Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 1st Edition unsecured

538 TEXTBOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Microscopy
Outer cork consists of five to seven rows of cubical to
rectangular dark brown cells; cortex consists of two to
three rows of thin-walled rectangular. The parenchymatous
cells below the cortex region contain starch grains. Phloem
fibres are in groups lignified with pointed ends and narrow
lumen. Straight medullary rays one to six seriate. Stone
cells are absent.
Standards
Foreign matter Not more than 3%
Total ash Not more than 3%
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1%
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 12%
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 1.2%
Chemical Constituents
Plumbagin.
Uses
Root increases the digestive power and promotes appetite.
It is hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic, CNS stimulant,
and also used in dyspepsia, piles, anasarca, diarrhea, skin
diseases, etc.
Marketed Formulations
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as
J.P. Liver syrup (Jaumana Pharma), Piles care and Mansulate
(Chitrayu Company), and Chitrakadi bati Avaleha
(Baidyanath).
LODH
Biological Source
It consists of the stem bark of Symplocos racemosa Roxb.
Family
Symplocaceae.
Macroscopy
It is an evergreen tree or shrub, 6- to 9-m height, abundant
in the plains, and lower hills throughout northern and
eastern India, in Himalayas up to 1,400 m, and southwards
up to ChotaNagpur. The leaves are dark green above,
orbicular, oblong. The flowers are white or yellow, aromatic.
The fruits are drupes, purple-black, subcylindrical,
smooth; seeds 1–3.
Chemical Constituents
Fig. 35.12 Symplocos racemosa
The bark contains oxalic acid, 3-monoglucoside of 7-Omethyl
leucopelargonidin, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside,
betulinic, acetyloleanolic, oleanolic, and ellagic acids;
flavan glycoside symposide; β-sitosterol, 28-hydroxy-
20α-urs-12,18(19)-dien-3β-yl-acetate, 3-oxo-20α-urs-
12,18(19)-dien-28-oic, 24-hydroxyolean-12-en-3-one
and butelin.
Uses
A yellow dye is extracted from the leaves and bark. Mainly
the bark is used as a mordant with other drugs. For dyeing
silk yellow, it is used combination with turmeric and Plecospermum
spinosum. It is one of the ingredients of abir, a
red powder used during the festival of Holi.
Marketed Formulations
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as
Evecare, Styplon (Himalaya Drug Company).
GOKHRU
Synonym
Caltrops fruit.
Regional Names
Sansk: goksuraka, trikanta, svadamstra; Guj: bethagokharu,
nazagokharu, mithagokhru; Hindi: gokhru; Kan: sannaneggilu,
neggilmullu; Mar: sarate, gokharu.
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