Evaluation of the application of gibbrellic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles under drought stress on some traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

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Table 5. The mean comparison <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, gibberellin, <strong>and</strong> TiO2 on traits. Catalase mg/mmol) ji632 / 71 fghi 307 / 36 ji636 / 03 k113 / 43 fghij301 / 31 jhi627 / 33 jki132 / 12 jk131 / 61 jki616 / 34 eggh 320 / 72 ji676 / 41 ghij 674 / 77 jhi647 / 41 jhi673 / 03 sdef704 / 73 ghij673 / 47 abdc732 / 17 bcde726 / 60 defg331 / 61 abc111 / 30 abcd777 / 37 abcd771 / 13 abcd772 / 37 ab131 / 72 abcd732 / 37 abcd101 / 76 a177 / 36 (Protein Anthocyanin (mM/g fresh Nano-TiO2 (%) weight) i10 / 74 0 fgh67 / 23 0 /01 gh61 / 33 0 /03 fgh63 / 33 0 h66 / 17 0 /01 h61 / 40 0 /03 h60 / 26 0 h61 / 01 0 /01 h66 / 43 0 /03 efg37 / 17 0 h66 / 44 0 /01 def37 / 06 0 /03 fgh67 / 74 0 abcd73 / 11 0 /01 abcd73 / 13 0 /03 fgh64 / 67 0 abc10 / 03 0 /01 abcd72 / 33 0 /03 gh61 / 34 0 gh63 / 70 0 /01 abcd72 / 21 0 /03 cde71 / 67 0 abcd73 / 13 0 /01 ab17 / 07 0 /03 bcde76 / 46 0 abcd74 / 07 0 /01 a11 / 33 0 /03 Gibberellin (ppm) 0 0 0 610 610 610 100 100 100 0 0 0 610 610 610 100 100 100 0 0 0 610 610 610 100 100 100 Drought <strong>stress</strong> 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 Fig. 1. The reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> dryness <strong>stress</strong> <strong>and</strong> Titanum <strong>dioxide</strong> on Biomass. Fig. 2. The reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> Gibberellin <strong>and</strong> Titanum <strong>dioxide</strong> on<strong>nanoparticles</strong> on Biomass. The main effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, gibberellin, <strong>and</strong> Nano-TiO2 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong> <strong>and</strong> gibberellin, <strong>the</strong> reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> Nano-TiO2 <strong>the</strong> reciprocated triple effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, gibberellin, <strong>and</strong> Nano-TiO2 on anthocyanin trait were significant in statistical level <strong>of</strong> one percent (Table 1). Kiapour et al. As shown in table 2, <strong>the</strong> highest amount <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin is obtained by <strong>the</strong> irrigation regimes <strong>of</strong> 40%, 70% <strong>and</strong> 100% <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> compound treatment <strong>of</strong> 500 <strong>and</strong> 250 ppm gibberellin (48.37 <strong>and</strong> 48.15 mM/g fresh weight, respectively) <strong>and</strong> lowest amount (21.45 mM/g fresh weight) comes from <strong>the</strong> treatment <strong>of</strong> 500 ppm gibberellin in 100% irrigation regime. The latter Page 143
showed no great statistical difference (21.50 mM/g fresh weight) with <strong>the</strong> non-<strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> gibberellin <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 250 ppm gibberellin (24.42 mM/g fresh weight) in <strong>the</strong> same irrigation regime. Likewise, in 40% <strong>and</strong> 70% irrigation regimes, <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 250 <strong>and</strong> 500 ppm gibberellin obtained high amounts <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin <strong>and</strong> were categorized in one group (Table 1). Fig. 3. The reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong> <strong>and</strong> gibberellin on The Biomass ( gr ). The study conducted by Jaafar et al, (2012) on <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong> (normal irrigation; moderate, high, <strong>and</strong> intense <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>) on biological characteristics <strong>of</strong> Labisiapumila Benth showed that <strong>the</strong> high <strong>and</strong> intense <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, <strong>the</strong> highest contents <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin was obtained. In line with this study, Hassanpour Asil et al (2012) observed in <strong>the</strong>ir study that gibberellin causes to increasing <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin in Iris. The highest amount (52.02 mM/g fresh weight) was achieved by <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 0.03% Nano-TiO2 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lowest amount (20.16 mM/g fresh weight) was attained by non-<strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> Nano-TiO2 in 100% irrigation regime which showed no significant statistical difference with 0.01% <strong>and</strong> 0.03% Nano-TiO2 (23.96 <strong>and</strong> 23.26 mM/g fresh weight, respectively). The <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 0.03% <strong>titanium</strong> <strong>nanoparticles</strong> in 70% irrigation regime showed higher amount <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin as compared with control treatment (non-<strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> Nano- TiO2), while in 40% irrigation, <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 0.01% <strong>titanium</strong> <strong>nanoparticles</strong> did not have statistically significant difference with non<strong>application</strong> approach but showed higher amount <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin compared with <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 0.03% treatment (Table 2). Fig. 4. The triple reciprocated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>drought</strong> <strong>stress</strong>, Gibberellin <strong>and</strong> Titanium on Anthocyanin. Kiapour et al. The results taken from <strong>the</strong> triple effect mean comparison table (Table 5) showed that <strong>the</strong> highest amount <strong>of</strong> anthocyanin (55.33 mM/g fresh weight) was obtained by <strong>the</strong> <strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> 40% 500 ppm gibberellin <strong>and</strong> 0.03% <strong>titanium</strong> <strong>nanoparticles</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> lowest amount (10.47 mM/g fresh weight) was achieved by <strong>the</strong> 100% irrigation treatment <strong>and</strong> non<strong>application</strong> <strong>of</strong> gibberellin <strong>and</strong> <strong>nanoparticles</strong>. The studies carried out by Ghorbani (2012) on basil; Gholampour (2011) on amaranth; <strong>and</strong> Rezaei Adl (2013) indicated that <strong>the</strong> anthocyanin level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se plants was affected by <strong>the</strong> different concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>titanium</strong> <strong>nanoparticles</strong>. Page 144
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Evaluation of the application of gibbrellic acid and titanium dioxide nanoparticles under drought stress on some traits of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

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