“Artificial Towns”

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Developmental Changes in Slovakia’s Socio-Spatial Situation Peter Gajdoš . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Historical development of Slovakia’s socio-spatial situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Development of the socio-spatial situation in Slovakia during the period of transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Specific features of transformation changes in towns and their socio-spatial structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Settlement and regional impacts of the socio-economic differentiation of society . 117 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 PART II. SOCIAL-SPATIAL POLARISATION MECHANISMS IN THE EAST-CENTRAL EUROPEAN NEW TOWN REGIONS – THE CASE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Social Polarisation in Tatabánya and its Region Júlia Schuchmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 The specificities of the transition period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 The main trends of socio-spatial polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Social and Economic Transition in Dunaújváros and its Region Nóra Baranyai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 The social characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Features of the social polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 The future of the local society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Social and Economic Transformation in Komló and its Region Levente Halász . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 The town’s historical development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 The decline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Social and demographic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Urban economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Social polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Spatial polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Economic Restructuring and Social Polarisation in Kazincbarcika and its Region Márton Berki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 History of the new town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Demographic, educational and housing characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Economy and business environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Social polarisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Polarisation processes of the new town region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 8
The Former “New Socialist City” in the Neoliberal Condition – The Case of Tychy in Poland Grzegorz Węcławowicz – Dagmara Mliczyńska-Hajda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 New town concepts versus the concept of the socialist city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 The industrial city as the model for the socialist city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 The perception of the post-1989 problems and crises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Nová Dubnica and its Region: The Slovak Case Study Peter Gajdoš – Katarína Moravanská . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 The geographical location and history of Nová Dubnica and its region . . . . . 270 Characteristics of the growth of the Nová Dubnica region and current processes of its formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 The socio-demographic structures and socio-spatial polarisation . . . . . . . . . 297 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 PART III. POSITIONS OF NEW TOWN REGIONS IN THE URBAN NETWORK – SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Social Polarisation Mechanisms in the Hungarian New Town Regions Adrienne Csizmady – Zoltán Ferencz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 New town societies versus the societies of large urban regions . . . . . . . . . . 316 Characteristics of the spatial-social structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Comparison of the spatial-social structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Post-Socialist New Towns in the Urban Network János Rechnitzer – Judit Berkes – Ádám Páthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 The rankings of post-socialist towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 The internal divisions of the post-socialist new towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 The Hungarian Old and New Towns – The Results of the Comparative Analyses Adrienne Csizmady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Specificities of the historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Impacts of socialist development policy (1945–1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 The features of the transition period (1990–2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 Urban Structures and Architectural Specificities in the Post-Socialist New Towns Kornélia Kissfazekas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 General aspects of planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Urban structure – urban-scale formal and structural characteristics . . . . . . 407 City centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Changes in urban architecture and image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 9
Page 1 and 2: Viktória Szirmai “Artificial Tow
Page 3: “Artificial Towns” in the 21 st
Page 6 and 7: Translated by György Váradi Proof
Page 9: Content Recommendation Pierre Merli
Page 13 and 14: Recommendation New towns were const
Page 15: tions: “What will the new towns d
Page 18 and 19: new urban developments. This is why
Page 20 and 21: Compared to the previous project, t
Page 22 and 23: Polish and Slovak colleagues who ag
Page 25 and 26: European New Towns in the 21 st Cen
Page 27 and 28: Through stressing rapidly paced dev
Page 29 and 30: into stronger political bargaining
Page 31 and 32: After the social, economic and poli
Page 33 and 34: Western European new towns have alw
Page 35 and 36: large urban centres but they have a
Page 37 and 38: tion, the failures and the renewals
Page 39 and 40: class who formerly lived there fled
Page 41: Europe are like today, whether they
Page 44 and 45: accordance with the specially elabo
Page 46 and 47: from the middle of the 1940s in Eas
Page 48 and 49: From the 1960s onwards modern indus
Page 50 and 51: (Enyedi, 1996, p. 102.) Musil is su
Page 52 and 53: development, thanks to the new laws
Page 54 and 55: Table 1: The distribution of urban
Page 56 and 57: The capital cities’ historically
Page 58 and 59: According to the communist politica
Page 60 and 61:
options for themselves and they wer
Page 62 and 63:
Hungarian elites living in Hungaria
Page 64 and 65:
The data of a representative sociol
Page 67 and 68:
Urban Development in Poland, from t
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the level of urbanisation in the in
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was possible, partially, because th
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In 1988 in Polish and in 1992, 1996
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nism. The economic and political cr
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planned economy. Emergence of unemp
Page 79 and 80:
Table 2: Cities by size distributio
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to the economic prosperity of urban
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economic policies, and first of all
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Developmental Changes in Slovakia
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Map 2: Territorial and administrati
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ments. From the 12 th century to th
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terised by its agrarian nature, and
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The consequence of this was that du
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mation period included, however, th
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tion were associated with an extens
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most densely settled and which, dur
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of regions and their parts, reflect
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position of social exclusion, among
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length of the period of unemploymen
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hinterland of towns. A total of one
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In the 1990s, new factors began to
Page 111 and 112:
From 2001 to 2011, the level of edu
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trends in the growth of population
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After 1990, the social situation of
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a new evaluation of the function of
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This momentum of built-up developme
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We will attempt to document the dee
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structure of manufacturing and serv
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municipalities which are characteri
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Map 5: The spatial location of the
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caused by the above. It can be seen
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of certain groups of settlements or
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economic exclusion and marginalisat
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Social Polarisation in Tatabánya a
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will be in the future is going to b
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economic and social tensions that w
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would have not been enough had it n
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Figure 7: The number of applicant a
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different urban zones of Tatabánya
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of the sample in this matter is 13%
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Esztergom 6 , the net migration dat
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Socio-spatial inequalities As a con
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Map 7: The segregated areas of Tata
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lopment plans of the present govern
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Environmental conditions, quality o
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The local experts interviewed belie
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It is also not uncommon that those
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decreasing during the last few year
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Social and Economic Transition in D
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(Stalin City) in 1951. The town and
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In line with demographic trends, th
Page 173 and 174:
In terms of the population’s inco
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Dunaújváros is the centre of empl
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Table 11: Main features of the econ
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solution of the company would lead
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Figure 17: Enrolment figures of the
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town centre’s view. It did have l
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Table 13: The main demographic and
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Table 14: The major taxation data o
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funding of this programme - depends
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today are characterised by high val
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sive during the site-selection and
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(...), but those who came afterward
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supply“) which will have to be en
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Social and Economic Transformation
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arrived to the town primarily from
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The decline The transitional years
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Figure 18: Changes in Komló’s po
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migrant workers who gained financia
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Figure 20: Number of active enterpr
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County - in addition to Komló - on
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The part of town that is clearly hi
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here for Komló. Pursuant to the Go
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Strong spatial and social polarisat
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Map 10: The location of Kazincbarci
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ous parameters of public buildings
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demographics, at this time it was c
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 24: Kazincbarcika’s popula
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Kazincbarcika’s population lives
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the Bank of China). The Chinese inv
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In the first years of the post-soci
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ployment rate of Kazincbarcika (16.
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Map 12: Segregated areas and areas
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sidered as a kind of ‘model housi
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Map 13: The action area of the func
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level of social polarisation has be
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Table 17: Social, economic and infr
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illustrated by the fact that the pr
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Map 14: Tychy - the current divisio
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Nevertheless, as M. S. Szczepański
Page 252 and 253:
The national and regional context S
Page 254 and 255:
Tychy as a socialist city in the pe
Page 256 and 257:
The sociological assessment of the
Page 258 and 259:
communes” i.e. financed from loca
Page 260 and 261:
ed the post-socialist development.
Page 262 and 263:
Table 19: Structure of employment i
Page 264 and 265:
the main employer of this neighbour
Page 266 and 267:
Attitude towards the existing socia
Page 268 and 269:
tinuation in the car production has
Page 270 and 271:
strategic perspectives are necessar
Page 272 and 273:
certain areas of industrial towns d
Page 274 and 275:
Territorial and administrative orga
Page 276 and 277:
why new blocks of flats had to be b
Page 278 and 279:
Figure 27: Population development o
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Characteristics of the growth of th
Page 282 and 283:
In our analyses of the developmenta
Page 284 and 285:
The collapse of large industrial fa
Page 286 and 287:
Kolačín.There is a strip of land
Page 288 and 289:
way is very attractive for investor
Page 290 and 291:
The town also has a technical gramm
Page 292 and 293:
Table 20: Change of population, per
Page 294 and 295:
Table 21: Ownership of the permanen
Page 296 and 297:
ather job security, because not all
Page 298 and 299:
Inhabitants consider these ecologic
Page 300 and 301:
Figure 28: Intensity of increase/de
Page 302 and 303:
Age structure The situation concern
Page 304 and 305:
Table 24: Change in level of educat
Page 306 and 307:
Table 26: Change in unemployment ra
Page 308 and 309:
Figure 29: Migration of population
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mainly in houses in Miklovky, which
Page 312 and 313:
young people’s leisure time, a re
Page 314 and 315:
development strategy it will priori
Page 317 and 318:
Social Polarisation Mechanisms in t
Page 319 and 320:
Table 27: Changes in the number of
Page 321 and 322:
Figure 30: Intention to change resi
Page 323 and 324:
The reasons for this are suburbanis
Page 325 and 326:
The social characteristics of the t
Page 327 and 328:
move, except in towns around the ca
Page 329 and 330:
intra-urban territories are typical
Page 331 and 332:
The panel flats that were desirable
Page 333 and 334:
house and condominium constructions
Page 335 and 336:
300,000 HUF per month family income
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 35: Change of social status
Page 339 and 340:
towns rather secondary school gradu
Page 341:
towns. The population of big cities
Page 344 and 345:
Thus, the chapter attempts to prese
Page 346 and 347:
Figure 36: The positions of former
Page 348 and 349:
Social activity and human resources
Page 350 and 351:
which is mainly due to the fact tha
Page 352 and 353:
Changes in employment structure The
Page 354 and 355:
a lower proportion, in 1980 in Ózd
Page 356 and 357:
text, it was studied what changes h
Page 358 and 359:
that based on data from the year 19
Page 360 and 361:
employment potential, the high outw
Page 362 and 363:
The second cluster is made up of to
Page 364 and 365:
International background As a compl
Page 366 and 367:
industrial towns can be regarded as
Page 368 and 369:
the decrease in the industrial empl
Page 370 and 371:
utilised in some form (the three to
Page 373 and 374:
The Hungarian Old and New Towns - T
Page 375 and 376:
fold. Despite this, new towns only
Page 377 and 378:
Ajka, Tatabánya, Ózd, Várpalota,
Page 379 and 380:
Table 30: Distribution of housing s
Page 381 and 382:
Table 31: Five towns where the popu
Page 383 and 384:
Economic specificities The regime c
Page 385 and 386:
more typical for new towns). Conseq
Page 387 and 388:
and it started to become clear that
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 48: Changes in the permanent
Page 391 and 392:
The new towns thus lost their forme
Page 393 and 394:
Following the privatisation, thus t
Page 395 and 396:
Roma within the total population is
Page 397 and 398:
case of Szentendre) than in the new
Page 399 and 400:
more large (with over 250 employees
Page 401 and 402:
large companies is still significan
Page 403 and 404:
Table 33: The categorisation of the
Page 405 and 406:
Urban Structures and Architectural
Page 407 and 408:
General aspects of planning Initial
Page 409 and 410:
increasingly stronger critical anal
Page 411 and 412:
In Hungarian examples a common char
Page 413 and 414:
Despite these principles, it can be
Page 415 and 416:
Figure 53: The location of town cen
Page 417 and 418:
Molnár, 1967). This issue is very
Page 419 and 420:
the whole character and image of th
Page 421 and 422:
architectural ideas of politics and
Page 423 and 424:
attitude 13 . It is a town built on
Page 425 and 426:
Mining towns - Tatabánya and Koml
Page 427 and 428:
ting the geographic realities, was
Page 429 and 430:
pleasant residential units making u
Page 431 and 432:
But this was only a favoured geomet
Page 433 and 434:
parting main roads, was intended to
Page 435 and 436:
centrated in the centre (Mierové n
Page 437 and 438:
urban morphology of new towns is di
Page 439:
The analysis and investigation of n
Page 443 and 444:
The Main Social Polarisation Featur
Page 445 and 446:
Path dependency and the contemporar
Page 447 and 448:
European Union’s employment oppor
Page 449 and 450:
The present results of the represen
Page 451 and 452:
suburban zones of new towns brings
Page 453 and 454:
from the state, and under which the
Page 455 and 456:
the sections of historical heritage
Page 457 and 458:
Hungarian new towns found as more a
Page 459 and 460:
References Abaffyová, L. (2014): L
Page 461 and 462:
Czirfusz, M. (2013): Bevezetés: A
Page 463 and 464:
Farkasdy, Z. - Molnár, P. - Károl
Page 465 and 466:
Ginzburg, M. (1979): Les nouvelles
Page 467 and 468:
Körner, Zs. - Nagy, M. (2006): Az
Page 469 and 470:
OECD (2011): Urban Policy Reviews,
Page 471 and 472:
Stępniak, M. - Mendel, M. (2013):
Page 473 and 474:
Tóth, J. (1996): A hazai panelos
Page 475 and 476:
Urban development plans A BorsodChe
Page 477:
APPENDIX 475
Page 480 and 481:
Dr. Peter Gajdoš Ph.D Sociologist
Page 482 and 483:
List of Figures Figure 1: The regio
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 39: The relative value of th
Page 486 and 487:
Table 24: Change in level of educat
Page 488 and 489:
Subject Index A agglomeration 25, 5
Page 490 and 491:
S segregation 30, 31, 38, 51, 78, 1
Page 492 and 493:
Tatabánya City centre Photo: Júli
Page 494 and 495:
Dunaújváros Town Hall Photo: Nór
Page 496 and 497:
Komló Skyline with the power plant
Page 498 and 499:
Rehabilitated main street Kazincbar
Page 500 and 501:
Nová Dubnica Aerial view of the to
Page 502 and 503:
Tychy Main square Photo: Grzegorz W
Page 507 and 508:
Authors of the book Nóra Baranyai
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