The Opioid Crisis in America - Part II (The Drug Culture in the U.S.)

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Peyote: This hallucinogen contains mescaline, native to southwestern Texas and Mexico Salvia Divinorum: This hallucinogenic Mexican herb in the mint family; not considered recreational, most likely due to the nature of the hallucinations (legal in some jurisdictions) Synthetic Cannabis: "Spice", "K2", JWH-018, AM-2201 Research Chemicals: 2C variants, etc. Types Depressants Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind. Colloquially, depressants are known as "downers", and users generally take them to feel more relaxed and less tense. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances. When these are used, effects may include anxiolysis (reduction of anxiety), analgesia (pain relief), sedation, somnolence, cognitive/memory impairment, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure/heart rate, respiratory depression, anesthesia, and anticonvulsant effects. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA or opioid activity, and inhibition of adrenergic, histamine or acetylcholine activity. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of euphoria (a happy sensation). Stimulants or "uppers", such as amphetamines or cocaine, which increase mental or physical function, have an opposite effect to depressants. Antihistamines Antihistamines (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of histamine. "Antihistamine" can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the classical antihistamines that act upon the H1 histamine receptor. Antihistamines are used as treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens, such as the pollen released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their anticholinergic properties, that induce anxiolysis and, in some cases such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, and orphenadrine, a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses. High dosages taken to induce recreational drug effects may lead to overdoses. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, particularly by youth Page 48 of 98
who find it hard to obtain alcohol. The combination of the two drugs can cause intoxication with lower alcohol doses. Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of Datura stramonium can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutical dosages. Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some cough medicines. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol. The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to stretch out and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are hydroxyzine, mainly to stretch out a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are - once again as in the 1950s - the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties. For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also seen. Analgesics Analgesics (also known as "painkillers") are used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek "αν-" (an-, "without") and "άλγος" (álgos, "pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems; they include paracetamol (para-acetylaminophenol, also known in the US as acetaminophen), the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as hydrocodone, codeine, heroin and oxycodone. Some further examples of the brand name prescription opiates and opioid analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone). Tranquilizers Tranquilizers (GABAergics): Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Page 49 of 98
Page 2 and 3: Turning the Improbable Into the Exc
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Page 8 and 9: 6. 1 We disseminate Quarterly publi
Page 18 and 19: conflict between federal and state
Page 20 and 21: offenders break the cycle of addict
Page 22 and 23: Institute and Drug Policy Alliance
Page 24 and 25: Marijuana The use, sale, and posses
Page 26 and 27: 70% of the impact of crack was felt
Page 28 and 29: Cigarette smoking is the leading ca
Page 30 and 31: Rhode Island 1,052,567 13.34% 142 1
Page 32 and 33: 1911: United States first Opium Com
Page 34 and 35: Later in the month the U.S. militar
Page 38 and 39: Condor military government, in plac
Page 40 and 41: the drug economy that are liberated
Page 44 and 45: that about 3% to 6% of people aged
Page 46 and 47: Common Recreational Drugs The follo
Page 50 and 51: Ethanol (drinking alcohol; ethyl al
Page 52 and 53: as União do Vegetal, Santo Daime,
Page 54 and 55: The most serious inhalant abuse occ
Page 56 and 57: Morning glory and Hawaiian Baby Woo
Page 58 and 59: lowest percentage of drug users wer
Page 60 and 61: ACSCN Drug 9830 Beta-hydroxyfentany
Page 62 and 63: ACSCN 9313 Normorphine 9314 Pholcod
Page 64 and 65: ACSCN Drug 1585 Aminorex (aminoxaph
Page 66 and 67: ACSCN Drug 7010 N-(1-Amino-3,3-dime
Page 68 and 69: According to the Federal Drug Parap
Page 70 and 71: Notes _____________________________
Page 74 and 75: An infographic from July 2017 The H
Page 78 and 79: ADDRESSING AMERICA’S DRUG EPIDEMI
Page 80 and 81: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the most
Page 82 and 83: 6 KEY INDICATORS 4. Prescription Dr
Page 84 and 85: DEADLIEST DRUG EPIDEMIC ON RECORD I
Page 86 and 87: THE TRANSITION TO HEROIN Opioid pai
Page 88 and 89: DEADLY EMERGENCE OF FENTANYL Fentan
Page 90 and 91: STATE PROGRESS REDUCE OPIOID OVER-
Page 92 and 93: STATE PROGRESS STATE REQUIRES MANDA
Page 94 and 95: INDICATOR 2 OPIOID PRESCRIBING GUID
Page 96 and 97: INDICATOR 3 ELIMINATING PILL MILLS
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INDICATOR 4 PRESCRIPTION DRUG MONIT
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INDICATOR 5 INCREASED ACCESS TO NAL
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INDICATOR 6 AVAILABILITY OF OPIOID
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INDICATOR 6 Vermont: Effective and
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ABOUT THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL F
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WORKS CITED PDMP Center of Excellen
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT O
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drug overdose every day in 2014. 1
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Medical Examiner reports that out o
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Mexico, 41 North Carolina, 42 Tenne
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Alameda County, California, and Kin
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District of Columbia. The effort wi
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Michael Botticelli Director of Nati
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers Page
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 T
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. V 2019 O
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LI Nonprofit Confidentiality In The
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Vol. XVIII 2032 Public Policy LXXVI
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Legal Missions International Page 8
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XVII Russia Q-1 2019 XVIII Australi
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The e-Advocate Newsletter Genesis o
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Extras The Nonprofit Advisors Group
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www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org Page
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The Opioid Crisis in America - Part II (The Drug Culture in the U.S.)

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