GIẢI BÀI TẬP SINH HỌC 9 NGUYỄN VĂN SANG VÀ NGUYỄN THỊ VÂN THƯ VIỆN TRƯỜNG THCS NGÔ THÌ NHẬM ĐÀ NẴNG
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PHAN I:<br />
DI TllUI/EN Uif lllEN 01<br />
Chuong 1.:<br />
cAc DJNH LU!T DI TRUYEN. CUA MENDEN<br />
A. LAI MQT CAP TINH TRANG - on·H LU!T DONG<br />
TINH VA DJNH U!T PI-IAN LI<br />
I. MOT SO KIEN THU'C CO' BAN<br />
L Tom tit ket qua phep lai m()t c«)p tinh tr,ng<br />
Menden tien hnh lai a nhung cp bo me thuan chting.<br />
Duoi day Ia ket qua thu duqc a m¢t so phep Iai :<br />
p Fi F2<br />
..<br />
Than cao x than thap Than cao 75% than cao : 25% than thap<br />
--·<br />
H.t mau vang x Hc;1t mau xanh Hc;it vang<br />
75% hc;1t vang : 25% hc;it xanh<br />
Hc;it tran x Hc;1t nhan Hc;tt tran 75% hc;tt tran : 25% hc;ll nhan<br />
--<br />
Tu ket qua cua cac phep lai neu tren va cua nhieu phep lai khac, Menden<br />
· rut ra ket lun chung, do la F I<br />
d6ng loc;lt xuat hi(:n tinh trc;lng cua m
F I<br />
lai voi nhau :<br />
F I<br />
: Aa (hoa hong) x Aa (hoa hong)<br />
GF 1<br />
: A,a<br />
F 2<br />
:<br />
A,a<br />
I AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa<br />
Kieu hinh : 1 hoa do : 2 hoa hong : 1 hoa trcing<br />
6. Cac SO' d6 lai c6 the gap khi lai mc)t c(ip tinh trng theo djnh lut Menden<br />
P: AA x AA P: AA x Aa<br />
GP: A A GP: A A, a<br />
F 1<br />
AA F 1<br />
: 1 M: 1 Aa<br />
:<br />
d6ng tinh tr(>i dong tinh tr(>i .<br />
·,<br />
_,<br />
( l tr(>i : I trung gian)<br />
--i-----,-----·-<br />
P: AA x aa P: Aa x Aa<br />
GP: A a GP: A, a A, a<br />
F 1<br />
Aa F 1<br />
IM:2Aa:laa<br />
:<br />
:<br />
d6ng tinh tr(>i<br />
3 tn)i : 1 ln<br />
(d6ng tinh trung gin) ( 1 tri : I ln d6ng tinh ln<br />
( I trung gian : I ln)<br />
Ghichu<br />
Cac ket qua v kieu hinh con lai duqc neu trong dau ngoc cu.a bang tren<br />
duqc ap dt,mg rieng cho truang hqp tfnh tr(>i khong hoan toan.<br />
7. Cac ki hiu thuong su di.mg<br />
P : the M bo mE:<br />
F : the he con lai<br />
(F : 1<br />
the M con lai thu nhat; F : 2<br />
the M con lai thu hai...)<br />
G : giao tu<br />
(GP: giao tu cu.a P; GF : 1<br />
giao tu cu.a F •••)<br />
1<br />
Dau nhan (x): chi SlJ lai giong<br />
cf': dIJC<br />
Q: cai<br />
aa<br />
II. CAC· DANG BAI TAP<br />
Ta thuang gp hai d,.mg bai tc}p, t9m gqi la bai to
d. Sa d6 lai tir P den F 2<br />
- Theo de bai, qui UO'C :<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
Gen A : qua trcm trqi khong hoan loan so VO'i gen a : qua daL<br />
Ta c6<br />
Kieu gen cua P<br />
• P c6 qua tron : AA<br />
• P c6 qua dai : aa<br />
So do lai P den F 2<br />
P: AA (tron) x<br />
GP: A<br />
F 1:<br />
AA : qua tron, aa : qua dai<br />
Aa : qua bau dl)C (tinh tr
' . .<br />
> Thi di! 2<br />
Giao phan giua cay, F xuat hi¢n ca h;;it tron va h;;it dai.<br />
I<br />
Biet h9t tron la tinh trc;1ng tr(>i hoan toan.<br />
Xac dinh bo m va lp so do lai trong moi truang hqp sau day .:<br />
a. Bo va m c6 cung kieu gen.<br />
b. Bo va m mang kieu gen khac nhau.<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
Theo de bai, qui UO'C:<br />
A : hc;1t tron, a : h9t dai<br />
Xet F I c6 hc;1t. dai la tinh ln, kieu gen (aa) .. Suy ra 2 cay bo va m deu t;;io<br />
duqc giao tu a, tuc c6 kieu gen Aa hoc}c aa.<br />
a. feu bo m{! c6 cimg kieu gen.:<br />
Bo va m deu 'mang Aa, tuc c6 'h
Minh hn<br />
aa<br />
a<br />
100% chin som (dong tinh)<br />
• P : Chin som khong thun chung x chin mu(>n<br />
Aa<br />
aa<br />
GP:<br />
A, a<br />
a<br />
F 1<br />
: Kieu gen 1 Aa : 1 aa<br />
Kieu hinh 1 chin som : 1 chin mu(m<br />
(Phan tinh 2 kieu hinh)<br />
b. So d6 lai P den F 2 :<br />
Cay P thuan chung chin som, kieu gen AA<br />
Cay P chin mu
So do lai:<br />
p : thuan chung than cao x thuan chung than thap<br />
aa<br />
AA<br />
GP: a<br />
A<br />
I F l :<br />
Aa<br />
Kieu hinh 100% than cao<br />
b. Cho F 1<br />
lai vai nhau:<br />
F t : Aa (than thap) x Aa (than thap)<br />
GF ; 1<br />
A,a<br />
A, a<br />
F : 1<br />
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa<br />
Kieu hinh 3 than thap : 1 than cao<br />
c. Cho F 1<br />
lai phcin tich :<br />
F : 1<br />
Aa (than thap) x aa (than cao)<br />
GF 1<br />
: A,a<br />
a<br />
F : 2<br />
lAa: l·aa<br />
Kieu hinh 1 than thap : l_ than cao<br />
Bil 5 : Khi cho cac ciy F I<br />
giao phi:n voi nhau, nguoi ta thu duqc F 2<br />
co 450 ciy co htt den va 150 ciy co htt niu.<br />
a. Hay d11a vao m(>t djnh Iott di truyn nao do cu.a Menden d xac<br />
djnh tinh tr(>i, tinh ltn va ltp qui ooc gen.<br />
b. l.4p SO' do giao phi:n cu.a F 1<br />
•<br />
c. Stiy ra cl)p P di lai tto ra cac ciy F I<br />
noi tren va ltp sa do minh hqa.<br />
GIAI<br />
a. X
I<br />
Theo de bai, tong so to hqp giao tu tc;10 ra tu hai phep lai la 6. Ta co :<br />
6 to hqp = 4 to hqp +<br />
: . 2 t hqp . .<br />
= (2 giao tu x 2 giao tu) + (2 g1ao tu x 1 g1ao tu)<br />
• Ca the dt..rc tham gia vao hai phep lai. Suy ra ,<br />
ca the dt..rc tc;10 hai loc;1i giao<br />
tu tuc phai co kieu gen Aa, kieu hinh long xam.<br />
Trong hai ca the cai c6 m(>t ca the t9o hai lmii giao tu va m(>t ca the t90<br />
mc)t loc;1i gia0 tu.<br />
Theo de bai so loc;1i giao tu cua ca the cai thu nhat nhieu hon, suy ra :<br />
• Ca the cai thu nhat to hai loc;1i giao tu, tuc c6 kieu gen Aa, kieu hinh long<br />
xam.<br />
• Ca the cai thu hai ti;lO mf)t loc;1i giao tu, tuc c6 kieu gen AA (kieu hinh long ·<br />
xam) hoc aa (kieu hinh long den).<br />
b. So d6 cha m6i phep lai :<br />
* Phep lai giiia ca the dl!C vii cd the cai th(r nhat :<br />
p : dt..rc Aa (long xam) x cai Aa (long xam)<br />
GP: A,a<br />
A,a<br />
F 1 :<br />
1 AA: 2 Aa: 1 aa<br />
Kieu hinh 3 long xam : 1 long den<br />
* Phep lai gilia ca the dt..rc va ca the cai thu hai :<br />
Truong hc;,p I : neu ca the cai thu hai mag AA :<br />
p : dt..rc Aa (long xam} x cai M (long xam)<br />
GP: A,a<br />
A<br />
1 AA: I Aa<br />
1 .<br />
Kieu hinh I 00% long xam<br />
F '·<br />
- Truong hc;,p 2 : neu ca the cai thu hai mang aa :<br />
·"'p : dt..rc Aa (long xam) x cai aa (long den)<br />
GP: A,a<br />
a<br />
F : 1<br />
lAa laa<br />
Kieu hinh I long xam : 1 long den<br />
Bili 9 Lai giua' hai cay P ve m
Neu b6 mang kieu gen aa<br />
P : b6 aa (cao) x m Aa (thap)<br />
GP: a<br />
A,a<br />
F 1 : lAa:laa<br />
Kieu hinh 1 tam voe thap : 1 tarn voe cao<br />
Con trai duqc d cp la aa<br />
Bii 12: O' nguoi gen qui djnh d,ng toe nAm tren NST thuoog<br />
a. O' gia dinh thu nhat b6 va m du co toe xoan sinh duqc dua con<br />
gai c6 toe thAng.<br />
Hay giai thich de xac djnh tinlt tr,ng tr
. Xac dinh kieu gen cua cac ca. the :<br />
- 86 (1) va m (2) deu c6 long nau sin.h con (3) long trang<br />
==> Kieu gen so (;3) long trang la aa va b6 m deu lq.O duqc giao tu a. Vf>_y (1)<br />
va (2) long nau deu co kieu gen Aa.<br />
- Xet (3) x (5) sinh ra (6) :<br />
• (3) long trang mang aa lq.O giao tu a Cho COO la (6)<br />
• (6) c6 iong nau nMn a tu (3), nen (6) co kieu gen Aa va nMn giao tu A<br />
tu cs)<br />
• (5) long nau tq.o A cho con (6) ==> (5) mang kieu gen M hoi (A-). Suy ra ru6i F 1 long rnem mang lai chi tc;to duy nhat<br />
rn(>t loc;ti giao tu A, c6 kieu gen AA<br />
Sa do lai : F 1 : M (Jong mem) x aa (long cung)<br />
GF 1<br />
: A a<br />
F : 2<br />
Aa<br />
Kieu hinh I 00% long mem<br />
* Truong hgp 3 :<br />
F 1<br />
: long mem (A-) x long rnem (A-)<br />
F 2<br />
: 210 long rnem : 72 long cung<br />
F2 co ti I xap xi 3 long mem : l long cung, la ti J cua djnh lut phan tinh.<br />
Suy ra hai ruoi F 1<br />
deu co kieu gen di hqp Aa.<br />
Sa d6 lai : F 1<br />
: Aa (long rnem) x Aa (long mem)<br />
GF 1<br />
: A,a A,a<br />
F 2 :<br />
I M : 2 Aa : 1 aa<br />
Kieu hinh 3 long mem : I long cung<br />
b. Kieu gen kieu hinh cua P : .<br />
, Xet cac CO' the F I tu ket qua tren ta thay F xuat hin dli 3 kieu gen : M, Aa<br />
I<br />
va aa.<br />
i<br />
36<br />
37
To hqp l9i, suy ra kieu gen, kieu hinh cua bo, m la :<br />
Bo I A I O (mau A) va m 1 8 1 ° (mau B) hoc nguqc l
.-----------------·--<br />
- Lam the nao de chQn duqc ru6i } 1 co than xam la thuan 1thung de·<br />
mang lai ? Giai thich va minh hQa '!<br />
- ' Lp SO' do tu P den f 2<br />
cho phep lai tren.<br />
b. Neu cho Fl thu dUQ'C trong phep lai tren lai phan tich thi ket qua<br />
kieu hinh to ra se nhu the nao ?<br />
D.S:<br />
- Dung phep lai phan tich. (HQc sinh llf giai thich va minh hQa.)<br />
- p : BB x bb -- F I<br />
: Bb x Bb<br />
b. Ket qua : 1 than xam : 1 than den<br />
a.<br />
Bai 1 : Khi cho giao phoi giua ga trong long tr.ing voo ga mai long<br />
den du thuan chung, ngum ta thu dUQ'C cac con lai f I<br />
du co mau<br />
long xanh da troi.<br />
Biet gen qui djnh tinh trng m\m tren NST thuO'Ilg va long den tr.S :<br />
a. Mau long di truyn theo hin tuqng tinh tr(>i khong hoan toan.<br />
M : long den; Aa .: long xarih da troi;<br />
aa : long tning<br />
P : M (den) x aa (tnfog)<br />
b. Ket qua : 1 long den : 2 long xanh da troi : 1 long trang<br />
Cho biet & m(>t loai du, ht xam tr(,i hoan toan so vm ht tring.<br />
Du&i day la bang thong ke iY m{>t so phep lai :<br />
Kieu hinh cu.a p So cay' F 1<br />
mt xam<br />
Ht tring<br />
a. Ht xam x h;;tt tnfog 85 87<br />
b. ff;;tt xam x h;;tt xam 210 70<br />
c. Ht xam x ht trang 150 0<br />
Hay giiti thich va lp so· do cho m6i phep lai tren.<br />
f>.S : A : hc.1t xam, a : hc.1t triing<br />
a. P : Aa x aa; b. P : Aa x Aa; c. P : M x aa<br />
Bai 9 : Biet & trau, mau long den tr(>i hoan toan so voi mau long tr.ing<br />
va gen, qui dinh tinh trng m\m tren NST thuong.<br />
M(>t trau tr.ing (1) giao phoi voi m(>t trau den (2), de Ian thu nhat duoc<br />
m
F I<br />
: Kieu gen AaBb<br />
Kieu hinh 100% hc.1t vang trcm<br />
F 1<br />
: AaBb ( vang tran) x AaBb ( vang tron)<br />
GF 1<br />
: AB,Ab, aB, ab AB, Ab, aB, ab<br />
F 2 :<br />
Qd AB b aB<br />
---- --- -- ------<br />
AB MBB<br />
vang, tran<br />
AABb<br />
vang, tran<br />
AaBB<br />
vang, tron<br />
Ab<br />
aB<br />
ab<br />
MBb<br />
vang, tran<br />
AaBB<br />
vang, tron<br />
AaBb<br />
vang, tran<br />
AAbb<br />
vang, nhan<br />
AaBb<br />
.vang, tran<br />
Aabb<br />
vang, nhan<br />
AaBb<br />
vang, tron<br />
aaBB<br />
xarih, tran<br />
aaBb<br />
xanh, tron<br />
(J F 2<br />
c6 :<br />
Kieu gen<br />
Kieu hinh<br />
1 MBB<br />
2MBb 9A - B - 9 h9t vang, tron<br />
2 AaBB )<br />
4 AaBb<br />
1 Mbb<br />
2 Aabb } 3 A - bb 3 h
Biet hai cc}p tinh trq.ng chieu cao than va mau qua di truyen d
Bai 3: ()' mot loai xet hai tinh trng la hinh dng qua Va \'l qua . di<br />
. <br />
truyen d(>c lp VO'i nhau.<br />
- Ve d;,mg qu : qua trc>n tr(>i so VO'i qua dai va qua dt la tinh trng<br />
trung gian.<br />
- Ve VJ qua : qua ngQt tr(>i hoan loan so VO'i qua chua.<br />
a. Giao phan giua hai cay thuan chung mang cac gen tuong phan _<br />
vm<br />
"nhau, thu dUQ'C F I<br />
' roi cho cac cay F I<br />
iai phan tich Lp SO' do lai<br />
ctia P va ctia F 1<br />
•<br />
b. Cay bo co kieu hinh qua dai, chua lai vm cay m chua biet kieu g n<br />
thu dtrQ'C cac cay con deu co kieu hinh qua dt, ngQt. Xac djnh kieu<br />
gen ctia bo m Va lp SO' do lai.<br />
Theo de bai, ta c6 :<br />
GIAI<br />
Oc;ing qua di truyen theo hin tuqng tinh trqi khong hoan toan<br />
Qui UO'C A : qua trcm, a : qua dai<br />
M : qua tron, Aa : qua dt, aa : qua dai<br />
- Vi qua di trnyen theo hin tuqng tinh trqi hoan toan<br />
Qui u6c B : qua ngQt, b : qua chua<br />
a. So d6 lai ctia P vii ctia. F 1<br />
:<br />
Hai cay P thuan chung rqang cac gen tuong phan co the la :<br />
P : MBB x aabb hoc}c P : Mbb x aaBB<br />
* Sa d6 lai ciia P c6 hai tru&ng hqp :<br />
Truong hqp I P : MBB (qua tron, ngqt) x<br />
GP: AB<br />
F 1<br />
: AaBb<br />
I 00% qua dt, ngqt<br />
- Truong hqp 2 : P : Mbb (qua tron, chua) x<br />
GP: Ab<br />
F : 1<br />
AaBb<br />
I 00% qua dt, ngqt<br />
aabb (qua dai, chua)<br />
* Cho F 1<br />
lai phan tich :<br />
F deu la AaBb lai phan tich Ia lai v6i cay mang tinh lc}n: qua dai, chua (aabb)<br />
S do lai : F : 1<br />
AaBb (qua dt, ngqt) x aabb (qua dai, chua)<br />
GF 1<br />
:AB,Ab,aB, ab<br />
ab<br />
AaBb : Aabb : aaBb ·: aabb<br />
2 :<br />
Kieu hinh : I qua dt; ngqt : I qua dt, chua<br />
1 qua dai, ngqt : I qua dai, chua<br />
ab<br />
aaBB (qua dai, ngqt)<br />
aB<br />
b. Xtic djnh bo m va sa d6 lai :<br />
- 86 c6 qua dai chua : aabb tc;io m_y cay m tc;to m(>t loc;ii giao tu AB tuc mang kieu gen AABB (kieu hinh qua<br />
tron, ngQt).<br />
P : MBB (tron, ngQt) x bo aabb (dai, chua)<br />
GP: AB<br />
ab<br />
F 1<br />
: AaBb<br />
I 00% qua dt, ngqt<br />
Bai 4 : Tu m(>t phep lai giua 2 cay, nguoi ta thu dU't · cay di hqp Bb.<br />
P : Bb (h
* T6 hqp hai c
2. Tinh so lin nguyen phan, so te bao con to ra, so NST moi truong cung<br />
cap. cho te bao nguyen phan va so NST c6 trong cac te bao con<br />
a. Neu c6 m()l le bao. nguyen phan :<br />
Neu c6 te bao m (2n) tien hanh nguyen phan x Ian :<br />
* Tinh so' te bi1.0 con :<br />
Ta c6:<br />
- Te bao nguyen phan 1 Ian t90 2 = 2 I te bao con.<br />
- Te bao nguyen phan. 2 Ian to 4 = 2 2 te bao con.<br />
- Te bao nguyen phan 3 Ian lc;\O 8 = 2 3 te bao con.<br />
v.v ...<br />
Vy neu te bao nguyen phan x Ian thi so te bao con = 2 x .<br />
* So' NST c6 trong cck te' bao con :<br />
___ M6i le bao con du c6 chua b(> NST Iuong b(>i (2n) giong te bao m.<br />
Vf).y so NST trong cac le bao con duqc t9o ra = 2 x • 2n<br />
* So NST moi truong cung c;ap cho te bao nguyen phan :<br />
BAng so NST trong cac te bao con. duqc t9o ra tru so NST 2n clia 1 te bao<br />
m ban dau:<br />
2 x . 2n - 2n = (2 x - 1) . 2n<br />
b. Neu c6 nhi€u te bao nguyen phan v6i so Mn bdng nhau :<br />
. Neu c6 a le bao m (2n) deu lien hanh nguyen phan x Ian being nhau.<br />
Bin luf).h tuang lll nhu tren, ta c6 :<br />
L.J;.; 266<br />
Suy ra b(> NST 2n : 2n = --- = -·-- = 38<br />
.<br />
2 x - 1 2 3 - I<br />
- Vf).y 2n = 38<br />
b. - So' le bao con dU(JC [(JO ra: 2 x = 2 3 = 8 (le bao)<br />
- So' NST lrong ccic te' bao con : 2 x . 2n = 8 . 38 = 304 (NST)<br />
> Thi di!- 2<br />
C nam le bao ·cua chu(>t (2n = 40) deu tht1c hin nguyen phan 1 Ian.<br />
Xac dinh:<br />
a. So NST cung lrc;lng thai NST va so cromatit trong cac te bao O ki ghia.<br />
b. So NST cung trc;ing thai va so cromatit trong cac te bao a ki sau.<br />
c. So le bao con sau nguyen phan a so NST trong cac te bao con.<br />
a. a ki giua :<br />
HUONG DAN .GIAI<br />
r-. - So NST cling trc;ing thai trong cac te bao :<br />
2n kip x 5 = 40 NST kep x 5 = 200 (NST kep)<br />
- So cromatit trong cac te bao :<br />
4n x 5 =. 2 x 40 x 5 = 400 (cromatit)<br />
b.•O ki sau:<br />
- So NST cung trc;ing thai trong cac te bao :<br />
4n don x 5 = 40 x 2 x 5 = 400 (NST don)<br />
- So cromatit trong cac te bao = O<br />
, c. - So te bao con sau nguyen phan : a. 2x = 5 x 2 1 = 10<br />
* Tong so' te' bao con sau nguyen phan = a . 2x<br />
,<br />
, , A' , .<br />
*<br />
x<br />
So A NST co lrong cac te bao con = a . 2 • 2n r · . . .. . • · · • · -<br />
·<br />
i> Thi du 3<br />
* So' NST m6i lruang wng cap cho a le bao lien hilnh qua trinh nguyen I > ,, .A<br />
phan == (2 x - 1) • a . 2n<br />
, , , , ;: . .<br />
112 THI DI) VA HUO'NG DAN GIAI<br />
> 7:'i di!- I<br />
C6 m(>t hqp tu cua loai nguyen phan 3 Ian va da nhn ctia moi truong nguyenl<br />
liu tuapg duong v6i 266 NST.<br />
. · Xac djnh :<br />
a. Be') NST 2n.<br />
r· ".""" So NST trong cac te bao ·. 10 2n = 10 40 - 400 (NST)<br />
I· Co mqt S A ? t bao smh duang cua tho deu nguyen phan 5 Jin lien t.iep, va da<br />
,.., A, , •<br />
_ •<br />
. l ij.<br />
O ra 320 te bao con. Cac le bao con tc;io ra c6 chua 14080 tam dOng.<br />
t . Xac dinh: a. So te bao sinh du6ng ban dau.<br />
f _<br />
. . -<br />
b. So NST moi truong da cung cap cho cac te bao nguyen phan.<br />
fqJS6 td bao sinh di.rang ban ddu<br />
HU'ONG DAN GIAI<br />
f /G9i a la so te bao sinh duong ban dau.<br />
Suy ra so te bao con sau nguyen phan :<br />
b. So t bao con duqc to ra va so NST c6 trong cac. te bao con.<br />
Ft . a · 2 x = 320 =><br />
a. 89 NST 2n:<br />
So NST moi truong cung cap : · (2 x - 1) . 2n = 266<br />
64<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI ib,, S o NST moi trurmg cung ca p :<br />
! ,) ) So NST bang so tam d<br />
a = 3 0<br />
: 3 x = : 5 ° = IO (te Jtao) ·<br />
2n = 14080 = 44<br />
. 320<br />
65<br />
I
So NST moi truang cung cap cho nguyen phan<br />
(2 x - 1) . a . 2n = (2 1 - 1) . 4 . 78 = 312 (NST)<br />
b. S6 NST cung trqng thai, s6 cromatit trong ccic te bao :<br />
Theo de bai trong Ian nguyen phan da neu<br />
Ki trung gian = 4 phut<br />
.,- - Ki dau = 3 phut<br />
Ki giua = 3 phut<br />
- Ki sau = 3 phut<br />
- Ki cuoi = 3 phut<br />
* Sau khi eek te bao nguyen phan duqc 2 phut :<br />
Cac te bao dang 6 ki trung 'gian, va trong cac te bao c6 :<br />
- So NST cung tr9ng thai : 2n kep x 4 = 78 x 4 = 312 (NST kep)<br />
- So cromatit : 4n x ·4 = 78 x 2 x 4 = 624 (cromatit)<br />
* Sau khi ccic te bao nguyen phan dU NST cua loai nguai.<br />
* S6 NST c6 trong loan b() cac te bao con :<br />
28 x 2n = 28 x 46 = 1288 NST<br />
. . .<br />
B i 5 _ : 6 m\m te bao cua lit nha nguyen phAn mc}t so Ian bing nhau<br />
va da su d m6i truong 2800 NST. Cac t bao con tao ra c6<br />
chua tat ca 1 _<br />
200 NST<br />
Xac djnh : "-· ... ___ /<br />
a. So NST lu6ng b(,i cua Vit nha.<br />
b. n nguyi!n phAn <br />
tia _<br />
m6i ti bBo.<br />
c. So tam d(,ng trong cac te bao con duc,c t,o ra.<br />
a. S6 NST luung b()i cua v;t nh.a :<br />
GIAI<br />
_,<br />
. . .<br />
(<br />
__<br />
$· ) . • ,< n .::c- £ J. oD .<br />
. (1,) 1)<br />
So NST trong narn le bao m (bang so NST trong cac te bao con tru so NST<br />
moi truong cung cap) :<br />
.<br />
So· NST t ,, . ,., b'<br />
3200 - 2800 = 400 (NST)<br />
400<br />
· rong ffiOl te ao : 2n = - = 80<br />
b. S6 l&n nguyen phtin clia 11Wi t b:o :<br />
Gqi x la s6 Ian nguyen phan cu; moi te• bao.'<br />
Suy ra so NST trong cac te bao con :<br />
a · 2 x . 2n = 3200 . 5 . 2 x . 80 = 3200<br />
Vy x = 3.<br />
.<br />
JP;<br />
5 l;l x Q :;:: tt1 .<br />
\. . l ,' (\<br />
'· f_)) <br />
.)<br />
J q O t S<br />
.. ·- -.· .·<br />
1 ') £ {. -<br />
· t i\ t0<br />
r;,L, ()\ ,,<br />
..:·/ "' . 'if 1 .._ ..•<br />
=} 2 x = 3200 = 8?;,/ 2 3 ,<br />
400<br />
c. S6 tam d(mg trong cac le bao co,:, bdng s6 NST trong cac te bao con· bang<br />
3200 (tam dc)ng).<br />
68<br />
69
{Jh(i<br />
- Ki trung gian I :<br />
Cac NST nhan doi t9o cac NST kep. Moi NST kep g6m c6 hai cromatit giong<br />
Mt nhau, dinh nhau a tam dQng. .<br />
- Ki ddu I:<br />
Cac NST kep co xocin va ngcin dan 19i, c6 d9ng dc}c trung va xep thanh hai<br />
hang tren mc}t phang xich d90 cua thoi VO si1c.<br />
- Ki sau I:<br />
Moi NST kep trong tung cc}p tuang d6ng phan Ii ve mqt ClJC cua le bao.<br />
- Ki cuoi I:<br />
BQ NST kep don bQi (n) trong te bao con t90 ra van co xoAn.<br />
* (J ldn phan bao II :<br />
- Ki trung gian II va ki ddu II :<br />
Cac NST khong nhan doi va giu nguyen tr9ng thai co xoAn nhu a ki cuoi I.<br />
-'- Ki giua II:<br />
Cac NST kep xep mQt hang tren mt phfing xich dc;10 cua thoi vo sic.<br />
Moi NST kep tach tam dQng to thanh hai NST don phan Ii deu v hai ClJC<br />
:<br />
C, , . ,.,b,<br />
1<br />
\ { nv r / \<br />
a. ac oq1 le ao con dUQ'c tqo ra sau gwr;:( pht tho cai giam phan. Xac djnh so te bao hung<br />
NST la co che dan den hinh thanh bQ NST don bQi (n) trong cac giao tu. i. v a so th e d 1nh huang duqc l90 ra cung so NST chua trong tat ca trung voi the '<br />
· · · bA NST d bA' ,<br />
- Trong thlJ tinh, SlJ to hqp g1ua ha1 Q . an QI tu giao tu \JC va giao !<br />
tu cai cung Ioai giup tcJ.o ra bQ NST luong bqi trong hqp tu.<br />
Nhu vy SlJ ket hqp gilia giam phan va lhl) tinh la CO' che cua SlJ on dinh<br />
bQ NST 2n dc}c trung ctia loai qua cac the M CO' the khac nhau.<br />
Thong qua hai qua trinh giam phan va thtJ tinh, a sinh vt da tc)o ra nhieu t6 :<br />
hqp NST khac nhau a d&i con, lam xuat hi¢n nhiu bien di to hqp, tang tinh<br />
phong phu, da dcJ.ng a sinh vt, c6 y nghia doi voi lien h6a va chQn giong.<br />
. • •<br />
11. CAc DANG BAI TAP VE GIAM PHAN VA THU TINN<br />
11 • MOT s6 CONG THU'C AP DUNG<br />
.<br />
. d<br />
, . djnh huong. Biel a tho 2n = 44<br />
HU'O'NG DAN GIAI<br />
So trung duqc l90 ra = So noan baa bi[Lc I = 5 (trung)<br />
So the dinh huong = 3 Ian so noan bao bc I :<br />
3 x 5 = 15 (the d!nh huong)<br />
S6 NST trong cac trung vii the djnh htrong :<br />
> Thi di! 2<br />
(5 + 15) . n = 20x 44 = 440 (NST)<br />
2<br />
/\<br />
Ji<br />
( !:( I L/ '<br />
- 4 <br />
(<br />
::.--- ) ·<br />
Lie<br />
JS JL<br />
'tj }'l ·-:;;.. (l,,-<br />
L1 i<br />
11 --::=- · ) .,:..---<br />
, co mQ'. 56 tinh bao bi).c I cling loili qua gi.im pMn da t90 ra IH tinh trllng. tt.J/.j<br />
1. Cong th t inh so te bao con va so NST trong cac te bao con d m, c t f o .<br />
Xac djnh : a. So tinh bao bac I.<br />
1 • •<br />
,<br />
n (<br />
1 , ,'· 1 (!('(1) t/\_ fS ·<br />
.<br />
1,;v<br />
b. Ten ctia Ioai. r lJ l<br />
-<br />
JVl ,., 1<br />
,;?l<br />
72 73<br />
ra sau g1am phan<br />
So NST co trong cac tinh trung bang 3312
.. . .<br />
a. S6 thl djnh hmmg dugc t()o ra :<br />
GIAI<br />
S6 te bao con sau nguyen. phan = S6 noan bao bc I :<br />
a . 2 x = 3 . 2 5 = 96<br />
S6 the dfnh huang duqc li;l.O ra sau giam phan :<br />
b. S6 hw tu duvc t n = = 19<br />
ra 2n = 38.<br />
48<br />
76<br />
77
Cbuong Ill:<br />
I. MOT SO KIEN THlfC CO' BAN<br />
I. AON, gen va St;f ll! nhan doi<br />
ADN, GEN VA ARN<br />
a. Cdu l- so:, luon g va trinh ttJ khac nhau t9o cho AON vua co tmh da dq.n g , vua<br />
l<br />
p an .<br />
co tinh dc thu.<br />
* Cau true khong gian cua ADN :<br />
__ AON co hai mq.ch song son g va xoan quanh mt tnJc teo hieu ti uaJ<br />
hai tq.o thanh cac vong xoc1n man g tinh chu ki (c_ k1 ?a). M1 v?ngl<br />
I,> , h , 20 nucleotit xep thanh 1 O cap nu; ch1eu da1 cua mQt vong<br />
l<br />
b. Qua trinh tong hqp ARN<br />
xoan co c ua<br />
xoan<br />
. , · , . o<br />
bcln g 34 A 0 (do m6i nudeotit c6 ch1eu dal 3,4 A ).<br />
A<br />
A<br />
•<br />
h<br />
A<br />
- Truyen thong tin di truyen qua cac the h nho co kha nang llJ nhan doi.<br />
d. Qua trinh tv nhan doi cua ADN<br />
Qua trinh ttJ nhan doi (con gQi la ttJ sao, sao chep, tai ban) ctia AON dien<br />
ra theo CO che sau day<br />
Dau tien, enzim tac dt_mg lam thao xoan va tach roi lien ket giua hai ffiq.Ch<br />
don.<br />
Cac nucleotit ctia moi truong sau do Ian luqt vao lien ket vai cac nucleotit<br />
tren hai mq.ch ctia AON theo dung nguyen tci.c b6 sung (A-T, G-X).<br />
Ket qua tu I AON nhan doi 1 Ian lq.o 2 AON con giong ht nhau va giong<br />
phan tu AON m.<br />
f a. Cdu l
.<br />
l<br />
; ··<br />
-.<br />
..<br />
.<br />
._<br />
--<br />
.<br />
·<br />
.<br />
.<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
- So luqng nucleotit cua gen bAng 2 Ian s6 Juqng ribonucleotit cua phan tu<br />
mARN:<br />
N = 2 x 1200 = 2400 (nu.)<br />
,<br />
N o<br />
2400<br />
Ao 4080 (A o )<br />
Trt hJ cac c"«}p nucleotit cua ca do9n gen la :<br />
T - G X- A A- G -<br />
I I I I I I<br />
A '- - X- G- T - T - X-<br />
.<br />
i,. Trq.1111 ctic c(ip nucleolit tren hai do(Jn gen con :<br />
T- X- A -...<br />
I I I<br />
A- G- T.-... ·<br />
- Chieu dai cua gen: L =<br />
2 x 3,4/\ = - 2 -x 3,4 = Do9n gen nhan doi 1 Ian tqO hai do9n gen con giong hf;t nhau Va giong do9n<br />
- So luqrig nuclMtit' c6 trong cac gen· con t90 ra sau 3 Ian nhan doi :<br />
2 x . N = 2 3 . 2400 = 19200 (nu.)<br />
> Thi dl,l 3<br />
C6 nam gen co cau true gi6ng nhau du nhan doi voi so Ian bAng nhau, cac gen<br />
con t;;to ra c6 chua tong so 60000 nucleolit. Biel m6i gen c6 chiu dai.5100 A 0 :<br />
Mc djnh:<br />
a. So Ian ttJ nha doi cua m6i gen.<br />
b. So Iuqng nuclef>tit moi truong cung cap cho cac gen nhan doi.<br />
. a S6 ldn II! nhan doi cua m6i gen :<br />
.<br />
"<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
2 L . 2 x 5100<br />
So luqng nuclMtit cua moi gen :N =<br />
M = 3,4<br />
· = 3000 (nu.)<br />
GQi. x I.a so Ian ttJ nhan doi cua m6i gen. Theo d bai, suy ra so nucleotit c6<br />
trong cac gen con<br />
a . 2 x . N = 60000<br />
. 2 x = 60000 . N 60000 . 3000 = 4<br />
Suy ra<br />
a 5 ·-<br />
2 x = 4 = 2 2 => X = 2<br />
Vy Iiloi gen ttJ nhan doi 2 Ian.<br />
b. Stf luc;mg nudeotit moi In.rang cung ctfp cho eek gen nhan doi :<br />
> Thi dl,l 4<br />
(2 x -1) . a . N = (2 2 - 1) · 5 · 3000 = 45000 (nu.)<br />
Cho 1 m9ch tren mi m t s6 lin bing nhau va C,a su dt;mg cu.a ml>i truang 33600<br />
nucleOtit<br />
· Xac djnh:<br />
a. Tong s6 gen con da. duqc t,o ra sau qua trinh nhin dl>i n6i tren va<br />
.<br />
s6 lin nha\n d6i c!ia m6i gen.<br />
b. Chiu dai cua m6i gen.<br />
·· c. S6 _ luqng nuclMtit c6 trong m6i phan tu mARN do m6i · gen noi tren<br />
..<br />
I•<br />
,.. t6ng hqp.<br />
,, ..<br />
GIAI<br />
r.S6 gen con vil s6 i&n nhan d6i ct.ia m6i gen:<br />
[? So Iuqng nucleotit-cua m6i gen : N = C x 20 = 60 x 20 = 1200 (nu.)<br />
i :<br />
··.·<br />
;<br />
.·<br />
._ . ···. , ··<br />
··<br />
_-.-<br />
. GQi x la so Ian n han 1 d6i cua m6i gen; Suy ra so luqng nuclMtit moi truong<br />
. _ ci:ung cap cho cac gen nhan doi :<br />
(2<br />
L"· x -I) . a . N = 33600<br />
T .:c G -·X-A-A-G-T-X-A-...<br />
. t, _ i _ __ '-__ ··.-.·-_- ·. •_-._- . . _ _<br />
. i, · ·· 8 uy ra : = -- + = - -<br />
.<br />
2 x . 33 _ _ _ 6 00<br />
I<br />
. 33600 . I 8<br />
a. Viet trt hJ cac nucleotit a mch con lc;ti cua do9n gen va cua ca do9n gen}\ a . N 4 x 1200<br />
b. u do9n gen tren ttJ nhan doi 1 Icin. Hay viet trt ttJ cac cp nucleotit tren Ne·<br />
·. 1 <br />
·.·· : ·•·<br />
.. .<br />
cac do9n gen con.<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
h , . 1 .<br />
a. Tr(it II! ctic nucleotit a ffl
.<br />
x N<br />
S6 ribonucleotit c6 trong cac phan tti ARN : 2 x 2 = 24000<br />
x 24000 4<br />
Suy ra 2 = = 16 = 2 ==> x = 4<br />
1500<br />
V{J.y gen da nhan doi 4 Ian.<br />
So luqng nucleotil c6 trong cac gen con<br />
2 x . N = 16 x 3000 = 48000 (nu.)<br />
So luqng nucleotit moi truong cung cap cha gen nhan d6i<br />
· (2 x .. 1) . N = (16 - I) . 3000 = 45000 (nu.)<br />
..... -------------·<br />
lh'lli 5 : Co m(H mteh tren dm,m gen co trt ll! irac nucleom nhu sau :<br />
A-X-'f-G .. A-T-A-X-G-G-T-A- •••<br />
a. Hay viet trt tit;f CZlC rmcleotit cina mch con ii va ca dom gen.<br />
b. Ne'u don gen nay i\? :nhan doli 3 Ian. Hay xac dtnh :<br />
* So luqng nudeotit moi trui>'ng ct.mg cap.<br />
* So .nudeom co in·ong care gen cm11.<br />
* Viet. t1 r t hl cii.::c p i!H.lldeoW: tir:ong ,n1oi «l!OM)ln gen con.<br />
_....,.,.._ ..._ _,,....,.. ,....,. ... ,..__,.._----=-'r-=--• --""""----,-.,,,.,._,l,_c,._..,...,.,.,,.._,...,.,,_,...,___._.., ...... __....,..., .,.. , _ • •<br />
GIA;<br />
Go Tr(it Ii! clux ffl(iCh com. ff{jii 'i}(jj ([;J:J{}j ca tilO(Jill?i ,gen :<br />
Theo nguyen tac b6 sung A mch nay lien ket val T H1q.Cl1 Ida va G rn,;i.ch n;:'iy<br />
lien ket voi X mch kia, nen tr?,tt h.,r cac nuchom cl'.ia m0ch c6n ld !,\<br />
T-G-A-}( .. T .. A--T-G-X··X .. ft.··T- .. .<br />
Va trt llJ cac cp nud:Mtit Cl!a ca do(;°U.1 gen lit<br />
A- x T - G .. A .. T .. J\ -<br />
I I I I I I I<br />
T G A·· x · 'f. A .. T ..<br />
b. Neu dogn gen hl TRharn d6J 3 idro ;·<br />
Don gen c6 12 ci}p nucie()tit = 24 nucleotit<br />
* So' lm;mg nucle6tif m6i tmong cung cap<br />
(2 x - l) . N -= (2 3 - 1) . 24 =:. 168 {nu.)<br />
* So' nucle6tit c6 trong cac gen con :<br />
2 x . N ::c: 2 3 . 24 :.::: i 9:2. ( nu.)<br />
x ..<br />
!<br />
G<br />
* Trgt f l! cac cijp nucleotif co trong m6i doqn gen con :<br />
Moi do
PHAN II<br />
Chuong I<br />
ff NII 11@1 llil MDI TllUON,<br />
I. MOT SO Kl(N THli'C CO' BAN<br />
<strong>SINH</strong> V!T VA MOI TRUO'NG<br />
1. Moi truong va nhan t6 sinh thai<br />
a. Moi truqng<br />
Moi truong la noi sinh song cua sinh vt, bao g6m tat ca nhung ? i bao<br />
quanh chung. , A.<br />
C6 bon lo9i moi truong chu yeu· : moi truong dat, moi truong nuoc, mm<br />
truong tren mt dat - khong khi va moi truong nuoc.<br />
b. Nhtin 16 sinh lhai<br />
vat.<br />
Nhan to sinh thai la tat ca nhung yeu to cua moi truong tac d(mg den sinh<br />
. C6 hai nh6m nhan to sinh thai la nh6m nhan to VO sinh va nh6m nhan to<br />
huu sinh.<br />
_ Nham nhan t6 VO sinh : bao g6m nuoc, nhit d(>, anh sang, gi6, bao ...<br />
_ Nham nhan 16 hiru sa11h : bao g6m con nguoi va cac d,;mg sinh vt khac.<br />
2. Anh huong cua cac nhan t6 sinh thai leil sinh vl)t<br />
a. Tac d()ng cua .cac nhtin 16 VO sinh<br />
* Tac d()ng cua nhng cua anh sang len sinh vc}t :<br />
Tuy theo kha nang thich nghi cua sinh vt voi nhan to anh sang, nguoi<br />
phan chia hai nhom sinh vc}t 1a nhom sinhvt ua san8 :<br />
va·nhom sinh vt ua to1.<br />
_:__ Tac dong cua nhit d(> :<br />
Tuy theo muc d(> aph huong cua nhit d(> doi voi co the, nguoi ta phan<br />
chia hai nh6m sinh vt<br />
• Nh6m sinh vt bien nhit bao g6m vi sinh v
GIAI<br />
a. Sa d6 tac d
Cac con ho duqc nuoi trong vuan bach thu.<br />
Cac con cho nuoi.<br />
- Cac con cho soi trong rung.<br />
- Cac cay rung trong mqt khu rung.<br />
Hay cho biet tp hqp nao la quan the, tp hqp nao khong phai quan the va<br />
tp hqp nao la quan xa sinh vt?<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
a. Nhung ttjp hqp la qudn the sinh vtjt :<br />
- Cac ca the loai tom song trong hf>.<br />
- Cac con tho trong mqt khu rung.<br />
- ·Cac con ch6 soi trong rung.<br />
b. Nhiing ti;p hqp khong phcii qudn the sinh VQt :<br />
- Cac con ho duqc nuoi trong vuan bach thu.<br />
- Cac con ch6 nuoi.<br />
c. Nhiing ttjp hqp la qudn xii sinh vtjt :<br />
- Cac ca the ca trong ao.<br />
- Cac con chim song trong rung.<br />
- Cac cay rung trong mqt khu rung.<br />
Thi du 2<br />
Cho ac loai sinh vt sau : cay xanh, tho, ho, meo, chuqt, vi sinh vt, chim<br />
d9i bang.<br />
Hay neu 5 chuoi thuc an co the co tu cac loai neu tren.<br />
HUONG DAN GIAI<br />
- Cay xanh -tho -ho -vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh ..:..... tho -d9i bang -vi sinh vt.<br />
Cay xanh -chuqt -meo -vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh -chuqt -di bang -vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh -chuqt __,.. meo -ho -vi sinh vt.<br />
(Ghi chi, : hQC sinh CO the l!J lit ke chuoi thuc an khac tu cac loai tren).<br />
Ill. BAI TAP MAU<br />
· Bai 1 : Cho I luoi thuc an sau day :<br />
Rain -d,i bang<br />
Chu(>t/.l /<br />
Cay xanh / " Meo . Vi sinh vtt<br />
" Sau an la -Chim an stu/<br />
Hay lit ke tat ca cac chu6i thuc a ctia Iu6i thuc an tren.<br />
Cac chuoi thuc an<br />
GIAI<br />
- Cay xanh -chuqt -ran -di bang --vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh --chuqt -meo -ran --d9i bang --vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh --chuqt -meo --d9i bang --vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh --chuc)t -meo -vi sinh vt.<br />
- Cay xanh --sau an la -chim an sau --vi sinh vt.<br />
Bili 2 : Cho m(>t. so d6 lu6i thuc an sau :<br />
3<br />
/ <br />
(2<br />
<br />
(6)<br />
7<br />
5)<br />
(I)<br />
Biet cac loai ctia lu6i thuc an tren la : cao, cAy xanh, soi, tho, vi khuin<br />
phAn giai va ho.<br />
Hay xac dJnh ten sinh vt cho moi mat xich trong lu6i thuc an.<br />
(I) : cay xanh (2) : tho<br />
( 4) : ho<br />
GIAI<br />
(3) : Soi<br />
(5) : Vi khuan (6) : cao<br />
Bai 3 : Cho m(>t SO' d6 hr6i'thuc an sau day :<br />
Cay xanh<br />
Sau<br />
ThO<<br />
Chim an sau<br />
. >Vikhmfo<br />
./S6i<br />
De<br />
Chi<br />
gll'O'i<br />
/<br />
Ngoai cay xanh va vi khuan, trong cac mat xich con l