Bacterial Pathogenesis

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Methods in M i cro bi ol ogy Volume 27 <strong>Bacterial</strong> <strong>Pathogenesis</strong> Edited by Peter Williams Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Leicester School of Medicine Leicester Julian Ketley Department of Genetics University of Leicester Leicester George Salmond Department of Biochemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto
This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright 0 1998 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press 24-28 Oval Road, London NWl7DX, UK http:/ /www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http:/ /www.apnet.com ISBN 0-12-521525-8 (Hardback) ISBN 0-12-754420-8 (Comb bound) ISSN 0580-9517 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Printed in Great Britain by WBC Book Manufacturers Ltd, Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan 98 99 00 01 02 03 WB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 2 and 3: Methods in Microbiology Volume 27
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributors .............
Page 8 and 9: 6.10 Bacterial Exotoxins ..........
Page 10 and 11: Contributors Carlos F. Ambbile-Cuev
Page 12 and 13: Michele Farris Department of Bioche
Page 14 and 15: Mark Pallen Microbial Pathogenicity
Page 16 and 17: Preface 'I1 n'existe pas de science
Page 18 and 19: unknown (or unpredictable) function
Page 20 and 21: eflects a growing realization in re
Page 22 and 23: SECTION I Detection of Virulence Ge
Page 24 and 25: 1.1 Detection of Virulence Genes Ex
Page 26 and 27: permitting the simultaneous screeni
Page 28 and 29: tion have been used successfully to
Page 30 and 31: are impaired in their ability to su
Page 32 and 33: References most numerous facultativ
Page 34 and 35: SECTION 2 Laboratory Safety - Worki
Page 36 and 37: 2.1 Introduction Paul V. Tearle Nat
Page 38 and 39: Reference Thus, in both Chapters 2.
Page 40 and 41: 2.2 Safe Working Practices in the L
Page 42 and 43: it is the physical, noninfectious i
Page 44 and 45: difficulty of doing anything about
Page 46 and 47: elimination (1, the most effective)
Page 48 and 49: Sub-cause Age of staff Poor supervi
Page 50 and 51: 2.3 Safe Working Practices in the L
Page 52 and 53: analysis and audit may also be used
Page 54 and 55:
W w Second stage controls. . contro
Page 56 and 57:
By-products Information References
Page 58 and 59:
SECTION 3 Detection, Speciation and
Page 60 and 61:
3.1 Introduction Peter Vandamme Pos
Page 62 and 63:
3.2 Detection Margareta leven Assoc
Page 64 and 65:
visualization of bacteria, but also
Page 66 and 67:
days to weeks; many definitive test
Page 68 and 69:
(NASBA) and the transcription media
Page 70 and 71:
legionellae in respiratory specimen
Page 72 and 73:
3.3 Speciation Peter Vandamme Postd
Page 74 and 75:
classdymg bacteria was analyzed. Am
Page 76 and 77:
sequences indeed never show signifi
Page 78 and 79:
3.4 Identification Peter Vandamme P
Page 80 and 81:
tional growth and metabolization of
Page 82 and 83:
DNA sequence. Furthermore, 16s rRNA
Page 84 and 85:
method suffice for numerous isolate
Page 86 and 87:
List of Suppliers Polyphasic taxono
Page 88 and 89:
SECTION 4 Host Interactions - Anima
Page 90 and 91:
4.1 Introduction T. J. Mitchell Div
Page 92 and 93:
e examined histologically. Organ cu
Page 94 and 95:
4.2 Interaction of Bacteria and The
Page 96 and 97:
The complexity of pathogenic mechan
Page 98 and 99:
++++++ COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORGA
Page 100 and 101:
microscopy can assess cell damage (
Page 102 and 103:
cient and deficient isogenic varian
Page 104 and 105:
4.3 Transgenic and Knockout Animals
Page 106 and 107:
(Hogan et al., 1994). The DNAmay be
Page 108 and 109:
Knoc k-i n Animals In some experime
Page 110 and 111:
etween two copies of the tamoxifen-
Page 112 and 113:
g I Table 4.4. Examples of the use
Page 114 and 115:
* Table 4.5. Examples of the use of
Page 116 and 117:
g m Table 4.5 continued IFN-y IFN-Y
Page 118 and 119:
Numerous knockout mouse strains tha
Page 120 and 121:
Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. (1992). T
Page 122 and 123:
Zinkernagel, R., Seimentz, M. and B
Page 124 and 125:
4.4 Interactions of Bacteria and Th
Page 126 and 127:
Route of Infection of cloned animal
Page 128 and 129:
Measure required length of intestin
Page 130 and 131:
sampling, and be well tolerated by
Page 132 and 133:
Guerry, P., Pope, P. M., Burr, D. H
Page 134 and 135:
4.5 Interaction of Bacteria and The
Page 136 and 137:
washed before resuspending in mediu
Page 138 and 139:
the bacterial culture broth with th
Page 140 and 141:
cells in suspension for several rea
Page 142 and 143:
that bacterial cytotoxic factors or
Page 144 and 145:
SECTION 5 Host I n te ract io ns -
Page 146 and 147:
5.1 Introduction Michael J. Daniels
Page 148 and 149:
References bacteria often carry sin
Page 150 and 151:
5.2 Testing Pathogenicity Michael J
Page 152 and 153:
hosts than leaf spotting or wilt pa
Page 154 and 155:
different plants can be infiltrated
Page 156 and 157:
Table 5. I. The behavior of X. c pv
Page 158 and 159:
Rudolph, K., Roy, M. A., Sasser, M.
Page 160 and 161:
5.3 hup Genes and Their Function Al
Page 162 and 163:
mental treatments. The timing and a
Page 164 and 165:
essential positive regulators, or t
Page 166 and 167:
of the Hrp system is presently obsc
Page 168 and 169:
Dong, X., Mindrinos, M., Davis, K.
Page 170 and 171:
5.4 Avirulence Genes Ulla Bonas lns
Page 172 and 173:
of tissue due to disease developmen
Page 174 and 175:
genes are tested for their plant in
Page 176 and 177:
Bacteria expressing avirulence gene
Page 178 and 179:
5.5 Extracellular Enzymes Their Rol
Page 180 and 181:
- m Table 5.5. Extracellular enzyme
Page 182 and 183:
+++a++ GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF EXTR
Page 184 and 185:
Consequently, the precise link betw
Page 186 and 187:
processing and so GspG, -H, -I, and
Page 188 and 189:
++++++ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS References
Page 190 and 191:
5.6 Bacterial Phytotoxins Carol L.
Page 192 and 193:
ment. Since most bacterial phytotox
Page 194 and 195:
ecently used in transgenic plants a
Page 196 and 197:
Jones, J. D. G. and Gutterson, N. (
Page 198 and 199:
5.7 Epiphytic Growth and Survival S
Page 200 and 201:
++++++ EFFECTS OF SCALE ON SAMPLING
Page 202 and 203:
References should be avoided so tha
Page 204 and 205:
SECTION 6 Biochemical Approaches 6.
Page 206 and 207:
6.1 Introduction: Fractionation of
Page 208 and 209:
Gram-negative Bacteria Washed bacte
Page 210 and 211:
References trated lipoproteins, whi
Page 212 and 213:
6.2 The Proteorne Approach C. David
Page 214 and 215:
determining how its removal (e.g. b
Page 216 and 217:
Spot Detection to one week before f
Page 218 and 219:
MS acid residues in a polypeptide s
Page 220 and 221:
An extension of the mass matching p
Page 222 and 223:
approaches such as the construction
Page 224 and 225:
infected with C. truchomutis, over
Page 226 and 227:
6.3 Microscopic Approaches to the S
Page 228 and 229:
The antigen of interest can be loca
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 6.5. Whole-cell preparation
Page 232 and 233:
Table 6.3. Pre-embedding immunolabe
Page 234 and 235:
References Bacterial cell-associate
Page 236 and 237:
6.4 Characterization of Bacterial S
Page 238 and 239:
against a range of concentrations o
Page 240 and 241:
single class of binding site on the
Page 242 and 243:
Gel Filtration Whole cells are remo
Page 244 and 245:
References This chapter has set out
Page 246 and 247:
List of Suppliers Wall, J., Ayoub,
Page 248 and 249:
6.5 Characterizing Flagella and Mot
Page 250 and 251:
Phase-contrast microscopic observat
Page 252 and 253:
of flagellar insertion as the ghost
Page 254 and 255:
A last word of advice - do always c
Page 256 and 257:
Tethered Cells Uniflagellate bacter
Page 258 and 259:
Aizawa, $I., Dean, G. E., Jones, C.
Page 260 and 261:
6.6 Fimbriae: Detection, Purificati
Page 262 and 263:
Type 1 fimbriae, found on the major
Page 264 and 265:
Detection of Fimbriae by Adhesive C
Page 266 and 267:
~~~ Figure 6.16. Immunoelectron mic
Page 268 and 269:
References The authors wish to than
Page 270 and 271:
6.7 Isolation and Purification of C
Page 272 and 273:
exopolysaccharides, EPSs) are relea
Page 274 and 275:
cise chemistry of the LPS, and for
Page 276 and 277:
Hitchcock-Brown whole-cell lysates
Page 278 and 279:
Gotschlich, E. C., Fraser, 8. A., N
Page 280 and 281:
6.8 Structural Analysis of Cell Sur
Page 282 and 283:
26 I 3 Figure 6.18.1-D 'H NMR spect
Page 284 and 285:
Composition Analysis Colorimetric a
Page 286 and 287:
sugars with optically active alcoho
Page 288 and 289:
Periodate oxidation Partial hydroly
Page 290 and 291:
A 0 8H-lb.20 8 ti- IC. 40 Q ti- tc.
Page 292 and 293:
the 6-deoxysugars, residues b and d
Page 294 and 295:
References cal and NMR methods. The
Page 296 and 297:
List of Suppliers The following is
Page 298 and 299:
6.9 Techniques for Analysis of Pept
Page 300 and 301:
peptidoglycan isolation from these
Page 302 and 303:
control and constant evaluation of
Page 304 and 305:
Labeling Reaction and Sample Requir
Page 306 and 307:
Billot-Klein, D., Gutmann, L., Sabl
Page 308 and 309:
6.10 Bacterial Exotoxins Mahtab Moa
Page 310 and 311:
ourselves to a summary of character
Page 312 and 313:
(repeats in toxin) exotoxin family,
Page 314 and 315:
Aeromonas hydrophila aerolysin, Ser
Page 316 and 317:
1997). P. aeruginosa exotoxin A and
Page 318 and 319:
Aktories, K. and Mohr, C. (1992). C
Page 320 and 321:
Menestrina, G. F. (1991). Electroph
Page 322 and 323:
6.11 A Systematic Approach to the S
Page 324 and 325:
6 7 B 1 2 3 4 5 C 1 2 3 N-terminal
Page 326 and 327:
Analysis of Bacterial Cell Supernat
Page 328 and 329:
tion as the components of the secre
Page 330 and 331:
to attribute a role in secretion fo
Page 332 and 333:
uninterpretable. A number of differ
Page 334 and 335:
than one secretion machinery with v
Page 336 and 337:
References overexpression of a wild
Page 338 and 339:
Merck, K. B., de Cock, H., Verheij,
Page 340 and 341:
6.12 Detection, Purification, and S
Page 342 and 343:
an exogenous AHL (preferably OHHL)
Page 344 and 345:
+++we SEPARATION, IDENTIFICATION AN
Page 346 and 347:
lock the HPLC columns. Attention sh
Page 348 and 349:
Figure 6.27. EI-MS fragmentation pa
Page 350 and 351:
Synthesis of N-(3-oxoacyl)-~-homose
Page 352 and 353:
6.13 Iron Starvation and Siderophor
Page 354 and 355:
eceptor proteins form part of a hig
Page 356 and 357:
phosphate-buffered systems can inte
Page 358 and 359:
advantages both of speed and chemic
Page 360 and 361:
produced by other bacterial and fun
Page 362 and 363:
Ecker, D. J., Loomis, L. D., Cass,
Page 364 and 365:
SECTION 7 Molecular Genetic Approac
Page 366 and 367:
7.1 Introduction Charles J. Dorman
Page 368 and 369:
spectrum of difficulty lies Chlamyd
Page 370 and 371:
7.2 Genetic Approaches to the Study
Page 372 and 373:
transposon mutagenesis, which combi
Page 374 and 375:
Once a virulence gene has been iden
Page 376 and 377:
References Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., S
Page 378 and 379:
and virulence determinants in Vibri
Page 380 and 381:
7.3 Signature Tagged MutagenesW * S
Page 382 and 383:
sequence twice in a pool of 96 diff
Page 384 and 385:
Table 7.4. Generation of the mutant
Page 386 and 387:
Table 7.5. Colony blots 1. Grow the
Page 388 and 389:
we found that approximately 25% of
Page 390 and 391:
References List of Suppliers primer
Page 392 and 393:
7.4 Physical Analysis of the Salmon
Page 394 and 395:
Table 7.8. Isolation of intact geno
Page 396 and 397:
Cycle 2 Cycles 3 and 4 Frequently,
Page 398 and 399:
0 2 4 6 8 10kb t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Page 400 and 401:
1 2 3 4 5 I II Figure 7.3. (a) Auto
Page 402 and 403:
List of Suppliers Liu, S.-L., Hesse
Page 404 and 405:
7.5 Molecular Analvsis of Pseudomon
Page 406 and 407:
of P. aeruginosa virulence genes ha
Page 408 and 409:
Table 7.13. Murine’ models in use
Page 410 and 411:
Table 7.14. Virulence of P. oerugin
Page 412 and 413:
Cash, H. A., Woods, D. E., McCullou
Page 414 and 415:
Stieritz, D. D. and Holander, I. A.
Page 416 and 417:
7.6 Molecular Genetics of Bordetell
Page 418 and 419:
are under the control of a single g
Page 420 and 421:
which may play a fundamental role i
Page 422 and 423:
et al., 1988). On the contrary, the
Page 424 and 425:
Figure 7.6. Schematic representatio
Page 426 and 427:
Beier, D., Schwarz, B., Fuchs, T. M
Page 428 and 429:
7.7 Genetic Manipulation of Enteric
Page 430 and 431:
confers a catalase-positive phenoty
Page 432 and 433:
esistance (Tc) (Sougakoff et al., 1
Page 434 and 435:
Figure 7.7. (b) Schematic outline o
Page 436 and 437:
Natural transformation strains test
Page 438 and 439:
References There has been rapid pro
Page 440 and 441:
List of Suppliers of ferritin to ir
Page 442 and 443:
7.8 Molecular Approaches for the St
Page 444 and 445:
Table 7.22. Isolation of chromosoma
Page 446 and 447:
Table 7.25. Protoplast transformati
Page 448 and 449:
Colonies obtained after transformat
Page 450 and 451:
References Table 7.29. RNA isolatio
Page 452 and 453:
List of Suppliers Oxoid Monograph N
Page 454 and 455:
7.9 Molecular Genetic Analvsis of S
Page 456 and 457:
Table 7.30. Transposon mutagenesis
Page 458 and 459:
(2) Linkage between the transposon
Page 460 and 461:
introduce point mutations generated
Page 462 and 463:
marker. The majority of bacteria th
Page 464 and 465:
Resolution of Cointegrants by Trans
Page 466 and 467:
performed using a fragment encompas
Page 468 and 469:
transformation frequency is too low
Page 470 and 471:
quency confines this procedure to c
Page 472 and 473:
Bramley, A. J., Patel, A. H., O'Rei
Page 474 and 475:
Novick, R. P. (1990). The staphyloc
Page 476 and 477:
7.10 Molecular A P proaches to Stud
Page 478 and 479:
DNA (Tan et al., 1995). Chlamydial
Page 480 and 481:
was cloned from a pUC 8 expression
Page 482 and 483:
factors have, so far, been unsucces
Page 484 and 485:
tion of RNA polymerase core subunit
Page 486 and 487:
SECTION 8 Gene txpression and Analy
Page 488 and 489:
8.1 Gene Expression and Analysis Ia
Page 490 and 491:
in multi-copy can titrate out possi
Page 492 and 493:
permits direct targeting of putativ
Page 494 and 495:
Northern blot analysis RT-PCR label
Page 496 and 497:
accurately and in conjunction with
Page 498 and 499:
DNA Footprinting This is a widely u
Page 500 and 501:
(Frackman et al., 1990). It has bee
Page 502 and 503:
Berg, C. M and Berg, D. E. (1996).
Page 504 and 505:
List of Suppliers Simpson, D. A. C.
Page 506 and 507:
SECTION 9 Host Reactions - Animals
Page 508 and 509:
9.1 Introduction Mark Roberts Depar
Page 510 and 511:
in the case of septic shock. It is
Page 512 and 513:
9.2 Strategies for the Studv of Int
Page 514 and 515:
and saturable inhibition of bacteri
Page 516 and 517:
adhesins. To facilitate the purific
Page 518 and 519:
References We thank all the workers
Page 520 and 521:
9.3 Cytoskeletal Rearrangements Ind
Page 522 and 523:
(3) The interaction of intimin of e
Page 524 and 525:
easy. For example, actin rearrangem
Page 526 and 527:
Using mutated cell lines Inability
Page 528 and 529:
Rosenshine, I., Donnenberg, M. S.,
Page 530 and 531:
9.4 Activation and Inactivation of
Page 532 and 533:
Actin Biochemistry guished. Intrace
Page 534 and 535:
Figure 9.2. Schematic depiction of
Page 536 and 537:
++++++ Rho-MODULATING BACTERIALTOXI
Page 538 and 539:
Since the toxins are catalytically
Page 540 and 541:
TcdB-I 0463 Tcd B-I 470 TcsL-82 48
Page 542 and 543:
Effect on Bacterial Use of Actin Li
Page 544 and 545:
small GTP-binding protein Rho regul
Page 546 and 547:
tion of phorbol ester-stimulated ph
Page 548 and 549:
9.5 Strategies for the Use of Gene
Page 550 and 551:
+++a++ USE OF CYTOKINE AND CYTOKINE
Page 552 and 553:
T Cell Proliferation Cytokine Studi
Page 554 and 555:
Antibody Subclasses FACS Analysis S
Page 556 and 557:
OCallaghan, D., Maskell, D., Liew,
Page 558 and 559:
SECTION 10 Host Reactions - Plants
Page 560 and 561:
10.1 Host Reactions - Plants Charle
Page 562 and 563:
Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihoti
Page 564 and 565:
immunocytochemical studies within t
Page 566 and 567:
Figure 10.2. Development of paramur
Page 568 and 569:
etention and antibody recognition w
Page 570 and 571:
Figure 10.4. Detection of phenolics
Page 572 and 573:
Table 10.5. Histochemical detection
Page 574 and 575:
Figure 10.6. Peroxidase activity in
Page 576 and 577:
Figure 10.7. Localization of H,02 a
Page 578 and 579:
A comparative summary of reactions
Page 580 and 581:
Table 10.9. Preparation of gold pro
Page 582 and 583:
symptom characteristic of infection
Page 584 and 585:
Figure 10.10, Detection of flavanoi
Page 586 and 587:
for conjugation via the hydroxy moi
Page 588 and 589:
Figure 10.11 (A) Transmitted white
Page 590 and 591:
References and protein/DNA complexe
Page 592 and 593:
Buja, M., Eigenbrodt, M. L. and Eig
Page 594 and 595:
Mansfield, J., Jenner, C., Hockenhu
Page 596 and 597:
SECTION II Strategies and Problems
Page 598 and 599:
11.1 Introduction Alejandro Craviot
Page 600 and 601:
11.2 Strategies for Control of ComG
Page 602 and 603:
endothelial cells to reach the subm
Page 604 and 605:
The epidemiology of cholera is an i
Page 606 and 607:
Table I I. I. Available animal mode
Page 608 and 609:
acelular combinada con 10s toxoides
Page 610 and 611:
11.3 Antibiotic Resistance and Pres
Page 612 and 613:
(1) Enzymatic inactivation of the d
Page 614 and 615:
ampicillin in these same strains in
Page 616 and 617:
Single-event antibiotic usage may s
Page 618 and 619:
SECTION I2 Internet Resources for R
Page 620 and 621:
12.1 Internet Resources for Researc
Page 622 and 623:
and DNA sequences (http://www.ncbi.
Page 624 and 625:
++++++ SEQUENCE DATABASES The US Na
Page 626 and 627:
searched as one of the options on t
Page 628 and 629:
Web sites (e.g. httpJ/www.biochern.
Page 630 and 631:
Index Accidents, 19,31 analysis, 27
Page 632 and 633:
preliminary considerations, 232-233
Page 634 and 635:
Exoproteins see Secreted proteins,
Page 636 and 637:
Immunological detection of fimbriae
Page 638 and 639:
tissue choice, 78 toxin measurement
Page 640 and 641:
identification, 20-21 pathogen cate
Page 642 and 643:
Transgenic animals, 83 in bacterial
show all

Bacterial Pathogenesis

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?