universiti putra malaysia digital protection of power transformer ...

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1:1 Vy1 I:1IYI Zgxl Ztl Zgx2 Zt2 Zgx2 Zt2 y m x b p i (t) The Positive-Sequence Incremental Voltage. The Positive-Sequence Incremental Current. The Positive-Sequence Impedance of Generator Gx• The Positive-Sequence Impedance of Transfonner. The Negative-Sequence Impedances of Generator Gx. The Negative-Sequence Impedances of the Transfonner. The Negative-Sequence Impedances of Generator Gx• The Negative-Sequence Impedances of the Transfonner. Dependent Output Variable (Digital Code). Slope Or Conversion Gain. Independent Input Variable (Analog Input). Y-Axis Intercept or Offset. The Highest Hannonic Measured. The Time Constant of Any Decaying DC Component. The Fundamental Frequency of System In Radians/Second. The Instantaneous Value of the Current at Any Time T. Phase Angle of nth Hannonic Component. Voltage Wavefonn Phase Angle. The Mutual Flux Linkages. The Sampling Interval Time. XXI
CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION Electric power system elements such as: generators, transformers and transmission lines are usually protected by relays. The purpose of protection relays is to minimize the effects of faults on electrical power system components. The early relays designed for power systems used electromechanical technology. The various types of electromechanical relays such as magnetic attraction, magnetic induction, D' Arsonval, and thermal relays are provided for significant improvement in the protection of power systems [1]. In the late 1950's solid state relays were introduced. The solid state relays use various low power components: diodes, transistors, thyristors, associated resistors and capacitors. For several reasons, utilities did not accept those relays for almost fifteen years. However, their use has increased gradually during last several years [2]. Electromechanically and solid-state relays were and still used for protecting power system for the past several years, researchers have been studying the feasibility of designing relays using microprocessors. As a consequence of substantial research in the area of digital relaying, advancements in digital technology, and decrease in digital hardware prices, microprocessor relays are now available and being used for protecting power system [3]. 1
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DIGITAL P
Page 3 and 4: Abstract of thesl� presented to t
Page 5 and 6: Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepa
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost
Page 9 and 10: This thesis submitted to the senate
Page 11 and 12: ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AP
Page 13 and 14: 3.6.2.4. 3.6.2.5. Differential Prot
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Bas
Page 17 and 18: 4.5 Current waveform after auxiliar
Page 19 and 20: Symbols AID ADCTL CPU CT D DAS DC D
Page 21: TP SPR SHR SLP VA Vyt V Rx I (fault
Page 25: The first two subsystems are genera

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