7th ESHS Conference Prague 2016

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7th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (1924 and 1929, respectively), the English translation of the former’s The Origin of Life was published in English in 1938, thus making his theory on the origin of life accessible to a wider audience. In 1953, Stanley Miller (1930–2007) and Harold Urey (1893–1981) successfully produced amino acids by reproducing in the laboratory environmental conditions similar to those of early Earth, thus confirming Oparin’s theory. Was there an early support for Oparin’s origin of life theory on behalf of the Portuguese scientific community and intellectuals? What kind of reactions did the ongoing investigations within the field deserve from the Portuguese Catholic Church and catholic scientists and intellectuals, knowing that Portugal was a predominantly Catholic country and that the Catholic Church played an important role at all levels of education and scientific research, especially during the Estado Novo regime? Where any Portuguese translations of landmark publications on the subject published? Was any original Portuguese research conducted within the field? Were the new findings a privileged theme of Portuguese popular science publications? Was the “primordial soup” theory taken up by Portuguese secularist thinkers? These are some of the main questions we will be seeking to provide with answers throughout our presentation. Keywords: origin of life, Alexander Oparin, J. B. S. Haldane, “primordial soup”, Portugal, Estado Novo References: Fonseca, Pedro R. – Darwin em Portugal (1910–1974). O darwinismo e a evolução na produção científica de botânicos portugueses, 2001. Ph.D. thesis presented to the University of Coimbra. Mesler, Bill; Cleaves II, H. James – A brief history of creation: science and the search for the origin of life. New York: Norton & Company, 2015. Pereira, Ana L. – Darwin em Portugal. Filosofia. História. Engenharia Social: (1865–1914). Coimbra: Livraria Almedina, 2001. Sardoeira, Ilídio — A origem da vida. Lisboa: Cosmos, 1945. Tavares, Carlos Idem – As proteinas-vírus e a origem da vida. Naturália. Lisboa: Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Naturais. Ano III, Vol. III, N.º 1–2, 1939, p. 39–46. Biopolitical Ideologies of European Union: A Historical Approach (ID 527) Bartosz Płotka (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland) In recent decades new biotechnological means and procedures to apply to human body have become available on the market. An immediate response to those new practices has emerged as a new discipline of practical and political philosophy. It was bioethics, represented by those who felt anxious about the possible outcome of using the new biotechnologies. In response to the claims of the opponents of biotechnology, the European Commission has started a legislative process of taking a political control over the technologies since 1988 and over the so-called life issues (such as in vitro fertilization) since 1998. The aim of this work is to present a complex 20 years old history of the specific relation between science and politics on the example of chosen European Union's departments (e.g. The European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies or the European Council). The relation’s specificity is that the new types of political thinking emerge during deliberation on biopolitical cases and on the base of these cases themselves. To analyse EU's biopolitical approach I use the neo-Weberian method of idealisation to reconstruct two antinomian ideal-types of bioliberalism and bioconservatism and a set of sub-types between them. The assumption behind it is that although the ideal-types do not exist in reality, they have to be operationalized by precise, logically and semantically separate criteria. Having those precisely selected and described criteria I examine the real cases by analysing which elements cause that they do not match to the ideal-types, which elements place them among the sub-types and which elements cause their historical change. Secondary method in this research is a content analysis method. I have used it to examine EU's documents that take into account bioethical matters. 326
Prague, Czech Republic, 22–24 September, 2016 The major findings of the research are 1) identification of ideological values on which EU’s institutions have based their biopolitical decisions since 1988; EU's political approach towards biotechnological means and procedures; legal model supported and proposed by EU to apply to bioethical cases in the European countries; goods defended by EU in these cases, and 2) that EU's biopolitics in 1988–2010 was closer to the ideal-type of bioliberalism. Keywords: biopolitics, European Union, biotechnology, bioethics, bioconservatism, bioliberalism, method of idealisation, ideal-types, biopolitical ideologies References: Holm, S., Policy-Making in Pluralistic Societies, [in:] B. Steinbock (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, Oxford University Press, New York 2007. Hughes, J., Citizen Cyborg. Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future, Westview Press, Cambridge 2004. Hughes, J., TechnoProgressive Biopolitics and Human Enhancement, [in:] J. Moreno (ed.), Progress in Bioethics, MIT Press, 2009. Roache, R., Bioconservatism, Bioliberalism, and the Wisdom of Reflecting on Repugnance, [in:] “Monash Bioethics Review”, 2009, Vol. 28, No. 1, p. 4.1–4.21. 327
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7th ESHS Conference Prague 2016

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