DISCUSSION

Mean value
Treatment-Control difference
Treatment group Control group Difference S.E. p-value
Age 0.007 -0.007 0.014 0.045 0.761
Male 0.491 0.457 0.035 0.023 0.124
Black 0.069 0.047 0.022 0.011 0.037
Non-Hispanic white 0.628 0.644 -0.016 0.022 0.464
Hispanic 0.175 0.175 0.000 0.017 0.999
Asian 0.094 0.085 0.009 0.013 0.482
SAT score -0.048 0.050 -0.098 0.045 0.030
High school GPA -0.044 0.045 -0.089 0.045 0.049
Advanced placement credit 0.762 0.770 -0.008 0.019 0.686
Fall semester 0.575 0.591 -0.016 0.022 0.482
First login time -0.003 0.004 -0.007 0.045 0.876
Notes: The Treatment and Control groups contain 995 and 972 students respectively. The p-value for the joint null
hypothesis that none of the eleven characteristics predicts treatment is 0.153. Also see the notes to Table SWA.1.
Table SWA.2: Characteristics of students in Fall 2013 & Spring 2014 semesters
(performance-based goals experiment)
Mean value
Treatment-Control difference
Treatment group Control group Difference S.E. p-value
Age 0.003 -0.003 0.005 0.045 0.903
Male 0.462 0.454 0.008 0.022 0.704
Black 0.058 0.055 0.003 0.010 0.769
Non-Hispanic white 0.579 0.595 -0.016 0.022 0.472
Hispanic 0.210 0.209 0.002 0.018 0.932
Asian 0.109 0.099 0.010 0.014 0.476
SAT score 0.051 -0.049 0.101 0.045 0.024
High school GPA 0.013 -0.012 0.025 0.045 0.579
Advanced placement credit 0.756 0.742 0.014 0.019 0.472
Fall semester 0.665 0.624 0.041 0.021 0.055
First login time -0.004 0.004 -0.007 0.045 0.868
Notes: The Treatment and Control groups contain 984 and 1,020 students respectively. The p-value for the
joint null hypothesis that none of the eleven characteristics predicts treatment is 0.471. Also see the notes to
Table SWA.1.
Table SWA.3: Characteristics of students in Fall 2014 & Spring 2015 semesters
(task-based goals experiment)
Supplementary Web Appendix, p. 2