Protected Species and Marine Aquaculture Interactions
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uoys associated with fishing gear <strong>and</strong> other maritime activities (e.g., boating) are a<br />
well-documented entanglement risk. This kind of general purpose equipment can<br />
also be found at aquaculture facilities. These similarities <strong>and</strong> differences between gear<br />
types <strong>and</strong> deployment are important considerations, <strong>and</strong> add complexity to drawing<br />
direct comparisons between the two industry sectors.<br />
There is value, however, in exploring similarities <strong>and</strong> differences between fishery<br />
<strong>and</strong> aquaculture gears to glean what we can from the former that can reasonably be<br />
applied to permitting, siting <strong>and</strong> management decisions about the latter. To this end,<br />
we reviewed research on fishery gear interactions with protected species to assess<br />
which lessons learned may be applicable to aquaculture gear. This review <strong>and</strong> analysis<br />
is not exhaustive, <strong>and</strong> is intended to provide a broad perspective as a foundation for<br />
future assessments.<br />
Harmful <strong>Interactions</strong> between Fishery Gear & <strong>Protected</strong> <strong>Species</strong><br />
It is widely known that fishery gear contributes significantly to human-caused injuries<br />
<strong>and</strong> mortalities to marine life (Soykan et al. 2008). Recent work provides excellent<br />
summaries of the lethal <strong>and</strong> non-lethal impacts of fishery gear to protected marine<br />
species (Johnson et al. 2005, Read 2008, Cassoff et al. 2011, Robbins & Kraus<br />
2011, Reeves et al. 2013, Smith et al. 2014, Helker et al. 2015). Efforts are underway<br />
to quantify the numbers of interaction incidents <strong>and</strong> assess their severity (Robbins &<br />
Mattila 2001, Baker et al. 2010, Ledwell & Huntington 2010, Ledwell et al. 2013),<br />
reduce harmful interactions through gear modifications (Stone et al. 2000, Werner et<br />
al. 2006, Winn et al. 2008), <strong>and</strong> underst<strong>and</strong> species-specific interaction risks (Robbins<br />
& Kraus 2011, Saez et al. 2013, Smith et al. 2014, Knowlton et al. 2015).<br />
Cetaceans<br />
Biologists disentangling<br />
a North Atlantic right<br />
whale<br />
there is value in<br />
exploring the<br />
similarities <strong>and</strong><br />
differences<br />
between FIshery<br />
<strong>and</strong> aquaculture<br />
gears to glean<br />
what we can from<br />
the former that<br />
can reasonably be<br />
applied to<br />
permitting, siting<br />
<strong>and</strong> management<br />
decisions about<br />
the latter.<br />
Johnson et al. (2005) report that 89% (of 45 reported incidents) of humpback <strong>and</strong><br />
right whale entanglements in the North Atlantic resulted from interactions with trap<br />
lessons lear ned from Fishery Gear & applications to aquaculture | 41
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