Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Billot-Klein, D., Gutmann, L., Sable, S., Guittet, E. and van Heijenoort, J. (1994). Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type enterococcus D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosacars, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum. 1. Bacteriol. 176, 2398-2405. Billot-Klein, D., Gutmann, L., Bryant, D., Bell, D., van Heijenoort, J. Grewal, J. and Shlaes, D. M. (1996). Peptidoglycan synthesis and structure in Staphylococcus aureus expressing increasing levels of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics. 1. Bacteriol. 178,46964703. Glauner, B. (1988). Separation and quantification of muropeptides with high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 172,4514. Glauner, B. and Schwarz, U. (1983). The analysis of murein composition with high-pressure-liquid chromatography. In The Target of Penicillin (R. Hackenbeck, J. V. Holtje, and H. Labischinski, eds), pp. 29-34. Walter de Gruyter, New York. Glauner, B., Holtje, J. V. and Schwarz, U. (1988). The composition of the murein of Escherichiu coli. 1. Biol. Chem. 263,10088-10095. Glyko Technical Manual. (1994). FACE O-linked Oligosucchuride Profiling Kit. Glyko, Inc., Novato, California. Harz, H., Burgdorf, K. and Holtje, J. V. (1990). Isolation and separation of the gly- can strands from murein of Escherichia coli by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal. Biochem. 190,120-128. Hayashi, K. (1975). A rapid determination of sodium dodecyl sulfate with meth- ylene blue. Anal. Biochem. 67,503-506. Holtje, J. V., Mirelman, D., Sharon, N. and Schwarz, U. (1975). Novel type of murein transglycosylase in Escherichiu coli. 1. Bacteriol. 124,1067-1076. Jackson, P. (1990). The use of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for the high-resolution separation of reducing saccharides labelled with the fluorophore 8- aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisdphonic acid. Biochem. 1. 270,705-713. Jackson, P. (1994). The analysis of fluorophore-labeled glycans by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal. Biochem. 216,243-252. Jacobs, C., Huang, L. J., Bartowsky, E., Normark, S. and Park, J. T. (1994). Bacterial cell wall recycling provides cytosolic muropeptides as effectors for fklactamase induction. EMBO ].13,4684-4694. Labischinski, H. and Maidhof, H. (1994). Bacterial peptidoglycan: overview and evolving concepts. In Bacterial Cell Wall (J. M. Ghuysen and R. Hakenbeck, eds), pp. 23-38. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227,680-685. Olijhoek, A. J. M., Klencke, S., Pas, E., Nanninga, N. and Schwarz, U. (1982). Volume growth, murein synthesis, and murein cross-linkage during the divi- sion cycle of Escherichia coli PA3092.J. Bacteriol. 152,1248-1254. Park, J. T. (1995). Why does Escherichiu coli recycle its cell wall peptides? Mol. Microbiol. 17,421-426. Pfanzagl, B., Zenker, A., Pittenauer, E., Allmaier, G., Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J., Schmid, E. R., de Pedro, M. A. and Loffelhardt, W. (1996). Primary structure of cyanelle peptidoglycan of Cyanophora paradom: a prokaryotic cell wall as part of an organelle envelope. 1. Bacteriol. 178,332-339. Pittenauer, E., Allmaier, G. and Schmid, E. R. (1993a). Structure elucidation of peptidoglycan monomers by fast atom bombardment- and eledrospray ioniza- tion-tandem mass spectrometry. In Bacterial Growth and Lysis (M. A. de Pedro, J. V. Holtje and W. Loffelhardt, eds), pp. 39-46. Plenum Press, New York. 285
List of Suppliers Pittenauer, E., Rodriguez, M. C., de Pedro, M. A., Allmaier, G. and Schmid, E. R. (1993b). HPLC and T f plasma desorption-mass spectrometry of muropeptides isolated from E. coli. In Buctm'ul Growth and Lysis (M. A. de Pedro, J. V. Holtje and W. Loffelhardt, eds), pp. 31-38. Plenum Press, New York. Primosigh, J., Pelzer, H., Maass, D. and Weidel, W. (1961). Chemical characterization of mucopeptides released from the E. coli B cell wall by enzymic action. Biochim. Biophys. Actu 46,68-80. Rosenthal, R. S. and Dziarski, R. (1994). Isolation of peptidoglycan and soluble peptidoglycan fragments. Methods Enzymol. 235,253-285. Schleifer, K. H. and Kandler, 0. (1972). Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Buctm'ol. Rev. 36,407-477. Stack, R. J. and Sullivan, M. T. (1992). Electrophoretic resolution and fluorescence detection of N-linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides after reductive amination with 8-aminonaphthalene-l,3,6-trisulphonic acid. Glycobiol. 2,8592. Young, K. D. (1996). A simple gel electrophoretic method for analyzing the muropeptide composition of bacterial peptidoglycan. 1. Bucteriol. 178, 3962-3966. The following is a selection of companies. For most products, alternative suppliers are available. Eastman Kodak Rochester, NY, USA 286 Glyko Inc Novato, CA, USA
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Methods in Microbiology Volume 27
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Methods in M i cro bi ol ogy Volume
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Contents Contributors .............
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6.10 Bacterial Exotoxins ..........
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Contributors Carlos F. Ambbile-Cuev
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Michele Farris Department of Bioche
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Mark Pallen Microbial Pathogenicity
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Preface 'I1 n'existe pas de science
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unknown (or unpredictable) function
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eflects a growing realization in re
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SECTION I Detection of Virulence Ge
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1.1 Detection of Virulence Genes Ex
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permitting the simultaneous screeni
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tion have been used successfully to
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are impaired in their ability to su
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References most numerous facultativ
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SECTION 2 Laboratory Safety - Worki
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2.1 Introduction Paul V. Tearle Nat
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Reference Thus, in both Chapters 2.
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2.2 Safe Working Practices in the L
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it is the physical, noninfectious i
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difficulty of doing anything about
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elimination (1, the most effective)
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Sub-cause Age of staff Poor supervi
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2.3 Safe Working Practices in the L
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analysis and audit may also be used
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W w Second stage controls. . contro
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By-products Information References
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SECTION 3 Detection, Speciation and
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3.1 Introduction Peter Vandamme Pos
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3.2 Detection Margareta leven Assoc
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visualization of bacteria, but also
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days to weeks; many definitive test
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(NASBA) and the transcription media
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legionellae in respiratory specimen
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3.3 Speciation Peter Vandamme Postd
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classdymg bacteria was analyzed. Am
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sequences indeed never show signifi
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3.4 Identification Peter Vandamme P
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tional growth and metabolization of
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DNA sequence. Furthermore, 16s rRNA
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method suffice for numerous isolate
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List of Suppliers Polyphasic taxono
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SECTION 4 Host Interactions - Anima
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4.1 Introduction T. J. Mitchell Div
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e examined histologically. Organ cu
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4.2 Interaction of Bacteria and The
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The complexity of pathogenic mechan
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++++++ COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORGA
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microscopy can assess cell damage (
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cient and deficient isogenic varian
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4.3 Transgenic and Knockout Animals
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(Hogan et al., 1994). The DNAmay be
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Knoc k-i n Animals In some experime
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etween two copies of the tamoxifen-
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g I Table 4.4. Examples of the use
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* Table 4.5. Examples of the use of
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g m Table 4.5 continued IFN-y IFN-Y
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Numerous knockout mouse strains tha
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Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. (1992). T
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Zinkernagel, R., Seimentz, M. and B
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4.4 Interactions of Bacteria and Th
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Route of Infection of cloned animal
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Measure required length of intestin
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sampling, and be well tolerated by
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Guerry, P., Pope, P. M., Burr, D. H
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4.5 Interaction of Bacteria and The
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washed before resuspending in mediu
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the bacterial culture broth with th
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cells in suspension for several rea
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that bacterial cytotoxic factors or
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SECTION 5 Host I n te ract io ns -
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5.1 Introduction Michael J. Daniels
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References bacteria often carry sin
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5.2 Testing Pathogenicity Michael J
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hosts than leaf spotting or wilt pa
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different plants can be infiltrated
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Table 5. I. The behavior of X. c pv
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Rudolph, K., Roy, M. A., Sasser, M.
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5.3 hup Genes and Their Function Al
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mental treatments. The timing and a
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essential positive regulators, or t
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of the Hrp system is presently obsc
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Dong, X., Mindrinos, M., Davis, K.
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5.4 Avirulence Genes Ulla Bonas lns
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of tissue due to disease developmen
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genes are tested for their plant in
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Bacteria expressing avirulence gene
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5.5 Extracellular Enzymes Their Rol
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- m Table 5.5. Extracellular enzyme
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+++a++ GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF EXTR
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Consequently, the precise link betw
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processing and so GspG, -H, -I, and
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++++++ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS References
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5.6 Bacterial Phytotoxins Carol L.
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ment. Since most bacterial phytotox
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ecently used in transgenic plants a
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Jones, J. D. G. and Gutterson, N. (
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5.7 Epiphytic Growth and Survival S
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++++++ EFFECTS OF SCALE ON SAMPLING
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References should be avoided so tha
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SECTION 6 Biochemical Approaches 6.
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6.1 Introduction: Fractionation of
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Gram-negative Bacteria Washed bacte
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References trated lipoproteins, whi
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6.2 The Proteorne Approach C. David
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determining how its removal (e.g. b
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Spot Detection to one week before f
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MS acid residues in a polypeptide s
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An extension of the mass matching p
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approaches such as the construction
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infected with C. truchomutis, over
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6.3 Microscopic Approaches to the S
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The antigen of interest can be loca
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Figure 6.5. Whole-cell preparation
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Table 6.3. Pre-embedding immunolabe
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References Bacterial cell-associate
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6.4 Characterization of Bacterial S
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against a range of concentrations o
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single class of binding site on the
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Gel Filtration Whole cells are remo
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References This chapter has set out
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List of Suppliers Wall, J., Ayoub,
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6.5 Characterizing Flagella and Mot
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Phase-contrast microscopic observat
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of flagellar insertion as the ghost
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A last word of advice - do always c
Page 256 and 257: Tethered Cells Uniflagellate bacter
Page 258 and 259: Aizawa, $I., Dean, G. E., Jones, C.
Page 260 and 261: 6.6 Fimbriae: Detection, Purificati
Page 262 and 263: Type 1 fimbriae, found on the major
Page 264 and 265: Detection of Fimbriae by Adhesive C
Page 266 and 267: ~~~ Figure 6.16. Immunoelectron mic
Page 268 and 269: References The authors wish to than
Page 270 and 271: 6.7 Isolation and Purification of C
Page 272 and 273: exopolysaccharides, EPSs) are relea
Page 274 and 275: cise chemistry of the LPS, and for
Page 276 and 277: Hitchcock-Brown whole-cell lysates
Page 278 and 279: Gotschlich, E. C., Fraser, 8. A., N
Page 280 and 281: 6.8 Structural Analysis of Cell Sur
Page 282 and 283: 26 I 3 Figure 6.18.1-D 'H NMR spect
Page 284 and 285: Composition Analysis Colorimetric a
Page 286 and 287: sugars with optically active alcoho
Page 288 and 289: Periodate oxidation Partial hydroly
Page 290 and 291: A 0 8H-lb.20 8 ti- IC. 40 Q ti- tc.
Page 292 and 293: the 6-deoxysugars, residues b and d
Page 294 and 295: References cal and NMR methods. The
Page 296 and 297: List of Suppliers The following is
Page 298 and 299: 6.9 Techniques for Analysis of Pept
Page 300 and 301: peptidoglycan isolation from these
Page 302 and 303: control and constant evaluation of
Page 304 and 305: Labeling Reaction and Sample Requir
Page 308 and 309: 6.10 Bacterial Exotoxins Mahtab Moa
Page 310 and 311: ourselves to a summary of character
Page 312 and 313: (repeats in toxin) exotoxin family,
Page 314 and 315: Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin, Ser
Page 316 and 317: 1997). P. aeruginosa exotoxin A and
Page 318 and 319: Aktories, K. and Mohr, C. (1992). C
Page 320 and 321: Menestrina, G. F. (1991). Electroph
Page 322 and 323: 6.11 A Systematic Approach to the S
Page 324 and 325: 6 7 B 1 2 3 4 5 C 1 2 3 N-terminal
Page 326 and 327: Analysis of Bacterial Cell Supernat
Page 328 and 329: tion as the components of the secre
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Page 332 and 333: uninterpretable. A number of differ
Page 334 and 335: than one secretion machinery with v
Page 336 and 337: References overexpression of a wild
Page 338 and 339: Merck, K. B., de Cock, H., Verheij,
Page 340 and 341: 6.12 Detection, Purification, and S
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Page 344 and 345: +++we SEPARATION, IDENTIFICATION AN
Page 346 and 347: lock the HPLC columns. Attention sh
Page 348 and 349: Figure 6.27. EI-MS fragmentation pa
Page 350 and 351: Synthesis of N-(3-oxoacyl)-~-homose
Page 352 and 353: 6.13 Iron Starvation and Siderophor
Page 354 and 355: eceptor proteins form part of a hig
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phosphate-buffered systems can inte
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advantages both of speed and chemic
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produced by other bacterial and fun
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Ecker, D. J., Loomis, L. D., Cass,
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SECTION 7 Molecular Genetic Approac
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7.1 Introduction Charles J. Dorman
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spectrum of difficulty lies Chlamyd
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7.2 Genetic Approaches to the Study
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transposon mutagenesis, which combi
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Once a virulence gene has been iden
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References Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., S
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and virulence determinants in Vibri
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7.3 Signature Tagged MutagenesW * S
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sequence twice in a pool of 96 diff
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Table 7.4. Generation of the mutant
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Table 7.5. Colony blots 1. Grow the
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we found that approximately 25% of
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References List of Suppliers primer
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7.4 Physical Analysis of the Salmon
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Table 7.8. Isolation of intact geno
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Cycle 2 Cycles 3 and 4 Frequently,
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0 2 4 6 8 10kb t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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1 2 3 4 5 I II Figure 7.3. (a) Auto
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List of Suppliers Liu, S.-L., Hesse
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7.5 Molecular Analvsis of Pseudomon
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of P. aeruginosa virulence genes ha
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Table 7.13. Murine’ models in use
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Table 7.14. Virulence of P. oerugin
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Cash, H. A., Woods, D. E., McCullou
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Stieritz, D. D. and Holander, I. A.
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7.6 Molecular Genetics of Bordetell
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are under the control of a single g
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which may play a fundamental role i
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et al., 1988). On the contrary, the
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Figure 7.6. Schematic representatio
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Beier, D., Schwarz, B., Fuchs, T. M
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7.7 Genetic Manipulation of Enteric
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confers a catalase-positive phenoty
Page 432 and 433:
esistance (Tc) (Sougakoff et al., 1
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Figure 7.7. (b) Schematic outline o
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Natural transformation strains test
Page 438 and 439:
References There has been rapid pro
Page 440 and 441:
List of Suppliers of ferritin to ir
Page 442 and 443:
7.8 Molecular Approaches for the St
Page 444 and 445:
Table 7.22. Isolation of chromosoma
Page 446 and 447:
Table 7.25. Protoplast transformati
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Colonies obtained after transformat
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References Table 7.29. RNA isolatio
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List of Suppliers Oxoid Monograph N
Page 454 and 455:
7.9 Molecular Genetic Analvsis of S
Page 456 and 457:
Table 7.30. Transposon mutagenesis
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(2) Linkage between the transposon
Page 460 and 461:
introduce point mutations generated
Page 462 and 463:
marker. The majority of bacteria th
Page 464 and 465:
Resolution of Cointegrants by Trans
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performed using a fragment encompas
Page 468 and 469:
transformation frequency is too low
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quency confines this procedure to c
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Bramley, A. J., Patel, A. H., O'Rei
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Novick, R. P. (1990). The staphyloc
Page 476 and 477:
7.10 Molecular A P proaches to Stud
Page 478 and 479:
DNA (Tan et al., 1995). Chlamydial
Page 480 and 481:
was cloned from a pUC 8 expression
Page 482 and 483:
factors have, so far, been unsucces
Page 484 and 485:
tion of RNA polymerase core subunit
Page 486 and 487:
SECTION 8 Gene txpression and Analy
Page 488 and 489:
8.1 Gene Expression and Analysis Ia
Page 490 and 491:
in multi-copy can titrate out possi
Page 492 and 493:
permits direct targeting of putativ
Page 494 and 495:
Northern blot analysis RT-PCR label
Page 496 and 497:
accurately and in conjunction with
Page 498 and 499:
DNA Footprinting This is a widely u
Page 500 and 501:
(Frackman et al., 1990). It has bee
Page 502 and 503:
Berg, C. M and Berg, D. E. (1996).
Page 504 and 505:
List of Suppliers Simpson, D. A. C.
Page 506 and 507:
SECTION 9 Host Reactions - Animals
Page 508 and 509:
9.1 Introduction Mark Roberts Depar
Page 510 and 511:
in the case of septic shock. It is
Page 512 and 513:
9.2 Strategies for the Studv of Int
Page 514 and 515:
and saturable inhibition of bacteri
Page 516 and 517:
adhesins. To facilitate the purific
Page 518 and 519:
References We thank all the workers
Page 520 and 521:
9.3 Cytoskeletal Rearrangements Ind
Page 522 and 523:
(3) The interaction of intimin of e
Page 524 and 525:
easy. For example, actin rearrangem
Page 526 and 527:
Using mutated cell lines Inability
Page 528 and 529:
Rosenshine, I., Donnenberg, M. S.,
Page 530 and 531:
9.4 Activation and Inactivation of
Page 532 and 533:
Actin Biochemistry guished. Intrace
Page 534 and 535:
Figure 9.2. Schematic depiction of
Page 536 and 537:
++++++ Rho-MODULATING BACTERIALTOXI
Page 538 and 539:
Since the toxins are catalytically
Page 540 and 541:
TcdB-I 0463 Tcd B-I 470 TcsL-82 48
Page 542 and 543:
Effect on Bacterial Use of Actin Li
Page 544 and 545:
small GTP-binding protein Rho regul
Page 546 and 547:
tion of phorbol ester-stimulated ph
Page 548 and 549:
9.5 Strategies for the Use of Gene
Page 550 and 551:
+++a++ USE OF CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE
Page 552 and 553:
T Cell Proliferation Cytokine Studi
Page 554 and 555:
Antibody Subclasses FACS Analysis S
Page 556 and 557:
OCallaghan, D., Maskell, D., Liew,
Page 558 and 559:
SECTION 10 Host Reactions - Plants
Page 560 and 561:
10.1 Host Reactions - Plants Charle
Page 562 and 563:
Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihoti
Page 564 and 565:
immunocytochemical studies within t
Page 566 and 567:
Figure 10.2. Development of paramur
Page 568 and 569:
etention and antibody recognition w
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 10.4. Detection of phenolics
Page 572 and 573:
Table 10.5. Histochemical detection
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 10.6. Peroxidase activity in
Page 576 and 577:
Figure 10.7. Localization of H,02 a
Page 578 and 579:
A comparative summary of reactions
Page 580 and 581:
Table 10.9. Preparation of gold pro
Page 582 and 583:
symptom characteristic of infection
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 10.10, Detection of flavanoi
Page 586 and 587:
for conjugation via the hydroxy moi
Page 588 and 589:
Figure 10.11 (A) Transmitted white
Page 590 and 591:
References and protein/DNA complexe
Page 592 and 593:
Buja, M., Eigenbrodt, M. L. and Eig
Page 594 and 595:
Mansfield, J., Jenner, C., Hockenhu
Page 596 and 597:
SECTION II Strategies and Problems
Page 598 and 599:
11.1 Introduction Alejandro Craviot
Page 600 and 601:
11.2 Strategies for Control of ComG
Page 602 and 603:
endothelial cells to reach the subm
Page 604 and 605:
The epidemiology of cholera is an i
Page 606 and 607:
Table I I. I. Available animal mode
Page 608 and 609:
acelular combinada con 10s toxoides
Page 610 and 611:
11.3 Antibiotic Resistance and Pres
Page 612 and 613:
(1) Enzymatic inactivation of the d
Page 614 and 615:
ampicillin in these same strains in
Page 616 and 617:
Single-event antibiotic usage may s
Page 618 and 619:
SECTION I2 Internet Resources for R
Page 620 and 621:
12.1 Internet Resources for Researc
Page 622 and 623:
and DNA sequences (http://www.ncbi.
Page 624 and 625:
++++++ SEQUENCE DATABASES The US Na
Page 626 and 627:
searched as one of the options on t
Page 628 and 629:
Web sites (e.g. httpJ/www.biochern.
Page 630 and 631:
Index Accidents, 19,31 analysis, 27
Page 632 and 633:
preliminary considerations, 232-233
Page 634 and 635:
Exoproteins see Secreted proteins,
Page 636 and 637:
Immunological detection of fimbriae
Page 638 and 639:
tissue choice, 78 toxin measurement
Page 640 and 641:
identification, 20-21 pathogen cate
Page 642 and 643:
Transgenic animals, 83 in bacterial
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