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IMPULSE 2017 DEE, RSET PEROVSKITE EDGES CAN BE TUNED FOR OPTOELECTRONIC PERFORMANCE - LAYERED 2D MATERIAL IMPROVES EFFICIENCY FOR SOLAR CELLS AND LEDS In the eternal search for next generation high-efficiency solar cells and LEDs, scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory and their partners are creating innovative 2D layered hybrid perovskites that allow greater freedom in designing and fabricating efficient optoelectronic devices.It mainly includes Industrial and consumer applications like low cost solar cells, LEDs, laser diodes, detectors, and other nano-optoelectronic devices. The material is a layered compound, a stack of 2D layers of perovskites with nanometer thickness (and the 2D perovskite layers are separated by thin organic layers.This work could overturn conventional wisdom on the limitations of device designs based on layered perovskites." The 2D, near-single-crystalline "Ruddlesden-Popper" thin films have an out-of-plane orientation so that uninhibited charge transport occurs through the perovskite layers in planar devices. At the edges of the perovskite layers, the new research discovered "layer-edge-states," which are key to both high efficiency of solar cells (>12 percent) and high fluorescence efficiency (a few tens of percent) for LEDs. The spontaneous conversion of excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) to free carriers via these layer-edge states appears to be the key to improving the photovoltaic and lightemitting thin-film layered materials. Moreover, once carriers are trapped in these edge states, they remain protected and do not lose their energy via non-radiative processes. They can contribute to photocurrent in a photovoltaic (PV) device or radiatively recombine efficiently for light-emission applications. "These materials are quantum hybrid materials, possessing physical properties of both organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconducting quantum wells.These results address a long-standing problem not just for the perovskite family, but relevant to a large group of materials where edges and surface states generally degrade the optoelectronic properties, which can now be chemically designed and engineered to achieve efficient flow of charge and energy leading to high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory and their research partners are creating innovative 2-D layered hybrid perovskites that allow greater freedom in designing and fabricating efficient optoelectronic devices Ms. ANN CHERIACHEN THOPPIL S8 EEE
IMPULSE 2017 CAN INDIA BECOME SUSTAINABLE? DEE, RSET Jeremy Rifkin, an economist and activist, said in New Delhi in January 2012, “India is the Saudi Arabia of renewable energy sources and, if properly utilized, India can realize its place in the world as a great power”. Keeping this in our mind let’s take a glimpse at the present energy situation in India. Dusk descends on a village in the eastern Indian state of Bihar as residents start their evening chores. Women walk in a line, balancing packets of animal fodder on their heads. Others lead their water buffalo home before dinner. Overhead loom bare utility poles - built but never wired for electricity - casting long shadows across the landscape. Of the world’s 1.3 billion people who live without access to power, a quarter (about 300 million) live in rural India in states such as Bihar. Night-time satellite images of the sprawling subcontinent show the story: Vast swaths of the country still lie in darkness. It is quite ironic and It’s a matter of shame that 68 years after independence we have not been able to provide a basic amenity like electricity to all citizens. India, the third-largest emitter of greenhouses gases after China and the United States, has taken steps to address climate change in advance of the global talks in Paris this year - pledging a steep increase in renewable energy by 2030. But India’s leaders say that the huge challenge of extending electric service to its citizens means a hard reality - that the country must continue to increase its fossil fuel consumption, at least in the near term, on a path that could mean a threefold increase in greenhouse-gas emissions by 2030, according to some estimates. When Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi talked climate change with President Obama in September at the United Nations, he was careful to note that he and Obama share “an uncompromising commitment on climate change without affecting our ability to meet the development aspirations of humanity.”. If India’s carbon emissions continue to rise, by 2040 it will overtake the United States as the world’s second-highest emitter, behind only China, according to estimates by the International Energy Agency. Yet the Indian government has long argued that the United States and other industrialized nations bear a greater responsibility for the cumulative damage to the environment from carbon emissions than developing nations with Modi urging “climate justice” and chiding Western nations to change their wasteful ways. Although 300 million Indians have no access to power, millions more in the country of 1.2 billion people live with spotty supplies of electricity from the country’s unreliable power grid. The grid failed spectacularly in 2012, plunging more than 600 million people into total blackout. In the country’s high-tech capital of Bangalore, for example, residents have recently had to endure hours of power outages each day after repairs and a bad monsoon season prevented the state’s hydro-electric and wind power plants from generating enough electricity. Energy access is worse in rural areas. Bihar, one of India’s poorest states, has a population of 103 million, nearly a third the size of the United States. Fewer have electricity as the primary source of lighting there than in any other place in India, just over 16 percent, according to 2011 census data. Families still light their homes with kerosene lamps and cook on clay stoves with cow-dung patties or kindling. The Indian government has launched an ambitious project to supply 24-hour power to its towns and villages by 2022 - with plans for miles of new feeder lines, infrastructure upgrades and solar micro grids for the remotest areas. Led by Modi, an early proponent of solar technology, India is in the midst of a huge drive to expand its solar and wind capacity, with plans for dozens of mega-
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