Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya

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generated from mass tourism, such as environmental pollution and overcrowding. Therefore, the role of culture is becoming increasingly important in the development of the tourism industry. The industry acts as a new platform to promote local cultures and international cultural exchange. Cultural heritage tourism is a form of special-interest tourism that has been growing rapidly in the last few years and currently is ranked as one of the major growth areas in global tourism demand. Cultural endowments such as traditional architecture, unique streetscapes and historic sites are increasingly recognized as important tourist resources in both developed and developing countries. Cities are often important focal points for development based on these resources because they provide concentrations of heritage assets, infrastructure services, private sector activity and human resources. Improving the conservation and management of urban heritage is not only important for preserving its historic significance, but also for its potential to increase income-earning opportunities, city livability and competitiveness. According to Smith (2003), the following list suggests a comprehensive typology of cultural tourism products that can be developed: • Heritage sites, such as archaeological sites, whole towns, monuments, museums; • Performing arts venues, including theatres, concert halls, cultural centres; • Visual arts such as galleries, sculpture parks, photography exhibits, architecture; • Festivals and special events, including music festivals, sporting events, carnivals; • Religious sites, including cathedrals, temples, pilgrimage destinations, spiritual retreats; • Rural destinations, such as villages, farms, national parks, ecomuseums; • Indigenous communities and traditions, for example ethnic groups and minority cultures; • Arts and crafts, such as textiles, pottery or painting; • Language acquisition and practice; • Gastronomy – wine tasting, food sampling, cookery courses; • Industry and commerce like factory visits, mines, breweries and distilleries; Development of cultural heritage tourism in Kenya 157
• Modern popular culture expressions, e.g. pop music, shopping, fashion, media, design, technology; • Special interest activities, such as painting, weaving or photography. Many of the cultural tourism products outlined by Smith (2003) can be developed in Kenya to help diversify beyond beach and wildlife tourism. Moreover, there are numerous early and late Stone Age archaeological sites in Kenya, such as Olorgesaillie (Kajiado County), Kariandusi and Hyrax Hill (Nakuru County) that can be developed as cultural heritage sites. Music festivals, carnivals and sporting events can also be developed into cultural heritage attractions for domestic and international tourism. Cultural heritage and sustainability The quality and attractiveness of Kenya as a destination results from many centuries of development. This development has been shaped by the prevailing physical (natural landscape) and socio-economic factors. To sustain the attractiveness and competitiveness of the destination requires recognition and development of the very factors that have shaped it –the key to the development of cultural heritage, the real raw material for tourism. Sustainable tourism has become a popular but ambiguous term. It is used to mean many things, from recycling, waste and energy reduction to limiting human impact on the natural and cultural resources. Countries and regions where the economy is driven by the tourism industry have become increasingly concerned with the environmental impact of, as well as the socio-cultural problems associated with, unsustainable tourism. As a result, there is now increasing agreement on the need to promote sustainable tourism development to minimize its environmental impact and to maximize its overall socio-economic benefits at tourist destinations. The concept of sustainable tourism, as developed by the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) in the context of the United Nations sustainable development process, refers to tourist activities ‘leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life 158 Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya
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Conservation of Natural and Cultura
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Conservation of Natural and Cultura
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Foreword Dr Mzalendo Kibunjia, Dire
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the reader in breadth and in depth
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Technology, Kenyatta University, Mo
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9. Evaluating rural heritage conser
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Figure 5.6 Kenwood House (http://4.
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Tables Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Table 5.
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Revisited, Modernism, Conservation
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Anthony Njeru Murithi has, since 20
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Introduction Conservation principle
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of individuals and communities in t
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probe the legal opportunities avail
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of some monuments in order to provi
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museum exhibitions. First, the meth
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history and ties with tourism, the
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conservation (Posey 1999; Sponsel 2
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The place of Mau Mau memory and cul
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1 Access to heritage conservation a
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of 2006 defines cultural heritage a
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The United Nations (UN) Declaration
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line, pipeline and a highway networ
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put into question. The problem also
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The concepts of ‘human rights’
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Conclusion This chapter has establi
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Kenya’s cultural heritage policy
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edundancies and contradictions for
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Article 40(5) of the Kenya Constitu
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In accordance with Cap 216, archaeo
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Further inadequacies are illustrate
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cabinet secretary, to bring the obj
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which might otherwise be lost as a
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3 The concept of intangible cultura
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skull of Homo habilis on the shores
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when many forms of cultural heritag
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Similarly, cultural activities and
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cultural heritage in some pure or p
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With such high rates of extinction,
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Ethical issues in preserving intang
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4 The conservation of public monume
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a specific identity, choosing Nairo
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Monuments in Nairobi’s Central Bu
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Figure 4.3 Statue of King George V
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Tom Mboya (d. 1969) The only other
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as had previously been believed. In
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een annexed by the British Empire.
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Its disconnection is total. Hence t
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5 Reflections on architectural morp
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which were to change from 1906 as d
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Figure 5.1 Colonnaded façades of C
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Figure 5.3 Masonry construction, ve
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using it, for instance Norfolk Hote
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Figure 5.7 Sheria House (http://www
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Table 5.1 Status of selected histor
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Viewing the restoration and mainten
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Streetscape elements: Does the buil
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6 The bao: a board game in Africa
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Figure 6.1 Maasai men playing bao o
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Figure 6.5 A prehistoric bao board
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of bao gaming. The development of s
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Traces of game boards dating to the
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a site museum exhibiting material f
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foreign tourist customer in mind an
Page 130 and 131: Conclusion There is no contention t
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Page 134 and 135: apprentices move to urban areas in
Page 136 and 137: and the tedious demands and competi
Page 138 and 139: L. TURKANA MERU-TIGANIA & KAMBA L.
Page 140 and 141: Forms the upper body from the maxim
Page 142 and 143: A narrative is given of how the pot
Page 144 and 145: who live in rural areas, the Jomvu
Page 146 and 147: Besides following the technical ste
Page 148 and 149: 8 Wildlife heritage ownership and u
Page 150 and 151: ownership, a question which is a ke
Page 152 and 153: In some countries, private ownershi
Page 154 and 155: wildlife resources and looked down
Page 156 and 157: of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, in
Page 158 and 159: Figure 8.1 Dr Rosendo Ribeiro on a
Page 160 and 161: around Central Kenya. When the free
Page 162 and 163: This approach is desirable because
Page 164 and 165: Conclusion Wildlife heritage in Ken
Page 166 and 167: 9 Evaluating rural heritage conserv
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Page 170 and 171: Designer Intentions Medium Object I
Page 172 and 173: Figure 9.3 A view of Karue Hill (Mu
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9.6 Deforestation on Karue H
Page 176 and 177: the process of ‘making sense’ o
Page 178 and 179: with heritage site managers to illu
Page 182 and 183: support systems’ (UN 2001). This
Page 184 and 185: Figure 10.1 Lamu (Shah 2014) 2. Kay
Page 186 and 187: Kenya has several other beautiful I
Page 188 and 189: to establish whether these sites we
Page 190 and 191: 60 50 Cultural and natural 50% % of
Page 192 and 193: having guards who would be collecti
Page 194 and 195: Conclusions and policy recommendati
Page 196 and 197: interactions that are important to
Page 198 and 199: Research design Data collection inv
Page 200 and 201: sacrifice. Songs such as ohangla, s
Page 202 and 203: as very important. About 21% of the
Page 204 and 205: were: Wanjiru, Wanjiku, Wambui, War
Page 206 and 207: estoration of the site, and identif
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Page 210 and 211: to promote a sense of leadership, t
Page 212 and 213: Figure 12.3 Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga:
Page 214 and 215: Table 12.1 Summary of conservation
Page 216 and 217: diverse dates in 2014 and 2015 at G
Page 218 and 219: were embroidery (kiondo), tailoring
Page 220 and 221: schoolchildren. The money they rais
Page 222 and 223: There is need to establish a founda
Page 224 and 225: According to James McCann (1999), A
Page 226 and 227: million years, but today the chance
Page 228 and 229: closed seasons allowed plenty of fi
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ensured. ‘During the rainy season
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in pre-colonial Kenya was likely to
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incomes and deepening poverty; all
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leaves historians and other scholar
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the Mau Mau as both a liability and
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as not only heroic, but also patrio
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this wave, Kenyatta successfully de
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that battle and death sites have a
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Figure 14.1 Transformation of war t
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cultural landscape in an irreversib
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References Abdullahi, A. (2002). Cu
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Chen, B. (2009). Assessment of aest
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Getty Conservation Institute (2002)
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KNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Stat
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Mitullah, W. (2003). Understanding
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Primack, R. & Kobori, H. (2001). Co
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Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1978).
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Wekundah, J. (2012). Why protect tr
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British East Africa Protectorate 60
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Information and Computing Technolog
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patents 55 paternalism 72 Pattullo,
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In Kenya, cultural and natural heri
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