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Bacterial Pathogenesis

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assays, the discovery of more subtle mutant phenotypes, and advances in<br />

plant biology will continue to drive progress. But two new areas will ulti-<br />

mately become important. The first is the biochemical study of the many<br />

protein-protein interactions that surely underlie the function of the Hrp<br />

system. The second is the application of cell biological techniques to<br />

observe more dynamically the interactions between individual plant and<br />

bacterial cells.<br />

++++++ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<br />

References<br />

We thank David W. Bauer and James R. Alfano for critical review of the<br />

manuscript. Work in the authors’ laboratories is supported by National<br />

Science Foundation grant MCB-9631530 (AC), NRI Competitive Grants<br />

Program/USDA grant 94-37303-0734 (AC), and grants from the Cornell<br />

Center for Advanced Technology (CAT) in Biotechnology, Eden<br />

Bioscience Corporation, and the US Department of Agriculture (SVB).<br />

Alfano, J. R., Bauer, D. W., Milos, T. M. and Collmer, A. (1996). Analysis of the role<br />

of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae HrpZ harpin in elicitation of the hyper-<br />

sensitive response in tobacco using functionally nonpolar deletion mutations,<br />

truncated HrpZ fragments, and hrmA mutations. Mol. Microbiol. 19,715-728.<br />

Alfano, J. R. and Collmer, A. (1996). <strong>Bacterial</strong> pathogens in plants: Life up against<br />

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Arlat, M., Van Gijsegem, F., Huet, J. C., Pernollet, J. C. and Boucher, C. A. (1994).<br />

PopAl, a protein which induces a hypersensitive-like response on specific<br />

Petunia genotypes, is secreted via the Hrp pathway of Pseudomonas solanacearum.<br />

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Bogdanove, A. J., Beer, S. V., Bonas, U., Boucher, C. A., Collmer, A., Coplin, D. L.,<br />

Cornelis, G. R., Huang, H.-C., Hutcheson, S. W., Panopoulos, N. J. and Van<br />

Gijsegem, F. (1996). Unified nomenclature for broadly conserved hrp genes of<br />

phytopathogenic bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 20,681483.<br />

Bonas, U. (1994). hrp genes of phytopathogenic bacteria. In Current Topics in<br />

Microbiology and Immunology, Vol. 192: <strong>Bacterial</strong> <strong>Pathogenesis</strong> of Plants and Animals<br />

-Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms (J. L. Dangl, ed.), pp 79-98. Springer-Verlag,<br />

Berlin.<br />

Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W. and Prasher, D. C. (1994). Green<br />

fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263,8024305.<br />

Charkowiski, A. O., Huang, H.-C. and Collmer, A. (1997). Altered localization of<br />

HrpZ in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae hrp mutants suggests that different<br />

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179,3866-3874.<br />

Dangl, J. L., Dietrich, R. A. and Richberg, M. H. (1996). Death don’t have no mercy:<br />

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