“Artificial Towns”

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Dunaújváros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Kazincbarcika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Mining towns – Tatabánya and Komló . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 The Polish example – Tychy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 The Slovakian example – Nová Dubnica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 PART IV. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 The Main Social Polarisation Features of the East-Central European New Town Regions Viktória Szirmai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Path dependency and the contemporary changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Social polarisation among the post-socialist new towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 A “new” urban development model or merely an unfulfilled promise? . . . . . 452 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 10
Recommendation New towns were constructed in many parts of the world and in various periods since antiquity, including a lot of medieval cities, despite the fact that the Middle Ages was not a period of rapid urban growth in Europe. But what is considered as the “New Town Movement” took place during the 20 th century after the publication of the famous book by Ebenezer Howard (“Tomorrow: a peaceful path to real reform”, 1898, reprinted under the title “Garden Cities of Tomorrow) and translated into many languages. The first “garden cities” were built in the London area (Letchworth from 1903, Welwyn after 1919) and later on in France, in the United States and in many other countries (New Delhi, etc.). But, between the two World Wars, the original New Town Movement faced a rival movement, developed by “modern” architects who organised the “Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne (CIAM)” and adopted the “Charte d’Athènes” (1933). After World War II, most architects and urban planners adhered to the CIAM principles and most reconstruction works as well as new urbanisation in Europe were attempts, although not always successful, to respect the rigid rules of the Charte d’Athènes. Only in Britain, the post-war new towns were in the line of Howard’s theory and of the first garden cities. In the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland and elsewhere, new towns were planned according to the CIAM. As early as the 1930s, and after the war, more than one thousand “socialist towns” were built in the Soviet Union as applications of the Charte d’Athènes revised by the “constructivist” Russian architects. French new towns, whose construction was decided at the end of the 1960s, appeared as a compromise between Howard’s and Le Corbusier’s (the most famous of the CIAM group) ideas. In Central and Eastern Europe, the construction of new towns was decided, mostly in Poland and in Hungary, and built according to the “socialist town” model. In most developed countries, from the 1980s, two questions appeared: ‘Should we build a new generation of new towns? What should be done with nearly completed postwar new towns?’ The answer has generally been that, due to the decline of demogra phic growth, and also under the dominant influence of “liberal” ideo - logy, it was useless to build other new towns in the developed Recommendation 11
Page 1 and 2: Viktória Szirmai “Artificial Tow
Page 3: “Artificial Towns” in the 21 st
Page 6 and 7: Translated by György Váradi Proof
Page 9 and 10: Content Recommendation Pierre Merli
Page 11: The Former “New Socialist City”
Page 15: tions: “What will the new towns d
Page 18 and 19: new urban developments. This is why
Page 20 and 21: Compared to the previous project, t
Page 22 and 23: Polish and Slovak colleagues who ag
Page 25 and 26: European New Towns in the 21 st Cen
Page 27 and 28: Through stressing rapidly paced dev
Page 29 and 30: into stronger political bargaining
Page 31 and 32: After the social, economic and poli
Page 33 and 34: Western European new towns have alw
Page 35 and 36: large urban centres but they have a
Page 37 and 38: tion, the failures and the renewals
Page 39 and 40: class who formerly lived there fled
Page 41: Europe are like today, whether they
Page 44 and 45: accordance with the specially elabo
Page 46 and 47: from the middle of the 1940s in Eas
Page 48 and 49: From the 1960s onwards modern indus
Page 50 and 51: (Enyedi, 1996, p. 102.) Musil is su
Page 52 and 53: development, thanks to the new laws
Page 54 and 55: Table 1: The distribution of urban
Page 56 and 57: The capital cities’ historically
Page 58 and 59: According to the communist politica
Page 60 and 61: options for themselves and they wer
Page 62 and 63:
Hungarian elites living in Hungaria
Page 64 and 65:
The data of a representative sociol
Page 67 and 68:
Urban Development in Poland, from t
Page 69 and 70:
the level of urbanisation in the in
Page 71 and 72:
was possible, partially, because th
Page 73 and 74:
In 1988 in Polish and in 1992, 1996
Page 75 and 76:
nism. The economic and political cr
Page 77 and 78:
planned economy. Emergence of unemp
Page 79 and 80:
Table 2: Cities by size distributio
Page 81 and 82:
to the economic prosperity of urban
Page 83 and 84:
economic policies, and first of all
Page 85 and 86:
Developmental Changes in Slovakia
Page 87 and 88:
Map 2: Territorial and administrati
Page 89 and 90:
ments. From the 12 th century to th
Page 91 and 92:
terised by its agrarian nature, and
Page 93 and 94:
The consequence of this was that du
Page 95 and 96:
mation period included, however, th
Page 97 and 98:
tion were associated with an extens
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most densely settled and which, dur
Page 101 and 102:
of regions and their parts, reflect
Page 103 and 104:
position of social exclusion, among
Page 105 and 106:
length of the period of unemploymen
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hinterland of towns. A total of one
Page 109 and 110:
In the 1990s, new factors began to
Page 111 and 112:
From 2001 to 2011, the level of edu
Page 113 and 114:
trends in the growth of population
Page 115 and 116:
After 1990, the social situation of
Page 117 and 118:
a new evaluation of the function of
Page 119 and 120:
This momentum of built-up developme
Page 121 and 122:
We will attempt to document the dee
Page 123 and 124:
structure of manufacturing and serv
Page 125 and 126:
municipalities which are characteri
Page 127 and 128:
Map 5: The spatial location of the
Page 129 and 130:
caused by the above. It can be seen
Page 131 and 132:
of certain groups of settlements or
Page 133:
economic exclusion and marginalisat
Page 137 and 138:
Social Polarisation in Tatabánya a
Page 139 and 140:
will be in the future is going to b
Page 141 and 142:
economic and social tensions that w
Page 143 and 144:
would have not been enough had it n
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 7: The number of applicant a
Page 147 and 148:
different urban zones of Tatabánya
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of the sample in this matter is 13%
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Esztergom 6 , the net migration dat
Page 153 and 154:
Socio-spatial inequalities As a con
Page 155 and 156:
Map 7: The segregated areas of Tata
Page 157 and 158:
lopment plans of the present govern
Page 159 and 160:
Environmental conditions, quality o
Page 161 and 162:
The local experts interviewed belie
Page 163 and 164:
It is also not uncommon that those
Page 165 and 166:
decreasing during the last few year
Page 167 and 168:
Social and Economic Transition in D
Page 169 and 170:
(Stalin City) in 1951. The town and
Page 171 and 172:
In line with demographic trends, th
Page 173 and 174:
In terms of the population’s inco
Page 175 and 176:
Dunaújváros is the centre of empl
Page 177 and 178:
Table 11: Main features of the econ
Page 179 and 180:
solution of the company would lead
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 17: Enrolment figures of the
Page 183 and 184:
town centre’s view. It did have l
Page 185 and 186:
Table 13: The main demographic and
Page 187 and 188:
Table 14: The major taxation data o
Page 189 and 190:
funding of this programme - depends
Page 191 and 192:
today are characterised by high val
Page 193 and 194:
sive during the site-selection and
Page 195 and 196:
(...), but those who came afterward
Page 197 and 198:
supply“) which will have to be en
Page 199 and 200:
Social and Economic Transformation
Page 201 and 202:
arrived to the town primarily from
Page 203 and 204:
The decline The transitional years
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 18: Changes in Komló’s po
Page 207 and 208:
migrant workers who gained financia
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 20: Number of active enterpr
Page 211 and 212:
County - in addition to Komló - on
Page 213 and 214:
The part of town that is clearly hi
Page 215 and 216:
here for Komló. Pursuant to the Go
Page 217:
Strong spatial and social polarisat
Page 220 and 221:
Map 10: The location of Kazincbarci
Page 222 and 223:
ous parameters of public buildings
Page 224 and 225:
demographics, at this time it was c
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 24: Kazincbarcika’s popula
Page 228 and 229:
Kazincbarcika’s population lives
Page 230 and 231:
the Bank of China). The Chinese inv
Page 232 and 233:
In the first years of the post-soci
Page 234 and 235:
ployment rate of Kazincbarcika (16.
Page 236 and 237:
Map 12: Segregated areas and areas
Page 238 and 239:
sidered as a kind of ‘model housi
Page 240 and 241:
Map 13: The action area of the func
Page 242 and 243:
level of social polarisation has be
Page 244 and 245:
Table 17: Social, economic and infr
Page 246 and 247:
illustrated by the fact that the pr
Page 248 and 249:
Map 14: Tychy - the current divisio
Page 250 and 251:
Nevertheless, as M. S. Szczepański
Page 252 and 253:
The national and regional context S
Page 254 and 255:
Tychy as a socialist city in the pe
Page 256 and 257:
The sociological assessment of the
Page 258 and 259:
communes” i.e. financed from loca
Page 260 and 261:
ed the post-socialist development.
Page 262 and 263:
Table 19: Structure of employment i
Page 264 and 265:
the main employer of this neighbour
Page 266 and 267:
Attitude towards the existing socia
Page 268 and 269:
tinuation in the car production has
Page 270 and 271:
strategic perspectives are necessar
Page 272 and 273:
certain areas of industrial towns d
Page 274 and 275:
Territorial and administrative orga
Page 276 and 277:
why new blocks of flats had to be b
Page 278 and 279:
Figure 27: Population development o
Page 280 and 281:
Characteristics of the growth of th
Page 282 and 283:
In our analyses of the developmenta
Page 284 and 285:
The collapse of large industrial fa
Page 286 and 287:
Kolačín.There is a strip of land
Page 288 and 289:
way is very attractive for investor
Page 290 and 291:
The town also has a technical gramm
Page 292 and 293:
Table 20: Change of population, per
Page 294 and 295:
Table 21: Ownership of the permanen
Page 296 and 297:
ather job security, because not all
Page 298 and 299:
Inhabitants consider these ecologic
Page 300 and 301:
Figure 28: Intensity of increase/de
Page 302 and 303:
Age structure The situation concern
Page 304 and 305:
Table 24: Change in level of educat
Page 306 and 307:
Table 26: Change in unemployment ra
Page 308 and 309:
Figure 29: Migration of population
Page 310 and 311:
mainly in houses in Miklovky, which
Page 312 and 313:
young people’s leisure time, a re
Page 314 and 315:
development strategy it will priori
Page 317 and 318:
Social Polarisation Mechanisms in t
Page 319 and 320:
Table 27: Changes in the number of
Page 321 and 322:
Figure 30: Intention to change resi
Page 323 and 324:
The reasons for this are suburbanis
Page 325 and 326:
The social characteristics of the t
Page 327 and 328:
move, except in towns around the ca
Page 329 and 330:
intra-urban territories are typical
Page 331 and 332:
The panel flats that were desirable
Page 333 and 334:
house and condominium constructions
Page 335 and 336:
300,000 HUF per month family income
Page 337 and 338:
Figure 35: Change of social status
Page 339 and 340:
towns rather secondary school gradu
Page 341:
towns. The population of big cities
Page 344 and 345:
Thus, the chapter attempts to prese
Page 346 and 347:
Figure 36: The positions of former
Page 348 and 349:
Social activity and human resources
Page 350 and 351:
which is mainly due to the fact tha
Page 352 and 353:
Changes in employment structure The
Page 354 and 355:
a lower proportion, in 1980 in Ózd
Page 356 and 357:
text, it was studied what changes h
Page 358 and 359:
that based on data from the year 19
Page 360 and 361:
employment potential, the high outw
Page 362 and 363:
The second cluster is made up of to
Page 364 and 365:
International background As a compl
Page 366 and 367:
industrial towns can be regarded as
Page 368 and 369:
the decrease in the industrial empl
Page 370 and 371:
utilised in some form (the three to
Page 373 and 374:
The Hungarian Old and New Towns - T
Page 375 and 376:
fold. Despite this, new towns only
Page 377 and 378:
Ajka, Tatabánya, Ózd, Várpalota,
Page 379 and 380:
Table 30: Distribution of housing s
Page 381 and 382:
Table 31: Five towns where the popu
Page 383 and 384:
Economic specificities The regime c
Page 385 and 386:
more typical for new towns). Conseq
Page 387 and 388:
and it started to become clear that
Page 389 and 390:
Figure 48: Changes in the permanent
Page 391 and 392:
The new towns thus lost their forme
Page 393 and 394:
Following the privatisation, thus t
Page 395 and 396:
Roma within the total population is
Page 397 and 398:
case of Szentendre) than in the new
Page 399 and 400:
more large (with over 250 employees
Page 401 and 402:
large companies is still significan
Page 403 and 404:
Table 33: The categorisation of the
Page 405 and 406:
Urban Structures and Architectural
Page 407 and 408:
General aspects of planning Initial
Page 409 and 410:
increasingly stronger critical anal
Page 411 and 412:
In Hungarian examples a common char
Page 413 and 414:
Despite these principles, it can be
Page 415 and 416:
Figure 53: The location of town cen
Page 417 and 418:
Molnár, 1967). This issue is very
Page 419 and 420:
the whole character and image of th
Page 421 and 422:
architectural ideas of politics and
Page 423 and 424:
attitude 13 . It is a town built on
Page 425 and 426:
Mining towns - Tatabánya and Koml
Page 427 and 428:
ting the geographic realities, was
Page 429 and 430:
pleasant residential units making u
Page 431 and 432:
But this was only a favoured geomet
Page 433 and 434:
parting main roads, was intended to
Page 435 and 436:
centrated in the centre (Mierové n
Page 437 and 438:
urban morphology of new towns is di
Page 439:
The analysis and investigation of n
Page 443 and 444:
The Main Social Polarisation Featur
Page 445 and 446:
Path dependency and the contemporar
Page 447 and 448:
European Union’s employment oppor
Page 449 and 450:
The present results of the represen
Page 451 and 452:
suburban zones of new towns brings
Page 453 and 454:
from the state, and under which the
Page 455 and 456:
the sections of historical heritage
Page 457 and 458:
Hungarian new towns found as more a
Page 459 and 460:
References Abaffyová, L. (2014): L
Page 461 and 462:
Czirfusz, M. (2013): Bevezetés: A
Page 463 and 464:
Farkasdy, Z. - Molnár, P. - Károl
Page 465 and 466:
Ginzburg, M. (1979): Les nouvelles
Page 467 and 468:
Körner, Zs. - Nagy, M. (2006): Az
Page 469 and 470:
OECD (2011): Urban Policy Reviews,
Page 471 and 472:
Stępniak, M. - Mendel, M. (2013):
Page 473 and 474:
Tóth, J. (1996): A hazai panelos
Page 475 and 476:
Urban development plans A BorsodChe
Page 477:
APPENDIX 475
Page 480 and 481:
Dr. Peter Gajdoš Ph.D Sociologist
Page 482 and 483:
List of Figures Figure 1: The regio
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 39: The relative value of th
Page 486 and 487:
Table 24: Change in level of educat
Page 488 and 489:
Subject Index A agglomeration 25, 5
Page 490 and 491:
S segregation 30, 31, 38, 51, 78, 1
Page 492 and 493:
Tatabánya City centre Photo: Júli
Page 494 and 495:
Dunaújváros Town Hall Photo: Nór
Page 496 and 497:
Komló Skyline with the power plant
Page 498 and 499:
Rehabilitated main street Kazincbar
Page 500 and 501:
Nová Dubnica Aerial view of the to
Page 502 and 503:
Tychy Main square Photo: Grzegorz W
Page 507 and 508:
Authors of the book Nóra Baranyai
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