impulse-ed 2-060417

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IMPULSE 2017 DEE, RSET in Smart Houses; these monitor all energy used by the home and data can be analysed / modelled for specific streets or areas. The Internet of Energy will ultimately provide a beautifully integrated system that monitors and predicts consumption patterns. Eventually systems like the one presented here will exist in all homes and feedback data that optimises power generation. This system will offer high levels of participation to the user; plug and play convenience for new devices; faster response to power outages and faults; and resilience to attack and natural disasters. The IOE can operate on a small scale, saving the user money in the home; as well on the grid scale, allowing more efficient electricity generation and decreasing fossil fuel usage. Mr. KADAVIL SABU HAZEM S8 EEE
IMPULSE 2017 DEE, RSET CARBON NANOTUBES AND ITS FUTURE IN TAPPING SOLAR ENERGY With the increasing concern about the carbon dioxide concentration and global warming in the earth, as well as the increasing demand on energy and the limitation of fossil fuels resources, researches have been addressed towards other energy alternatives such as the amazing sustainable source of energy, the sun. It has been calculated that less than one hour of sun energy received by the earth is enough to satisfy the annual world human demand of energy. The solar energy is clean, abundant and without any harmful effects on the environment. The photovoltaic effect is the process allowing the conversion of light into electricity, this process needs semiconductors materials in order to convert the photons into electrons. The photovoltaic solar cell technology with its different generations is a multidisciplinary field involving classical disciplines like physics, chemistry and materials sciences, beside new emerging technologies such as optoelectronics, organic electronics and nano electronics. These technologies have been tremendously expanded in the last decades, serving the development of photovoltaic solar cells and making the field rich and attracting for several famous worldwide universities, institutes and research centres. A solar cell (photovoltaic cell) is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly to electricity by photovoltaic effect. The solar cells of today are typically made of silicon, an inorganic semiconductor material known by its environmental stability, high purity and its distinguished charge transport properties. The silicon solar cells are dominating the Photovoltaic market thanks to their high power conversion efficiency which hits 25% as per the latest report. In spite of its market dominance and high conversion rates, fabrication of silicon solar cells is complicated, expensive and energy-intensive leading to a costly manufacturing. The lack of a costeffective energy in the inorganic solar cell technology has been one of the major drawbacks that increased investigations on alternatives and promoted organic solar cells researches. An organic solar cell or plastic solar cell is a type of photovoltaic that uses organic electronics, a branch of electronics that deals with conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules, for light absorption and charge transport to produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect. The organic solar cell technology is now a days, a promising competitive alternative of the inorganic solar cell technology, specifically in terms of fabrication simplicity, cost and also its ability to bend allows it to be used in areas where inorganic solar cells can’t be used. While working on organic cells, researchers were struck with a basic theory. If organics involve the use of carbon and its allotropes, why not use carbon in solar cells? This is how carbon nanotubes (a special form of carbon) came to be considered for tapping solar energy. Before studying about carbon nanotubes, we need to know what nanotubes are. Nanotubes are particles that are on the nanoscale, which is are about 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) in size. For comparison, the thickness of a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nm and the width of a hair, about 40,000 – 80,000 nm. Materials that exhibit a dimension below 100 nm have very different and interesting properties than the bulk material. As an example, gold is a very inert metal, but below 100 nm, nanoparticles of gold possess properties that make them good catalysts and sensors. With this in mind, let us see what carbon nanotubes are. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology.
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