Labour Exploitation Trafficking and Migrant Health

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Conceptual framework The study was designed around a conceptual framework that identifies migration-related 21 risk as a mediator between occupational health exposures and outcomes (see Figure 1). Figure 1: EXTRMHE conceptual framework SOCIAL, POLITICAL CONTEXTS Pre departure Travel (vulnerability) • Push-pull factors • Recruitment • Social norms for migration, gender, etc. • Travel arrangements • Documents Health risk (exposures) Occupational Risks • Work-specific tasks and related hazards • Personal protective equipment • Skills training Work and Living Conditions • Deception • Hours, breaks, etc. • Deprivation • Violence, abuses • Social networks Health consequenses (outcomes) • Physical health • Mental health • Sexual health • Health-care access • Coping • Access to other support, trafficking information This conceptual framework incorporates the social and political context in which migration occurs, as well as the pre-departure conditions that place the individual in a state of heightened vulnerability from the outset. The framework also recognizes that occupational risks for migrants are related not only to work-specific tasks but also to the conditions in which migrants work and live. Finally, the framework incorporates the potential health outcomes resulting from these exposures, and includes access to health care. This framework underpinned the design of the study aims and objectives and guided the construction of the data collection tools and analysis strategy. An additional conceptual framework about occupational exposures, migration-related risks and health outcomes can be found in Annex I. Study methods Study design The Labour Exploitation, Trafficking and Migrant Health (EXTRMHE) research was a cross-sectional, observational study using qualitative methods. It included two components. In the first component, literature reviews were conducted to identify occupational health risks associated with the migrant worker sectors chosen for the study. The literature reviews 22 also informed the development of data collection tools (topic guides) and the conceptual framework on exploitation and health. We conducted: • A narrative review of the textile industry, particularly in middle- and low-income settings; • A narrative review for the gold mining industry in Peru; and • A systematic review of occupational health risks among construction-sector labour migrants, particularly in middle- and low-income settings. In the second component of the study, qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect detailed descriptive and case data for each of these sectors. Table 1 describes the research objectives and corresponding methods. 21 Throughout this report, the term “migration” refers to both international and internal migration. 22 Summaries of these reviews are presented in tables in the country chapters of this report. 18 Introduction
Table 1: Overview research objectives and methods Research objectives 1. To identify occupational health risks associated with the following sectors in which migrants work: artisanal gold mining, textiles and construction 2. Explore experiences and perceptions of exploitation, risk and health among identified trafficked persons and exploited migrants in selected labour sectors 3. Compare types and descriptions of exploitation, health risks, outcomes and service needs of trafficked persons and migrant workers Literature reviews Recruitment procedures and sample Methods Argentina • In-depth interviews with identified trafficked persons in the textile sector • In-depth interviews with migrant workers in the textile sector Peru • In-depth interviews with migrant workers in the gold mining sector Kazakhstan • In-depth interviews with identified trafficked persons in the construction sector • In-depth interviews with migrant workers in the construction sector Comparative thematic analysis: • Within each country between identified trafficked persons and migrant workers • Across countries between identified trafficked persons and migrant workers Recruitment procedures In order to recruit the participants for our study we used purposive sampling and “snow-balling” techniques following inclusion and exclusion criteria as detailed in Table 2. Table 2: Participant inclusion and exclusion criteria Research objectives Methods Exclusion Identified trafficked persons in posttrafficking services Migrant workers • In contact with post-trafficking care • Age 12 and above • Male or female • Had been trafficked either internally (that is, domestically) or internationally • Trafficked for a low-skilled labour sector (not sexual exploitation) into selected sectors in each country: Peru for artisanal gold mining; Argentina for textiles; and Kazakhstan for construction • Age 12 and above • Male or female • Had migrated internally or internationally • Migrated into selected sectors in each country: Argentina for textiles; Peru for artisanal gold mining; and Kazakhstan for construction • Considered by support worker, health provider or researcher to be too unwell or distressed to participate • Unable or unwilling to give informed consent to participate in the study • Trafficked exclusively for sexual exploitation • Never cared for by a recognized post-trafficking service • Considered by health provider, or researcher to be too unwell or distressed to participate • Unable or unwilling to give informed consent to participate in the study • Not possible to conduct interview outside of workplace Labour Exploitation, Trafficking and Migrant Health 19
Page 1 and 2: Labour Exploitation, Trafficking an
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Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
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Third, personal motivations such as
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Contracts, agreements and promises
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self-employed from time to time, an
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In terms of mental health issues, s
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Accidents and injuries When asking
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Since camps were located deep in th
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distance that migrant workers had t
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From the interviewees’ accounts,
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• Designate a dedicated budget an
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Ministry of Labour • Strengthen t
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4.7 Further research priorities •
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5 KAZAKHSTAN: STUDY RESULTS
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25 RSKZ06/ M 48 Married Y (1) MW Ky
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Eighty per cent of migrants in Cent
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Table 10 : Construction sector: Hea
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5.4 Main findings This section pres
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One young unmarried Uzbek victim of
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conditions, salaries and accommodat
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migrants. Drivers appeared to keep
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Occupational risk exposures and out
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you worked with the team, watched h
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+70°C. Possibly the illness was in
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I fled, he fled too. Started to cal
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work site.“ In colder months, mig
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without meals. For example, intervi
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“If I wanted to leave I had no do
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of one of the missing men gave the
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of his conundrum of being prescribe
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Law enforcement and migration offic
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Living conditions among all intervi
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Health services sector, related to
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Ministry of Education and Science
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Davidson, C. and D. Orr 2009 Occupa
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Panikkar, B. 2012 Migration, work,
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6 MIGRANT WORKER EXPLOITATION AND H
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Migration motivations We only worke
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employment or managing their househ
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contracts were generally verbal and
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Even when people hear about human t
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Workplace hazards and injuries Spec
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Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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In Kazakhstan, although workers not
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Trafficking survivors were much mor
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Victims of trafficking reported wor
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In Kazakhstan, interviewees regular
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migration often appeared to be mixe
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7 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS
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Law enforcement and justice ministr
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ANNEX Figure 2: Conceptual framewor
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Labour Exploitation Trafficking and Migrant Health

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