GSI-2016-Full-Report

Recommendations

Info

COMMENTARY Measuring Modern Slavery - Work in Rapid Progress JAN VAN DIJK Tilburg University, The Netherlands, winner of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology 2012 International organisations such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) over the past twenty years, have made great strides in the measurement of modern slavery across the world with their Global Reports on Trafficking in Persons and Global Estimates of Forced Labour respectively. With the adoption by the United Nations of eradicating human trafficking as a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), this challenging work now needs to be geared up. As a performance measure, the UN member states have agreed on the “number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age group and form of exploitation”. But how can this possibly be done when the numbers of officially identified victims tell us next to nothing about the real numbers, and international research on the prevalence of crime remains fraught with political sensitivities? Might the adoption of this ambitious performance measure prove to be just another 'pie in the sky'? Against this background, the fact that the Walk Free Foundation now presents a Global Slavery Index—based on the results of standardised surveys on family-wide experiences with victimisation by modern slavery in 25 countries—is an extraordinarily well-timed feat. Although much work remains to be done, these 25 surveys conducted by Gallup Inc. show the global community the way forward with monitoring the SDG to end human trafficking. If the prevalence of crime is ever to be reliably measured in a comparative fashion, standardised surveys among the population surely are the only viable approach. The track record of the International Crime Victims Survey, up till now carried out in about 90 countries once or more, and most recently in five countries in the Caribbean, bears testimony to this. The global community is well-advised to follow this best practice and start securing funds for carrying out standardised surveys not only on experiences with modern slavery, but with other types of violent crime including domestic violence against women and children. Partnerships between International Organisations and private foundations have proved to be instrumental in many of the achievements under the UN’s previous development agenda. It is hoped that similar cooperation will drive the implementation of the new development agenda, including by facilitating statistical monitoring of successes and lapses with the use of innovative metrics. As discussed in the Index, survey-based measures, although holding great promise, have their own methodological limitations. In the most-developed countries, victimisation by modern slavery might be too rare, and unevenly distributed among the population, to be measurable through random sampling among national populations. Focussed sampling, for example among vulnerable immigrant populations, might be required. Also, successful interviewing of respondents about victimisation by sexual slavery may, just like other sensitive crimes, need special interview techniques. Interestingly, an alternative and complementary method to estimate the true numbers of victims of modern slavery is also identified in the Index. For the calculation of rates for Western countries, the report has made use of the results of the application of Multiple Systems Estimation (MSE) to the multi-source data on victims identified by the British authorities. According to this innovative study the real number of persons exploited in the United Kingdom is four to five times higher than those formally identified. [4] A UNODC-sponsored replication of this work on the dataset of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Human Trafficking came up with an even higher ratio between identified and real numbers in the Netherlands. [5] MSE, like standardised population surveys, holds great promise for better international crime statistics. This seems especially to be the case with statistics on the complex crime of modern slavery. In many countries across the world, possible victims of modern slavery are identified through multi-agency National Referral Mechanisms comprising of police forces, immigration and labour inspectorates as well as NGOs. In many such countries, multi-source datasets are available on the possible victims of modern slavery. While the possibility of victims being recorded by two or more organisations was initially regarded as complicating their accumulation to total counts, the double or triple counting of the same victims on different lists now proves to be an asset by offering unique opportunities for estimating the true numbers through statistical modelling. If more countries would apply the same estimation technique to their multiagency databases on identified victims, a new source of international statistics on the prevalence of victimisation by human trafficking becomes available. Since the datasets on identified victims in many countries predominantly refer to victims of modern sexual slavery, MSE-based estimates provide a welcome complement to survey-based estimates of modern slavery largely focusing on forced labour. MSE has the potential to produce estimates of modern slavery by sex, age and type of exploitation, just as suggested in the Monitoring Framework for the SDGs. The new Global Slavery Index, then, shows us two new, parallel tracks to collect reliable statistics on the numbers of victims of modern slavery: the conduct of standardised surveys on experiences with victimisation by this crime, and the execution of Multiple Systems Estimation using data on identified victims. Just when this was more opportune than ever before, a promising new generation of statistics on modern slavery has been launched. 14 | GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016
Photos from the Pipeline photo essay series. The Nigerian women in these photographs are working as sex workers in the countryside of Italy, having had passports confiscated and with families back home under threat. Some are both living and conducting their work on the sides of roads or in fields. They are vulnerable to arrest for soliciting. Photo credits, Elena Perlino. GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016 | 15
Page 1 and 2: 2016 We call on governments of the
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD By Andrew Forrest - A Pers
Page 6 and 7: HIGHLIGHTS This is the third editio
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global Slaver
Page 12 and 13: 10 | GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016
Page 14 and 15: ABOUT THE INDEX TERMINOLOGY Differe
Page 18 and 19: Connecting Slavery and Environmenta
Page 20 and 21: Distress Migration and Modern Slave
Page 22 and 23: GLOBAL FINDINGS
Page 24: GLOBAL PREVALENCE SCALE Modern slav
Page 27 and 28: Global Findings cont. However, it i
Page 29 and 30: Rank Country Estimated percent of p
Page 35 and 36: Global Findings cont. United Arab E
Page 37 and 38: Country Civil & political protectio
Page 39 and 40: Country Civil & political protectio
Page 41 and 42: GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016 | 39
Page 43 and 44: Global Findings cont. While some co
Page 45 and 46: RATING DESCRIPTION Rating Numerical
Page 47 and 48: Response rating Country Survivors s
Page 49 and 50: Response rating Country Survivors s
Page 51 and 52: Mohini, a trafficked bride in Harya
Page 53 and 54: Asia Pacific cont. PREVALENCE Rank
Page 55 and 56: Asia Pacific cont. IOM VICTIM SUPPO
Page 57 and 58: Asia Pacific cont. Natural disaster
Page 59 and 60: Asia Pacific cont. Beggar woman wit
Page 61 and 62: Europe cont. PREVALENCE Rank Countr
Page 63 and 64: Asia Europe Pacific cont. IOM VICTI
Page 65 and 66: Europe cont. In 2015-2016, the Euro
Page 67 and 68:
Asia Europe Pacific cont. The Nethe
Page 69 and 70:
Russia and Eurasia cont. PREVALENCE
Page 71 and 72:
Russia and Asia Eurasia Pacific con
Page 73 and 74:
Russia and Eurasia cont. Child carr
Page 75 and 76:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. PREVALENCE
Page 77 and 78:
Sub-Saharan Asia Pacific Africa con
Page 79 and 80:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. Modern sla
Page 81 and 82:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. Almost 40
Page 83 and 84:
MENA cont. PREVALENCE Rank Country
Page 85 and 86:
Asia Pacific MENA cont. IOM VICTIM
Page 87 and 88:
MENA cont. While effective public a
Page 89 and 90:
Asia Pacific cont. GLOBAL SLAVERY I
Page 91 and 92:
The Americas cont. PREVALENCE Rank
Page 93 and 94:
The Americas cont. IOM VICTIM SUPPO
Page 95 and 96:
The Americas cont. Caribbean are tr
Page 97 and 98:
Asia Pacific cont. In plain sight:
Page 99 and 100:
A young Cambodian migrant worker lo
Page 101 and 102:
Cambodia cont. PREVALENCE Cambodia
Page 103 and 104:
Cambodia cont. from other Asian nat
Page 105 and 106:
Cambodia cont. Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Page 107 and 108:
Dominican Republic cont. PREVALENCE
Page 109 and 110:
Dominican Republic cont. There are
Page 111 and 112:
India cont. PREVALENCE India is und
Page 113 and 114:
India cont. VULNERABILITY Country C
Page 115 and 116:
India cont. The importance of succe
Page 117 and 118:
Asia India Pacific cont. cont. STAT
Page 119 and 120:
Asia India Pacific cont. cont. STAT
Page 121 and 122:
Iraq cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Glob
Page 123 and 124:
Iraq cont. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE At p
Page 125 and 126:
Mauritania cont. PREVALENCE The 201
Page 127 and 128:
Mauritania cont. In March 2016, Mau
Page 129 and 130:
Mexico cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 131 and 132:
Mexico cont. these developments mus
Page 133 and 134:
Poland cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 135 and 136:
Poland cont. The government is begi
Page 137 and 138:
Qatar cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Glo
Page 139 and 140:
Qatar cont. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE In
Page 141 and 142:
Russia cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 143 and 144:
Russia cont. agents' if they engage
Page 145 and 146:
South Africa cont. PREVALENCE The 2
Page 147 and 148:
South Africa cont. a situation exac
Page 149 and 150:
Thailand cont. PREVALENCE The 2016
Page 151 and 152:
Thailand cont. the required adminis
Page 153 and 154:
Thailand cont. Thai ‘trashfish’
Page 155 and 156:
United Kingdom cont. PREVALENCE The
Page 157 and 158:
United Kingdom cont. In December 20
Page 159 and 160:
Mewat, India - March 14, 2014: Rubi
Page 161 and 162:
APPENDIX 2 - Summary of Methodology
Page 163 and 164:
Summary of Methodology cont. PART B
Page 165 and 166:
Summary of Methodology cont. Countr
Page 167 and 168:
Summary of Methodology cont. Table
Page 169 and 170:
Summary of Methodology cont. Reflec
Page 171 and 172:
Summary of Methodology cont. Rating
Page 173 and 174:
Summary of Methodology cont. Outcom
Page 175 and 176:
Summary of Methodology cont. MILEST
Page 177 and 178:
Children begging and selling flower
Page 179 and 180:
Woman works at a hand rolled cigare
Page 181 and 182:
ENDNOTES - Regional Studies Asia Pa
Page 183 and 184:
Regional cont. 75 United Nations P
Page 185 and 186:
Russia and Eurasia 1 The Condition
Page 187 and 188:
Regional cont. 44 Child Marriage,
Page 189 and 190:
Regional cont. 28 Samantha McCorma
Page 191 and 192:
Regional cont. 53 Office to Monito
Page 193 and 194:
ENDNOTES - Selected Country Studies
Page 195 and 196:
Country cont. 49 Celso Perez, 'The
Page 197 and 198:
Country cont. 77 Kamal Saksena, 'C
Page 199 and 200:
Country cont. 31 Personal communic
Page 201 and 202:
Country cont. 40 'UN Expert Urges
Page 203 and 204:
Country cont. 17 Unit Against Traf
Page 205 and 206:
Country cont. 15 ITUC Special Repo
Page 207 and 208:
Country cont. 33 "World Report 201
Page 209 and 210:
Country cont. 32 Transnational Org
Page 211 and 212:
ENDNOTES - Appendices 20 Percentag
Page 213 and 214:
"Whenever I go back to my village I
Page 215 and 216:
A talibe (boy studying in a Qur’a
show all

GSI-2016-Full-Report

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?