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INDIA & PAKISTAN “Separation Is A Wound Which Can`t Heal up Except Those Who Gives The Wound” By: Historian Willams A Divided Movement n July 1914, Gandhi left South Africa to return to India. He supported the In 1931, IBritish war effort in World War I but a f t e r B r i t i s h remained critical of colonial authorities for authorities made measures he felt were unjust. In 1919, Gandhi s o m e launched an organized campaign of passive c o n c e s s i o n s , resistance in response to Parliament's Gandhi again passage of the Rowlett Acts, which gave called off the colonial authorities emergency powers to r e s i s t a n c e suppress subversive activities. He backed off movement and after violence broke out–including the a g r e e d t o massacre by British-led soldiers of some 400 r e p r e s e n t t h e Indians attending a meeting at Amritsar–but Congress Party at only temporarily, and by 1920 he was the most the Round Table visible figure in the movement for Indian C o n f e r e n c e i n independence. London. Meanwhile, As part of his nonviolent non- some of his party cooperation campaign for home rule, Gandhi colleagues–particular stressed the importance of economic ly Mohammed Ali independence for India. He particularly Jinnah, a leading advocated the manufacture of khaddar, or voice for India's Muslim homespun cloth, in order to replace imported m i n o r i t y – g r e w textiles from Britain. Gandhi's eloquence and frustrated with Gandhi's embrace of an ascetic lifestyle based on methods, and what they prayer, fasting and meditation earned him the saw as a lack of concrete reverence of his followers, who called him gains. Arrested upon his Mahatma (Sanskrit for “the great-souled one”). return by a newly aggressive Invested with all the authority of the Indian colonial government, Gandhi National Congress (INC or Congress Party), began a series of hunger Gandhi turned the independence movement strikes in protest of the into a massive organization, leading boycotts treatment of India's so-called of British manufacturers and institutions “untouchables” (the poorer representing British influence in India, classes), whom he renamed including legislatures and schools. Harijans, or “children of God.” After sporadic violence broke out, The fasting caused uproar Gandhi announced the end of the resistance among his followers and resulted movement, to the dismay of his followers. in swift reforms by the Hindu British authorities arrested Gandhi in March community and the government. 1922 and tried him for sedition; he was I n 1 9 3 4 , G a n d h i sentenced to six years in prison but was announced his retirement released in 1924 after undergoing an from politics in, as well as his operation for appendicitis. He refrained from r e s i g n a t i o n f r o m t h e Congre active participation in politics for the next ss Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on several years, but in 1930 launched a new civil working within rural communities. Drawn back disobedience campaign against the colonial into the political fray by the outbreak of World government's tax on salt, which greatly War II, Gandhi again took control of the INC, affected Indian's poorest citizens. demanding a British withdrawal from India in anor 10 AUGUST 2017 P a ma
eturn for Indian cooperation with the war effort. Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire Congress leadership, bringing Anglo- Indian relations to a new low point. Partition: After the Labor Party took power in Britain in 1947, negotiations over Indian home rule began between the British, the Congress Party and the Muslim League (now led by Jinnah). Later that year, Britain granted India its independence but split the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan. Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased. On July 17, 1944, Gandhi wrote a letter to Jinnah and requested to meet him. Jinnah, with the approval of the Muslim League, agreed to meet Gandhi in Bombay. The Talks lasted from September 19, 1944 to September 24, 1944. Jinnah presented the stance of the Muslim League while Gandhi told him that he had called upon him in a personal capacity. The stressed nutshell of the Gandhi's talk was that a separate homeland for the Muslims was “nothing but a ruin for the whole of India”. Mr. Gandhi said, “If, however, Pakistan had to be conceded, the areas in which the Muslims are in an absolute majority should be demarcated by a Commission approved by both the Congress and the Muslim League. The wishes of the people of these areas will be obtained through Referendum. These areas shall form a separate state as soon as possible after India is free from foreign domination. There shall be a treaty of separation which should also provide for the efficient and satisfactory administration of foreign affairs, defense, internal communication, custom and the like which must necessarily continue to be the matters of common interest between the contracting countries”. Jinnah explained the Muslim stance that the Muslims were a nation according to any definition of nation with a distinctive outlook of life and on life and that they were a nation of 100 million. He also clarified that the separation of a Muslim state was in favor of not only Muslims but it would also benefit the rest of India. The talks ended in smoke because Jinnah did not agree with Gandhi that the whole of the power should be transferred to the Congress after attaining independence from the British Raj and then Congress w o u l d g r a n t freedom to the Muslims. Death of Gandhi I n J a n u a r y 1948, Gandhi carried out yet another fast, this time to bring about peace in the city of Delhi. On January 30, 12 days after that fast ended, Gandhi was on his way to an evening prayer meeting in Delhi when he was shot to death by Nathuram Godse, a Hindu fanatic enraged by Mahatma's efforts to negotiate with Jinnah and other Muslims. The next day, roughly 1 million people followed the p r o c e s s i o n a s Gandhi's body was c a r r i e d i n s t a t e through the streets of t h e c i t y a n d cremated on the banks of the holy Jumna River. The conflict in Kashmir is rooted in the painful birth of India and Pakistan. Britain relinquished its control of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, splitting it into a predominantly Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan. Inputs: A+E Networks/History.com anor 11 AUGUST 2017 P a ma
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