08.1-380<br />
Wolewinski T 08.1-422<br />
Wolff E 08.1-325 , 08.1-359 ,<br />
08.1-364 , 08.1-367<br />
Wolff E W 08.1-224 , 08.1-338<br />
Wöll H 08.1-152<br />
Wong A 08.1-68<br />
Woodruff R 08.1-384<br />
Worsnop D R 08.1-79<br />
Wortmann U G 08.1-285<br />
Wrbka T 08.1-97<br />
Wu C F 08.1-68 , 08.1-76<br />
Wu S Y 08.1-76<br />
Wüest A 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 ,<br />
08.1-255 , 08.1-259 ,<br />
08.1-276<br />
Wunderle S 08.1-57 , 08.1-223<br />
Xie S 08.1-381<br />
Xie S P 08.1-69<br />
Xoplaki E 08.1-20<br />
Xueref Remy I 08.1-8<br />
Yamagata Y 08.1-404<br />
Yamanaka Y 08.1-301<br />
Yamanouchi T 08.1-70<br />
Yang H 08.1-286 , 08.1-287<br />
Yang J 08.1-287 , 08.1-288<br />
Yanko Hombach V 08.1-370<br />
Yassaa N 08.1-304<br />
Yasunari T J 08.1-220<br />
Yela M 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Yerokhin S 08.1-228<br />
Yin H 08.1-381<br />
Yin J 08.1-69<br />
Yiou F 08.1-361<br />
Yonemura S 08.1-68<br />
Yongli Z Baoliang S 08.1-322<br />
Yool A 08.1-301<br />
Yorish S 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 ,<br />
08.1-33<br />
Yoshiki M 08.1-24<br />
Young D 08.1-43<br />
Youngblut D 08.1-379<br />
Yu Qin 08.1-111<br />
Z‘graggen A 08.1-77<br />
Zablocki G 08.1-39 , 08.1-60<br />
Zachariah Wolff J L 08.1-421<br />
Zahn A 08.1-8<br />
Zammouri M 08.1-289<br />
Zanelli R 08.1-192<br />
Zängl G 08.1-23<br />
Zappa M 08.1-58 , 08.1-290<br />
Zarate E 08.1-78<br />
Zarza E 08.1-428<br />
Zbinden J A 08.1-291<br />
Zbinden N 08.1-138<br />
Zbinden R 08.1-40<br />
Zech U 08.1-8<br />
Zeeman M 08.1-113<br />
Zeh M 08.1-250 , 08.1-255<br />
Zehnder A 08.1-286<br />
Zehnder A J B 08.1-263<br />
Zellweger J P 08.1-383<br />
Zellwegern C 08.1-68<br />
Zennegg M 08.1-420<br />
Zeyer J 08.1-217 , 08.1-245<br />
Zeyer K 08.1-113 , 08.1-302 ,<br />
08.1-420<br />
Zhang J 08.1-45<br />
Zhang Q 08.1-4 , 08.1-79<br />
Zhang T 08.1-234<br />
Zhang W 08.1-297<br />
Zhang Y M 08.1-79<br />
Zhao L Y L 08.1-219<br />
Zhao T L 08.1-29 , 08.1-38<br />
Zhu T 08.1-224<br />
Zielinski T 08.1-70<br />
Ziemke J R 08.1-60<br />
Ziereis H 08.1-8<br />
Zierhofer W 08.1-411<br />
Zierl B 08.1-306<br />
Zimmermann F 08.1-193<br />
Zimmermann N E 08.1-119 , 08.1-124 ,<br />
08.1-156 , 08.1-157 ,<br />
08.1-173 , 08.1-179 ,<br />
08.1-194<br />
Zingg A 08.1-113<br />
Zobel M 08.1-107<br />
Zobrist B 08.1-48<br />
Zopfi J 08.1-252<br />
Zweifel R 08.1-195
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Disciplines 229<br />
Index of Disciplines<br />
Agriculture, Soil Sciences 08.1-80 – 08.1-85 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 , 08.1-100 ,<br />
08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-112 ,<br />
08.1-116 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-125 , 08.1-134 ,<br />
08.1-136 , 08.1-139 , 08.1-143 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-147 ,<br />
08.1-149 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-151 , 08.1-155 , 08.1-156 ,<br />
08.1-158 , 08.1-163 , 08.1-174 – 08.1-177 , 08.1-182 ,<br />
08.1-183 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-196 –<br />
08.1-200 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 ,<br />
08.1-207 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 – 08.1-213 , 08.1-215 –<br />
08.1-219 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-242 , 08.1-277 ,<br />
08.1-278 , 08.1-297 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-302 ,<br />
08.1-303 , 08.1-305 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-371 ,<br />
08.1-404 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-436 , 08.1-440 , 08.1-443 ,<br />
08.1-446<br />
Biodiversity 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-84 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-86 ,<br />
08.1-88 , 08.1-90 , 08.1-91 , 08.1-93 , 08.1-94 ,<br />
08.1-97 , 08.1-100 , 08.1-101 , 08.1-106 , 08.1-107 ,<br />
08.1-112 , 08.1-116 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-125 – 08.1-131 ,<br />
08.1-133 , 08.1-136 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-138 , 08.1-140 ,<br />
08.1-141 , 08.1-144 , 08.1-147 , 08.1-148 , 08.1-151 –<br />
08.1-154 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 ,<br />
08.1-166 – 08.1-172 , 08.1-175 – 08.1-178 , 08.1-180 ,<br />
08.1-181 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 ,<br />
08.1-189 , 08.1-191 , 08.1-193 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-240 ,<br />
08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 , 08.1-266 ,<br />
08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 ,<br />
08.1-355<br />
Cryology / Glaciology 08.1-159 , 08.1-220 – 08.1-234 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-292 ,<br />
08.1-307 , 08.1-310 , 08.1-325 , 08.1-329 , 08.1-334 ,<br />
08.1-337 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-344 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-351 , 08.1-354 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361 ,<br />
08.1-363 , 08.1-364 , 08.1-367 , 08.1-374 , 08.1-377 ,<br />
08.1-380<br />
Ecology 08.1-80 – 08.1-86 , 08.1-88 – 08.1-94 , 08.1-96 –<br />
08.1-102 , 08.1-106 – 08.1-109 , 08.1-111 – 08.1-116 ,<br />
08.1-118 , 08.1-120 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-124 –<br />
08.1-131 , 08.1-133 , 08.1-135 – 08.1-141 , 08.1-144 ,<br />
08.1-145 , 08.1-147 – 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 – 08.1-163 ,<br />
08.1-165 – 08.1-183 , 08.1-185 – 08.1-189 , 08.1-191 –<br />
08.1-194 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-216 , 08.1-238 – 08.1-244 ,<br />
08.1-246 , 08.1-249 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-255 , 08.1-257 ,<br />
08.1-264 – 08.1-267 , 08.1-270 , 08.1-273 , 08.1-282 ,<br />
08.1-284 , 08.1-291 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-303 , 08.1-306 ,<br />
08.1-319 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-331 , 08.1-371 , 08.1-385 ,<br />
08.1-386 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-436 ,<br />
08.1-438 , 08.1-439<br />
Economics 08.1-151 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-286 , 08.1-382 , 08.1-388 ,<br />
08.1-389 , 08.1-391 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-396 ,<br />
08.1-397 , 08.1-398 , 08.1-400 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-402 ,<br />
08.1-405 , 08.1-407 , 08.1-408 , 08.1-411 , 08.1-422 ,<br />
08.1-431 , 08.1-434 , 08.1-438 , 08.1-440 , 08.1-442 ,<br />
08.1-443
230<br />
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Disciplines<br />
Energy + Fuels 08.1-391 , 08.1-400 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-402 , 08.1-412 ,<br />
08.1-413 , 08.1-414 , 08.1-417 , 08.1-418 , 08.1-419 ,<br />
08.1-421 , 08.1-422 , 08.1-424 , 08.1-425 , 08.1-426 ,<br />
08.1-428 , 08.1-429 , 08.1-430 , 08.1-433 , 08.1-447<br />
Engineering 08.1-3 , 08.1-77 , 08.1-401 , 08.1-412 – 08.1-432 ,<br />
08.1-435 , 08.1-441 , 08.1-442 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445 ,<br />
08.1-447<br />
Forestry 08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-87 ,<br />
08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-99 ,<br />
08.1-101 , 08.1-104 , 08.1-109 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-113 ,<br />
08.1-114 , 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 ,<br />
08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132– 08.1-135 , 08.1-140 ,<br />
08.1-141 , 08.1-142 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-157 ,<br />
08.1-159 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 ,<br />
08.1-171 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-181 , 08.1-188 ,<br />
08.1-189 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-206 ,<br />
08.1-219 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-319 ,<br />
08.1-323 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 , 08.1-346 , 08.1-362 ,<br />
08.1-379 , 08.1-387 , 08.1-437<br />
Geochemistry & Geophysics 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 ,<br />
08.1-139 , 08.1-190 , 08.1-192 , 08.1-197 , 08.1-199 ,<br />
08.1-202 – 08.1-207 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-216 – 08.1-219 ,<br />
08.1-232 , 08.1-235 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-245 , 08.1-253 ,<br />
08.1-259 , 08.1-261 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-272 , 08.1-276 ,<br />
08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-296 ,<br />
08.1-297 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-308 , 08.1-309 , 08.1-315 ,<br />
08.1-325 , 08.1-330 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-335 , 08.1-337 ,<br />
08.1-339 , 08.1-340 , 08.1-341 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-345 ,<br />
08.1-347 , 08.1-348 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 ,<br />
08.1-368 , 08.1-369 , 08.1-423 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 ,<br />
08.1-445<br />
Geology 08.1-196 , 08.1-199 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-205 , 08.1-209 ,<br />
08.1-214 , 08.1-227 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-297 ,<br />
08.1-308 , 08.1-309 , 08.1-311 , 08.1-313 , 08.1-315 ,<br />
08.1-316 , 08.1-318 , 08.1-321 , 08.1-328 , 08.1-330 ,<br />
08.1-332 , 08.1-334 , 08.1-335 , 08.1-339 , 08.1-342 ,<br />
08.1-344 – 08.1-348 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-355 , 08.1-356 ,<br />
08.1-357 , 08.1-360 , 08.1-365 , 08.1-368 , 08.1-369 ,<br />
08.1-373 , 08.1-374 , 08.1-375 , 08.1-380 , 08.1-381 ,<br />
08.1-446<br />
Geomorphology 08.1-95 , 08.1-196 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-214 ,<br />
08.1-227 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-246 , 08.1-271 ,<br />
08.1-310 , 08.1-313 , 08.1-318 , 08.1-342 , 08.1-354 ,<br />
08.1-377 , 08.1-446<br />
History 08.1-9 , 08.1-98 , 08.1-110 , 08.1-320 , 08.1-374 ,<br />
08.1-376 , 08.1-389<br />
Human & Public Health 08.1-254 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-384 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-403 ,<br />
08.1-420
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Disciplines<br />
Hydrology 08.1-58 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-212 , 08.1-215 , 08.1-235 ,<br />
08.1-236 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-246 – 08.1-251 ,<br />
08.1-255 , 08.1-258 , 08.1-271 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-275 ,<br />
08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 ,<br />
08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-332 ,<br />
08.1-341 , 08.1-392<br />
Instruments & Instrumentation 08.1-8 , 08.1-46 , 08.1-48 , 08.1-51 , 08.1-77 ,<br />
08.1-162 , 08.1-209 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-230 , 08.1-231 ,<br />
08.1-243 , 08.1-288 , 08.1-337 , 08.1-372 , 08.1-409 ,<br />
08.1-435 , 08.1-444 , 08.1-445<br />
International Relations 08.1-65 , 08.1-68 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407<br />
Limnology 08.1-237 , 08.1-239 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-252 , 08.1-253 ,<br />
08.1-255 , 08.1-257 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-268 ,<br />
08.1-274 , 08.1-275 , 08.1-276 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-311 ,<br />
08.1-315 , 08.1-316 , 08.1-366<br />
Marine & Freshwater Biology 08.1-239 – 08.1-245 , 08.1-249 – 08.1-252 , 08.1-254 ,<br />
08.1-255 , 08.1-257 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-261 ,<br />
08.1-263 – 08.1-270 , 08.1-272 , 08.1-273 , 08.1-274 ,<br />
08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-283 , 08.1-284 ,<br />
08.1-291 , 08.1-322 , 08.1-331 , 08.1-355 , 08.1-366 ,<br />
08.1-370<br />
Medicine 08.1-383 , 08.1-395 , 08.1-399 , 08.1-403<br />
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 08.1-1 – 08.1-79 , 08.1-82 , 08.1-86 , 08.1-87 , 08.1-91 ,<br />
08.1-96 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-115 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-152 ,<br />
08.1-157 , 08.1-164 , 08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-183 ,<br />
08.1-195 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-221 , 08.1-222 , 08.1-224 ,<br />
08.1-226 , 08.1-228 , 08.1-233 , 08.1-234 , 08.1-239 ,<br />
08.1-257 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-290 ,<br />
08.1-292 – 08.1-299 , 08.1-302 , 08.1-304 , 08.1-305 ,<br />
08.1-313 , 08.1-314 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-319 , 08.1-323 –<br />
08.1-328 , 08.1-338 , 08.1-343 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-350 ,<br />
08.1-353 , 08.1-359 , 08.1-361 , 08.1-363 , 08.1-366 ,<br />
08.1-373 , 08.1-375 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 ,<br />
08.1-382 , 08.1-383 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-396 –<br />
08.1-400 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-408 , 08.1-409 ,<br />
08.1-414 , 08.1-415 , 08.1-416 , 08.1-420<br />
Microbiology 08.1-112 , 08.1-118 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-134 ,<br />
08.1-147 , 08.1-148 , 08.1-189 , 08.1-205 , 08.1-252 ,<br />
08.1-261 , 08.1-263 , 08.1-279 , 08.1-280 , 08.1-285 ,<br />
08.1-314 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-432<br />
231
232 <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Disciplines<br />
Modelling 08.1-2 , 08.1-7 , 08.1-12 , 08.1-15 , 08.1-18 , 08.1-21 ,<br />
08.1-22 , 08.1-24 , 08.1-27– 08.1-30 , 08.1-36 ,<br />
08.1-38 , 08.1-39 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-42 , 08.1-44 ,<br />
08.1-45 , 08.1-53 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-58 , 08.1-60 ,<br />
08.1-63 , 08.1-64 , 08.1-67 , 08.1-69 , 08.1-70 ,<br />
08.1-72 , 08.1-74 , 08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-85 ,<br />
08.1-91 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-108 , 08.1-111 , 08.1-114 ,<br />
08.1-119 , 08.1-121 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-124 ,<br />
08.1-127 , 08.1-129 , 08.1-145 , 08.1-157 , 08.1-162 ,<br />
08.1-165 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 , 08.1-179 , 08.1-180 ,<br />
08.1-182 , 08.1-183 , 08.1-186 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 ,<br />
08.1-195 , 08.1-198 , 08.1-200 , 08.1-201 , 08.1-206 ,<br />
08.1-219 , 08.1-220 , 08.1-225 , 08.1-226 , 08.1-227 ,<br />
08.1-229 , 08.1-231 , 08.1-232 , 08.1-247 , 08.1-251 ,<br />
08.1-258 , 08.1-259 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-276 ,<br />
08.1-277 , 08.1-281 , 08.1-285 , 08.1-287 , 08.1-288 ,<br />
08.1-289 , 08.1-290 , 08.1-292 , 08.1-293 , 08.1-295 ,<br />
08.1-298 , 08.1-299 , 08.1-300 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-304 ,<br />
08.1-305 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-317 , 08.1-349 , 08.1-363 ,<br />
08.1-378 , 08.1-382 , 08.1-394 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-421 ,<br />
08.1-426 , 08.1-427 , 08.1-432 , 08.1-438 , 08.1-439 ,<br />
08.1-440<br />
Multidisciplinary Sciences 08.1-9 , 08.1-396 , 08.1-443<br />
Oceanography 08.1-17 , 08.1-31 , 08.1-32 , 08.1-33 , 08.1-47 ,<br />
08.1-69 , 08.1-236 , 08.1-256 , 08.1-267 , 08.1-269 ,<br />
08.1-272 , 08.1-296 , 08.1-301 , 08.1-327 , 08.1-335 ,<br />
08.1-345 , 08.1-347 , 08.1-352 , 08.1-356 , 08.1-357 ,<br />
08.1-360<br />
Paleontology 08.1-196 , 08.1-307 – 08.1-381 , 08.1-435 , 08.1-444 ,<br />
08.1-445<br />
Plant Sciences 08.1-13 , 08.1-54 , 08.1-55 , 08.1-80 , 08.1-86 –<br />
08.1-90 , 08.1-92 , 08.1-94 , 08.1-95 , 08.1-96 ,<br />
08.1-98 , 08.1-99 , 08.1-101 – 08.1-104 , 08.1-106 –<br />
08.1-110 , 08.1-112 – 08.1-117 , 08.1-119 , 08.1-123 –<br />
08.1-126 , 08.1-128 , 08.1-130 , 08.1-132 , 08.1-133 ,<br />
08.1-134 , 08.1-135 , 08.1-137 , 08.1-140 – 08.1-145 ,<br />
08.1-148 , 08.1-150 , 08.1-152 , 08.1-153 , 08.1-154 ,<br />
08.1-157 , 08.1-158 , 08.1-159 , 08.1-161 , 08.1-163 ,<br />
08.1-164 , 08.1-168 , 08.1-169 , 08.1-170 , 08.1-171 ,<br />
08.1-173 , 08.1-174 , 08.1-177 , 08.1-178 , 08.1-179 ,<br />
08.1-181 , 08.1-182 , 08.1-185 , 08.1-187 – 08.1-191 ,<br />
08.1-194 , 08.1-195 , 08.1-203 , 08.1-206 , 08.1-210 ,<br />
08.1-216 , 08.1-218 , 08.1-238 , 08.1-268 , 08.1-300 ,<br />
08.1-303 , 08.1-306 , 08.1-311 , 08.1-312 , 08.1-314 ,<br />
08.1-319 , 08.1-323 , 08.1-324 , 08.1-333 , 08.1-336 ,<br />
08.1-346 , 08.1-353 , 08.1-358 , 08.1-362 , 08.1-371 ,<br />
08.1-372 , 08.1-376 , 08.1-378 , 08.1-379 , 08.1-387 ,<br />
08.1-427 , 08.1-437<br />
Political Sciences 08.1-286 , 08.1-391 , 08.1-392 , 08.1-393 , 08.1-397 ,<br />
08.1-398 , 08.1-404 , 08.1-407 , 08.1-409 , 08.1-443
<strong>Global</strong> <strong>Change</strong> <strong>Abstracts</strong> – <strong>The</strong> <strong>Swiss</strong> <strong>Contribution</strong> | Index of Disciplines<br />
Remote Sensing 08.1-57 , 08.1-123 , 08.1-187 , 08.1-194 , 08.1-220 ,<br />
08.1-223 , 08.1-243 , 08.1-295<br />
Social Sciences 08.1-82 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-165 , 08.1-384 – 08.1-388 ,<br />
08.1-390 , 08.1-405 , 08.1-406 , 08.1-410 , 08.1-411 ,<br />
08.1-437<br />
Toxicology 08.1-102 , 08.1-103 , 08.1-105 , 08.1-146 , 08.1-147 ,<br />
08.1-197 , 08.1-202 , 08.1-204 , 08.1-208 , 08.1-210 ,<br />
08.1-212 , 08.1-213 , 08.1-217 , 08.1-244 , 08.1-254 ,<br />
08.1-436<br />
Urban Studies 08.1-1 , 08.1-4 , 08.1-6 , 08.1-40 , 08.1-66 , 08.1-73 ,<br />
08.1-76 , 08.1-78 , 08.1-79 , 08.1-131 , 08.1-153 ,<br />
08.1-177 , 08.1-295<br />
Water Resources 08.1-105 , 08.1-212 , 08.1-217 , 08.1-237 , 08.1-245 ,<br />
08.1-247 , 08.1-248 , 08.1-250 , 08.1-251 , 08.1-255 ,<br />
08.1-260 , 08.1-262 , 08.1-275 , 08.1-278 , 08.1-286 ,<br />
08.1-289 , 08.1-388 , 08.1-392 , 08.1-432<br />
Zoology 08.1-80 , 08.1-81 , 08.1-83 , 08.1-85 , 08.1-88 ,<br />
08.1-100 , 08.1-107 , 08.1-122 , 08.1-127 , 08.1-146 ,<br />
08.1-154 , 08.1-160 , 08.1-162 , 08.1-166 , 08.1-167 ,<br />
08.1-175 , 08.1-176 , 08.1-180 , 08.1-184 , 08.1-193 ,<br />
08.1-239 , 08.1-241 , 08.1-260 , 08.1-264 , 08.1-265 ,<br />
08.1-273 , 08.1-274 , 08.1-282 , 08.1-284 , 08.1-291 ,<br />
08.1-399<br />
233
SciSearch ® - Science Citation Index ®<br />
Description of the SciSearch ® Database<br />
SciSearch is a multi-disciplinary index to the international literature of science and technology. It corresponds<br />
to the Science Citation Index (available in print and on CD-ROM) and contains additional<br />
material from the Current Contents series of publications (available in print and on weekly diskettes or<br />
CD-ROM).<br />
SciSearch’s weekly updating gives extremely fast access to the international literature of scientific and<br />
technical research. It is structured to provide versatile retrieval possibilities: in addition to the conventional<br />
search approaches, SciSearch offers citation indexing to enable identification of current articles<br />
by their earlier cited papers. <strong>The</strong> database was recently enhanced with author abstracts, author keywords<br />
and KeyWords Plus.<br />
<strong>The</strong> database indexes all significant items (articles, reports of meetings, letters, editorials, correction<br />
notices, etc.) from approximately 6’400 scientific and technical journals published world-wide.<br />
Producer<br />
For further details of SciSearch, the Science Citation Index or Current Contents, please contact:<br />
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)®<br />
Brunel Science Park, Brunel University<br />
Uxbridge, UB8 3PQ, U.K.<br />
Tel. +44 1895 270016<br />
Fax +44 1895 256710