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Reduction Oxidation reduction reaction Oxidation number Half reaction Electrochemical process Battery Cathode Anode Electrolysis 153
The Learning Goal for this section is: Relate acidity and basicity to hydronium and hydroxyl ion concentration and pH. Acids and Bases 154 The Observable Properties of Acids and Bases The words acid and alkaline (an older word for base) are derived from direct sensory experience. Acids and bases break down organic material Acid Property #1: The word acid comes from the Latin word acere, which means "sour." All acids taste sour. Well known from ancient times were vinegar, sour milk and lemon juice. Aspirin (scientific name: acetylsalicylic acid) tastes sour if you don't swallow it fast enough. Other languages derive their word for acid from the meaning of sour. So, in France, we have acide. In Germany, we have säure from saure and in Russia, kislota from kisly. Base Property #1: The word "base" has a more complex history (see below) and its name is not related to taste. All bases taste bitter. For example, mustard is a base. It tastes bitter. Many medicines, because they are bases, taste bitter. This is the reason cough syrups are advertised as having a "great grape taste." The taste is added in order to cover the bitterness of the active ingredient in cough syrup. Acid Property #2: Acids make a blue vegetable dye called litmus turn red. Base Property #2: Bases are substances which will restore the original blue color of litmus after having been reddened by an acid. Acid Property #3: Acids destroy the chemical properties of bases. Neutralization- When Acids and bases break down each Base Property #3: other in a reaction Bases destroy the chemical properties of acids. Neutralization is the name for this type of reaction. Acid Property #4: Acids conduct an electric current. Base Property #4: Bases conduct an electric current. Acids and bases both conduct an electric current This is a common property shared with salts. Acids, bases and salts are grouped together into a category called electrolytes, meaning that a water solution of the given substance will conduct an electric current. Non-electrolyte solutions cannot conduct a current. The most common example of this is sugar dissolved in water.
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Chemistry Notebook Nedjie Jean-Fran
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
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Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
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30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
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7
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Print vs. print Online vs. online P
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To use the Stair-Step method, find
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Using SI Units Match the terms in C
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Standards of Measurement Fill in th
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SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
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Convert each number from Scientific
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Significant Figures Rules There are
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How Many Significant Digits for Eac
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The following rule applies for mult
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1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
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Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
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Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
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Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
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Summary 35
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Research the Scientist and summariz
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Electron Configuration Color the su
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Electron Configuration In order to
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43
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10. Name __________________________
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Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
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Ionization Energy Define Ionization
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Ion Size Define Ion Size: Explanati
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The Nucleus A typical model of the
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Gamma Radiation After a decay react
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Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
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Students will be able to predict sh
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This analysis shows that sodium has
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Metals, with only a few electrons i
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1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Cation Calcium
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POLAR BONDING results when two diff
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Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
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Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
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carbon dioxide Chemical Name CO 2 C
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hydronium Chemical Name H 3 O + Che
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Sulfur hexafluoride Chemical Name S
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Bent: They look, well, bent. Bond a
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4. the chlorine atom in hydrochlori
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Chapter 23 Functional Groups The st
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85
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anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon
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Isomers Because carbon can bond in
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Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
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Other atomic weights are listed on
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Find Molecular Mass 1- 10 1. NaBr 4
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Step 3 Always leave hydrogen and ox
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1) ___ 2 NaNO3 + ___ PbO ___ Pb(NO
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1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
Page 124 and 125: 4) Double displacement: This is whe
Page 126 and 127: Determine the Type of Reaction for
Page 128 and 129: we can determine that 2 moles of HC
Page 130 and 131: When there is no limiting reagent b
Page 132 and 133: Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
Page 134 and 135: Theoretical and Actual Yields Key T
Page 136 and 137: Review Purposes To get an over
Page 138 and 139: Liters to Liters Define- Going from
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases Th
Page 142 and 143: 13.1 The Nature of Gases Kinetic En
Page 144 and 145: Freezing Point- The temperature at
Page 146 and 147: It is important that you realize th
Page 148 and 149: 3. The pressure of nitrogen gas in
Page 150 and 151: This formula is strictly valid only
Page 152 and 153: conduct an electric current in eith
Page 154 and 155: Create and interpret potential ener
Page 156 and 157: Structure effects: determines what
Page 158 and 159: Specific Heat Here is the definitio
Page 160 and 161: Step One: solid ice rises in temper
Page 162 and 163: Step Three: liquid water rises in t
Page 164 and 165: Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
Page 166 and 167: then it is exothermic, meaning the
Page 168 and 169: Define the types of reactions. Give
Page 170 and 171: 1. If this compound was at room tem
Page 172 and 173: 1. In what part of the curve would
Page 176 and 177: So far, the properties have an obvi
Page 178 and 179: The acid base theory of Brønsted a
Page 180 and 181: IV. Problems with the Theory This t
Page 182 and 183: Let's discuss significant figures a
Page 184 and 185: On your calculator you would input
Page 186 and 187: Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
Page 188 and 189: 7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
Page 190: Notice that each separate substance
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