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The Learning Goal for this assignment is: Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as atomic theory) by describing the structure of atoms in terms of protons, neutrons and electrons, and differentiate among these particles in terms of their mass, electrical charges and locations within the atom. Notes Section atomic mass can be change and the elment will still be the element as long as the atomic number stays the same http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/basics_interactive.html 30
Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are the basis of chemistry. They are the basis for everything in the Universe. You should start by remembering that matter is composed of atoms. Atoms and the study of atoms are a world unto themselves. We're going to cover basics like atomic structure and bonding between atoms. Smaller Than Atoms? Are there pieces of matter that are smaller than atoms? Sure there are. You'll soon be learning that atoms are composed of pieces like electrons, protons, and neutrons. But guess what? There are even smaller particles moving around in atoms. These super-small particles can be found inside the protons and neutrons. Scientists have many names for those pieces, but you may have heard of nucleons and quarks. Nuclear chemists and physicists work together at particle accelerators to discover the presence of these tiny, tiny, tiny pieces of matter. Even though super-tiny atomic particles exist, you only need to remember the three basic parts of an atom: electrons, protons, and neutrons. What are electrons, protons, and neutrons? A picture works best to show off the idea. You have a basic atom. There are three types of pieces in that atom: electrons, protons, and neutrons. That's all you have to remember. Three things! As you know, there are almost 120 known elements in the periodic table. Chemists and physicists haven't stopped there. They are trying to make new ones in labs every day. The thing that makes each of those elements different is the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are always in the center of the atom. Scientists call the center region of the atom the nucleus. The nucleus in a cell is a thing. The nucleus in an atom is a place where you find protons and neutrons. The electrons are always found whizzing around the center in areas called shells or orbitals. You can also see that each piece has either a "+", "-", or a "0." That symbol refers to the charge of the particle. Have you ever heard about getting a shock from a socket, static electricity, or lightning? Those are all different types of electric charges. Those charges are also found in tiny particles of matter. The electron always has a "-", or negative, charge. The proton always has a "+", or positive, charge. If the charge of an entire atom is "0", or neutral, there are equal numbers of positive and negative pieces. Neutral means there are equal numbers of electrons and protons. The third particle is the neutron. It has a neutral charge, also known as a charge of zero. All atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons so that they are neutral. If there are more positive protons or negative electrons in an atom, you have a special atom called an ion. 31
Page 1 and 2: Chemistry Notebook Nedjie Jean-Fran
Page 3 and 4: Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
Page 5 and 6: Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
Page 7 and 8: Table K Common Acids Table N Select
Page 9 and 10: Table R Organic Functional Groups C
Page 11 and 12: Table S Properties of Selected Elem
Page 13 and 14: Table T Important Formulas and Equa
Page 15 and 16: CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
Page 17 and 18: Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
Page 19 and 20: Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
Page 21 and 22: Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
Page 23 and 24: 30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
Page 25 and 26: 7
Page 27 and 28: Print vs. print Online vs. online P
Page 29 and 30: To use the Stair-Step method, find
Page 31 and 32: Using SI Units Match the terms in C
Page 33 and 34: Standards of Measurement Fill in th
Page 35 and 36: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
Page 37 and 38: Convert each number from Scientific
Page 39 and 40: Significant Figures Rules There are
Page 41 and 42: How Many Significant Digits for Eac
Page 43 and 44: The following rule applies for mult
Page 45 and 46: 1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
Page 47: Chapter 6 The Periodic Table The st
Page 51 and 52: Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
Page 53 and 54: Summary 35
Page 55 and 56: Research the Scientist and summariz
Page 57 and 58: Electron Configuration Color the su
Page 59 and 60: Electron Configuration In order to
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Page 64: 10. Name __________________________
Page 67 and 68: Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
Page 69 and 70: Ionization Energy Define Ionization
Page 71 and 72: Ion Size Define Ion Size: Explanati
Page 73 and 74: The Nucleus A typical model of the
Page 75 and 76: Gamma Radiation After a decay react
Page 77 and 78: Nuclear Fission The word fusion mea
Page 79 and 80: Students will be able to predict sh
Page 81 and 82: This analysis shows that sodium has
Page 83 and 84: Metals, with only a few electrons i
Page 85 and 86: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of Cation Calcium
Page 87 and 88: POLAR BONDING results when two diff
Page 89 and 90: Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
Page 91: Orbitals Equation Lone Pairs Angle
Page 94 and 95: carbon dioxide Chemical Name CO 2 C
Page 96 and 97: hydronium Chemical Name H 3 O + Che
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Sulfur hexafluoride Chemical Name S
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Bent: They look, well, bent. Bond a
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4. the chlorine atom in hydrochlori
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Chapter 23 Functional Groups The st
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85
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anched chains: Hexane - a 6-carbon
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Isomers Because carbon can bond in
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Chapter 12 Stoichiometry The studen
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Other atomic weights are listed on
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Find Molecular Mass 1- 10 1. NaBr 4
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Step 3 Always leave hydrogen and ox
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1) ___ 2 NaNO3 + ___ PbO ___ Pb(NO
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1) 2 NaNO3 + PbO Pb(NO3)2 + Na2O 2
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4) Double displacement: This is whe
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Determine the Type of Reaction for
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we can determine that 2 moles of HC
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When there is no limiting reagent b
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Example 7 How much 5M stock solutio
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Theoretical and Actual Yields Key T
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Review Purposes To get an over
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Liters to Liters Define- Going from
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Chapter 14 The Behavior of Gases Th
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13.1 The Nature of Gases Kinetic En
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Freezing Point- The temperature at
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It is important that you realize th
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3. The pressure of nitrogen gas in
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This formula is strictly valid only
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conduct an electric current in eith
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Create and interpret potential ener
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Structure effects: determines what
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Specific Heat Here is the definitio
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Step One: solid ice rises in temper
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Step Three: liquid water rises in t
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Step Five: steam rises in temperatu
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then it is exothermic, meaning the
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Define the types of reactions. Give
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1. If this compound was at room tem
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1. In what part of the curve would
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Reduction Oxidation reduction react
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So far, the properties have an obvi
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The acid base theory of Brønsted a
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IV. Problems with the Theory This t
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Let's discuss significant figures a
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On your calculator you would input
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Ag+ + Cu ---> Ag + Cu2+ I have deli
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7. Half Reactions A half-reaction i
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Notice that each separate substance
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