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The baiting of wild animals in Russia

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A<br />

exposé <strong>of</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g dog tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g stations<br />

www.mdpi.com/journal/<strong>animals</strong><br />

(71) Broom, D.M. 2002. Welfare <strong>in</strong> <strong>wild</strong>life management and zoos. In: Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

<strong>of</strong> the 4th International Congress on the Physiology and Behaviour <strong>of</strong> Wild and Zoo<br />

Animals. Adv. Ethol. 37, 4-6.<br />

(72) Broom, D.M., and Fraser, A.F. (2007). Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare, 4th<br />

edn., pp 438. Wall<strong>in</strong>gford: CABI.<br />

(73) Council Directive 1999/22/EC <strong>of</strong> 29 March 1999 relat<strong>in</strong>g to the keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>wild</strong><br />

<strong>animals</strong> <strong>in</strong> zoos accessed at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!cel<br />

explus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=31999L0022 on 21 August 2013.<br />

(74) Born Free Foundation, <strong>The</strong> EU Zoo Inquiry 2011, An evaluation <strong>of</strong> the implementation<br />

and enforcement <strong>of</strong> EC Directive 1999/22 relat<strong>in</strong>g to the keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong> <strong>in</strong> zoos,<br />

accessed at http://www.bornfree.org.uk/zooreports/Summary/ on 19 August 2013.<br />

(75) For example, see:<br />

Kitchener, A.C. & Asa, C.S., Editorial: Bears and Canids, International Zoo Yearbook,<br />

2010, 44:7 – 15;<br />

Partridge, J. 1992. Management Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Bears and Raccoons- <strong>The</strong> Association<br />

<strong>of</strong> British Wild Animal Keepers; Meyerson, R. 2007. Standardized Animal Care<br />

Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)- Website Ref - W323 - American Zoo and<br />

Aquarium Association (AZA);<br />

Kolter, L. 2005. Rehabilitation and Release <strong>of</strong> Bears: For the Welfare <strong>of</strong> Conservation or<br />

the Conservation <strong>of</strong> Welfare?- Zoologische Garten Koln, Koln, Germany. .<br />

(76) WAZA Code <strong>of</strong> Ethics and Animal Welfare (adopted November 2003, San José,<br />

Costa Rica) accessed at http://www.waza.org/files/webcontent/1.public_site/5.<br />

conservation/code_<strong>of</strong>_ethics_and_animal_welfare/Code%20<strong>of</strong>%20Ethics_EN.pdf 23<br />

August 2013.<br />

(77) Council <strong>of</strong> Europe Convention for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Pet Animals CETS No. 125,<br />

Strasbourg, 1987.<br />

(78) “Resolution on the keep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> <strong>wild</strong> <strong>animals</strong> as pets.,” <strong>in</strong> Council <strong>of</strong> Europe, Strasbourg,<br />

1995.<br />

(79) Wildpro, Brown Bear Urus Arctos Natural Diet Literature Reports accessed at<br />

http://<strong>wild</strong>pro.twycrosszoo.org/S/0MCarnivor/ursidae/ursus/Ursus_arctos/08Ursus_arctosNatDiets.htm<br />

on 30 September 2013.<br />

(80) Alertis, Large Bear Enclosures: Handbook and Stories <strong>of</strong> Bears, accessed at http://<br />

www.pierre-demeure.com/downloads/LBE.pdf on 11 September 2013.<br />

(81) Huber, D., Why not to Re-<strong>in</strong>troduce «Rehabilitated» Brown Bears to the Wild? From<br />

Rehabilitation and Release <strong>of</strong> Bears: For the Welfare <strong>of</strong> Conservation or for the Conservation<br />

<strong>of</strong> Welfare? Zoologischer Garten Koln. Ed. Kolter, L., and van Dijk, J., 2005.<br />

(82) As above.<br />

(83) Alertis, Large Bear Enclosures: Handbook and Stories <strong>of</strong> Bears, accessed at http://<br />

www.pierre-demeure.com/downloads/LBE.pdf on 11 September 2013.<br />

(84) As above.<br />

(85) Vickery, S.S., and Mason, G.J., Behavioral persistence <strong>in</strong> captive bears: implications<br />

for re<strong>in</strong>troduction, Ursus 14(1):35-43(2003).<br />

(86) Broom, D.M. Welfare Assessment and Relevant Ethical Decisions: Key Concepts,<br />

ARBS Annual Review <strong>of</strong> Biomedical Sciences, 2008; 10:T79-T90.<br />

(87) As above.<br />

(88) See for example, Partridge, J. 1992. Management Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for Bears and Raccoons-<br />

<strong>The</strong> Association <strong>of</strong> British Wild Animal Keepers; Kolter, L. 2005. Rehabilitation<br />

and Release <strong>of</strong> Bears: For the Welfare <strong>of</strong> Conservation or the Conservation <strong>of</strong> Welfare?,<br />

Zoologische Garten Koln, Koln, Germany.<br />

(89) Gil<strong>in</strong>, C. M.; Chest<strong>in</strong>, I.; Semchenkov, P.; Claar, J., Management <strong>of</strong> Bear Human<br />

Conflicts Us<strong>in</strong>g Laika Dogs, Int Conf. Bear. Res. And Manage. 9(2):133-137, 1997.<br />

(90) As above.<br />

(91) McAlister, E. and Jones, D., Bear Parks <strong>in</strong> Japan, Report on a visit by Ed McAlister<br />

and David Jones, August 14 – 20, 2005, published by WAZA and WSPA.<br />

(92) As above.<br />

(93) Huber, D., Why not to Re-<strong>in</strong>troduce «Rehabilitated» Brown Bears to the Wild? From<br />

Rehabilitation and Release <strong>of</strong> Bears: For the Welfare <strong>of</strong> Conservation or for the Conservation<br />

<strong>of</strong> Welfare? Zoologischer Garten Koln. Ed. Kolter, L., and van Dijk, J., 2005.<br />

(94) Broom, D.M. Welfare Assessment and Relevant Ethical Decisions: Key Concepts,<br />

ARBS Annual Review <strong>of</strong> Biomedical Sciences, 2008; 10:T79-T90.<br />

(95) Broom, D.M. Broom, D.M. Welfare Assessment and Relevant Ethical Decisions: Key<br />

Concepts, ARBS Annual Review <strong>of</strong> Biomedical Sciences, 2008; 10:T79-T90.<br />

(96) Kitchener C Andrew, Cheryl S.ASA Editorial: Bears and Canids International Zoo<br />

Yearbook Int. Zoo Yb. (2010) 44: 7-15 <strong>The</strong> Zoological Society <strong>of</strong> London.<br />

(97) Kitchener, A.C. 2004: <strong>The</strong> problems <strong>of</strong> old bears <strong>in</strong> zoos. International Zoo News<br />

51: 282-293.<br />

(98) Ranz, A., Tikhonov, A., Conroy, J., Cavall<strong>in</strong>i, P., Herrero, J., Stubbe, M., Maran, T.,<br />

Fernandes, M., Abramov, A. & Wozencraft, C. 2008. Meles meles. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN<br />

Red List <strong>of</strong> Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. . Downloaded<br />

on 11 September 2013.<br />

(99) Bovey, K., Lawlis, P., DeLay, J. and Widowski, T., An Exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong>to the Innervation<br />

and Condition <strong>of</strong> Mature Boar Tusks at Slaughter, University <strong>of</strong> Guelph, Factsheet,<br />

accessible at http://www.uoguelph.ca/csaw/doc/TuskTrimm<strong>in</strong>gFactSheet.pdf<br />

(100) http://dogexpert.ru/forums/topic/6384/page-3<br />

(101) Broom, D.M., Animal Welfare: An Aspect <strong>of</strong> Care, Susta<strong>in</strong>ability, and Food Quality<br />

Required by the Public, JVME 37(1), 2010.<br />

(102) OIE, Terrestrial animal health code, Chapter 7.1, Article 7.12. Available onl<strong>in</strong>e at<br />

http://www.oie.<strong>in</strong>t/<strong>in</strong>dex.php?id=169&L=0&htmfile=chapitre_1.7.1.htm<br />

(103) For example, the Lisbon Treaty <strong>of</strong> the EU states: “In formulat<strong>in</strong>g and implement<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the Union’s agriculture, fisheries, transport, <strong>in</strong>ternal market, research and technological<br />

development and space policies, the Union and the Member States shall, s<strong>in</strong>ce<br />

<strong>animals</strong> are sentient be<strong>in</strong>gs, pay full regard to the welfare requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>animals</strong>, while<br />

respect<strong>in</strong>g the legislative or adm<strong>in</strong>istrative provisions and customs <strong>of</strong> the Member States<br />

relat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> particular to religious rites, cultural traditions and regional heritage.” Consolidated<br />

versions <strong>of</strong> the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the function<strong>in</strong>g <strong>of</strong> the<br />

European Union.-Official Journal <strong>of</strong> the European Union C 115, 09.05.2008.<br />

(104) <strong>The</strong> Universal Declaration for Animal Welfare is a project <strong>of</strong> the World Society for<br />

the Protection <strong>of</strong> Animals and other lead<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternational animal protection organisations.<br />

For further <strong>in</strong>formation see: http://www.wspa.org.uk/wspaswork/udaw/<br />

(105) Text <strong>of</strong> the UDAW is available from the World Society for the Protection <strong>of</strong> Animals.<br />

(106) Various authors, Animals and <strong>The</strong>ir Legal Rights: A Survey <strong>of</strong> American Laws from<br />

1641 – 1990, Animal Welfare Institute, 1990.<br />

(107) McKenna, C. and Morrissey, C., Countdown to the Ban, Campaign<strong>in</strong>g to Protect<br />

Hunted Animals, 2001.<br />

(108) Broom (D.M.), « Animal Welfare: An Aspect <strong>of</strong> Care, Susta<strong>in</strong>ability, and Food<br />

Quality Required by the Public », JVME 37(1), 2010.<br />

(109) Animal Mosaic, Global Legislation Hub, http://www.animalmosaic.org/legislation/global-legislation/default.aspx?page=0&cont<strong>in</strong>ent=&country=<strong>Russia</strong>,&def=<br />

dernier<br />

accès le 18 août 2013.<br />

(110) As above.<br />

(111) http://www.russian-crim<strong>in</strong>al-code.com/PartII/SectionIX/Chapter25.html<br />

(112) Elena Bobrova, personal communication.<br />

(113) As above.<br />

(114) Popov, A.V.,Hunt<strong>in</strong>g Laikas, <strong>Russia</strong>, Journal <strong>of</strong> the International Society for Preservation<br />

<strong>of</strong> Primitive Aborig<strong>in</strong>al Dogs, June 2012 accessed at http://www.bradanderson.<br />

org/pads/Journal-<strong>of</strong>-PADS-31-English.pdf on 11 September 2013<br />

(115) Nasyrov, G., Let us preserve the culture <strong>of</strong> hunt<strong>in</strong>g with Laika, <strong>in</strong> the newsletter<br />

<strong>of</strong> the <strong>Russia</strong>n Branch <strong>of</strong> the Primitive and Aborig<strong>in</strong>al Dog Society, 2004 accessed at:<br />

http://www.pads.ru/zadm<strong>in</strong>_data/issue.pdf_file_en/1083/PADSnewsletter_october_<br />

2004.pdf on 11 September 2013.<br />

(116) Semyonova is author <strong>of</strong> 100 Silliest Th<strong>in</strong>gs People Say About Dogs, Hast<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

Press, 2009, which explodes the 100 most common myths about dogs, their nature,<br />

behaviour and how to treat them and expla<strong>in</strong>s how serious aggression is utterly abnormal<br />

<strong>in</strong> the domestic dog.<br />

(117) Semyonova, A., personal communication.<br />

Photo credits: One Voice - J-P Demol<strong>in</strong>/Fotolia - Digital Vison Just Animals - Eric Mandre/Shutterstock - Guenter Guni/iStock.<br />

Pr<strong>in</strong>ted on recycled paper.<br />

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