GSI-2016-Full-Report

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Distress Migration and Modern Slavery FIONA DAVID Executive Director of Global Research, Walk Free Foundation The 2016 Global Slavery Index has been prepared in the context of unprecedented mass movements of men, women and children, fleeing the horrors of protracted conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Yemen and Libya. The scale of the distress migration we have witnessed is hard to comprehend. In 2015–2016, the number of displaced people is expected to exceed 60 million. This is the equivalent of the entire population of Italy gathering what they can carry on their backs, and fleeing from their homes under threat of death, or worse. While the numbers are hard to comprehend, the horrors that people are fleeing are not. In December 2015, Nadia Murat, a 21 year-old Yazidi woman, recounted her experiences to the UN Security Council of having been captured, raped and tortured by IS fighters until she successfully escaped. Ms Murat noted: "The Islamic State didn't come to kill the women and girls, but to use us as spoils of war, as objects to be sold with little or to be gifted for free. Their cruelty was not merely opportunistic. The IS soldiers came with a pre-established policy to commit such crimes." Far from being an isolated incidence, her treatment reflects a deliberate strategy of war, as publications released by IS [8] provide that—"it is permissible to buy, sell, or give as a gift female captives and slaves, for they are merely property, which can be disposed of…" The effects of the conflict are felt heavily in neighbouring countries which typically bear most of the burden of providing shelter. Walk Free Foundation and International Organisation for Migration (IOM) research conducted in 2015 confirms that in Jordan and Lebanon, the massive in-flux of refugees has had a trifold effect on the already existing populations of migrant workers from Asia (see the Middle East and North Africa regional study on page 80). First, there is increased competition between refugees and existing migrant workers for the lowest-paid, highest-risk jobs in the informal sector, suggesting a rapid race to the bottom. Second, there has been an increase in situations of criminals taking advantage of vulnerability, through forced begging, forced prostitution and forced marriage. Third, this all takes place at a time when every existing State resource is already stretched to breaking point, by the scale of the emergency response. While rarely at the forefront of planning responses to conflicts and humanitarian emergencies, the reality is that modern forms of slavery prosper in these environments of conflict, corruption, displacement, discrimination and inequality. Given this, it is critical that national and international responses to humanitarian emergencies and mass migration take account of the very real risks of modern slavery on highly vulnerable migrant and refugee populations. In the current context, this requires an immediate response, developed in partnership with civil society organisations, to address the vulnerability of the large numbers of refugees and migrants on the move throughout the Middle East and Europe. While politically appealing, simply shutting borders will not solve the inter-related issues of the refugee crisis and international human trafficking. As highlighted by a recent IOM survey (see Europe regional study on page 58), migrants on the move are being approached by strangers with offers of work or marriage, and some have even been offered cash for blood, organs and body parts. Where civilians are being enslaved in conflict zones, this issue must be part of military planning, and potentially capacity building efforts. Civilians cannot go into Yemen or Syria to assist those seeking to escape slavery. Military personnel are training counterparts and providing capacity building—why not make modern slavery part of the focus? Beyond immediate realities, a strong focus on safe, wellmanaged migration, whether in times of peace or conflict, must become a cornerstone of integrated international and national responses to modern slavery. Responses must take into account the reality of the disproportionate effect of conflict upon women and children—but should not ignore the plight of men in these areas. Without this holistic response, we not only risk perpetuating enslavement—we risk compounding the horrors of war to those who most need our shelter. Time will show that our complicity in modern slavery will be measured by our response to its perpetrators. We should all strive to be on the right side of history. 18 | GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016
Commentary cont. A Syrian family flees to Turkey when Islamic State attacked their home town Kobane in September 2014. Some 3,500 people, mainly women and children, were being held in slavery in Iraq by Islamic State in January 2016. Photo credit, Ismail Ferdous GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016 | 19
Page 1 and 2: 2016 We call on governments of the
Page 4 and 5: FOREWORD By Andrew Forrest - A Pers
Page 6 and 7: HIGHLIGHTS This is the third editio
Page 8 and 9: CONTENTS
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Global Slaver
Page 12 and 13: 10 | GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016
Page 14 and 15: ABOUT THE INDEX TERMINOLOGY Differe
Page 16 and 17: COMMENTARY Measuring Modern Slavery
Page 18 and 19: Connecting Slavery and Environmenta
Page 22 and 23: GLOBAL FINDINGS
Page 24: GLOBAL PREVALENCE SCALE Modern slav
Page 27 and 28: Global Findings cont. However, it i
Page 29 and 30: Rank Country Estimated percent of p
Page 35 and 36: Global Findings cont. United Arab E
Page 37 and 38: Country Civil & political protectio
Page 39 and 40: Country Civil & political protectio
Page 41 and 42: GLOBAL SLAVERY INDEX 2016 | 39
Page 43 and 44: Global Findings cont. While some co
Page 45 and 46: RATING DESCRIPTION Rating Numerical
Page 47 and 48: Response rating Country Survivors s
Page 49 and 50: Response rating Country Survivors s
Page 51 and 52: Mohini, a trafficked bride in Harya
Page 53 and 54: Asia Pacific cont. PREVALENCE Rank
Page 55 and 56: Asia Pacific cont. IOM VICTIM SUPPO
Page 57 and 58: Asia Pacific cont. Natural disaster
Page 59 and 60: Asia Pacific cont. Beggar woman wit
Page 61 and 62: Europe cont. PREVALENCE Rank Countr
Page 63 and 64: Asia Europe Pacific cont. IOM VICTI
Page 65 and 66: Europe cont. In 2015-2016, the Euro
Page 67 and 68: Asia Europe Pacific cont. The Nethe
Page 69 and 70: Russia and Eurasia cont. PREVALENCE
Page 71 and 72:
Russia and Asia Eurasia Pacific con
Page 73 and 74:
Russia and Eurasia cont. Child carr
Page 75 and 76:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. PREVALENCE
Page 77 and 78:
Sub-Saharan Asia Pacific Africa con
Page 79 and 80:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. Modern sla
Page 81 and 82:
Sub-Saharan Africa cont. Almost 40
Page 83 and 84:
MENA cont. PREVALENCE Rank Country
Page 85 and 86:
Asia Pacific MENA cont. IOM VICTIM
Page 87 and 88:
MENA cont. While effective public a
Page 89 and 90:
Asia Pacific cont. GLOBAL SLAVERY I
Page 91 and 92:
The Americas cont. PREVALENCE Rank
Page 93 and 94:
The Americas cont. IOM VICTIM SUPPO
Page 95 and 96:
The Americas cont. Caribbean are tr
Page 97 and 98:
Asia Pacific cont. In plain sight:
Page 99 and 100:
A young Cambodian migrant worker lo
Page 101 and 102:
Cambodia cont. PREVALENCE Cambodia
Page 103 and 104:
Cambodia cont. from other Asian nat
Page 105 and 106:
Cambodia cont. Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Page 107 and 108:
Dominican Republic cont. PREVALENCE
Page 109 and 110:
Dominican Republic cont. There are
Page 111 and 112:
India cont. PREVALENCE India is und
Page 113 and 114:
India cont. VULNERABILITY Country C
Page 115 and 116:
India cont. The importance of succe
Page 117 and 118:
Asia India Pacific cont. cont. STAT
Page 119 and 120:
Asia India Pacific cont. cont. STAT
Page 121 and 122:
Iraq cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Glob
Page 123 and 124:
Iraq cont. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE At p
Page 125 and 126:
Mauritania cont. PREVALENCE The 201
Page 127 and 128:
Mauritania cont. In March 2016, Mau
Page 129 and 130:
Mexico cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 131 and 132:
Mexico cont. these developments mus
Page 133 and 134:
Poland cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 135 and 136:
Poland cont. The government is begi
Page 137 and 138:
Qatar cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Glo
Page 139 and 140:
Qatar cont. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE In
Page 141 and 142:
Russia cont. PREVALENCE The 2016 Gl
Page 143 and 144:
Russia cont. agents' if they engage
Page 145 and 146:
South Africa cont. PREVALENCE The 2
Page 147 and 148:
South Africa cont. a situation exac
Page 149 and 150:
Thailand cont. PREVALENCE The 2016
Page 151 and 152:
Thailand cont. the required adminis
Page 153 and 154:
Thailand cont. Thai ‘trashfish’
Page 155 and 156:
United Kingdom cont. PREVALENCE The
Page 157 and 158:
United Kingdom cont. In December 20
Page 159 and 160:
Mewat, India - March 14, 2014: Rubi
Page 161 and 162:
APPENDIX 2 - Summary of Methodology
Page 163 and 164:
Summary of Methodology cont. PART B
Page 165 and 166:
Summary of Methodology cont. Countr
Page 167 and 168:
Summary of Methodology cont. Table
Page 169 and 170:
Summary of Methodology cont. Reflec
Page 171 and 172:
Summary of Methodology cont. Rating
Page 173 and 174:
Summary of Methodology cont. Outcom
Page 175 and 176:
Summary of Methodology cont. MILEST
Page 177 and 178:
Children begging and selling flower
Page 179 and 180:
Woman works at a hand rolled cigare
Page 181 and 182:
ENDNOTES - Regional Studies Asia Pa
Page 183 and 184:
Regional cont. 75 United Nations P
Page 185 and 186:
Russia and Eurasia 1 The Condition
Page 187 and 188:
Regional cont. 44 Child Marriage,
Page 189 and 190:
Regional cont. 28 Samantha McCorma
Page 191 and 192:
Regional cont. 53 Office to Monito
Page 193 and 194:
ENDNOTES - Selected Country Studies
Page 195 and 196:
Country cont. 49 Celso Perez, 'The
Page 197 and 198:
Country cont. 77 Kamal Saksena, 'C
Page 199 and 200:
Country cont. 31 Personal communic
Page 201 and 202:
Country cont. 40 'UN Expert Urges
Page 203 and 204:
Country cont. 17 Unit Against Traf
Page 205 and 206:
Country cont. 15 ITUC Special Repo
Page 207 and 208:
Country cont. 33 "World Report 201
Page 209 and 210:
Country cont. 32 Transnational Org
Page 211 and 212:
ENDNOTES - Appendices 20 Percentag
Page 213 and 214:
"Whenever I go back to my village I
Page 215 and 216:
A talibe (boy studying in a Qur’a
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