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classed as serious menace displacing natural vegetation, consuming water, and very difficult to eradicate. Cultivated also in many other countries including the Mediterranean region and northern Africa. Climate and Soils Subhumid, humid, and semiarid subtropical. Areas within native range frost-free, or inland with 1-6 frosts a year. Soils mainly sandy coastal plains but vary greatly from swamps and riverbanks to rocky hills, including acid and calcareous sands, moderately heavy clays, saline and alkaline soils. References Hall, Norman, and J. W. Turnbull. 1976. Australian acacias,no. 4. Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. Illus. Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Forest Research. 2 pp. (map used here). Maslin, B. R. 1974. Studies in the genus Acacia-3-The taxonomy of A. saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. Nuytsia 1: 332-340, illus. (fig. 4, map; fig. 2, drawing used here). Pedley, L. 1978-79. A revision of Acacia Mill. in Queensland. Austrobaileya 1: 75-337, illus. ACACIA SALIGNA 27
8. Acacia senegal B'tanical Name Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Synonym Acacia verek Guill. & Perr. Common Names Gum-arabic tree, Sudan gum-arabic, gum acacia (English); hashab, alloba (Arabic); ekonoit (Turkish); dakwara, danga (Niger); edad, adad (Somali); mgunga (Tanzania); three-thorned acacia, driehaakdoring, drievingerdoring, gomdoring, geelhaak (South Africa); kumbat, kher (Pakistan); acacia du S~n~gal, gomier (Frenchl; goma (Spanish). Legume Family, Leguminosae (Mimosoideae) Gum-arabic tree, native of Africa, is easily recognized by the short spines or thorns mostly in 3's. It has small, bipinnately compound leaves; small white flowers in narrow cylindrical clusters; and broad, flat, papery pods. The hardy, drought-resistant trees produce gum arabic and good fuelwood and are widely planted for sand dune fixation and wind-erosion control. This is a fuelwood species for arid and semiarid regions. Description Small deciduous spiny tree 6 in high, sometimes to 13 m, with crown becoming flattened, with deep and widespreading roots; also a thicket-forming shrub of 3 m. Trunk short, usually branched near base, to 50 cm in diameter. Bark pale brown or gray, becoming furrowed and scaly; slash mottled red and white. Twigs with yellowish bark, soon peeling off. Short spines or thorns mostly in 3's at swollen nodes (sometimes only 1), 3-7 mm long; central spine sharply curved backward, lateral ones straight and pointing forward. Leaves alternate, bipinnately compound, 2-6 cm long, with 3-6 pairs of side axes (pinnae) 2-3 cm long. Leaflets 8-18 pairs on each side axis, narrowly oblong, small, 3-7 mm long, blunt or short-pointed, gray-green, hairless. Flowerclusters (spikes) 1-2 at nodes mostly before leaves and longer (2-10 cm), cylindrical. Flowers many, crowded, stalkless, fragrant, 6-8 mm long, composed of 5-toothed calyx 2-3 mm long, 5-lobed white corolla 3-4 mm long, many threadlike stamens, and pistil with narrow ovary and threadlike style. Pods (legumes) short-stalked, oblong, flat, 4-10 cm long, 15-22 mm broad, sometimes slightly narrowed between seeds, pale brown, papery with prominent network, fine hairs. Seeds few, round, flat, 6-10 mm in diameter, brown. Seed crops varying from infrequent to abundant every year. Wood whitish, hard, heavy. Locally the best firewood and main species for charcoal. Other Uses Trunks and roots used for poles, fenceposts, local construc tion, tool hanoles, weavers' shuttles. Wood could serve in cabinetmaking. Ropes nmade from strong fibers of the long surface roots. Gum arabic, perhaps the most commercially important natural gum, produced by wounds in trunk and branches mostly of this species, both wild trees and plantations. Yellowish, odorless, bland-tasting gum in commerce more 28 COMMON FU ELWOOD CROPS
Page 1 and 2: Common Fue d Crops i ,1 Elbert L. L
Page 3 and 4: Available for purchase from Communi
Page 5 and 6: EUCALYPTUS, eucalyptus 32. Eucalypt
Page 7 and 8: The Author Elbert L. Little, Jr., i
Page 9 and 10: How to Use This Handbook This handb
Page 11 and 12: many countries and languages, commo
Page 13 and 14: dicotyledons, but their woods vary
Page 15 and 16: KEY TO ACACIA SPECIES DESCRIBED HER
Page 17 and 18: Fig. 1. Acacia auriculiformis (Muel
Page 19 and 20: 2. Acacia brachystachya Botanical N
Page 21 and 22: References Maiden, J. H. 1917. The
Page 23 and 24: VIC..° Fig. 4. A 'mciacarnbagei jM
Page 25 and 26: References Hall, N., J. W. Turnbull
Page 27 and 28: T. •, ,, /.. 1 Fig. 6. Acacia cyc
Page 29 and 30: Fig. 7. Acacia mearnsii (Lindley 18
Page 31 and 32: 6. Acacia nilotica Botanical Name A
Page 33 and 34: 0 Ule 4W m Iw MAP j- qSHOWING DISTI
Page 35 and 36: of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islan
Page 37 and 38: frcm rig. 11. Acacia saligna IMasli
Page 39: CAfNAN . 2 .. ~~ A.,j 1;L0 -04-_,
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 15. Distribution of Acacia sen
Page 45 and 46: 9. Acacia seyal Botanical Name Acac
Page 47 and 48: Other Uses Pods, foliage, and flowe
Page 49 and 50: D. Fig. 17. Acacia tortilis (Sahni
Page 51 and 52: Ssp. spirocarpa(Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Page 53 and 54: Fig. 19. Adhatoda zeylanica (Basu 1
Page 55 and 56: 12. Ailanthus altissima Botanical N
Page 57 and 58: wing suggesting a propeller, rt.nai
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 21. Ailanhus excelsa lBasu 191
Page 61 and 62: 14. Albizia falcataria Botanical Na
Page 63 and 64: interlocked. Difficult to saw, not
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 24. Albizia lcbbek (Little and
Page 67 and 68: America, and Southeast Asia. Extens
Page 69 and 70: 16. Alnus acuminata Alnus acuminata
Page 71 and 72: Fig. 27. Distribution of Abtus acui
Page 73 and 74: References Furlow, John J. 1977. Be
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 29. Alnus nepalensis (Little a
Page 77 and 78: 18. Alnus rubra Botanical Name Alnu
Page 79 and 80: ,az' h,1/, Fig. 32. Distribution of
Page 81 and 82: .19. Anogeissus latifolia Botanical
Page 83 and 84: MAP SHOWINO DISTRIBUTION Of ,,. ,'
Page 85 and 86: -34 Fig. 3. A:- derchl indIcdI Bcdd
Page 87 and 88: Natural Distribution Native in Burm
Page 89 and 90: Fig. 37. Byrsonima crassifolia (Lit
Page 91 and 92:
22. Cajanus cajan Botanical Name Ca
Page 93 and 94:
oad, slightly flattened, ending in
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 39. Calliandra calothyrsus (Wo
Page 97 and 98:
24. Cassia siamea Cassia siamea Lam
Page 99 and 100:
Wood with thick, light brown or whi
Page 101 and 102:
KEY TO 3 CASUARINA SPECIES DESCRIBE
Page 103 and 104:
t I . rI, . '".C 0 / Fig. 41. Casua
Page 105 and 106:
loams through sands to gravels, inc
Page 107 and 108:
A h.... ..... ... A 7it Fig. 43. Ca
Page 109 and 110:
Natural Distribution Native of trop
Page 111 and 112:
Fig. 45. Casuarinaglauca (Maiden 19
Page 113 and 114:
28. Colophospermum mopane Botanical
Page 115 and 116:
Fig. 47. Distribution of Colophospe
Page 117 and 118:
abwe, northern Namibia (South West
Page 119 and 120:
Fig. 49. Dalbergiasissoo (Little et
Page 121 and 122:
Pearson, R. C., aid H. P. Brown. 19
Page 123 and 124:
Fig. 51. Derris indica (Beddorne 18
Page 125 and 126:
Climate and Soils Humid tropical an
Page 127 and 128:
' I . ..i..% . , Jb~~ tp Lv 'z T Fi
Page 129 and 130:
References Beddome, R. H. 1869.74.
Page 131 and 132:
e I C, 3' C140 Is CC* Ira w, V. 'C
Page 133 and 134:
32. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Botani
Page 135 and 136:
Fig. 57. Distribution of Eucalyptus
Page 137 and 138:
33. Eucalyptus citriodora Botanical
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
34. Eucalyptus globulus Botanical N
Page 143 and 144:
Fig. 61. Natural distribution in th
Page 145 and 146:
nia. Where native, occurs in pure s
Page 147 and 148:
N I- Fig. 63. Eucalyptus gornphocep
Page 149 and 150:
Maiden, J. H. 1914. A critical revi
Page 151 and 152:
138~~~~~ -9 pl.~ ~~ ~10,fis 811 A 9
Page 153 and 154:
is a closely Species Eucalyptus sal
Page 155 and 156:
F i6 '. L >r.1-- Fin. 67'. A.icaly~
Page 157 and 158:
season of up to 7 months. At southe
Page 159 and 160:
Fig. 69. Eucalyptus occidentalis (M
Page 161 and 162:
39. Eucalyptus robusta Botanical Na
Page 163 and 164:
Fig. 72, Eucalyptus robusta In sout
Page 165 and 166:
40. Eucalpytussaligna Botanical Nam
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
41. Eucalyptus tereticornis Botanic
Page 171 and 172:
Fig. 76. Distribut~on of Eucalyptus
Page 173 and 174:
42. Gleditsia triacanthos Gleditsia
Page 175 and 176:
Fig. 78, Distribution of Gleditsia
Page 177 and 178:
43. Gliricidia sepium Botanical Nam
Page 179 and 180:
dish on exposure, hard, heavy, stro
Page 181 and 182:
% L ,i, 2.5 pairs of side veins, up
Page 183 and 184:
matches, and sawtimber for light co
Page 185 and 186:
Fig. 82. Grevillea robusta ILittle
Page 187 and 188:
46. Guazuma ulmifolia Botanical Nam
Page 189 and 190:
Fig. 84. Presence of Guazuma uhnifo
Page 191 and 192:
VA 'lb . 242; right, details of veg
Page 193 and 194:
References Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Bot
Page 195 and 196:
Climate and Soils Arid temperate or
Page 197 and 198:
Fig. 87. Inga vera (Little and Wads
Page 199 and 200:
50. Leucaena leucocephala Botanical
Page 201 and 202:
of Leucaena leucocephala in Puerto
Page 203 and 204:
51. Melaleua quinquenervia Botanica
Page 205 and 206:
-t. .30 14 IS M quinquefevia Distri
Page 207 and 208:
52. Melia azedarach Melia azedarach
Page 209 and 210:
MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION % OF ",MEL
Page 211 and 212:
53. Mimosa scabrella Botanical Name
Page 213 and 214:
DA " FiroecooN4.Nbic€ s Fig. 97.
Page 215 and 216:
54. Muntingia calabura Botanical Na
Page 217 and 218:
Its main value is as showy ornament
Page 219 and 220:
N Fig. 99. PArkinsoniaaculeata (Lit
Page 221 and 222:
PINUS Common Names pine (English);
Page 223 and 224:
0 / - Pjins balepensis isolated t o
Page 225 and 226:
57. Pinus caribaea Botanical Name P
Page 227 and 228:
NATURAL IST RIBUTION 0,0 PINUS CARI
Page 229 and 230:
58. Pinus halepensis Botanical Name
Page 231 and 232:
oxes, crates, mine timbers, railroa
Page 233 and 234:
-4j I Fig. 105. Pithecellobhan dulc
Page 235 and 236:
Common (Spanish). PKDSOPIS Names me
Page 237 and 238:
KEY TO THE 7 PROSOPIS SPECIES DESCR
Page 239 and 240:
Prosopis alba, left, flowering twig
Page 241 and 242:
1 Fig. 108. Prosopis chilensis IMun
Page 243 and 244:
Introduced into semidesert regions
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Fig. 110. I'rosopis cineraria(Beddo
Page 247 and 248:
63. Prosopis farcta Botanical Name
Page 249 and 250:
Wood of this low shrub available in
Page 251 and 252:
1 Fig. 112. Prosopisjuiflrz, lSvens
Page 253 and 254:
65. Prosopis paflida Botanical Name
Page 255 and 256:
Presence of Prosopis patlida in Pue
Page 257 and 258:
Fig. 115. Prosopistamarugo, left, p
Page 259 and 260:
This species apparently was more wi
Page 261 and 262:
Fig. 117. Psidium guajava (Little a
Page 263 and 264:
68. Robinia pseudoacacia Botanical
Page 265 and 266:
L Fig. 119. Distribution of Rohinia
Page 267 and 268:
,59. Sesbania bi3pinosa Sesbania bi
Page 269 and 270:
Planted also for windbreaks, hedges
Page 271 and 272:
Fig. 121. Sesbania grandiflora (Lit
Page 273 and 274:
71. Syzygium cumini Botanical Name
Page 275 and 276:
purple to black, with juice, sour,
Page 277 and 278:
i 3 . -11M Fig. 123. Tamnarix aphyl
Page 279 and 280:
Ill*0* 1530' 4P'I S : ' 5. _- .- .
Page 281 and 282:
73. Tamarix chinensis Botanical Nam
Page 283 and 284:
in United States. Average annual mi
Page 285 and 286:
Fig. 128. Terminalia calappa (Littl
Page 287 and 288:
about 3 cm long, 1 cm wide, oily, e
Page 289 and 290:
75. Trema guineensis Botanical Name
Page 291 and 292:
Fig. 132. Distribution of Trernagui
Page 293 and 294:
Fig. 133. Trema micrantha (Little a
Page 295 and 296:
77. Trema orientalis Botanical Name
Page 297 and 298:
00 des Monsun Gebietee Fig. 136. Di
Page 299 and 300:
Fig. 137. Trema polihoria (Lauterba
Page 301 and 302:
Fig. 138. Ziziphits niauritiana(Lit
Page 303 and 304:
in dry forests of India and Burma,
Page 305 and 306:
Fig.F Fig. 140. Ziziphus spina.chri
Page 307 and 308:
MANGROVES Botanical Names Rhizophor
Page 309 and 310:
crabs, clams, and oysters, Habitats
Page 311 and 312:
81. Avicennia germinans Botanical N
Page 313 and 314:
17-N). // long. Flowers several, cr
Page 315 and 316:
United States Department of Agricul
Page 317 and 318:
Fig. 144. Avicennia marina (Sahni 1
Page 319 and 320:
83. Avicennia officinalis Botanical
Page 321 and 322:
Other Uses Used for piling for whar
Page 323 and 324:
C Fig. 147. Bruguiera,gninirrhizalW
Page 325 and 326:
cm in diameter, before falhng into
Page 327 and 328:
Fig. 150. Ceriops ragal (Wight 1840
Page 329 and 330:
86. Conocarpus erectus Coaocarpljs
Page 331 and 332:
Be 06 as' as-Be Fig. 153. Distribut
Page 333 and 334:
87. Laguncularia racemosa Botanical
Page 335 and 336:
Fig. 155. Distribution of Languncul
Page 337 and 338:
88. Rhizophora mangle Botanical Nam
Page 339 and 340:
-. A. . I ., • ,I,. mcro~o~mk. B
Page 341 and 342:
species of both Atlantic and Pacifi
Page 343 and 344:
Fig. 159. Rhizophcra mucronata IWig
Page 345 and 346:
P. Brown. 1932. Commercial timbers
Page 347 and 348:
23 Fig. 162. Sonneratia caseolaris
Page 349 and 350:
Index of Scientific Names Page numb
Page 351 and 352:
Pongamiaglabra, 109 Pon.gamia pinna
Page 353 and 354:
almendra, Terminalia calappa, 271 a
Page 355 and 356:
cajaputi, Melaleuca quinquenervia,
Page 357 and 358:
flooded-box, Eucalyptus microtheca,
Page 359 and 360:
khejiri, Prosopiscineraria,231 kher
Page 361 and 362:
mesquite, Prosopis, 222; Prosopis j
Page 363 and 364:
pols doux, Inga vera, 183 pois doux
Page 365 and 366:
torfa& Tinarix aphyIla. 263 turi, S
Page 367:
0 ) 0 I!n ID NQ 0 ~ o W -4 to 2I 12
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