Ambient air pollution A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease

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Figure 12 : Median PM 2.5 concentration, by geographic region - urban and rural areas combined, 2014 PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) 100 urban 80 rural 60 40 20 37 29 89 92 52 49 15 14 8 6 13 7 25 19 46 35 12 8 49 30 0 Afr Amr (HIC) Amr (LMIC) Emr (HIC) Eur (LMIC) Eur (HIC) Eur (LMIC) Sear Wpr (HIC) WPr (LMIC) . Afr : Africa ; Amr : Americas ; Emr : Eastern Mediterranean ; Eur : Europe ; Sear : South-East Asia, Wpr : Western Pacific ; LMIC : low- and middle-income countries ; HIC : high-income countries. Note : This graph represents the median PM 2.5 of regional urban and rural areas. These estimates are not in relation to the number of people exposed to those levels. Figure 13 : Modelled annual median particulate matter concentration compared to the 1.2 WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) a exceed AQG below AQG 100% 80% 60% 40% 76 20% 20 18 16 0% Amr (HIC) Amr (LMIC) Eur (HIC) Wpr (HIC) 2 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 8% Sear Eur Afr WPr Emr Emr World (LMIC) (LMIC) (LMIC) (HIC) (LMIC) Afr : Africa ; Amr : Americas ; Emr : Eastern Mediterranean ; Eur : Europe ; Sear : South-East Asia ; Wpr : Western Pacific ; LMIC : Low- and middle-income countries ; HIC : high-income countries ; AQG : WHO Air Quality Guidelines.a Annual mean PM 10 : 20 µg / m 3 ; Annual mean PM 2.5 : 10 µg / m 3 . 35
2.2.3. Discussion Global population exposure to PM 2.5 matter has been modelled for the year 2014 to provide a comprehensive global coverage of estimates of air quality. Annual mean concentration of PM 2.5 is highly relevant for estimating health impacts and is used as an exposure indicator for calculating the burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution. The model used for this study currently has several limitations, however. The first limitation relates to population data. While the quality of estimates of population data and population density, used to calculate the average estimates of PM 2.5 for urban and rural areas is generally good for high-income countries, it can be relatively poor for some low- and middle-income areas. Furthermore, the definition of urban / rural may greatly vary by country. The second limitation relates to resolution : The grid size is 0.1° x 0.1° (11 x 11 km close to the equator, but smaller towards the poles). This resolution may cause limitations when considering local situations. However, finer resolutions are planned for future studies. Regarding lack of monitoring data in countries, the model produces a calibration equation for each country using country level data as a priority, with regional data being used to supplement local information for countries with sparse, or no, ground monitoring data. It is acknowledged that the estimates for data-poor countries may be relatively imprecise and that this may result in apparent changes in levels of air pollution at borders with data-poor countries. In order to achiever reduced uncertainty in modelled data it is important that countries continue and / or improve ground measurement programmes. Finally, where measurements of PM 2.5 are not available, PM 10 measurements are used after conversion to PM 2.5 using either city, country or regional conversion factors. Conversion factors typically range between 0.4 - 0.8 depending on location. Localised conversion factors are likely to be more accurate, but the ability to calculate them relies on availability of localised data. The potential for inaccuracies in conversion factors means that model outputs for areas using large numbers of converted values may be less accurate than those based on measurements of PM 2.5 and extra caution should be taken in their interpretation. Wherever possible, estimates of PM 2.5 have been computed using standardized categories and methods in order to enhance cross-national comparability. This approach may result in some cases in differences between the estimates presented here and the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual WHO Member States. These differences between WHO and national statistics may be larger in countries with small cities and settlements which may not be fully represented by the resolution of the WHO model. This may be compounded for isolated regions where air pollution is primarily from local sources and is experienced at very local levels. 37
Page 3: Ambient air pollution: A global ass
Page 7 and 8: List of tables Table 1 : Table 2 :
Page 10: Preface This report presents a summ
Page 14 and 15: Summary Air pollution represents th
Page 17 and 18: 1. Introduction This document summa
Page 20 and 21: 2. Exposure to ambient air pollutio
Page 22 and 23: 2.1.2. Results Data availability Th
Page 24 and 25: Data summary An overview of PM 10 l
Page 26 and 27: Table 3 : Number of cities included
Page 28 and 29: 2.1.3. Discussion The WHO urban amb
Page 30 and 31: In the majority of regions of the w
Page 35 and 36: 3. Burden of disease attributable t
Page 37 and 38: Figure 14 : Deaths attributable to
Page 39 and 40: Figure 18 : Age-standardized deaths
Page 41 and 42: Table 7 : Population attributable f
Page 44: 4. Conclusion and way forward Ambie
Page 47: 22. World population prospects : 20
Page 51 and 52: Annex 1 : Modelled population expos
Page 53 and 54: PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ], urban and rural
Page 55 and 56: PM 2.5 [µg/m 3 ], urban and rural
Page 57 and 58: Annex 2 : Deaths, YLLs and DALYs at
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Ambient air pollution A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease

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