Ecosystem Services

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Box 1: Sea urchins turn viable kelp forests into desert-like barren grounds in the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea Since the early 1970’s, more than 50% of kelp forests in the sheltered and moderately exposed areas from ~63 to 71°N have been grazed by green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, which have transformed the areas along the Norwegian coast into marine deserts, or so-called barren grounds (Sivertsen 1997) (Figure 5). The reason for this development is not fully understood, but might relate to both stochastic and cyclic events (Norderhaug and Christie 2009). However, the last decade we have observed a gradually northwards recovery of kelp (Norderhaug and Christie 2009, Rinde et al. 2014), partly explained by the negative effects from warming on sea urchin recruitment (Fagerli et al. 2013) and to some degree from increased predation by northward expanding Cancer pagurus and Carcinus maenas crabs (Fagerli et al. 2014, Christie et al. in prep.). Figure 5: The kelp forests of the northern coasts of Norway have been kept back by green sea urchins for decades, but are now slowly recovering in a northward direction Source: Hartvig Christie, NIVA. 38 Ecosystem Services
Box 2: Eutrophication, climate change and overfishing threatens the kelp forest in Skagerrak An important threat to S. latissima and other macroalgae in the Skagerrak and North Sea region is the competition and overgrowth of filamentous algae on less exposed hard bottom localities during summer. Moy et al. (2008) found that S. latissima had disappeared at about 80% and 40% of surveyed stations at the Skagerrak and west coast, respectively. Worst affected are areas with good conditions for filamentous algae, which are in protected areas with good light conditions (Bekkby and Moy 2011). Based on today’s knowledge, the loss of S. latissima is most likely related to eutrophication and climate change (Syvertsen et al. 2009). Increasing temperature and inputs of nutrients and particulate matter, together with overfishing of for instance the cod Gadus morhua are probable reasons why sugar kelp has disappeared and not yet returned (Moy et al. 2008, Syvertsen et al. 2009). A decline in large predators can lead to domino effects in the food chain that increases the effects of eutrophication (Moksnes et al. 2008, Korpinen et al. 2007, Östman et al. 2016). Figure 6: Saccharina latissima kelp in the Skagerrak and North Sea becomes overgrown by filamentous algae in late summer, probably due to a combination of high temperatures, rich loads of nutrients and overfishing Source: Hartvig Christie. Ecosystem Services 39
Page 1: Ecosystem Services In the Coastal Z
Page 4 and 5: Ecosystem Services In the Coastal Z
Page 6 and 7: 5. Ecosystem services of blue musse
Page 9: Preface This report gives an overvi
Page 12 and 13: Baseline Natura 2000 NCM NIVA NOK T
Page 14 and 15: Kelp has a long tradition of being
Page 16 and 17: Traditionally, blue mussels have be
Page 19 and 20: 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Mari
Page 21 and 22: quences of different uses (Meld. St
Page 23 and 24: forests, we have also looked at the
Page 25 and 26: Important supporting ecosystem serv
Page 27 and 28: Skagerrak and Baltic in the south.
Page 29: The approach goes beyond ecosystem
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2: Map of the Nordic countri
Page 34 and 35: the tourism industry. The total val
Page 37 and 38: 3. Ecosystem services of kelp fores
Page 39: and Vance 2015), the spread of inva
Page 43 and 44: 3.3 Supporting services 3.3.1 Habit
Page 45 and 46: Scheibling 2012). Detritus settles
Page 47 and 48: Based on the well-known food chains
Page 49 and 50: Box 3: An investigation of CO2 upta
Page 51 and 52: Many studies are also supporting in
Page 53 and 54: 4. Ecosystem services of eelgrass m
Page 55 and 56: Figure 11: Eelgrass meadow with flo
Page 57 and 58: The challenge is to stop or reduce
Page 59 and 60: 4.3.2 Primary production, food webs
Page 61 and 62: 4.3.3 Biological control By high pr
Page 63 and 64: 4.5 Regulating services 4.5.1 Maint
Page 65 and 66: 4.5.5 Coastal defense The eelgrass
Page 67 and 68: 5. Ecosystem services of blue musse
Page 69 and 70: al. 2002, Vuorinen et al. 2002, Lap
Page 71 and 72: of plankton and suspended particles
Page 73 and 74: Figure 18: Blue mussel farmed in a
Page 75 and 76: 5.5 Regulating services 5.5.1 Maint
Page 77 and 78: for consumption and enjoyment of re
Page 79: Box 5: Løgstør - the town of muss
Page 82 and 83: which slowly become flads and later
Page 84 and 85: occur in these types of environment
Page 86 and 87: Figure 22: Shallow, wave sheltered
Page 88 and 89: 6.3.3 Biological control Shallow, w
Page 90 and 91:
On the Swedish east coast the comme
Page 92 and 93:
6.5.3 Eutrophication mitigation Rem
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Within two weeks, the charophyte co
Page 96 and 97:
The contradiction between how the u
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Of the regulating services, kelp an
Page 100 and 101:
7.2 Knowledge gaps Although this st
Page 102 and 103:
huge knowledge gap regarding which
Page 104 and 105:
7.2.4 Shallow bays and inlets Recre
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Baumann HA, Morrison L, Stengel DB.
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Christie H, Norderhaug KM, Fredriks
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FAO. 2014. The State of World Fishe
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HVMFS (Havs- och vattenmyndigheten)
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Karås P. 1996a. Basic abiotic cond
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Lyngby JE, Brix H. 1989. Heavy meta
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Newell RIE. 2004. Ecosystem influen
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Rinde E, Tjomsland T, Hjermann DØ,
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Stål J, Paulsen S, Pihl L, Rönnb
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Wernberg T, Russell BD, Moore PJ, L
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mrd NOK. Siden tareskogene er antat
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størrelse som fiskeoppdrett, men f
Page 130:
Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Str
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