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16 testify October 2016 This month in Christian history October 2, 1187 Muslim general Saladin captures Jerusalem from the crusaders. October 25, 1400 English poet Geoffrey Chaucer dies in London, having stopped writing his famous Canterbury Tales some time before. Though not a religious writer, his characters aptly illustrate the best and worst of the church in his day. Chaucer was buried in Westminster Abbey, a high honour for a commoner, and became the first of those entombed in what is now called Poets’ Corner. Geoffrey Chaucer October 27, 1553 Michael Servetus is burned at the stake in Geneva for his heretical beliefs regarding the Trinity. October 29, 1562 George Abbot, translator of the Gospels, Acts and Revelation for the King James Bible is born. He became head of the Church of England in 1611, but his popularity (and his health) declined sharply after he killed a man in a hunting accident in 1621. October 14, 1633 James II of England, whose conversion to Catholicism in 1670 created a constitutional crisis in Anglican Britain, is born. October 28, 312 Roman emperor Constantine, 32, defeated the army of Maxentius, a contender to the throne, at Milvian Bridge, after trusting in a vision he had seen of the cross, inscribed with the words, “In this sign conquer.” Constantine was converted soon after and became the first Roman emperor to embrace the Christian faith. October 25, 431 October The Council of Ephesus replaces Nestorius with a new patriarch of Constantinople. Nestorius was anathematized for holding the belief that two separate persons dwelled in the incarnate Christ. October 8, 451 The Council of Chalcedon opens to deal with the Eutychians, who believed Jesus could not have two natures. His divinity, they believed, swallowed up his humanity ‘‘like a drop of wine in the sea.’‘ The council condemned the teaching as heresy and created a confession of faith which has since been regarded as the highest word in Christology. October 27, 625 Honorius I begins his reign as Pope. His belief in Monothelitism (that Christ had only one will, not two), since condemned as heresy by the Roman Catholic Church, has long been a point of conflict for Catholic discussion of papal infallibility. October 14, 1066 William the Conqueror leads the Normans to victory over the English Saxons in the Battle of Hastings. William is also considered one of England’s most important religious reformers; he spent his last days in intense Christian devotion. October 30, 1451 Christopher Columbus, who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean, both to spread Christianity and (as his crew members complained) to ‘‘make a great lord of himself’,” is born. October 26, 1466 According to some accounts, Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus was born on this date. The first editor of the Greek New Testament, he also wrote In Praise of Folly (a satire of monastic and ecclesiastical corruption) among many other works. October 12, 1492 Christopher Columbus arrives in the Caribbean. October 26, 1529 Thomas More becomes Lord Chancellor of England. Though he defended religious freedom in his book Utopia, he strongly opposed the Reformation and wrote against Luther, Tyndale, and others. Because he also opposed Henry VIII’s claim to be the supreme head of the English church, as well as the king’s divorce, he was executed. October 6, 1536 English reformer, William Tyndale, who translated and published the first mechanically-printed New Testament in the English language (against the law at the time) is strangled to death. His body is then burned at the stake. James 11 of England October 13, 1670 Virginia bans slavery for Negroes who arrive in the American colonies as Christians. The colony repealed the law twelve years later. October 16, 1701 Unhappy with growing liberalism at Harvard, Congregationalists founded a Collegiate School, later known as Yale. October 14, 1735 John and Charles Wesley, co-founders of Methodism, set sail for America as missionaries. October 27, 1771 Francis Asbury, sent from England by John Wesley to oversee America’s 600 (or so) Methodists, lands in Philadelphia. During his forty-five year ministry in America, he travelled on horseback or in carriage an estimated 300,000 miles, delivering some 16,500 sermons. By his death, there were 200,000 Methodists in America. October 3, 1789 George Washington names November 26th as a day of national thanksgiving for the ratification of the Constitution. On the same date in 1863, Abraham Lincoln designates the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. October 2, 1800 Slave and lay preacher Nat Turner, is born in Southampton County, Virginia. Inspired by biblical texts, the deeply religious and ascetic Turner received visions of liberating his people. On August 22, 1831, he led a major revolt with 60 other slaves, killing 57 white Virginians. October 10, 1821 Law student Charles Finney, 29, went into the woods near his home to settle the question of his soul’s sal-
October 2016 testify 17 This month in Christian history October 10, 1821 Law student Charles Finney, 29, went into the woods near his home to settle the question of his soul’s salvation. That night, he experienced a dramatic conversion, full of what seemed ‘‘waves of liquid love throughout his body.’‘ Finney later became American history’s greatest revivalist and purportedly converted 500,000 people. October 19, 1856 A Sunday evening service led by Charles Haddon Spurgeon turns tragic when someone shouts ‘‘Fire!’‘ in London’s enormous Surrey Hall. There was no fire, but the stampede left seven people dead and twenty-eight more hospitalised. Though the episode plunged Spurgeon into weeks of depression, it also catapulted him to overnight fame. October 16, 1859 Militant messianic abolitionist, John Brown, leads a group of about twenty men in a raid on the federal armoury at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). Brown believed that only violent action would end slavery and that a massive slave uprising would bring God’s judgment upon unrepentant American Southerners. Furthermore, he believed that God had anointed him as the cleansing agent for his country’s sin. But when the slaves around Harper’s Ferry failed to rally to Brown’s cause, he was overpowered. He was arrested, tried, and hanged. October 15, 1932 A small party of supporters gathers in Liverpool, England, to send Gladys Aylward, a 28-year-old parlor maid, off on a dangerous missionary journey to China. Though she’d been turned down by the missions agency she applied to, she went on to become one of the most amazing single woman missionaries of modern history. Her dramatic rescue of a hundred orphans is told in the movie The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman. October 15, 1949 Billy Graham skyrockets to national prominence with an evangelistic crusade in Los Angeles. October 26, 1950 Mother Teresa founds the first Mission of Charity in Calcutta, India. October 26, 1966 The first World Congress on Evangelism opens in West Berlin, attracting approximately 600 delegates from about 100 countries. October 12, 1971 The rock musical, ‘‘Jesus Christ Superstar,’‘ debuts on Broadway. October 23, 1976 Presidential candidate, Jimmy Carter responds to a public outcry over comments he made in an interview with Playboy magazine. ‘‘Christ said, ‘I tell you that anyone who has looked on a woman with lust has in his heart already committed adultery,’‘‘ Carter said in the interview. ‘‘I’ve looked on a lot of women with lust. I’ve committed adultery in my heart many times.” October 27, 1978 The complete New International Version (NIV) of the Bible is published. October 17, 1979 Mother Teresa is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Mother Teresa Charles Finney October 29, 1837 Dutch theologian and politician, Abraham Kuyper is born in Rotterdam, Holland. He became so popular and famous that on October 29th, 1907, the whole nation celebrated his 70th birthday, declaring; ‘‘the history of the Netherlands, in Church, in State, in Society, in Press, in School, and in the Sciences of the last forty years, cannot be written without the mention of his name on almost every page. October 22, 1844 Between 50,000 and 100,000 followers of Baptist lay preacher William Miller prepared for ‘‘The Day of Atonement’‘—the day Jesus would return. Jesus didn’t, and though Miller retained his faith in Christ’s imminent return until his death, he blamed human mistakes in Bible chronologies for ‘‘The Great Disappointment.’‘ Several groups arose from Miller’s following, including the Seventh-Day Adventists. October 18, 1867 The United States purchases Alaska for $7.2 million, or about 2 cents an acre. Ten years later, after the military administration had only worsened the territory’s moral condition, an army private stationed in Alaska begged, ‘‘Send out a shepherd who may reclaim a mighty flock from the error of their ways, and gather them into the true fold.’‘ Presbyterian missionary Sheldon Jackson answered the call and spent decades raising funds, building schools and churches, and crusading for better laws. October 15, 1880 Germany’s Cologne cathedral is completed, 633 years after construction began. October 4, 1890 Catherine Booth, English ‘‘mother of the Salvation Army,’‘ dies of cancer. Besides preaching as a Salvation Army minister, she persuaded her husband, William, to make women an integral part of Salvation Army leadership and work. Cathrine Booth Charles Spurgeon
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Oct-Testify2

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