Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya

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The place of Mau Mau memory and culture in the history of Kenya is a significant and sensitive subject of research. Ephraim Wahome, Felix Kiruthu and Susan Mwangi trace this forgotten heritage in order to provide public access and at the same time ensure the preservation of memory. When Buijtenhuijs revisited the Mau Mau movement in the 1970s, it was argued that much about it had already been documented. However, the Mau Mau remains shrouded in ‘mystery’ as not much has been written about its tangible and intangible cultural heritage including the trenches, burial sites and monuments. Its legacy as a significant historical episode has been obscured by post-colonial political gimmicks of use and abuse, coupled with negative scholarly discourses, which have conspired to deny the freedom fighters their rightful place in history. In Chapter 14, the authors examine the memorization of the Mau Mau legacy, its politicization and the apparent socio-political rifts emerging from its poor management and seclusion by the political elite. The chapter looks into reasons for the suppression of the movement’s memory by interrogating its significance in contemporary Kenya’s history. The authors contend that successful reconstruction of the heritage is a necessary step in the much needed reconciliation process. The origins of the Mau Mau have been discussed by many scholars, including Kanogo (1987), Anderson (2005) and Elkins (2005) who generally agree that the Mau Mau war had something to do with British colonial oppression. In 1915, the colonial government enacted the Crown Lands Ordinance, which effectively relegated the Africans into a state of perpetual tenancy on their own land. Berman and Lonsdale (1992) concur that Mau Mau grievances date back to the Resident Native Labourers Ordinance of 1918, which systematically reduced indigenous landowners to squatters and sources of labour for the emergent settler economy. As a result of this transformation, the history of Kenyan communities was significantly altered, culminating in the declaration of a state of emergency in 1952. Unfortunately, the Mau Mau struggle against the British colonists in Kenya, which contributed to the country’s independence in 1963, has not been given the attention it deserves. The authors argue that it is not only important for scholars to conduct studies on the movement, but also to document it for the benefit of memorization and posterity. The Mau Mau sites in Kenya are many and varied, including their complex communication networks, trenches, caves, gun factories, oaths sites, offices, detention camps and burial places. Many more sites remain to be discovered for the general public to truly appreciate the place of fighters in the history of Kenya. Introduction 15
This book, we expect, will be an essential reference text for conservation, museum and heritage professionals, students and other persons interested in natural and cultural heritage theories and practices, including heritage management challenges. Contributions from the fields of conservation, philosophy, history, archaeology, sociology, architecture, planning, landscape architecture, art, urban design, anthropology, environmental and wildlife organizations, human rights and public policy and other related fields make it an invaluable resource. 16 Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya
Page 1 and 2: Conservation of Natural and Cultura
Page 4 and 5: Conservation of Natural and Cultura
Page 6 and 7: Foreword Dr Mzalendo Kibunjia, Dire
Page 8: the reader in breadth and in depth
Page 11 and 12: Technology, Kenyatta University, Mo
Page 13 and 14: 9. Evaluating rural heritage conser
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.6 Kenwood House (http://4.
Page 17 and 18: Tables Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Table 5.
Page 19 and 20: Revisited, Modernism, Conservation
Page 21 and 22: Anthony Njeru Murithi has, since 20
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Conservation principle
Page 26 and 27: of individuals and communities in t
Page 28 and 29: probe the legal opportunities avail
Page 30 and 31: of some monuments in order to provi
Page 32 and 33: museum exhibitions. First, the meth
Page 34 and 35: history and ties with tourism, the
Page 36 and 37: conservation (Posey 1999; Sponsel 2
Page 40 and 41: 1 Access to heritage conservation a
Page 42 and 43: of 2006 defines cultural heritage a
Page 44 and 45: The United Nations (UN) Declaration
Page 46 and 47: line, pipeline and a highway networ
Page 48 and 49: put into question. The problem also
Page 50 and 51: The concepts of ‘human rights’
Page 52 and 53: Conclusion This chapter has establi
Page 54 and 55: Kenya’s cultural heritage policy
Page 56 and 57: edundancies and contradictions for
Page 58 and 59: Article 40(5) of the Kenya Constitu
Page 60 and 61: In accordance with Cap 216, archaeo
Page 62 and 63: Further inadequacies are illustrate
Page 64 and 65: cabinet secretary, to bring the obj
Page 66 and 67: which might otherwise be lost as a
Page 68 and 69: 3 The concept of intangible cultura
Page 70 and 71: skull of Homo habilis on the shores
Page 72 and 73: when many forms of cultural heritag
Page 74 and 75: Similarly, cultural activities and
Page 76 and 77: cultural heritage in some pure or p
Page 78 and 79: With such high rates of extinction,
Page 80 and 81: Ethical issues in preserving intang
Page 82 and 83: 4 The conservation of public monume
Page 84 and 85: a specific identity, choosing Nairo
Page 86 and 87: Monuments in Nairobi’s Central Bu
Page 88 and 89:
Figure 4.3 Statue of King George V
Page 90 and 91:
Tom Mboya (d. 1969) The only other
Page 92 and 93:
as had previously been believed. In
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een annexed by the British Empire.
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Its disconnection is total. Hence t
Page 98 and 99:
5 Reflections on architectural morp
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which were to change from 1906 as d
Page 102 and 103:
Figure 5.1 Colonnaded façades of C
Page 104 and 105:
Figure 5.3 Masonry construction, ve
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using it, for instance Norfolk Hote
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Figure 5.7 Sheria House (http://www
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Table 5.1 Status of selected histor
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Viewing the restoration and mainten
Page 114 and 115:
Streetscape elements: Does the buil
Page 116 and 117:
6 The bao: a board game in Africa
Page 118 and 119:
Figure 6.1 Maasai men playing bao o
Page 120 and 121:
Figure 6.5 A prehistoric bao board
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of bao gaming. The development of s
Page 124 and 125:
Traces of game boards dating to the
Page 126 and 127:
a site museum exhibiting material f
Page 128 and 129:
foreign tourist customer in mind an
Page 130 and 131:
Conclusion There is no contention t
Page 132 and 133:
and, therefore, attention must be p
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apprentices move to urban areas in
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and the tedious demands and competi
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L. TURKANA MERU-TIGANIA & KAMBA L.
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Forms the upper body from the maxim
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A narrative is given of how the pot
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who live in rural areas, the Jomvu
Page 146 and 147:
Besides following the technical ste
Page 148 and 149:
8 Wildlife heritage ownership and u
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ownership, a question which is a ke
Page 152 and 153:
In some countries, private ownershi
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wildlife resources and looked down
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of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, in
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 8.1 Dr Rosendo Ribeiro on a
Page 160 and 161:
around Central Kenya. When the free
Page 162 and 163:
This approach is desirable because
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Conclusion Wildlife heritage in Ken
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9 Evaluating rural heritage conserv
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an environment affects the immediat
Page 170 and 171:
Designer Intentions Medium Object I
Page 172 and 173:
Figure 9.3 A view of Karue Hill (Mu
Page 174 and 175:
Figure 9.6 Deforestation on Karue H
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the process of ‘making sense’ o
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with heritage site managers to illu
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generated from mass tourism, suc
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support systems’ (UN 2001). This
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Figure 10.1 Lamu (Shah 2014) 2. Kay
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Kenya has several other beautiful I
Page 188 and 189:
to establish whether these sites we
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60 50 Cultural and natural 50% % of
Page 192 and 193:
having guards who would be collecti
Page 194 and 195:
Conclusions and policy recommendati
Page 196 and 197:
interactions that are important to
Page 198 and 199:
Research design Data collection inv
Page 200 and 201:
sacrifice. Songs such as ohangla, s
Page 202 and 203:
as very important. About 21% of the
Page 204 and 205:
were: Wanjiru, Wanjiku, Wambui, War
Page 206 and 207:
estoration of the site, and identif
Page 208 and 209:
at the forefront in conserving it.
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to promote a sense of leadership, t
Page 212 and 213:
Figure 12.3 Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga:
Page 214 and 215:
Table 12.1 Summary of conservation
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diverse dates in 2014 and 2015 at G
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were embroidery (kiondo), tailoring
Page 220 and 221:
schoolchildren. The money they rais
Page 222 and 223:
There is need to establish a founda
Page 224 and 225:
According to James McCann (1999), A
Page 226 and 227:
million years, but today the chance
Page 228 and 229:
closed seasons allowed plenty of fi
Page 230 and 231:
ensured. ‘During the rainy season
Page 232 and 233:
in pre-colonial Kenya was likely to
Page 234 and 235:
incomes and deepening poverty; all
Page 236 and 237:
leaves historians and other scholar
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the Mau Mau as both a liability and
Page 240 and 241:
as not only heroic, but also patrio
Page 242 and 243:
this wave, Kenyatta successfully de
Page 244 and 245:
that battle and death sites have a
Page 246 and 247:
Figure 14.1 Transformation of war t
Page 248 and 249:
cultural landscape in an irreversib
Page 250 and 251:
References Abdullahi, A. (2002). Cu
Page 252 and 253:
Chen, B. (2009). Assessment of aest
Page 254 and 255:
Getty Conservation Institute (2002)
Page 256 and 257:
KNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Stat
Page 258 and 259:
Mitullah, W. (2003). Understanding
Page 260 and 261:
Primack, R. & Kobori, H. (2001). Co
Page 262 and 263:
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1978).
Page 264:
Wekundah, J. (2012). Why protect tr
Page 267 and 268:
British East Africa Protectorate 60
Page 269 and 270:
Information and Computing Technolog
Page 271 and 272:
patents 55 paternalism 72 Pattullo,
Page 274:
In Kenya, cultural and natural heri
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