Labour Exploitation Trafficking and Migrant Health

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Recruitment of people identified as victims of trafficking 23 Interviewees were identified through the IOM counter-trafficking partner network or an IOM Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration Programme. Eligible service users were initially approached by a support worker, social worker or health provider. These support professionals judged the potential risks associated with participation and, if deemed safe, described the study aims and the nature of informed consent, and discussed with the possible participant any potential concerns about participating. Recruitment of migrant workers We explored available sources to identify migrant workers (for example, IOM mobile heath units, local service partners) and used snowballing sampling among migrants. Workers were initially approached by a health provider, social worker, support worker or, in the case of Kazakhstan, diaspora contacts. People were generally approached outside their workplace, for example, while in a health clinic, residence or service provider office. Researchers and service staff judged the potential risks associated with participation and, if they deemed it safe, described the study aims, the nature of informed consent, and discussed with the possible participant any potential concerns about participating. For individuals who agreed to proceed with the informed consent procedure, a member of the EXTRMHE research team carried out the informed consent procedures appropriate to an adult or young person. Sample The participants were men and women aged 18 to 55. In total, we interviewed 71 people; of these, 18 were identified victims of trafficking and 53 were migrant workers. For a breakdown of how many of which type of interviewee were interviewed in each country, see Table 3. People who were identified victims of trafficking were recruited from post-trafficking services and had been identified by either government or non-governmental counter-trafficking actors. 23 Recruiting victims of trafficking and conducting research in some of these settings proved very challenging. Different issues arose in the different locations, which made recruitment and data collection difficult. In Peru, we did not have access to victims of trafficking, because the identification of victims of trafficking for labour is still very rare and challenging because of poor awareness of labour trafficking versus sex trafficking in the country. This meant that only migrant workers were recruited in Peru. A further hurdle in Peru was access the study sites. The local IOM team advised against accessing the mining camps because these areas were geographically isolated and regarded as potentially very dangerous. Their illegal status means that these camps were kept clandestine, located deep in the jungle, with their location kept secret among workers, they do not want to be identified, fearing police raids; therefore trying to access them would have been putting our team in danger. Additionally, the political context was not ideal because at the time of the fieldwork, police raids to dismantle illegal mining camps had escalated and the situation was very tense. The strategy devised to overcome these issues was to accompany La Caravana de la Vida, a mobile health project launched in July 2012 and implemented by the Regional Government of Madre de Dios, with support from IOM and the President’s Office for Welfare and Social Action; La Caravana de la Vida entailed a mobile health clinic providing health services to hard-to-reach populations. The itinerary of La Caravana de la Vida included areas close to the camps and we hoped that some people working in the camps would attend. Despite being under the umbrella of La Caravana de la Vida, the presence of the interviewers attracted some attention, which meant that the fieldwork was cut short after two outings. In Argentina, interviewing victims of trafficking was not possible due to concerns on the part of the governmental service providers about the vulnerability of the victims. Instead, it was decided to interview victims of trafficking who had already returned to Bolivia after receiving assistance in Argentina following their experience as trafficking victims. However, it was difficult to trace the victims of trafficking due to lack of updated contact information, so the number of interviews we could conduct was limited. In terms of interviewers’ safety it is important to highlight that the clandestine textile industry operated in slum areas that posed security issues. This meant that interviews with migrant workers could only be conducted during certain times of the day and the researcher had to take many precautions when travelling to these areas of the capital. Interviewees had to return to work and had little time to spare for the interviews, which made it challenging to persuade them to stay for the length of the interview. Despite this, all interviews lasted at least 45 minutes. Some of the interviewers were recruited in tuberculosis (TB) clinics, which meant that interviewers had to take precautions when interviewing these individuals. In Kazakhstan, the main challenges were related to extreme weather conditions that made it difficult for the interviewers to conduct the work. Furthermore, it was difficult to find victims of trafficking within the fieldwork time constraints due to the seasonal nature of construction work. Some of the richness of information was lost in a few interviews where the conversation could not be conducted in the interviewees’ first language but were instead carried out in Russian. The interviews took place across regions and therefore required travelling long distances for the interviewers; the interviewers therefore had to plan several interviews during the same day, which made it difficult and stressful for them. In some cases interviewers reported that building a trusting relationship and rapport with the interviewees was challenging and they had to be flexible and creative when asking the questions in order to access the information they were interested in. Finally, overall, there were emotional stressors on the interviewers due to various factors including sad stories told by the participants, tense interview contexts and extreme weather conditions (hot in Peru and cold in Kazakhstan). In order to deal with this the EXTRMHE team held regular debriefing meetings with the interviewers and talked through the feelings and emotions that had come up during the fieldwork. 20 Introduction
Topic guide Argentina Peru Kazakhstan Table 3: Study populations and sample size per country Country Sample population Sample size 1. People identified as trafficked in post-trafficking services 2. Migrant workers in the textile sector, in and around Buenos Aires 1. Migrant workers in the mining sector in Madre de Dios region 1. People identified as trafficked in post-trafficking services 2. Migrant workers in the construction sector, in and around Astana 6 15 ____ Total 21 21 ____ Total 21 12 17 ____ Total 29 We based our topic guide on previous research 24,25 on health and human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion and in Europe, plus our review of the literature, particularly the occupational health literature for the gold mining, construction and textile industries. Topics included: 1. Sociodemographics (for example, gender, age, country of origin, education status, pretrafficking employment status, marital status, living situation, number and location of children) 2. Pre-migration-related factors (for example, past abuse, recruitment, migration network, health problems) 3. Exploitation (for example, duration of exploitation, types of exploitation, abuse, work conditions, pay) 4. Occupational hazards (related to type of labour and environment) 5. Personal protective equipment (equipment, hats, gloves) 6. Physical abuse, punishments (violence, financial deductions) 7. Living conditions, deprivation (housing, hygiene, food) 8. Psychological abuse, marginalization (threats, legal status) 9. Physical health symptoms and injuries (medical history-type checklist) 10. Psychological symptoms (drawn from psychometric tools used in previous trafficking studies, with open-ended responses) 11. Access to health and other services (types of care contacts, use) 12. Coping and resilience (hopes, empowerment, ability to plan) The topic guide was reviewed and amended by each local team to ensure the guide covered the range of topics needed to achieve the study objectives, and that questions were clear, culturally and occupationally relevant and that wording would be easily comprehended. The topic guide was then further discussed and amended during the local training sessions and piloted for feasibility and acceptability by the local interviewers. After piloting the guides were further revised, as needed. 24 Ligia Kiss et al., “Health of men, women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: An observational cross-sectional study”, The Lancet Global Health 3, no. 3 (2015), e154–161. 25 Cathy Zimmerman et al., “The health of trafficked women: A survey of women entering posttrafficking services in Europe”, The American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 1 (2008), pp. 55–59, doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.108357. Labour Exploitation, Trafficking and Migrant Health 21
Page 1 and 2: Labour Exploitation, Trafficking an
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Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was mad
Page 10 and 11: TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Table 2
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Page 17 and 18: included urinary infections and gyn
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Page 26 and 27: Moreover, because large numbers of
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Page 38 and 39: Argentina between 2000 and 2010; mo
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Page 64 and 65: ARGENTINA HEALTH LITERATURE REVIEW
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Page 71 and 72: production. 85 The majority of migr
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Contracts, agreements and promises
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self-employed from time to time, an
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In terms of mental health issues, s
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Accidents and injuries When asking
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Since camps were located deep in th
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distance that migrant workers had t
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From the interviewees’ accounts,
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• Designate a dedicated budget an
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Ministry of Labour • Strengthen t
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4.7 Further research priorities •
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5 KAZAKHSTAN: STUDY RESULTS
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25 RSKZ06/ M 48 Married Y (1) MW Ky
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Eighty per cent of migrants in Cent
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Table 10 : Construction sector: Hea
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5.4 Main findings This section pres
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One young unmarried Uzbek victim of
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conditions, salaries and accommodat
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migrants. Drivers appeared to keep
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Occupational risk exposures and out
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you worked with the team, watched h
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+70°C. Possibly the illness was in
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I fled, he fled too. Started to cal
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work site.“ In colder months, mig
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without meals. For example, intervi
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“If I wanted to leave I had no do
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of one of the missing men gave the
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of his conundrum of being prescribe
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Law enforcement and migration offic
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Living conditions among all intervi
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Health services sector, related to
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Ministry of Education and Science
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Davidson, C. and D. Orr 2009 Occupa
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Panikkar, B. 2012 Migration, work,
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6 MIGRANT WORKER EXPLOITATION AND H
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Migration motivations We only worke
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employment or managing their househ
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contracts were generally verbal and
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Even when people hear about human t
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Workplace hazards and injuries Spec
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Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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In Kazakhstan, although workers not
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Trafficking survivors were much mor
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Victims of trafficking reported wor
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In Kazakhstan, interviewees regular
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migration often appeared to be mixe
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7 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATIONS
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Law enforcement and justice ministr
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ANNEX Figure 2: Conceptual framewor
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