INP PPO Quarterly Progress Report 8 - Millennium Challenge ...

Indigenous Natural Products 

Producer and Processor Organisations Sub-activity 

Quarterly Progress Report 8 

September 2012 

Commissioned by the Millennium Challenge Account Namibia with funding 

from the Millennium Challenge Corporation

PROJECT DETAILS 

QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT 8 

(Report Reference Number 17) 

Project Name: Indigenous Natural Products Producer and Processor 

Organisations Sub-Activity 

Project ID: MCAN/COM/RFP/3C01001-A 

Project Sponsor: Commissioned by the Millennium Challenge Account Namibia 

with funding from the Millennium Challenge Corporation 

Reporting Period: 1 st June 2012 - 31 st August 2012 

Report Submission Date: September 2012 

Team Leader: Julian Fennessy 

Contact details: Tel: +264 (0)61 228 509 

Suggested citation: NRI (201 2c), ‘Quarterly Progress Report 8’, MCA-N Indigenous Natural 

Products Producer and Processor Organisations Sub-Activity Report Number 17, Natural 

Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK. 

Front cover: EWC Association 

members receiving storage buckets 

and signs following ‘quality' training 

provided under MCA-INP support 

Photo: Mado Samwel CRIAA SA-DC

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Quarterly Progress Report #8 

LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... ii 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................1 

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................6 

2. ESSENTIAL OILS.........................................................................................................................7 

2.1 Commiphora...........................................................................................................................7 

2.2 Mopane ................................................................................................................................10 

2.3 Sarcocaulon ..........................................................................................................................10 

3. LIPID OILS................................................................................................................................12 

3.1 Marula ..................................................................................................................................12 

3.2 Ximenia.................................................................................................................................17 

4. DEVIL’S CLAW .........................................................................................................................23 

5. MARKETING ............................................................................................................................36 

5.1 INP Market Development Plan.............................................................................................36 

5.2 Value Chain Specialist activities relating to Lipid Oils ..........................................................37 

5.3 Modified Product and Market Development Status Dashboard..........................................39 

6. OTHER ACTIVITIES...................................................................................................................41 

7. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...............................................................................................45 

8. PROJECT RISKS ........................................................................................................................49 

9. OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................51 

ANNEX A. SERVICE AGREEMENTS ...............................................................................................52 

ANNEX B. SUMMARY OF STATUS OF PREPARATION OF TRAINING MODULES...........................56 

ANNEX C. SUMMARY OF EXISTING PPIG CONTRACTS ................................................................58 

ANNEX D. WORK PLAN FOR 2012................................................................................................61 

INP PPO Sub-activity i

#8 Quarterly Progress Report 

LIST OF ACRONYMS 

AGM Annual General Meeting 

CBO Community Based Organisation 

CDSS Conservancy Development Support Services 

CF Community Forest 

CFT Community Fair Trade 

CRIAA SA-DC Centre for Research Information Action in Africa-Southern Africa 

Development and Consulting 

DC Devil’s Claw 

DCD Division of Cooperative Development 

DoF Directorate of Forestry 

EFSA European Foods Safety Authority 

EU European Union 

EWC Eudafano Women’s Cooperative 

EWMM Eudafano Women’s Marula Manufacturing Pty Ltd 

FFEM Fond Francais pour l’Environnement Mondial 

GSI Gender and Social Integration 

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Path 

IF Innovation Fund 

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development 

INP Indigenous Natural Products 

IRDNC Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation 

KAP Katutura Artisans Project 

KCCA Kunene Commiphora Conservancies Association 

MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry 

MC Management Committee 

MCA-N Millennium Challenge Account Namibia 

MCC Millennium Challenge Corporation 

MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism 

MFO Marula Food Oil 

MTI Ministry of Trade and Industry 

NEOi Namibian Essential Oil Innovation Project 

NNF Namibia Nature Foundation 

ii INP PPO Sub-activity

NRI Natural Resources Institute 

OC Organic Certification 

OPF Opuwo Processing Facility 

PPIG Primary Production Improvement Grant 

PPO Producer and Processor Organisation 

PTA PhytoTrade Africa 

Q8 Quarter 8 of Sub-activity (Q7 = Quarter 7 etc.) 

QPR Quarterly Progress Report 

Tbc To be confirmed 

TBSI The Body Shop International 

THMPD Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive 

TK Traditional Knowledge 

TM Trainers’ Manual 

TR Training Activity 

TS Technical Support 

TTC Tulongeni Twahangana Cooperative 

TTP Tulongeni Twahangana Producers 

UEBT Union for Ethical BioTrade 

UM Users’ Manual 

UoG University of Greenwich 

US United States of America 

VCS Value Chain Specialist 


INP PPO Sub-activity iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

Introduction 


This is the 8 th Quarterly Progress Report (QPR8) to the Millennium Challenge Account Namibia 

(MCA-N) for the Indigenous Natural Products Producer and Processor Organisations (INP PPO) 

Sub-Activity, and covers the period from 1 st of June 2012 to 31 st of August 2012. 

The purpose of the report is to describe how the Natural Resources Institute (NRI) is achieving 

the objectives and milestones for all the tasks of the Sub-Activity that have been set out in the 

work plan as detailed in the Inception Report. This section summarizes the key findings of QPR8 

and stresses the highlights. 

Progress against project indicators indicates that: 

NRI has signed service contracts with 58 PPOs, no new ones were signed for the quarter. 

The target for this stage of the Sub-Activity was 40 PPOs. The overall target for the 

activity is 60 PPOs. 

NRI has mobilized and trained 6,623 INP producers (3, 790 female and 2,833 male) 

compared with a target of 5,000 by the end of the quarter. The overall target is 7000. 

Of the producers mobilized and trained, 4,199 have received training in sustainable 

harvesting techniques (2,089 female and 2,110 male) compared with a target of 875 by 

the end of the quarter. 

The cumulative value of PPIGs that have been signed with PPOs is US$ 105,616.91, 

including US$ 25,916.38 for the quarter. The estimated balance is US$ 94,383.09 for the 

remainder of the activity. 

Only 10 PPOs have formulated and use a business plan compared with a target of 20 for 


13 Resource Management Plans have been completed compared with a target of 15 by 


Three PPOs have organic certification with the target at the end of quarter being zero. 

Sales of INP’s increased significantly during the quarter, and represents more than double the 

combined sales of INPs during the whole activity to date. Whilst the increase may in part be due 

to the project intervention, it could also be a result of factors such as increased international 

demand. The significant increase in Q8 sales resulted predominantly from Devil’s Claw (N$ 

3,186,969), with additional INP sales of Marula (N$ 332,710) and Ximenia (N$ 7,685) (see figure 

below). No sales were recorded during Q8 for other INPs. 

INP PPO Sub-activity 1


Essential oils 

Quarterly Sales 

0 0 186 186 58 244 

(a) Commiphora 

Staff at the Opuwo Production Facility (OP F) received considerable support in office 

administration and financial management through the Namibian Business Innovation Centre 

(NBIC) and the Institute for Management and Leadership Training (IMLT), with a targeted focus 

on local essential oil sales. Topics such as competition, product quality, cost of production, 

pricing and human resources were discussed in detail, whilst business simulation training helped 

gain knowledge in a simulated business environment. 

The OPF received a container storeroom through a Primary Production Improvement Grant 

(PPIG) during the recent Round 4 awards. 

Commiphora angolensis resource inventories and a trial harvest were undertaken in Puros 

Conservancy and additional trials are planned for the next quarter. The draft Kunene 

Commiphora Conservancy Trust document was translated into Otjiherero and distributed in 

preparation for meetings to formalize the ownership arrangements of the OPF. 

Nine of the NRI supported PPOs were registered (gazetted) on the 28 th of August 2012 as 

Community Forests by the Directorate of Forestry. 

(b) Mopane 

The OPF did not undertake any Mopane oil production as commercial demand is not assured. 

Ongoing trials are being undertaken and new material will be purchased once a market has been 

established. 

(c) Sarcocaulon 

Various resource inventory methods for Sarcocaulon were tested previously, however, none 

have found to be satisfactory. The existing Devil’s Claw inventory method was tested for 

Sarcocaulon and found to be an improvement on the previous method. Further testing and 

adaption is required. 

2 INP PPO Sub-activity 

Cumulative Sales 

INP Sales to Date (N$ ,000s) 

802 

558 

2227 

3029 3040 

11 

422 

3462 

3527 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 

6989


Discussions were held with three companies on future production and market opportunities of 

essential oils from Namibia. 

A new INP Innovation Grant Fund proposal – “Novel Business Opportunities for the Opuwo 

Processing Facility (NOBO)” was submitted and successfully approved. 

Lipid oils 

(a) Marula 

Activities focused on the prevention of contamination and a general improvement of the quality 

of Marula oil. Training of producers, combined with the provision of closed storage containers 

supplied under PPIG Round 4 grant to improve the quality of kernels and oil quality. Some 

preliminary tests undertaken on the oil produced from such kernels last quarter indicate that the 

combination of these strategies may be effective. 

Bookkeeping and administration support were provided to members of the Eudafano Women’s 

Cooperative (EWC) Associations, with seven member Associations signing the extension of their 

service agreements. Two branches of the Tunetu Association formed Associations of their own 

with field-based training on INP quality and prevention of contamination provided. 

The Eudafano Women’s Marula Manufacturing ( EWMM) factory started procuring Marula 

kernels from the EWC member-Associations during this quarter, and will continue into the next 

quarter. 

Technical support for the development of a Code of Conduct and Mitigation Plan with regard to 

assistance of children in the harvesting and processing of Marula is being drafted. 

This year’s intake of 13,580kg (N$ 332,710) Marula kernels is an improvement on 2011 (8,940kg 

and N$ 196,680) with an expected total intake of between 21-25 tonnes for the year. The kernel 

price increased to N$23/kg in 2012 from N$21/kg in 2011. 

During July 2012, 1,900kg of Marula oil was exported to the main buyer in France for refining on 

behalf of The Body Shop International (TBSI). 

The VCS is working with the Oils Manager of PhytoTrade Africa to incorporate the Marula oil 

pricing and supply issues into the overall Oils Strategy of PhytoTrade which is currently under 

development. 

(b) Ximenia 

Ximenia is seeing the results of efforts to simulate demand working through to market orders, 

however poor weather conditions have meant that we have struggled to meet this demand. The 

matching of supply and demand is particularly challenging where supply is relatively inelastic 

and demand from the buyers tends to be ‘lumpy’ and unpredictable. Ongoing efforts to increase 

supply from producers have continued to prove unsuccessful despite clear market indications 

that Ximenia oil is a product with good potential. The (potential) supply from other producing 

areas is being considered in other regions of Namibia e.g. Kavango. However, this may only start 

in the next harvesting season. Also, new processing technologies (with improved extraction 

yield) are being evaluated through an MCA Innovation Fund Grant on oils (PhytoTrade Africa). 

Therefore, an opportunity exists to increase demand if the supply of Ximenia can be maintained. 



Tulongeni Twahangana Cooperative (TTC, formerly TTP) has been provisionally registered as a 

cooperative with the Division of Cooperative Development (DCD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, 

Water and Forestry (MAWF). However, the by-laws need to be reviewed to build a solid 

institutional structure for the PPO. Their first AGM will be held in the next quarter (23 rd of 

October 2012) and support will be being provided by CRIAA SA-DC. 

Efforts to secure an alternative supply of Ximenia americana from northern Botswana through a 

PhytoTrade member based in Botswana have been unsuccessful. Future opportunities for a new 

INP supply chain provider of X. americana needs to be sought, in particular in the Kavango 

Region with planned resource mapping intended for Q9 and Q10. 

A new hydraulic press was installed at Katutura Artisans Project (KAP) and although initial results 

were less than satisfactory, continued experimentation is underway to help solve the processing 

problems and achieve an increased extraction yield of Ximenia oil. 

Despite the disastrous harvest season of 2012, the producer price of Ximenia kernels was 

increased to N$10/kg from N$8.50/kg in 2011. Ximenia kernel sales totaled 610kg (N$ 7,685) , 

which includes producer price and the TTP/TTC margin. 

Devil’s Claw 

A significant amount of Devil’s Claw was harvested in the quarter – 147,834.5kg, equating to a 

combined income to PPOs and harvesters of N$ 3,186,969. 

Ongoing monitoring activities alongside the harvesting have been occurring to ensure the 

sustainability of the harvested quantities. 

Increased collaborations between the three service providers (CRIAA SA-DC, IRDNC and NNF) 

was undertaken throughout this last quarter, especially during the preparatory training for the 

harvesting season. 

A meeting was held with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) to discuss pertinent 

issues around Devil’s Claw, in particular the difficulties with obtaining harvesting permits across 

the country. 

Preparatory discussions to begin planning for refresher training for MET staff on Devil’s Claw 

policy were held. It was concluded that the training event also include presentations from PPO 

representatives on how they manage their resource (monitoring, taking action in case of 

unsustainable harvesting, etc.) as it has become apparent that many of the MET regional staff 

dealing with Devil’s Claw permits did not attend the training provided when the new policy was 

implemented. 

Monitoring, refresher training and support were undertaken in a number of PPOs across the 

country, in particular the Caprivi and Kavango PPOs. All issues arising from the remaining season, 

and the planned MET staff refresher training will be brought into next seasons (2013) harvester 

refresher trainings. 

The harvester permit issues in the Orupupa, Katope and Daniel Sitentu PPO were finally resolved 

and separate permits issued with the support of service providers and MET. 

4 INP PPO Sub-activity


The INP Innovation Fund Grant project on ‘Quality Improvement of Namibian INPs’ was awarded 

to PhytoTrade Africa. Devil’s Claw is included as a focal product of this grant and the results will 

be important for quality management of the supply of raw material from PPOs and particularly 

the post-harvest practices of Namibian producers. 

Other activities 

IRDNC hosted a delegation from Zambia including senior officials from the government, 

Traditional Authorities, Community Resource Boards (CRBs) and NGOs, to share information and 

experiences regarding the management of Devil’s Claw resources. 

Nine NRI supported PPOs were formally registered (gazetted) on the 28 th of August 2012 by the 

Directorate of Forestry as Community Forests and now have legal rights to their INP resources. 

A national MET Devil’s Claw Working Group meeting was held where permit reviews and other 

issues pertaining to Devil’s Claw harvesting were discussed. The key concerns raised have been 

rectified and facilitated PPOs to harvest this season. 

IRDNC hosted Lindsay Eckelmann, an MCC intern, for two weeks in the field during July in the 

Kunene Region, and was exposed to various training activities as well as resource inventories in 

the Sanitatas and Orupembe PPOs. 

CRIAA SA-DC/EWC facilitated a MCC visit to the Kuupenda Association by the Honourable Robert 

Hormets, the U.S. Under-Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, 

and the U.S. Ambassador to Namibia, Wanda L Nesbit. 

NRI and partners hosted a visit by the NORC M&E team and discussed options for improving the 

baseline data as well as preparations for the evaluation now scheduled to take place in February 

2013. The field visit included staff from MCA-Namibia and M&E team to TTC in Eenhana. 

A new NRI Team Leader, Julian Fennessy, was appointed and introduced by Ben Bennett 

following James Leith’s leaving the position due to health issues. The hard work of Karen Nott in 

the acting Team Leader role was greatly appreciated. 

Key issues and recommendations 

The ownership status of OPF is being finalized and documentation will be reviewed at a series of 

stakeholder workshops in Q9 and will hopefully be finalized by the end of October 2012. 

Ongoing processing trials for Sarcocaulon and Mopane need to be completed by V. Mane Fils to better 

understand the demand so increased support by NRI and partners to PPOs can be undertaken. 

The inclement weather impacts of earlier in the year continue to impact on Ximenia kernel 

production. This has come at a time when demand for Ximenia is increasing. As indicated, the 

matching of supply and demand is particularly challenging and efforts to combat this are 

planned for in the coming year. 

The organic inspection of the three Devil’s Claw PPOs is postponed until October and will 

hopefully ensure a common and standardised approach for this year and beyond. 



1. INTRODUCTION 

This is the 8 th Quarterly Progress Report (QPR8) submitted to the Millennium Challenge Account 

Namibia (MCA -N) for the Indigenous Natural Products Producer and Processors Organisations 

(INP PPO) Sub-Activity, and covers the period from 1 st June to 31 st August 2012. 

The report has been compiled by the Sub-Activity implementation team of the Natural 

Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich (UoG) and the three Namibian service 

providers: Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation (IRDNC); Centre for Research 

Information Action in Africa Southern Africa-Development and Consulting (CRIAA SA -DC); and 

Namibia Nature Foundation (NNF). 

The purpose of the report is to describe how the implementation team is achieving the 

objectives and milestones for all the tasks of the Sub-Activity that have been set out in the work 

plan as detailed in the Inception Report approved in August 2010. 

The objectives of the Sub-Activity are to enable an increased number of poor rural communities 

to generate sufficient supplementary incomes to significantly improve their livelihoods by the 

production and processing of indigenous natural products (INPs) growing on their land. They will 

achieve this through the harvesting of the INPs in a manner that is sustainable and emphasises 

the importance of biodiversity conservation. 

The main body of the text is in Sections Two, Three and Four, which take each of six INPs in turn 

and describe the current status of work on them that is being undertaken with relevant PPOs. 

These INPs are Commiphora, Mopane and Sarcocaulon, from which essential oils are extracted; 

Marula and Ximenia, from which lipid oils and fruit juice extracts are produced; and Devil’s Claw 

from which a traditional herbal remedy is extracted. 

Other activities are described in Section Five, which highlights special, one-off or cross-cutting 

activities from the quarter. 

As in previous QPRs (5, 6 and 7), NRI has strengthened its reporting on marketing development 

and planning, reflecting their increased prioritisation in the sub-Activity. Section Six presents 

both an updated marketing development plan and a marketing ‘dashboard’. In addition, each 

species section has a sub-section on marketing relevant to it. 

Monitoring and evaluation data are in Section Seven, updated project risks faced by the sub- 

Activity in Section Eight, and outstanding issues and recommendations in Section Nine, 

concluding the main text of the report. 

Tables, maps and the log frame, which are updated quarterly, are now placed in separate 

Annexes A, B, C and D at the end of the report as reference material. 


2. ESSENTIAL OILS 

2.1 Commiphora 

i. Training and technical support 


At the NRI marketing meeting held in December 2011, it was decided that no further harvesting of 

Commiphora resin should take place until a definite order from V. Mane Fils is received. Importantly, 

and to continue harvester and market interest, Opuwo Processing Facility (OPF) has continued to 

process material for local and regional sales and this is discussed in the marketing section below. We 

plan to have another marketing meeting in December 2012 where the decision will have been 

revisited with V. Mane Fils and using additional information from NEOi and NOBO. 

During this quarter, OPF staff members have been supported with office administration and financial 

management regarding local essential oil sales. In cooperation with the Namibian Business 

Innovation Centre (NBIC) staff members were trained in presentation of business ideas, market 

research, business plan writing and finance. Together with a group of start-up entrepreneurs, 

various topics such as competition, product quality, cost of production, pricing and human resources 

were discussed in detail. During a business simulation training with IMLT (Institute for Management 

and Leadership Training), organized by NBIC, OPF staff members could apply their new gained 

knowledge in a simulated business environment. They attended an enterprise and business 

principles workshop presented by IRDNC for Conservancy members and this complemented previous 

training events. If the opportunity arises we will look to undertaken similar trainings with other 

producers. 

During August, the OPF received a container storeroom through a Primary Production Improvement 

Grant (PPIG), Round 4. The drums of resin that are stockpiled for processing by OPF have all been 

moved into this storeroom, clearing the room in OPF which is going to be converted into a 

laboratory under the NEOi Innovation Grant. 

The Commiphora angolensis resource inventories were undertaken in Puros conservancy and a trial 

harvest was done to determine harvest effort: further analysis and detail will be provided in the next 

quarter but efforts do look promising. The results of the five trials are presented in the table below. 

Another five harvesting trials are planned for the next quarter which will help determine the 

seasonality of gum production, new areas with high production and harvest effort. 

The table presents the preliminary results of trial harvests to determine harvest effort. 

Date PPO No. PPO Name Site 

No. of 

people hrs 

Kg 

harvested 

Kg 

/hour 

No. of 

trees 

30/1/2012 2 Orupembe North of Onjuva 14 2,930 0.209 28 105 

30/1/2012 2 Orupembe West of Onjuva 14 5,430 0.387 42 129 

6/3/2012 9 Otjiu-West Omumgunda 24.5 0,780 0.031 21 37 

7/3/2012 9 Otjiu-West South of Onganga 23.5 2,260 0.096 36 63 

INP PPO Sub-activity 7 

Avg (g)/ 

tree 

2/8/2012 5 Puros Okongwe 19.7 5,680 0.288 33 172


The table below presents the training activities undertaken in the quarter: 

Date PPO No. PPO Name 

30 June 

– 1 July 

ii. Institutional development of PPOs 

The draft Kunene Commiphora Conservancy Trust document was translated and distributed to the 5 

PPOs (Marienfluss, Orupembe, Sanitatas, Okondjombo and Puros). This is in preparation for the 

meetings to be held in the next quarter to finalize this Trust document which formalizes the 

ownership arrangements of the OPF. 

iii. Gender and social integration 

Nothing to report this quarter since no harvesting activities took place. 

iv. Product and market development 

Initial progress has been made in developing the regulatory dossiers for the Commiphora species but 

this will be reported under the NEOi project. 


Training Activity (TR) 

or Technical Support 

(TS) 

Training Module No. and 

Theme of Event 

12 Opuwo Processing Facility TR C28 Business plans 

8 July 8 Orupupa Conservancy TS B15 Policy and Permits 

14 July 3 Sanitatas TS 

15-21 

July 

16 July 

12 

2 

Resource Inventory of 

Sarcocaulon mossamedense 

Opuwo Processing Facility TR C28 Business plans 

Orupembe TS 

Resource inventory of S. 

mossamedense 

23 July 12 Opuwo Processing Facility TS E27 Commiphora processing 

1 Aug 5 Puros TR 

2 Aug 5 Puros TS 

16 Aug 

1 

2 

3 

Marienfluss 

Orupembe 

Sanitatas 

TR 

D6 Integration of INPs into 

CBO management 

Mapping of S. mossamedens 

and C. angolensis for 

resource inventory 

D6 Integration of INPs into 

CBO management 

Trial harvest of C. angolensis 

B7 Introduction to business 

and marketing principles 

20 Aug 12 Opuwo Processing Facility TS E27 Commiphora processing

v. Focus of activities for next quarter 


C. angolensis resource inventories and trial harvesting at Orupembe, Puros, Marienfluss and 

Otjiu-West PPOs. 

Finalization of the Kunene Commiphora Conservancies Association (KCCA) trust document. 

Quotas for C. wildii resin and C. angolensis gum will be determined (based on demand and 

cashflow) for this season’s harvest and amounts allocated to five PPOs. 

Limited harvesting activities will take place in five PPOs. 

A field visit to the OPF in Opuwo (end of October 2012) has been arranged for a key 

potential client of V. Mane Fils from the USA – Burt’s Bees. Staff from MCA-N, PTA and NRI 

will also accompany the field visit. The objective of the visit will be to entice V. Mane Fils and 

Burt’s Bees to commit to the products from the OPF. 

Nine NRI Supported PPOs achieve Community Forest status 

During 2010 and 2011, NRI supported six PPOs (Marienfluss, Orupembe, Sanitatas, Okondjombo, 

Puros and Otjiu-West) to complete the milestones required for application to become a Community 

Forest. The applications were completed and submitted to 

Directorate of Forestry in December 2011. 

On 28 th of August 2012 at a signing ceremony at Ogongo 

Community Forest the six PPOs, plus an additional three PPOs NRI 

support (Nyae -Nyae, Katope and Sachona) – who had previously 

submitted applications, where nine of thirteen applications 

formally registered (gazetted) as Community Forests and now have 

legal rights to their INP resources. The Minister of Agriculture, 

Water and Forestry, Hon. John Mutorwa was present at the signing 

ceremony. 

The PPOs were assisted with transport to attend the event by NRI 

partners. Additionally, and captured in the photo below left, Mr. 

Alu Uararavi of IRDNC (left), is seen translating 

for the Hon. Minister during the ceremony. In 

the photograph above right, the Chairman of 

Orupembe Conservancy, Mr. Uriaparue 

Tjiningire, signs the new Community Forest 

gazettement document on behalf of his 

community. 

(Photos by Jess Lavelle) 



2.2 Mopane 


During this quarter, the OPF did not process any further Mopane material as commercial demand is 

still not assured. Ongoing trials are being undertaken to produce sample material and process the 

small remaining amounts of raw materials stored at OPF. New material will only be purchased once 

a market has been established. 


Nothing to report during this quarter. 


Nothing to report during this quarter as no harvesting, training or technical support activities took 

place. 


Nothing to report this quarter. 

v. Focus on activities for next quarter 

During the next quarter, the remaining Mopane material in storage will be processed so as to clear 

the storeroom before the start of the Commiphora harvest season. 

2.3 Sarcocaulon 


At the NRI marketing meeting held in December 2011, it was decided that no further harvesting of 

Sarcocaulon wax should take place until feedback has been received from V. Mane Fils. The NRI 

team has been in discussions with V. Mane Fils but is still awaiting final feedback during Q9 before 

moving to the next level. 

During the last year, various resource inventory methods for Sarcocaulon were tested but none 

found to be satisfactory. During this quarter, the inventory method used for Devil’s Claw resources 

was tested and found to be an improvement on the previous methods used. Therefore, the resource 

inventory work will continue during the next quarter and results presented. 








The Value Chain Specialist (VCS) introduced three companies, including The Body Shop International, 

to the product and market opportunities of essential oils from Namibia and the partnership with V. 

Mane Fils. These discussions included coordination and exchange with the sales managers from V. 

Mane Fils, and opportunities for future sales are still in the pipeline. 

Additionally, ad hoc advice by the VCS has been provided to NRI and OPF team regarding technical 

and market issues relating to essential oils. Specifically, support was provided during the quarter for 

the development and submission of the NOBO proposal to the successful INP Innovation Grant Fund. 

v. Focus on activities for next quarter 

During the next quarter, the following elements are planned: 

. 

Resource inventories will be undertaken in Orupembe, Marienfluss and Puros PPOs. 

Quotas will be determined for this season’s harvest of Sarcocaulon based on demand and 

feedback from V. Mane Fils, as well as available cash funds for the revolving funds, and 

subsequently amounts allocated to four PPOs. 

Limited harvesting activities will take place in the four identified PPOs. 

A field visit to the Eudafano Women’s Marula Manufacturing (EWMM) centre in Ondangwa 

(and the OPF in Opuwo) has been arranged for a key potential client of V. Mane Fils from the 

USA – Burt’s Bees (A field visit to the Eudafano Women’s Marula Manufacturing (EWMM) 

centre in Ondangwa and the OPF in Opuwo has been arranged for a key potential client of V. 

Mane Fils from the USA – Burt’s Bees (www.burtsbees.com). The objective of the visit will be 

to entice Burt’s Bees to commit to the products from the OPF and V. Mane Fils, as well as the 

products from EWMM (Marula oil) and TTP (Ximenia oil). 



3. LIPID OILS 

3.1 Marula 

The main focus of activities during this quarter continued to be on the prevention of contamination 

and a general improvement of the quality of Marula oil. Training of producers, combined with the 

provision of closed storage containers under PPIG Round 4, is being implemented as the main 

strategies to improve the quality of kernels and therefore, the oil quality. Some preliminary tests 

undertaken on the oil produced from such kernels in July (Q7) indicate that the combination of these 

strategies may be effective at mitigating potential contamination and improving quality of the oil. 

During the quarter regular follow-up with regards to bookkeeping and administration were provided 

to 15 of the EWC Associations (see list below), with seven Associations signing the extension of their 

service agreements. 

The EWMM factory has been procuring Marula kernels from the EWC member-Associations during 

this quarter, starting at the end of last quarter (Q7). Since the kernel intake season is still on-going, it 

is too early to predict the total volume of kernels that will be procured for the year, or draw any 

conclusions on whether supply will match demand. 


During this quarter the two main activities started in the previous quarter were continued: 

Training of 15 Associations and their branches (see list below)on the improvement of the 

Marula kernel quality and prevention of contamination (D26): 

– Meameno Association (31) 

– Epandulo Association (29) 

– Diinina Association (33) 

– Pendapala Association (37) 

– Mangundu Association (41) 

– Okahulo Association (38) 

– Okalyohambo Association (43) 

– Gwamiitayi Association (40) 

– Iingungula Association (45) 

– Tunetu Association (39) 

– Iinamutonyala Association (former branch of Tunetu association) (39) 

– Omunyekatunga Association (former branch of Tunetu association) (39) 

– Shifula Association (48) 

– Onangalo Association (44) 

– Omafa Association (42) 

Follow up on bookkeeping and administration (B2/B4). 

The training was conducted by Mado Samwel, the field-based trainer of CRIAA SA-DC, and in some 

cases accompanied by Sylvia Ugwaanga, the Cooperative Officer of EWC and/or with the support of 

FCG Negongo, CRIAA SA-DC’s Logistics Officer. The attendance and participation of the EWC 

Cooperative Officer in the trainings is a valuable part of her personal training for the position. 



The total number of EWC Marula producers trained on quality and prevention of contamination to 

date is 487 individuals. The quality training was very well received by all participants, indicating that 

it was very useful to help understand contamination and therefore, in extending their ability to 

prevent it. In addition to the training, the cooperative, with the assistance of the CRIAA SA-DC 

applied for a Primary Production Improvement Grant (PPIG) for storage containers for all the trained 

producers. The PPIG was granted and the procurement process is ongoing. All trained producers will 

receive two buckets; a larger one for cut seeds ( Marula stones) and a smaller one for the 

decorticated kernels. 

Both types of buckets have lids and together with the training should help producers better 

understand and limit contamination. Samples of Marula oil from the Kuupenda Association (which 

was the first to receive both training and storage containers in June 2012) have been analysed and 

the initial results indicate a significant decrease in contaminants in the oil and a very good oil quality 

(measured by its very low acidity). The PPIG containers will be dispatched to the trained producers 

throughout the next quarter and further testing undertaken once all is in place in the field. As a side, 

the issuing of buckets is also seen as an important incentive for producers to attend the training. 

Kuupenda branch after receiving quality 

training, storage sign and bucket (photo: 

Mado Samwel CRIAA SA-DC) 

Most of the follow-up on the bookkeeping and administration training for the Associations (B2/B4), 

making sure that proper practices are implemented, took place in the previous quarter (Q7). During 

this quarter the quality training (D26) was considered as a priority, and only those Associations that 

requested technical support with regard to bookkeeping and administration were assisted. The fieldbased 

trainer provided technical assistance to the following Associations: 

Meameno Association (31) 

Epandulo Association (29) 

Diinina Association (33) 

Shifula Association (48) 

Onangalo Association (44) 



Finally, the extension of service agreements was signed by seven EWC Associations during this 

quarter: 

Meameno Association (31) 

Okahulo Association (38) 

Okalyohambo Association (43) 

Onangalo Association (44) 

Mangundu Association (41) 

Iingungula Association (45) 

Shifula Association (48) 


Two branches of the Tunetu Association – Iinamutonyala and Omunyekatunga, have now become 

Associations. Technical and logistical support to these new Associations was provided by the EWC 

Cooperative Officer, with the assistance of our field-based trainer where needed. The new 

Associations have already received training on INP quality and prevention of contamination. This 

training was attended by 13 and 28 Marula producers in the Iinamutonyala and Omunyekatunga 

Associations respectively. 

The procurement of kernels at the EWMM factory has been ongoing throughout this quarter. The 

amounts and quality of the kernels collected by the Associations will provide a reasonably good 

indication on the functionality of the different Associations, which can be used for prioritizing 

training and technical support needs for the coming year. 


The EWC consists of 100% women as it is a cooperative for women only, and has been since 1999. 

Whilst gender balance includes both men and women, in a society with prevailing gender 

inequalities like Namibia it is positive that women control the commercialization of a natural 

resource that has historically regarded as theirs. Their activities are currently not threatened by 

men, nor are the women ostracized in any way as a result of their involvement or membership. On 

the contrary, members and leaders of EWC and its Associations are generally well respected. Unless 

any new technologies are introduced which may provide a threat to the female ownership of the 

resource, women remain in a powerful position in the co-operative and in their control of the 

resource and its trade. 

Technical support for the development of a Code of Conduct and Mitigation Plan with regard to 

assistance of children in the harvesting and processing of Marula is being drafted and will be 

provided in the next marula season. 



(a) Marula kernels sales records 


Although the Marula kernel intake season is still on-going, preliminary figures at the end of August 

are provided in the table below. The exact number of producers has not yet been accurately 

established and as such is not provided in the table. Multiple deliveries by some producers render 

the accurate recording time consuming and determining the total number of producers is more 

appropriate at the end of the season. 

Marula kernels 

sold (kg)* 

Number of 

producers 

*At the end of August 2012 for both cosmetic oil and Marula food oil 

In comparison to the total intake of 2011 (which was a ‘disaster year’) of 9,500kg, this year’s intake is 

an improvement. On account that the present season is approximately half-way through, the 

expected total intake could reach between 21-25 tonnes for the year (or between 5.5 and 6.5 tonnes 

of cold-pressed oil. For interest, storage capacity at EWC varies depending on what storage is 

required for the different products at the same time (in-doors, cold-storage etc.). An additional 

incentive for the producers is the increase in Marula kernel price increased from N$21/kg in 2011 to 

N$23/kg in 2012. 

(b) Marula oil export records 

During July 2012, 1,900kg of Marula oil was exported to the main buyer in France for refining on 

behalf of The Body Shop International (TBSI). This volume came from both the new Marula kernel 

production and a small amount of stock remaining from last year’s late Marula kernel delivery 

processed earlier in 2012. 

The next shipment of Marula oils to France for TBSI (3 tonnes) is expected to be in November (Q9), 

and should be achieved if no major unexpected production problems are experienced. An additional 

export demand of at least 4 tonnes of oil is anticipated for early next year, and before the next 

Marula kernel intake of 2013. This additional request results from an extra demand of 2 tonnes of oil 

recently announced by TBSI, which was not part of the initial demand forecast made earlier in the 

year. It is not yet clear whether the additional demand of 4 tonnes will be met as this will depend on 

the total Marula kernel intake of 2012 and the processing yield achieved at the factory. 

(c) Value Chain Specialist activities (and plans) 

Gross income (N$) 

Producers Associations EWC Total 

13,580 (To be provided) 312,340 6,790 13,580 332,710 

The VCS held discussions with TBSI regarding the current supply of Marula oil, which has been 

affected by a low production of oil in 2011/12 resulting from the bad harvest year of 2011. The 

Marula Oils Strategy is discussed below, however in addition to that the VCS is looking at additional 

Marula oil producers who could back up EWC supply when short and remove some of the supply 

demand pressures when needed. 



TBSI is the major buyer of Marula oil from EWC/EWMM. The VCS has been informed that no new 

product development at TBSI will include Marula oil as an ingredient in formulation until there is 

clear progress in resolving the supply and price issues – the supply is not sufficient and the current 

price too high. Marula oil is currently found in make-up products (bronzing, eyes, lips, cheeks and 

face), skincare (lips) and bath & body care products (body moisturisers, aromatherapy & massage, 

baby, body scrubs), and all in relatively small inclusion percentages. 

The VCS is working with the Oils Manager of PhytoTrade Africa to incorporate the Marula oil pricing 

and supply issues into the overall Oils Strategy of PhytoTrade which is currently under development. 

The plan is to include the enhancement of processing technologies, business management and 

distribution. It seems that the only possible way to contain the cost of Marula oil for TBSI without 

reducing the income to EWC/EWMM is through an increase in processing efficiency to extract more 

oil from the same volume of raw material. This would have to be combined with an increased 

business turnover at the factory (and a proportional reduction in its overhead costs) and an 

improved distribution model. However, with these in place and a reduced final cost for TBSI, 

EWC/EWMM would only benefit if orders increase from the current levels. These are all components 

of the Oils Strategy that PhytoTrade is working on. 

(d) Other related activities 

Email and telephonic communication continued between CRIAA SA-DC and the newly appointed 

Senior Ingredients Buyer of the Community Fair Trade (CFT) team of TBSI, who is planning to visit 

EWC as a registered CFT supplier of Marula oil towards the end of January 2013. 

The Marula Food Oil (MFO) production at EWMM has been put on hold during this quarter due to 

the cosmetic cold-pressed oil production being prioritized for export. This has led to another 

postponement of the product launch until a sufficient stock is produced and ready for the launch, 

and the anticipated orders that would follow. The MFO production is expected to start in the next 

quarter (Q9) with a launch before the forthcoming festive season in December. The scope of the 

launch event will be adjusted according to the volume that will be produced. For instance, it may not 

be judicious to plan a large launch event if the stock available for immediate selling is limited. 

Further planning is required. 


In the next quarter, the PPO training and technical support will focus on the following activities: 

Continue conducting training on quality and prevention of contamination to Associations 

and their branches 

Monitoring the AGMs of selected associations 

Assisting EWC organizing their AGM where needed 

Training of EWC Board on business principles 

Workshop with EWC board on business planning 

Training of staff at EWMM factory on quality management and prevention of contamination 



Signing of the remaining extensions to service agreements with EWC PPO’s 

Continue providing assistance to EWC Associations with regard to basic bookkeeping and 

administration, telephonically and through field visits 

Assist EWC Board and Associations in conflict resolutions where needed 

Train and assist the EWC Cooperative Officer in maintaining a functional filing system. 

3.2 Ximenia 

A number of INP products, in particular Ximenia, are seeing the results of efforts to simulate demand 

working through to market orders, however poor weather conditions have meant that we have 

struggled to meet this. This matching of supply and demand is particularly challenging for INPs 

where supply is relatively inelastic and demand from the buyers tends to be ‘lumpy’ and 

unpredictable. Ongoing efforts to increase supply have continued to prove unsuccessful (see details 

below) and it is possible that we may have to deal with a decreasing market demand in the near 

future due to the short supply – although this has not been confirmed by the main buyer in France 

who has regularly kept us informed of the supply-demand situation. INP ingredients are found to 

some extent outside of Europe. However, until the supply side issues are resolved, we should be 

careful about targeting new regions and customers. This is an important future step for the 

programme. 

On an institutional level, the Tulongeni Twahangana Cooperative (TTC, formerly TTP), the only PPO 

currently involved in Ximenia harvesting, has now been provisionally registered as a cooperative 

with the Division of Cooperative Development (DCD) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and 

Forestry (MAWF) . However, the by-laws that were submitted to and approved by DCD were not 

entirely appropriate, and are now in the process of being amended to facilitate the engagement and 

involvement of all members. This is first steps in working towards a solid institutional structure for 

the PPO. Finally, and importantly, communications and relations between TTP/TTC and the CRIAA 

SA-DC have improved facilitating further collaborative support. 


With a situation of strong Ximenia oil demand between 6 – 8 tonnes per year, but a very poor 

harvesting season this year (short -term issue), efforts remain focused on securing the maximum 

possible supply of Ximenia kernels, both within and outside of TTP/TTC membership areas. 

Several meetings were held between the TTC Management Committee and CRIAA SA-DC stressing 

what problems the under-supply this year may cause for the international markets (and TTC future 

viability), and ensuring that everything in their power is done to sustainably increase the 2012 

supply. Despite radio announcements and an active Management Committee spreading the word to 

their members, only three of their branches had Ximenia kernels available, and then only in small 

quantities. 



In addition, meetings were held in ten new potential supply areas, identified by one of the 

fieldworkers who had conducted the NRI/CRIAA SA-DC/MCA-N funded Ximenia resource survey in 

2011. A team consisting of CRIAA SA-DC fieldworkers and TTP members visited the communities in 

these areas in an effort to inform and mobilize them to produce Ximenia kernels. The potential 

Ximenia supply areas visited were: 

Onankali (Omahangu Paper Project) 

Etaneno 

Otunda 

Oshiyashemanya-Okakondo 

Okakodhi-Eevanda 

Ontana 

Amupapala 

Eesati 

Oonambeke-Uukango 

Ohepi Community Forest 

All the communities visited were excited about the opportunity to produce and sell Ximenia, but we 

were again informed that this year there had not been any harvest because the frost and strong 

winds had adversely affected the fruit availability. Only three of the communities visited (Ohepi, 

Eesati and Amupapala) indicated that some Ximenia kernels were available. Dates were set for 

collection in these areas, but when undertaken it was disappointing with only a few hundred 

kilograms of Ximenia kernels purchased in total. 

One of the proposed future strategies to deal with the limited supply of Ximenia is a decentralization 

of its intake. It is expected that this will increase both supply and capacity. CRIAA SA-DC assisted TTC 

to apply for a PPIG grant for 20 sets of intake equipment (scale, sheet, basins, cashbox, table, chair 

and stationary). The PPIG grant was approved and is in the procurement process. Once available, the 

sets are to be distributed to the branches/sub-branches that will form a producers’ Association. With 

the disbursement of the equipment, the branch committees will be trained to manage purchase 

events, which include weighing, recording, quality control, re-bagging and traceability. The most 

practical way to train the branch committees would be during a purchase event, so this may only be 

done early in the next season. 

With so little Ximenia available, other training events were postponed as well. Although in all the potential 

new Ximenia areas producers were thoroughly briefed on quality requirements and the importance of the 

prevention of contamination, no quality training material was developed with the Management Committee 

and branch leaders, and no training on INP quality was provided to TTC members yet. 

Additional institutional support and training were postponed because the by-laws that were 

submitted to and accepted by DCD proved to be inappropriate for the TTC. Until these by-laws had 

been explained to the Management Committee, and adapted where needed, CRIAA SA-DC postponed 

training to the members at branch level on the functioning of a cooperative (D1/D3), as well as the 

training and assisting of the Management Committee with organizing and conducting an AGM. 




The TTC was provisionally registered (1 year, renewable) at the DCD, MAWF on the 31 st of May 2012. 

The previous TTP Management Committee will act as the interim TTC Board until the Board of 

Directors is elected at the first TTC AGM. 

However, the TTC by-laws, which were submitted to and accepted by DCD, were developed with little 

involvement of TTC members, and in some areas are inappropriate. During the quarter CRIAA SA-DC, in 

cooperation with DCD, held a workshop explaining the by-laws in detail to the Founding Members (of 

TTC) and current Management Committee (of TTP), as well as with the leaders of the TTC/TTP 

branches. From the workshop and based on mutual discussions, TTC decided some of the by-laws 

needed to be amended. The main amendment recommended was to change from individual persons’ 

membership to Ximenia producer Associations’ membership. This to a large extent simplifies the bylaws 

and makes them more practical. Subsequent to the discussions, all proposed amendments to the 

by-laws have been agreed and documented by all, and have been submitted to DCD. 

TTC is intending to hold their first AGM as a cooperative in October (Q9). Following this, a substantial 

amount of work with regard to institutional development is proposed to be delivered. Individual 

members in all branches need to be trained on the functioning of a cooperative, on what their rights 

and responsibilities are, and how their leadership is elected to represent them. Branches, subbranches, 

and potential new producer groups need to be formed into functional Associations, with 

strong leadership, good communication structures, and proper bookkeeping and administration 

systems in place. 

The DCD has an on-going training programme and CRIAA SA-DC will make sure that the training 

efforts are complementary. Next quarter, DCD training for members of cooperatives will be held, 

and we have been assured that many TTC members would be invited to attend this training. 


Similarly to Marula, Ximenia production is mostly in the hands of women. Commercialization has not 

resulted in any threat to their traditional role as harvesters of the resource; 97% of the Ximenia 

producers are female. During the previous quarter it was however felt that in terms of 

communication and decision-making, the power was disproportionally in the hands of men, even 

though the male Chairperson of TTC is not an extremely authoritarian person. In a recent meeting 

with the TTC Management Committee, gender, representation, decision-making and ownership 

were discussed. At the members’ training on the functioning of a cooperative, the rights and 

responsibilities of members, and the importance of electing leaders that are representing the 

members will also be key training topics. Furthermore, training and technical assistance with regard 

to the holding of an AGM will work towards the aim of having elected leaders that represent the 

membership, which will make domination by male members unlikely. 

It is in any case important that male-female participation and leadership issues be dealt with before 

the PPO acquires significant capital assets for oil processing. 




(a) Ximenia oil market and processing development 

As reported in the previous QPR7, the last export consignment of oil (1,331kg) was air freighted early 

June – bringing the total volume of oil produced and exported from the TTP Ximenia kernels 

procured in 2011 to 3.8 tonnes. The export will only partially meet the additional demand requested 

for the rest of the year (2012), which is at least an additional 2-4 tonnes of Ximenia oil, on top of the 

3.8 tonnes already exported (between 6 -8 tonnes total). This target will not be met with the very 

poor Ximenia kernel intake achieved so far, as shown below in sub-section (b). There seems to be 

little hope to achieve any significant additional volumes of Ximenia kernels this year, beyond 

perhaps a few extra bags. The implications of the forecasted short supply of Ximenia oil on the 

existing market demand are not fully known but are very likely to be damaging next year when the 

shortage would be felt in the market. However, the extent of the anticipated shortage (and its 

implications) has not been ascertained at this stage by the main buyer in France, which is still 

managing a stock of Ximenia oil for the current demand. 

Efforts to secure an alternative supply of Ximenia americana from northern Botswana through a 

PhytoTrade member of Botswana proved futile. Priming a new INP supply chain in a short time 

frame has always been very difficult. So is the case with the potential future supply from the 

Kavango Region in Namibia where the species X. americana is known to grow but the extent of the 

resource is not documented. Therefore, to assist for future opportunities, a preliminary resource 

assessment in the Kavango Region is envisaged in the next quarter (Q9). The assessment will include 

broad mapping of the different Ximenia species and their accessibility to harvesters, and measure 

the potential of the existing (or potential) PPOs in this area to become supplementary suppliers of 

Ximenia kernels. If feasible, trial purchases should be organized as early as possible in the next 

harvesting season. 

Although not part of the PPO sub-activity per se it is worth reporting that a new hydraulic press ordered 

by CRIAA SA-DC from South Korea arrived in Namibia at the end of July and was installed at Katutura 

Artisans Project (KAP) in August 2012. Setting the machine in production was difficult and the first trials 

with Ximenia proved disappointing. Nevertheless, experiments are continuing and at this stage we hope 

to be able to solve the processing problems and achieve an increased extraction yield of Ximenia oil, at 

least by re-processing the oil-cake obtained from the conventional pressing. Samples of the oil will be 

provided to the main buyer in France to assess its quality and suitability to be produced and marketed. If 

suitable and economical, this would further help lessen the shortage of Ximenia oil. 

(b) Ximenia kernels sales records 

The intake records of Ximenia kernels for July and August are shown in the table below. In view of 

the disastrous harvest season of 2012 and following discussions with TTP/TTC, the producer price of 

Ximenia kernels was increased to N$10/kg from N$8.50/kg in 2011 (and the TTP/T TC margin to 

N$2.50/kg). Most kernels came from the Eenhana areas of TTP/TTC (410kg) and the rest from three 

“new” areas (not yet formally part of TTP/TTC) i.e. Ohepi Community Forest, Eesati and Amupapala. 

Exceptionally, a small quantity of “bad quality” kernels (old/over-dried/broken) was purchased in the 

field at a discount price. These have been reserved for processing trials at KAP with a new press and 

not for export. 


Harvest year& 

quality 

New harvest 

(good quality) 

Ximenia kernels 

sold (kg) 

Sub-standard 32 

Total 610 

Number of producers 

(and gender) 


Gross income (N$) 

Producers TTC Total 

578 45 5,780 1,745 7,525 

(2 F) included in 

above 

45 

(2 Male +43 Female) 

(c) Value Chain Specialist activities (and plans) 

160 - 160 

5,940 1,745 7,685 

It is becoming increasingly apparent that there is a significant short-term shortfall in the supply of 

Ximenia oil from Namibian producers in 2012. Simultaneously, there are clear market indications 

that Ximenia oil is a product with good potential and demand is expected to increase, especially if 

supply can support over the coming years. The VCS is working with Namibian stakeholders to 

address this issue as highlighted in the last quarterly report (QPR7). 

The VCS is holding bilateral discussions between donors and stakeholders in Namibia, as well as 

those based and focused regionally. The funds available could be focused on resource assessments 

within Namibia, along with fatty acid studies to investigate other species and regional differences. 

These results will be used to target industry and understand the range of acceptable Ximenia oil 

specifications. The VCS is also investigating the potential of establishing propagation trial plots with 

Namibian target businesses, as well the establishment of a fund which could be used to secure 

supply through stock holding and the purchase of raw materials. The VCS is costing the above 

activities and investigating the potential impact of each on growing the robustness of the supply 

chain and subsequently the market. 

Left – Weighing ximenia kernels at Ohepi Community Forest 

Right – TTC workshop on by-laws, CRIAA SA-DC and DCD cooperating (both photos: Madwel Samwel 

CRIAA SA-DC) 




The main focus of activities for the next quarter should be on: 

Liaison between DCD and TTC, making sure that the by-laws will be amended and finalised 

Provide training and technical assistance with regard to organizing and conducting the TTC 

AGM 

Assist the branches (current and potential) to have a final intake of Ximenia kernels where 

possible and with support of radio announcements used for mobilization 

Dispatch PPIG equipment and provide training to Associations where appropriate; preferably 

if a small purchase event can coincide 

Sign an extension of the service agreement between TTC and CRIAA SA-DC 

Assist TTC to adapt certain practices based on their constitution and by-laws i.e. the forming 

of Associations 

Train an additional trainer (Selma Itoolwa) 

Develop a training manual on Ximenia kernel quality and prevention of contamination, with 

the assistance of key leaders within TTC 

Initial assessment of availability of X. americana in the Kavango Region 

Continue processing trials at KAP which seek to improve the oil processing efficiency with 

the adoption of the new pressing technology 

If time allows, and before the start of the rains, begin training members at branch level on 

the functioning of a cooperative (D1/D3). 


4. DEVIL’S CLAW 


Devil’s Claw harvesting has been in full swing across the entire supported Devil’s Claw PPOs during 

the last quarter. By the end of August 2012, a preliminary summary of sales data shows a 

considerable amount of Devil’s Claw harvested – 147,834.5kg have already been sold, equating to a 

combined income to PPOs and harvesters of N$ 3,186,969. Key to the success and sustainability of 

the programme, and importantly supported by the service providers, ongoing monitoring activities 

alongside the harvesting has been occurring to ensure the sustainability of the harvested quantities. 

Unfortunately, the organic inspection initially scheduled for July 2012, was postponed to next 

quarter (October 2012) due to changes to the certification norms. This is explained in detail below. 

i. Training and Technical Support 

(a) Coordination of Devil’s Claw Service Providers 

Valuable collaboration between the three service providers (CRIAA SA-DC, IRDNC and NNF) was 

undertaken throughout this last quarter, especially as much of the preparatory training for the 

harvesting season was complete. On the 11 th of August a meeting was held with the Ministry of 

Environment and Tourism (MET) to discuss some pertinent issues around Devil’s Claw, in particular 

the difficulties with obtaining harvesting permits across the country – the details of which were 

described in the last Quarterly Report (No. 7). 

An important meeting and subsequent negotiations between the service providers and the main 

Devil’s Claw buyer, EcoSo Dynamics Solutions, was held. The discussions revolved around ongoing 

negotiations with the organic certification body Ecocert. Shortly before the planned organic 

inspection in Namibia in July, Ecocert advised that they will increase their inspection days in 

countries as well as the consultant fees associated with the inspection. This surprising news resulted 

in a re-thinking and strategizing by the service providers, which in turn resulted in a postponement 

of the field certification process. Fruitful discussions were held between service providers and EcoSo 

Dynamics Solutions which led to additional quotations being requested from other certification 

bodies so as to evaluate all viable options. However, following feedback from the service provider 

meeting to Ecocert, they subsequently lowered their inspection days and consultant fees to a 

reasonable level. Following this, and as indicated, the proposed eco-certification inspection is now 

scheduled for October 2012. An update on the outcomes of this inspection will be presented in the 

next quarterly report. 

The third service provider coordination meeting took place on 16 th of August 2012 as a preparatory 

discussion to review the proposed schedule for refresher training for MET staff on the Devil’s Claw 

policy planned for February 2013. It was concluded that the training event also include presentations 

from PPO representatives on how they manage their resource (monitoring, taking action in case of 

unsustainable harvesting etc.). It has become apparent that many of the MET regional staff dealing 

with Devil’s Claw permits did not attend the training provided when the new policy was 

implemented. This makes the training planned for February 2013 essential for addressing some of 

these issues. It is important that the relevant MET staff members are invited and attend this training. 



(b) Training details 

Training and technical support events carried out by CRIAA SA-DC, IRDNC and NNF during this 

quarter are detailed in the table below: 

Date PPO No and Name 

21 June 


Training Activity 

(TR) or 

Technical 

Support (TS) 

8 July TS 

8 Orupupa Conservancy 

30 July TS 

Training Module No. and Theme of Event 

TS B15 Policy and permits 

B15 Policy and permits 

delivering harvesting equipment, collecting 

ID #s for permit applications 

B2 Managing CBOs 

Handing out permits and additional 

harvester equipment 

1 Aug TS B11 Managing a buying point 

30 Aug TS 


B11 Managing a buying point 

31 July 

31 Aug 

13 Ehirovipuka 

TS 

TS 



9 June 

TS 

A5 Organising an AGM 

Constitution review and adoption 

A21 Managing CBOs 

14 June TS Assist with Devil’s Claw harvesting site 

preparation 

14 Kyaramacan 

A26 Monitoring of material against 

standards 

18 June TS 

Collect GPS coordinates from villages with 

operational Devil’s Claw storage facilities 

for use in resource map needed by 

ECOSERT 


8 June 

11 July 15 Kwando 

TS 

18-25 

July 

4 June 16 Mayuni TR 

TR 

TS 

C19 Methods for monitoring during and 

after the harvest 

A2 Managing CBOs 

Support 3 day bi-annual meeting, give 

progress report on MCA PPOs progress 

F17 Harvesting practices 

Zambian delegation visit 



31 Aug 17 Mashi TS B11 Managing a buying point 

5 June 18 Sobbe TR 



2 July 

19 Balyerwa 

TS 

19 Methods for monitoring during and 



18-25 

July 

24 Masida TS 

F17 Harvesting practices 

Zambian delegation visit 

30 Aug 25 Lubuta TS B11 Managing a buying point 

31 Aug 27 Ngonga TS B11 Managing a buying point



(TR) or 

Technical 

Support (TS) 



30 Aug 28 Sachona TS B11 Managing a buying point 

25 June 

27 June TS B2 Managing CBOs 

11 July 

61 Vergenoeg 

TR 

TS 



B7 Introduction to business and marketing 

28 Aug TR principles 


23 June 

TR 

B19 Methods for monitoring before and 


12 July TS B2 Managing CBOs 

63 Tsjaka Ben Hur 


TR 

TS 




11 July 

62 Gemsbokfontein 

TS B2 Managing CBOs 


28 Aug TR principles 


20 June 

TR 

TS 




28 Aug TR 

19-20 

TS 

July 

69 Nyae Nyae 

TR 

8-11 Aug TR 

17-18 

July 

13-15 

Aug 

5 July 

70 N≠a Jaqna 


principles 



B19 Methods for monitoring during and 


TS B11 Managing a buying point 

TR 



TS B17 Harvesting practices 

15 July TS B17 Harvesting practices 


76 Muduva Nyangana 

B18 Management and monitoring plans 

10 Aug TS B19 Methods for monitoring during and 


17 Aug TS 

B8 Negotiation skills and contracts 

B10 Pricing, benefits and overheads of INPs 

4 July 



5 Aug 77 George Mukoya 


9 Aug TS 









(TR) or 

Technical 

Support (TS) 

17 Aug TS 

3 July 







5 Aug 78 Joseph Mbambangandu 


8 Aug TS 

17 Aug TS 

20-21 

June 

29 June 

80 Daniel Sitentu 

TR 

TS 

TR 

TS 

TR 

TS 

TR 

TS 


B19 Methods of monitoring 



D15 Policy and permits 

D16 Harvester registration and rules 

D17 Harvesting practices 










delivering harvesting materials and 

harvesting permits 

11 July TS B17 Harvesting Practices 



15 Aug TS 

26 June 

27 June 

28 June 

81 Katope 

TS 

TS 

B3 Roles and responsibilities 


draw up village location map and set up 

training schedule 

scheduling DC harvesting material 

distribution 

TS collecting participants for DC training 

TR 

TR 

TS 

D15 Policy and Permits 

D16 Harvester Registration and Rules 

D17 Harvesting Practices 

D15 Policy and Permits 

D16 Harvester Registration and Rules 

D17 Harvesting Practices 

issuing harvesting materials 




13 Aug TS 


B11 Managing a buying point




(TR) or 

Technical 

Support (TS) 


16 Aug TS 




21 Aug TS B19 Methods for monitoring during and 


*NB: A resource assessment and PPO diagnostic was undertaken on Farm Samekoms assessment on 07/06/2012 

(c) Service Agreements 

No new Service Agreements were signed during this quarter. 

(d) Resource Monitoring 

A recap of the monitoring training received last year was undertaken in a number of PPOs – 

Vergenoeg, Gemsbokfontein and Ben Hur in the Omaheke Region, and Nyae Nyae and N#aJaqna 

Conservancies in the Otjozondjupa Region. The refresher trainings targeted Management 

Committee members, DC Coordinators and Community Game Guards. Overall, the resource 

monitoring results have been good across the PPOs. It was observed in the Omaheke and 

Otjozondjupa Regions that while harvesters close the holes after harvesting a plant, the harvesters 

tend to also test plants in order to see if they are ready to be harvested. In many cases, if it is 

decided that the plant is not mature enough to be harvested as the tubers are too small and 

subsequently not worth the effort of digging deeper, the holes are not always closed. Importantly, 

even if a plant is not harvested, the hole must be closed and the taproot fully covered with soil. 

Based on these findings this issue will be brought into and discussed at harvester refresher trainings 

before the next season begins. 

Monitoring training has been completed and related activities initiated across all of the Caprivi and 

Kavango PPOs. On-going technical support has also been provided to PPO staff following the training 

in each and every PPO in the two regions. An example of the success of the training and support, in 

Balyerwa Conservancy, the Management Committee stopped harvesting for two months in response 

to reports received from the Devil’s Claw resource monitors of poor harvesting methods. It is 

encouraging to see the implementation of management decisions in response to monitoring 

information received by PPO Management Committees. 

The below is an overview of preliminary resource monitoring results in three Kavango PPOs. 




PRELIMINARY MONITORING RESULTS KAVANGO PPOs 

Area Name of monitor Date Summary of Results 

Muduva Nyangana – PPO 76 

Shamambungu: 

Shamara One 

Shamambungu: 

Bomako Area 

Sheli, Bomako 

Livayi 2 

Shimbamba: 

Gcima area 

Helmut Mbandje 

Kassius Shipete 

Ndango Vellentinus 

John Munuma 

Max M 

Joseph Mbambagandu – PPO 78 

Gove 

Tyeye 

Judith Hausiku 

Magdalena Mukonda 



30/08/2012 

13/08/2012 

25/08/2012 

12/08/2012 

12/08/2012 

02/08/2012 

02/08/2012 

22/08/2012 

22/08/2012 

One form filled: 

- 45 closed holes/35 open holes 

- Unharvested plants (30) 







Comment from Monitor: 

“Most of the holes are covered. It shows good harvesting methods 

which shows progress with sustainable harvesting” 

One form filled 




“I saw a good sign, because some plants are not harvested” 





“Holes are not well covered. Most harvesters are harvesting the 

right plant (mature) and only harvesting from one side” 


- 66 closed holes/22 open holes. 


“Few new plants, maybe they will come up with the rains”. 



- New plants (5) 






- New plants (4)


Area Name of monitor Date Summary of Results 

Joseph Mbambagandu 

Tyeye 

Utokota 

George Mukoya – PPO 77 

Kanajara 

Kakekete 

Ncorosha 

Dumishi 





Mukerenge 

Servior 

Popi Kilementine 

Limyando 

Himoteus 

Shikindo Joreria 

20/06/2012 

13/07/2012 

15/08/2012 

15/08/2012 

July 

19 July 

18 July 

10 July 






Comment from Monitor: “She was digging very fast” 











“Plants are difficult to identify due to fire burning, unless you know 

the plants well. The plant regrowth is easy to see in the old holes.” 










Cumagcashi John Kufeta 

31 August One form filled: 



SUMMARY 

Muduva Nyangana: 5 filled by 5 staff members. 

Joseph Mbambangandu: 8 forms filled by 8 staff members. 

George Mukoya: 5 forms filled by 5 staff members. 

All monitoring events (i.e. forms filled) recorded more closed holes then open holes. 

(e) PPIG grants 

Nothing to report on Devil’s Claw PPIGs in this quarter. 



(f) Small scale enrichment planting 

It is planned to continue with the small scale enrichment planting trials in two PPOs – Vergenoeg and 

Gemsbokfontein, in the next quarter as some harvesters have been mobilised and have already 

collected seeds. Replanting is planned from the successful nurseries at Vergenoeg with the 

forthcoming rains, anytime between October 2012 and April 2013, and does not require excessive 

resource use. 

ii. Institutional Development of PPOs 

(a) Institutional Issues 

In the Tsjaka Ben Hur PPO, a number of new members were elected onto the PPO Management 

Committee. The replacement of Management Committee members, including the Chairperson who 

was replaced by another female, resulted from a lack of participation in meetings and other 

activities e.g. monitoring and training events. 

In the Vergeneog PPO, the Chairperson informed the Management Committee by the end of August 

that he will no longer be available for this position. Therefore, a harvester meeting and election of a 

new chairperson is planned for early in the next quarter – 18 th of September 2012. 

The training, support and subsequent empowerment of community members in their PPOs to make 

decisions like those described above indicate that the service providers are providing valuable skills 

to PPOs. The ability to empower harvesters is a sure sign that they better understand their rights and 

responsibilities. 

As highlighted under the Essential Oils section above, numerous MCA-Namibia supported PPOs on 

the Devil’s Claw programme were registered on 28 August 2012 at a signing ceremony at Ogongo 

Community Forest. Three PPOs – Nyae Nyae, Katope and Sachona were formally registered as 

Community Forests and now have legal rights to their INP resources. The Minister of Agriculture, 

Water and Forestry, Hon. John Mutorwa was present at the signing ceremony. 

(b) Harvesting Permits 

The harvester permit issues in the Orupupa PPO were finally resolved in June and separate permits 

were issued to the villages in the ‘conflict area’. Once it was resolved, harvesting equipment was 

distributed to the previously trained members and harvesting activities were immediately initiated. 

Similarly resolved, and with feedback from the national MET Devil’s Claw Working Group meeting 

held during the quarter, the two new Kavango PPOs – Katope and Daniel Sitentu, had to resolve 

outstanding permit application issues. It was advised that the MET do not have applications for the 

two new PPOs as they were returned to them because they were incorrect/incomplete. Therefore, 

both PPOs compiled village-based lists (one village per page) with the names (first name and 

surname), gender and ID numbers of each harvester, recorded on the list. Following the village 

forms complete the permit application were agreed and signed off by the local Traditional Authority. 

These forms were then submitted by the PPO representatives to the MET office Rundu. The MET 

was very helpful and efficient in issuing the group permits for each village and following this the 

village level harvesting commenced. 


(c) Certification 


The organic inspection which had been scheduled for July 2012 had to be postponed to October 

2012 due to unforeseen changes of the certification body Ecocert in inspection costs and time 

schedule, as explained above. The three PPOs with organic certification (Kyaramacan Association, 

Nyae Nyae Conservancy, N#a Jaqna Conservancy) are well prepared for the inspection, with 

monitoring completed already, maps according to the organic requirements developed, and the 

improvement actions agreed after the last inspection in 2011 have been implemented. The findings 

of the inspection will be reported in the next quarterly report. 


The table below shows the gender distribution of the harvesters who have registered for this year’s 

harvesting season: 

PPO No. PPO Name No. of harvesters 

Women 

# % # 

Men 

% 

8 Orupupa Conservancy 99 48 48 51 51 

13 Ehirovipuka Conservancy 85 53 62 32 38 

14 Kyaramacan Association 430 259 60 171 40 

15 Kwando Conservancy 120 70 58 50 42 

17 Mayuni Conservancy 71 32 45 39 55 

17 Mashi Conservancy 75 60 80 15 20 

19 Balyerwa Conservancy 203 154 76 49 24 

20 Wuparo Conservancy 172 129 75 43 25 

21 Dzoti Conservancy 125 77 62 48 28 

22/18 

Masida Community Forest & 

18 Sobbe Conservancy 263 

162 62 101 38 

23 Lubuta CF 188 104 55 84 45 

24 Ngonga CF 42 17 40 25 60 

25 Sachona CF 142 89 63 53 37 

61 Vergenoeg 59 33 56 26 44 

62 Gemsbokfontein 22 10 45 12 55 

63 Ben Hur 67 45 67 22 33 

69 Nyae Nyae Conservancy 192 110 57 82 43 

70 N#a Jaqna Conservancy 699 312 45 387 55 

75 Ondjou Conservancy 13 1 8 12 92 

76 Muduva Nyangana Conservancy 48 36 75 12 25 

77 George Mukoya Conservancy 115 76 66 39 34 

78 

Joseph Mbambangandu 

Comservancy 58 

28 48 30 52 

80 Daniel Sitentu Mpasi Conservancy 85 48 57 37 43 

81 Katope Community Forest 76 34 45 42 55 

With the figures available at the end of this quarter, 3,449 Devil’s Claw Harvesters had registered, of 

which 1,987 (58%) were women and 1,462 (42%) men. A comparison with last season will be made 

at the end of the harvesting and sales season. 



iv Product and Market Development 

In addition to the 21.1 tonnes of Devil’s claw mentioned in the last quarterly report, the PPOs 

harvested and sold large quantities of Devil’s Claw during this quarter – in total 147.8 tonnes. The 

following table shows details of these sales, however, not all the August payments (Devil’s Claw and 

Management Fees) have been made and these will only be finalised in the next quarter. 

Following the development of the first draft of the Devil’s Claw Value Chain Analysis in the previous 

quarter (Q7 – where an outline of the report content was presented), all comments and feedback 

received were incorporated into the second draft. Further details were provided by CRIAA SA-DC 

regarding harvesting activities and processes in the field which were used to indicate level of 

harvesting labour involved. The Devil’s Claw Value Chain Analysis report is currently undergoing its 

final review and will be finalised following during the next quarter (Q9). 

Also of relevance to the Devil’s Claw market in Namibia was the approval by MCA-Namibia of the 

Innovation Fund Grant project on ‘Quality Improvement of Namibian INPs’, and awarded to 

PhytoTrade Africa. Devil’s Claw is included as a focal product of this grant and the results will be 

important for quality management of the supply of raw material from PPOs and particularly the 

post-harvest practices of Namibian producers. 


Provisional Devil's Claw Sales Quarter 8 

PPO No PPO Name 

Month of 

Sales 

Quantity 

(kg) 

Income to harvesters (NAD) Management Fee earned by PPO 

Price per 

kg 

Income to 

harvesters 


Total income 

(harvesters + PPO) 

Fee per kg Fee to PPO Total price Total income 

8 Orupupa August 813.2 22 17 890.40 3 2 439.60 25 20 330.00 

13 Ehirovipuka 

July 158.1 22 3 478.20 3 474.30 25 3 952.50 

August 244.2 22 5 372.40 3 732.60 25 6 105.00 

14 Kyaramacan August 11 359.80 21 238 555.80 3 34 079.40 24 272 635.20 

15 Kwando 

June 3273 20 65 460.00 3 9 819.00 23 75 279.00 

July 6612.3 20 132 246.00 3 19 836.90 23 152 082.90 

August 6347.7 17 107 910.90 2 12 695.40 19 120 606.30 

16 Mayuni July 4972 20 99 440.00 3 14 916.00 23 114 356.00 

17 Mashi 

July 3901.1 20 78 022.00 3 11 703.30 23 89 725.30 

August 1385.1 17 23 546.70 2 2 770.20 19 26 316.90 

19 Balyerwa August 7800.1 17 132 601.70 2 15 600.20 19 148 201.90 

20 Wuparo August 10956.8 17 186 265.60 2 21 913.60 19 208 179.20 

21 Dzoti July 2486 20 49 720.00 3 7 458.00 23 57 178.00 

24 Masida 

25 Lubuta 

27 Ngonga 

July 9114.8 20 182 296.00 3 27 344.40 23 209 640.40 

August 18001 17 306 017.00 2 36 002.00 19 342 019.00 

June 1876.3 20 37 526.00 3 5 628.90 23 43 154.90 

July 6 281.00 20 125 620.00 3 18 843.00 23 144 463.00 

August 3 943.40 17 67 037.80 2 7 886.80 19 74 924.60 

June 2 108.00 20 42 160.00 3 6 324.00 23 48 484.00 

July 3 478.00 20 69 560.00 3 10 434.00 23 79 994.00 

August 7 954.70 17 135 229.90 2 15 909.40 19 151 139.30 



PPO No PPO Name 

28 Sachona 


Month of 

Sales 

Quantity 

(kg) 

Income to harvesters (NAD) Management Fee earned by PPO 

Price per 

kg 

Income to 

harvesters 

Total income 

(harvesters + PPO) 

Fee per kg Fee to PPO Total price Total income 

June 1 123.00 20 22 460.00 3 3 369.00 23 25 829.00 

July 3 039.00 20 60 780.00 3 9 117.00 23 69 897.00 

August 8 963.80 17 152 384.60 2 17 927.60 19 170 312.20 

61 Vergenoeg July 1 219.00 27 32 913.00 3 3 657.00 30 36 570.00 

62 Gemsbokfontein July 347.4 29 10 074.60 1 347.40 30 10 422.00 

63 Ben Hur August 520 27 14 040.00 3 1 560.00 30 15 600.00 

69 Nyae Nyae 

70 N#a Jaqna 

July 433 21 9 093.00 4 1 732.00 24 10 825.00 

August 1 459.40 22 32 106.80 4 5 837.60 26 37 944.40 

July 7 150.90 21 150 168.90 3 21 452.70 24 171 621.60 

August 7 105.00 22 156 310.00 3 21 315.00 25 177 625.00 

80 Daniel Sitentu Jul-Aug 1 739.10 17 29 564.70 4 6 956.40 21 36 521.10 

81 Katope Jul-Aug 1 668.30 17 28 361.10 4 6 673.20 21 35 034.30 

TOTAL 147 834.50 2 804 213.10 382 755.90 

3 1 

8 

6 

9 

6 

9 

. 

0 

0

V Focus of activities for next quarter 


The next quarter, September to November, will mark the end of the Devil’s Claw season (harvesting 

and sales) for the year 2012. According to the Devil’s Claw Policy of Namibia, all sales must be 

finalised before the 31 st of October. The PPOs cease field harvesting at the end of September so that 

there is enough time to dry the material and sell it before the 31 st of October. 

Following the end of the field season, service providers will support PPOs in doing their “report 

back” to MET, as per the permit requirements, before the end of November. Additionally, November 

will be dedicated to undertaking post-harvest monitoring activities including determining whether 

harvested plants show re-growth or not. Year-end review meetings with the PPOs will also be held to 

assess the training and support programme of 2012 and plan which trainings and support activities 

will be undertaken in 2013, all in preparation for the renewal of existing service agreements. 

Lastly, the planned Devil’s Claw organic inspection for this quarter but postponed to October will 

occur. CRIAA SA-DC will provide transport for the inspector and accompany the full inspection in all 

three PPOs with organic certification (K yramacan Association, Nyae Nyae and N#a Jaqna) so as to 

ensure a common and standardised approach. 



5. MARKETING 

5.1 INP Market Development Plan 

Product and market development status of the four targeted PPO businesses 

In QPR7 the ‘Product and Market Development Status Dashboard’ was provided in a modified form 

highlighting how the various proposals to the INP Innovation Grant Fund were directed at addressing 

gaps in the product and market development processes for the four targeted PPO businesses. There 

will now be a period of between 3 – 18 months where the results from the various INP Innovation 

Grant Fund projects provide further clarification and deepening of the business cases for these PPOs. 

The table below highlights the four PPO businesses and the key issues that, in the opinion of the 

VCS, also require the attention of stakeholders. 

Target business Key issues for consideration 

EWC/EWMM - Marula oil and Marula 

fruit 

TTP/TTC - Ximenia oil 

Opuwo Processing Facility (OPF) - 

Essential oils 

EcoSo Dynamics and associated Devil’s 

Claw PPOs 


Management capacity and business skills 

Entrepreneurship 

Uptake of new business concepts 

Ability to raise capital and invest into new business 

opportunities and infrastructure 

Company structure and management to enable new 

business partnerships 

Support to Co-operative to develop business 

opportunities 








Defining commercial model for OPF 








Commercial relationship between EcoSo and PPOs 


Ability to raise capital to invest in new opportunities 

Potential need for new company structure to enable 

partnerships and investments


The identified key issues for consideration clearly show some areas of commonality across all four 

business opportunities. Additionally, there are similarities with the PPO ownership model and the 

need to structure commercial arrangements with the private sector, and the CBNRM’s programme 

with the model of conservancies with joint ventures with the private sector. It is proposed that these 

issues are addressed in the next two quarters (Q9 & 10) and stakeholders consider the possibility of 

a workshop, seminar or other meeting format to discuss the numerous issues involved herein – and 

importantly the way forward. 

5.2 Value Chain Specialist activities relating to Lipid Oils 

(d) 

Throughout the quarter the VCS has been working to compile the next ‘Cosmetic Oil Market Brief’ 

which focuses on the market for cosmetic oils. The Market Brief includes an overview of the 

cosmetic market as a whole and the demand for natural ingredients. Market trends and target 

markets for natural cosmetic oils are a key focus, along with the level of industry engagement and 

key company profiles. Information is provided regarding exporting and importing countries of 

natural speciality oils along with details of quality and safety requirements. The Market Brief also 

considers the regulatory environment for cosmetic ingredients, especially those of natural origin, 

and the end products which they are present in. Other topics such as product certification, scientific 

research, patent publications, and Namibian oils are also included. The Market Brief is currently in 

draft form and will be submitted for comments at the beginning of next quarter (Q9). 

One of the key activities undertaken by the VCS was engaging with several customers and potential 

new customers concerning products and markets for lipid oils. These customers include Lush, Neal’s 

Yard, Inolex and the Body Shop – the box below provides an overview of these companies and their 

product focus. Following the initial engagement and discussions, meetings are planned where 

further details of the products available from Namibian producers will be provided. 

Also of relevance to lipid oils in Namibia is the approval by MCA-N of two INP Innovation Grant Fund 

projects: ‘Innovative, Safe and Active Cosmetic (ISAC) Ingredients ’ and ‘Quality Improvement of 

Namibian INPs’, both submitted by PhytoTrade Africa. The ISAC Ingredients proposal will include 

four Namibian lipid oils (Ximenia, Marula, KMS and Manketti) and aims to produce product 

information files regarding the safety, sensory, technological and efficacy/sensitivity properties of all 

the oils. The Quality Improvement proposal will include studies of Ximenia and Marula oil, and will 

therefore also be of relevance to the VCS work and product focus. These projects were prepared 

during this quarter (Q8) and contracts have subsequently been signed for work to begin next quarter 

(Q9). 

Marula Fruit 

The VCS developed and submitted a proposal under the umbrella of PhytoTrade Africa to the INP 

Innovation Grant Fund entitled ‘Commercialising Marula Fruit Products at Eudafano Women Marula 

Manufacturing (EWMM) ’. If supported, the project is designed to address outstanding gaps in the 

Product and Market Development Status Dashboard. During this drafting process, the VCS have kept 

up communication with potential clients and contract research laboratories in preparation for 

potential funding. 



A new draft document entitled “A Vision 2030 for the Namibian Marula Industry” was circulated to 

key Marula fruit industry stakeholders towards the end of the quarter. This document highlights the 

key role played by the previous project funded by the MCA-N INP Innovation Grant Fund entitled 

“Understanding Marula Fruit Chemistry to Enable Innovative Commercial Opportunities” and shows 

how the Marula industry in Namibia can develop into a driver for development consistent with 

Namibia’s Vision 2030 and National Development Plan 4. The draft document is undergoing a final 

edit and will be circulated to all during the next quarter (Q9). 


New Customer Engagement 

Lush (www.lush.co.uk) is a UK-based company who produce ‘fresh handmade 

cosmetics’. They have over 100 retail outlets across the UK. Their natural 

ingredients include a range of organic fruits, essential oils and natural butters, 

and have expressed a particular interest in ingredients from producers in 

Namibia. 

Neal’s Yard Remedies ( www.nealsyardremedies.comwww.nealsyardremedies.com) is 

UK-based company with an international presence. Their products have a natural and 

organic focus and are stocked in a large number of retail stores. Neal’s Yard Remedies 

offer skin and hair care products along with aromatherapy treatments and natural 

health products. 

Inolex (http://www.inolex.comInolex) is a US-based company. They are described as a 

leader in the development of innovative ingredients for the personal care and 

cosmetics industries, and have recently increased their attention on natural 

ingredients.

Product and PPO 

business 

Marula cosmetic 

oil/byproducts/EWC 

Marula food 

oil/EWC 

Marula fruit 

products 

/EWC 

5.3 Modified Product and Market Development Status Dashboard 


The modified “Product and Market Development Status Dashboard” given in the table below illustrates how the MCA-N Innovation Fund Round 3 project 

concepts seek to create impacts for the 4 targeted PPO businesses and address gaps in the product development process. 

Supply chain 

fully functional, 

supply capacity 

properly 

understood 

Quality of INPs 


KMS oil/EWC Quality of INPs 

Ximenia oil/byproducts/TTP 

Commiphora resin 

(C. angolensis) 

/KCCA/OPF 

Sarcocaulon 

/KCCA/OPF 

Mopane oil 

/KCCA/OPF 


Production process 

competitive, cost 

of production 

properly 

understood 

Oil processing 

technologies 


technologies 

Commercialisation 

Marula at EWMM 


technologies 


technologies 

Novel opportunities 

for OPF 


for OPF 

Product fully 

characterised with 

specification 

Market Access Marula 

and DC 




for OPF 


for OPF 

Safety / toxicity 

studies, 

regulatory 

compliance 

Active Cosmetic 

Ingredients 

Market Access for 

Marula and DC 


Ingredients 


Ingredients 

Novel 

opportunities for 

OPF 

Novel 


OPF 

USPs properly 

understood, 

adequate 

supporting technical 

information 


Ingredients 




Ingredients 


Ingredients 

Market potential 

understood 

including 

competitor 

analysis 


Ingredients 



Consumer 

products 

developed, 

formulation 

possibilities 

well established 

IP analysis and 

freedom to 

operate 

established, 

including ABS 

compliance 


Ingredients 



INP PPO Sub-activity 39 

Customers ready 

to commit to 

product, 

business plan 

possible 


Ingredients 



Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic 

Ingredients Ingredients Ingredients Ingredients 

Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic Active Cosmetic 

Ingredients Ingredients Ingredients Ingredients 

Novel 

Novel 

Novel 


opportunities for opportunities for 

OPF 

OPF 

OPF 

Novel 

Novel 

Novel 


opportunities for opportunities for 

OPF 

OPF 

OPF

Product and PPO 

business 

Devil’s Claw (raw 

material) 

/EcoSo + PPOs 

Devil’s Claw new 

extract for USA 

market 

/EcoSo+PPOs 

Manketti oil 

(No PPO business 

identified yet 


Supply chain 

fully functional, 

supply capacity 

properly 

understood 




Production process 

competitive, cost 

of production 

properly 

understood 


technologies 


Product fully 

characterised with 

specification 


Marula and DC 

Safety / toxicity 

studies, 

regulatory 

compliance 


Marula and DC 


Ingredients 

USPs properly 

understood, 

adequate 

supporting technical 

information 


Ingredients 

Market potential 

understood 

including 

competitor 

analysis 


Ingredients 

Consumer 

products 

developed, 

formulation 

possibilities 

well 

established 


Ingredients 

IP analysis and 

freedom to 

operate 

established, 

including ABS 

compliance 


Ingredients 

Quality of INPs = Quality improvement of Namibian Indigenous Natural Products 

Active Cosmetic Ingredients = Innovative, safe and active cosmetic ingredients 

Oil processing technologies = Accessing optimal and competitive oil processing technologies 

Market Access for Marula and DC = USA and EU Market Access for Marula fruit and Devil’s Claw products 

Novel Opportunities for OPF = Novel Business Opportunities for the Opuwo Processing Facility (OPF) 

Commercialisation Marula at EWMM = Commercialising Innovative Marula Fruit Products at Eudafano Women’s Marula Manufacturing 

Customers ready 

to commit to 

product, 

business plan 

possible 


Ingredients

6. OTHER ACTIVITIES 

On the 11 th of June a national MET Devil’s Claw Working Group meeting attended by Karen Nott 

(NRI/IRDNC) was held to review permits and other issues pertaining to Devil’s Claw harvesting. This 

meeting was held in response to issues raised in the Q7 report. Specifically, it was agreed that no 

conservancy committee members or harvesters need to write registration tests. Harvesting permits 

will not be issued to conservancies or Community Forests as a whole but will be issued to village 

groups within a conservancy or Community Forest. For registered conservancies or Community 

Forests, application forms are first to be submitted to the Traditional Authority for signing. In some 

areas, only one application form is needed per conservancy or Community Forest however this will 

need to be checked on a region by region case (and check with MET Regional office). The application 

form should be accompanied by a list of harvesters – one village per page, and a group permit will be 

issued to each village. Each village group will need to pay the required N$50 for their permit and the 

number of people on each village permit will not be limited. Unregistered conservancies or 

Community Forests cannot apply for a permit in the name of the conservancy or Community Forest 

since they are not a legal entity. In these cases, they should complete a series of village based 

applications which should not have the name of the unregistered conservancy or Community Forest 

on it, but the village name. Each village will need to pay the N$50 for a permit. Lastly, it was agreed 

that transport permits issued during this season will be limited/have a cut off time for the end of the 

harvest season. 

On 13 th of June, Michel Mallet (CRIAA SA-DC) met a team of consultants from Natural Botanicals (M. 

Smith and Dr. D Toerien) as part of a regional study commissioned by PhytoTrade (CDE funded). The 

study was looking into: 

processing technology upgrading; 

oil quality improvement; and 

methodology and logistics for dealing with direct sales to potential customers by PhytoTrade 

members. 

The team visited Eudafano Women Marula Manufacturing (EWMM) in Ondangwa before heading 

back to Windhoek for an additional meeting on the 17 th of June. The preliminary results of the study 

were presented at PhytoTrade AGM in July 2012. 

On 6 th of July, Daniela Neu (CRIAA SA-DC) attended the first meeting of the San Support 

Organisations’ (SSO) Forum. The SSO Forum was established to provide a platform to share 

experiences of support to Namibia’s San communities – which is very relevant to the Devil’s Claw 

activities under MCA-INP, especially within some of the eastern Namibia PPOs. The Forum has since 

formalised itself into the San Support Organisation’s Association of Namibia (SSOAN) and waiting to 

be officially launched. (Further information on the process can be obtained through Dr. Ute 

Dieckmann at the Legal Assistance Centre: udieckmann@lac.org.na). 

Michel Mallet (CRIAA SA-DC) and Karen Nott (NRI/IRDNC) attended the IPTT Management 

Committee meeting on 12 th of July at NBRI in preparation for the IPTT meeting held on the 18 th of 

July. A second IPTT Mancom, attended by Michel Mallet (CRIAA SA-DC), was held on the 31 st of 



August. The meeting discussed a number of issues including a proposal by PhytoTrade to conduct a 

market survey into cosmetic use in Namibia, and IP management model for INP. 

On 17 th of July, Michel Mallet (CRIAA SA-DC) attended an Agro-processing Industry consultative 

meeting hosted by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). Michel Mallet had met prior to the 

meeting (27 th of June) with the consultant, Peter Lenhardt, on INPs and the MTI industry 

development strategy review. 

IRDNC hosted Lindsay Eckelmann, an intern with MCC, in the Kunene Region for two weeks in July. 

Lindsay worked with Bonnie Galloway (NRI) on various training activities as well as resource 

inventories in the Sanitatas and Orupembe PPOs. 

On the 18 th of July Michel Mallet (CRIAA SA-DC), F. Shigwedha (CRIA SA-DC), Karen Nott (NRI/IRDNC) 

and Julian Fennessy (NRI) attended the IPTT meeting at which various presentations on the INP work 

were given. Karen Nott provided an update on the NRI activities on the MCA-INP project and Michel 

Mallet updated all on the Marula Food Oil initiatives. 

From the 23 th –25 th of July, Michel Mallet and Saskia den Adel (both CRIAA SA -DC) attended the 

PhytoTrade Africa AGM in Maputo, Mozambique. The Regional Trade Association presented updates 

on product and market developments, as well as the status and preliminary results of various 

research and R&D projects. CRIAA SA-DC delegates had the opportunity to exchange information 

with other producer members, particularly with regard to INP oils and the potential of Ximenia backup 

production from neighbouring countries (unfortunately not feasible for this current year). 

On the 4 th of August, CRIAA SA-DC/EWC facilitated a MCC visit to the Kuupenda Association by the 

Honourable Robert Hormets, the U.S. Under-Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and 

the Environment, and the U.S. Ambassador to Namibia, Mr. Wanda L Nesbit. 

On the 6 th of August, Mbazo Motlhaping (CRIAA SA-DC) participated in the SSO Working Group on 

‘Land and Livelihood’s’ dealing in particular with land issues in San Communities and illegal fencing 

problems. These issues are especially relevant to the MCA INP supported N#a Jaqna PPO. 

NRI and partners hosted a visit by the NORC M&E team from the 7 th –10 th of August. During the 

meetings Karen Nott (NRI/IRDNC), Dave Cole (MCA -Namibia) and Saskia den Adel (CRIAA SA -DC) 

discussed options for improving the baseline data as well as preparations for the evaluation now 

scheduled to take place in February 2013. On the 8 th of August, CRIAA SA-DC facilitated a visit from 

the MCA-Namibia and consultants M&E team to TTC in Eenhana. 

With the support of NRI, Eben Tjiteere (IRDNC) attended the 12 th Annual Indigenous Plant Use 

Forum ( IPUF) Conference in Keimos, South Africa and delivered a presentation on Devil’s Claw 

activities in Namibia. The experience was very much appreciated and enabled Eben to meet various 

people from the sector and discuss opportunities and challenges currently faced. 

Jessica Lavelle was appointed by NRI for July and August to support organizational development and 

training activities during the period that Karen Nott (NRI/IRDNC) was Acting Team Leader. Jessica 

developed materials for two training modules (7 & 8 – see below) and tested these materials 

through training of PPOs in the field. 

Module 7: Introduction to Business and Marketing Principles 

Module 28: Business plans (three levels) 


The training events where these modules were tested are reflected in the Training Tables above. All 

the Kavango PPOs and the majority of the Caprivi PPOs have business training scheduled for 

September and will be reported on in the next quarterly report. 

During June the NRI Team Leader James Leith left the position due to health issues. During the same 

month and after discussions with MCA-Namibia, the recruitment of a new Team Leader (Julian 

Fennessy) was undertaken. Julian Fennessy joined as Team Leader in a part-time capacity during the 

quarter and will be full-time in the position starting Quarter 9. During this period Karen Nott filled 

the role as Acting Team Leader and Jessica Lavelle acted as Organisational Development Specialist. 

Both did a great job and NRI is appreciative of their assistance. Julian was introduced to MCC and 

MCA-N senior management by Ben Bennett, NRI Project Director, at a meeting on 3 rd of August. Mr 

Bennett undertook a regular management visit between 31 st of July and 4 th of August. 

Exchange visit from Zambian delegation to learn about Devil’s Claw Resource Management in 

Namibia, July 2012 

On the 24 th and 25 th July, IRDNC hosted a delegation from Zambia (19 people) to share information 

and experiences regarding the management of Devil’s Claw resources. The Zambian delegation 

consisted of senior officials from the Zambian Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) and the Forestry 

Department, representatives from the Community Resource Boards (CRBs) and Traditional 

Authorities, and staff members from WWF Zambia and their supported Community Centred 

Conservation and Development (CCCD) project. The Namibian contingency consisted of Wilma 

Moller in the MET Permit office in Windhoek, Alex Samahiya from MET Katima Mulilo, Eben Tjiteere 

(IRDNC), Dave Cole (MCA-N) and Karen Nott (NRI/IRDNC). 

The visit of the Zambian delegation to Namibia was a result of the ban that the Zambian Government 

issued on the harvesting and trade of their entire Devil’s Claw resource in March 2012. This ban was in 

response to increased harvesting activities within the Sioma Ngweze National Park and surrounding 

areas. The Zambian forestry legislation does not include guidelines for the utilisation of this resource and 

current harvesting practices were considered to be unsustainable. Additionally, the majority of the 

material was sold to Namibian traders, often at very low prices. The Zambian Government has been 

pressured to develop measures for the sustainable utilisation of these resources and to create 

mechanisms through which this resource can be traded legally. The Namibian visit was a valuable effort 

to help in this process. 

The visit started with presentations on various aspects 

of Devil’s Claw in Namibia, followed by a field visit to 

two PPOs in the Caprivi Region, and lastly a wrap up 

meeting the following day in Katima Mulilo. 

Wilma Moller (MET) giving a presentatio n on the 

Namibian Devil’s Claw permitting mechanism. 



The presentations to and discussions with the Zambian delegation included the following main topics: 

Historical overview of Devil’s Claw utilisation in Namibia 

Trends in harvesting and exporting this resource from Namibia 

Policy and legislative frameworks 

Permit system – application forms and report back forms 

Market trends and prices 

Sustainable harvesting methods 

Resource management though organized CBOs 

Methods for resource inventories and monitoring of utilisation 

Training and support to CBOs 

Research findings 

Cultivation and enrichment planting 

Documentation detailing the above topics, as well as examples of training materials was presented 

to the Zambian delegation to assist in their efforts. 

A field visit to two Caprivi PPOs – Kwando Conservancy and Masida Community Forest, both 

supported by the MCA-N INP Activity, enabled the Zambian delegation to observe firsthand the 

processing of recently harvested Devil’s Claw. At both sites, the buying point managers were busy 

checking, weighing and recording Devil’s Claw being brought in by harvesters. 

Aspects such as whether Zambian Devil’s Claw 

should be exported from Zambia directly or traded 

through Namibian exporters, and the implications 

thereof, were discussed. These discussions and 

future decisions are vitally important in order to 

ensure that the industry as a whole is not 

undermined, both regionally and internationally. It 

was agreed that further discussions between 

Zambia and Namibia (and possibly Angola) in this 

regard would be critical and mutually beneficial. 


Observing the Devil’s Claw drying process in Masida 

Community Forest. 

The Namibian component of the exchange visit was 

concluded at lunchtime on Wednesday 25 th July and the 

Zambian delegation returned home for further meetings with 

other Zambian stakeholders on the next steps. 

The visit was also important from a regional trade 

perspective. The “formalisation” at various levels of the trade 

in Devil’s Claw from Zambia offers new opportunities for 

“Range States” to collaborate and to strengthen the position 

of producing countries.

7. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 


Revisions of a number of the Indicators were approved by MCA-N in the last M&E plan revision. The table below shows the approved indicators and targets. 

Indicator 

1.PPOs with signed service 

contract 

2. INP producers mobilised and 

trained 

3. INP producers who have 

been trained in sustainable 

harvesting techniques 

Targets (all dates refer to the end of the given month) 

Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May Aug Nov Feb May 

10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 

10 13 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 60 60 60 

200 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7000 7000 7000 

250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 

4. Value of PPIGs signed, in US$ 20000 40000 80000 120000 160000 180000 200000 

5. PPOs that have developed 

and are using a business plan 

6. PPOs trained in 

organisational management 

7. PPOs trained in business and 

marketing principles 

8. PPOs with Resource 

Management/ Monitoring 

Plans for environmentally 

fragile INPs 

10 13 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 

10 13 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 

10 13 15 20 25 30 40 45 50 55 60 

5 10 13 15 20 25 30 

9. PPOs certified 2 

The indicators above are those provided in the Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (Revision 3: 5 th of March 2012; Approved: 15 th of March 2012) and reported 

on in the Indicator Tracking Table 1 . 

1 When submitting quarterly reports, the consultant shall report complete data and information as of the last completed quarter, and the actual data to date for the 

current quarter. For example, if the quarterly report is being submitted for Q8, then consultant will submit a complete quarter of monitoring data for Q7, and the data 

available to date for Q8. Quarter’s 8 data will then be updated in the next quarter. 



Indicator Tracking Table (monthly achievements for Q8) 

Indicator 

1. PPOs with signed service 

contract 

2. INP producers mobilised and 

trained 

3. INP producers who have been 

trained in sustainable 

harvesting techniques 


Target, 

by end of Q8, 

31 Aug 2012 

Achieved by 

30 June 2012 

Achieved by 

31 July 2012 

Achieved, 

by end of Q8, 

31 Aug 2012 

5 0 0 0 

500 

125 

283 

(193 females 

90 males) 

151 

(79 females, 

72 males) 

240 

(211 females 

29 males) 

no training 

625 

(478 females, 

147 males) 

151 

(79 females, 

72 males) 

4. Value of PPIGs signed, in US$ 20,000 0 0 25,916.38 

5. PPOs that have developed and 

are using a business plan 

6. PPOs trained in organisational 

management 1-6 

5 1 0 1 

5 0 0 0 

Data collection 

Source 

Service contracts 

between INP PPOs 

and consultant 

Event reports 

Workshops’ 

documentation – 

signed attendance 

sheets 

Signed grant forms 

submitted to service 

provider and then 

approved 

Formulated PPO 

business plans 

Workshops’ 



sheets 

Data Collection Method 

Field visits by service 

providers to PPOs for 

signatures 

Event reports from field 

visits by service providers 

to PPOs and numbers of 

registered harvesters 

Workshop facilitators’ 

records and event report 

Review of approved PPIG 

applications 

Field visits by 

implementing agencies to 

PPOs; service providers 

supporting development 

of plans 


records 


(period or frequency) 

Once-off collection of 

signed service 

contracts 

At end of each 

training session 

Facilitator will collect 

after every training 

workshop 

Every three months 

by service providers 

Every three months 

commencing in May 

2011 until August 

2012 



workshop, from 

February 2011 until 

August 2012

Indicator 

7. PPOs trained in business and 

marketing principles 


Management /Monitoring 

plans for environmentally 


Target, 

by end of Q8, 

31 Aug 2012 

Achieved by 

30 June 2012 

Achieved by 

31 July 2012 

Achieved, 

by end of Q8, 

31 Aug 2012 

255 0 3 6 

2 0 0 0 

9. PPOs certified 0 n/a n/a n/a 


Source 

Workshops’ 



sheets and event 

reports 

INP plans as part of 

PPO management 

frameworks 

Certification records 

held in MCA-N offices 


Data Collection Method 


records and event reports 

Field visits by service 

providers to PPOs to 

support development of 

plans 

Communication with 

MCA-N offices 


(period or frequency) 



workshop, from 

February 2011 until 

May 2012 

Service providers will 

collect every three 

months commencing 

in November 2011 

until February 2013 

Once-off certification 

in May 2014 

A mitigation plan was formulated to ensure that NRI meets the target for Indicator 7: PPOs trained in business and marketing principles. This involved the 

following actions in Q8: 

Completing the training manual and testing it; 

Working with colleagues from CDSS who are using a similar training module related to tourism enterprises and establishing which PPOs have 

already received this training from CDSS; and 

Presenting joint training (with CDSS) to 15 PPOs during Q8. 

Once the materials and methods have been finalised during Q8, the training will continue to be rolled out and finalised to other PPOs in Q9 and Q10. 

A summary table follows, of the provisional progress of data collection for this quarter (Q8) under each of the 9 Indicators relating to the Sub-activity. It also 

gives the finally achieved progress for the previous quarter (Q7) and the cumulative progress to date towards the final target figures for the Indicators. 



A summary table follows, of the provisional progress of data collection for this quarter (Q8) under each of the 9 Indicators relating to the Sub-activity. It also gives 

the finally achieved progress for the previous quarter (Q7) and the cumulative progress to date towards the final target figures for the Indicators. 

Indicators 

1. PPOs with signed 

service contract 

2. INP producers 

mobilised and trained 

3. INP producers who 

have been trained in 

sustainable harvesting 

techniques 

4. Value of PPIGs signed, 

in US$ 

5. PPOs that have 

developed and are using a 

business plan 


organisational 

management 


business and marketing 

principles 


Management/Monitoring 

plans for environmentally 


Provisional 

achievement 

during current 

reporting Q8 


Target for 

current reporting 

Q8 

Finally 

achieved 

during 

previous Q7 

Target for 

previous 

quarter Q7 

Cumulative 

achievement at 

end of current Q8 

Cumulative 

target at end of 

current Q8 

0 5 58 35 58 40 

625 

(478 female 

147 male) 

151 

(79 female 

72 male) 

500 

125 

5,998 

(3312 female 

2686 male) 

4,048 

(2010 female 

2038 male) 

4500 

750 

6,623 

(3790 female 

2833 male) 

4,199 

(2089 female 

2110 male) 

5000 

25,916.38 20,000 79,091 100,000 105,616.91 120,000 

1 5 10 15 10 20 

0 5 39 30 39 35 

6 5 8 25 15 30 

0 2 13 13 13 15 

9. PPOs certified 0 0 3 0 3 0 

875 

Comments 

No new service contracts were signed this 

quarter but we are still ahead of target. 

This number has gone down marginally after 

data cleaning i.e. removal of duplicates 

There are 7 PPOs that have had only one 

training so can’t be counted until second 

training complete 

There are 11 PPOs that have had only one 

training so can’t be counted until second 

training complete. 

The next organic inspection will take place in 

October 2012.

8. PROJECT RISKS 

1. Risks identified in the Inception log frame 

Risks Likelihood Impact Summary 

Existing documented and grey literature is accessible. Low Low Risk resolved 

Environmental and social impacts (negative and positive) can be 

identified and mitigated/maximised. 

Medium High 


Environmental tools now developed to mitigate the risks and maximise the 

benefits – yet to be field tested in response to market stimulation 

Criteria for PPO selection could be subject to rapid change. Low Low This will be addressed by regular PPO Diagnostic review. 

GSIP implementation subject to change, depending on additional 

research and experiences throughout project period. 

PPO may have unrealistic expectations about the levels of support 

they could receive. 

Training and support plan could be subject to change as institutional 

priorities adjust. 

Grant Manual may not be able to accommodate shifting needs of 

PPOs. 

Low Low Risk on-going 

Low Low 

Low Low 

Low Low 

PPOs may lack capacity to submit applications. Low Low 

Extraneous activities cause distractions Low Low 

Risk on-going. 

Several harvester groups have expectations of support but do not meet 

the criteria for that support. For example, KMS harvester groups are not 

being supported as there is little market demand for their product. 

Responses to requests for support need to be addressed on a case-by-case 

basis. 


This will be addressed by regular review of the training and support plan. 


Risk addressed by including a range of possible goods and services and 

adjusting by PPIG ‘rounds’. 


This will be mitigated by focussed support to explain the application 

process. 


Activities, such as the distribution of PPIG equipment to PPOs by service 

providers, may create additional work for them. 




Risks Likelihood Impact Summary 

2. On-going risks identified since the inception and during project implementation 

Strengthening of market access requirements in countries of INP 

export 

Change in Namibian export policy of raw and semi-processed INP 

ingredients/products from unregulated to controlled regime 

Low High 

Medium High 

Multiplicity of survey teams interviewing PPOs confuses them Medium Medium 

Extreme weather events causes delay in field activities High Medium 

3. New on-going risks identified since QPR4 

Implementation of the Convention on Bio-Diversity (CBD) Access and 

Benefit Sharing (ABS) legislation in Namibia and third countries 

discourages investment and increases transaction costs for INPs 

Government legislative and policy environment does not enable the 

implementation of activities due to stringent compliance 

requirements e.g. research and collection permits 

Medium High 

Medium High 

Risk on-going. Risk addressed by monitoring existing export markets and 

anticipating adverse change as far as it can be predicted. 

Risk is on-going. This could only partly be mitigated by shifting focus to 

finished INP products, but is unlikely to restore INP volumes previously 

marketed, or income levels for PPO members. 

Risk on-going. Account should be taken of the time and resources 

committed by the team to these activities. 

Outside control of INP PPO Sub-activity, but can be mitigated through on going 

engagement with survey teams and continued discussion with MCA-N. 

Abnormally high rainfall in reporting quarter, causing flooding and restricting 

access to parts of North Central Regions. Addressed by rescheduling training 

events and field activities to post-flooding in these areas. 

New ABS legislation in South Africa might increase the regulatory hurdles 

necessary for export from Namibia for inclusion in South African products. 

Proposed legislation in Namibia may discourage investment (because the 

future share of income streams is unknown) or at least cause confusion. 

The MET does not have a clear definition of what research is and which 

activities require research and collection permits. The requirement for 

permits, to conduct surveys and to collect information or samples in order 

to inform decision-making by PPOs and service providers, could severely 

impede the progress of activities.

9. OUTSTANDING ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 


The complex issue of a Memorandum of Agreement between the Kunene Commiphora 

Association and Phytotrade is ongoing but efforts are underway to resolve this. There is a need 

for a clear mandate from the PPOs for Phytotrade to negotiate with V. Mane Fils on their behalf 

as NRI, IRDNC and IPTT are members of Phytotrade, but the PPOs are not. 

The partnership with V. Mane Fils has resulted in some positive marketing and sale opportunities 

for some INPs from Namibia. However, ongoing trials for Sarcocaulon and Mopane need to be 

completed to better understand the demand so increased support by NRI and partners to PPOs 

can be undertaken. 

Inclement weather continues to impact on Ximenia kernel production. This has come at a time 

when demand for Ximenia is strong. As indicated, the matching of supply and demand is 

particularly challenging for INPs where supply is relatively inelastic and demand tends to be 

‘lumpy’ and unpredictable. 

The delays in organic inspection of the three Devil’s Claw PPOs have led to increased NRI and 

service providers’ time and effort to resolve the situation. The postponement will hopefully 

ensure a common and standardised approach for this year and beyond. 



ANNEX A. SERVICE AGREEMENTS 

PPO No. PPO Name 


Responsible 

Service 

Provider 

INP 

Date of first signing of 

Service Agreement 

KUNENE 

1 Marienfluss IRDNC Commiphora 21 Oct 2010 

CAPRIVI 

OHANGWENA 

2 Orupembe IRDNC Commiphora 17 Oct 2010 

3 Sanitatas IRDNC Commiphora 19 Oct 2010 

4 Okondjombo IRDNC Commiphora 17 Oct 2010 

5 Puros IRDNC Commiphora 18 Oct 2010 

6 Anabeb IRDNC Mopane 15 Nov 2010 

8 Orupupa IRDNC Mopane and Devil’s Claw 11 Nov 2010 

9 Otjiu West IRDNC Mopane 16 Oct 2010 

12 Opuwo Processing Facility IRDNC Commiphora and Mopane 18 Oct 2010 

13 Ehirovipuka IRDNC Devil’s Claw 25 Mar 2011 

14 Kyaramacan IRDNC Devil’s Claw 11 Feb 2011 

15 Kwando IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

16 Mayuni IRDNC Devil’s Claw 14 Feb 2011 

17 Mashi IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

18 Sobbe IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

19 Balyerwa IRDNC Devil’s Claw 26 Feb 2011 

20 Wuparo IRDNC Devil’s Claw 26 Feb 2011 

21 Dzoti IRDNC Devil’s Claw 26 Feb 2011 

24 Masida IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

25 Lubuta IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

27 Ngonga IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

28 Sachona IRDNC Devil’s Claw 10 Feb 2011 

29 Epandulo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

30 Lyeendongula CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

31 Meameno CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

32 Tulongeni CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

33 Diinina CRIAA SA-DC Marula 14 June 2011 

34 Oshawapala CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

35 

Tulongeni Twahangana 

Producers (TTP) 

CRIAA SA-DC Ximenia 21 Oct 2011

PPO No. PPO Name 

OMUSATI 

OSHANA 

OSHIKOTO 

OMAHEKE 

Responsible 

Service Provider 


INP 

Date of first signing of 

Service Agreement 

37 Pendapala CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

38 Okahulo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

39 Tunetu CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

40 Gwamiitayi CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

41 Mangundu CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

42 Omafa CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

43 Okalyohambo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 25 June 2011 

44 Onongalo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

45 Iingungula CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

48 Shifula CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

49 EWWMM Pty Ltd CRIAA-SA-DC Marula pending 

50 Eudafano Women Co-operative CRIAA SA-DC Marula 11 Apr 2011 

52 Nkugoyepongo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 7 Jun 2011 

54 Omuntele CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

55 Nakagumbo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

56 Iihongo CRIAA SA-DC Marula 13 Apr 2011 

58 Kuupenda CRIAA SA-DC Marula 12 Apr 2011 

61 Vergenoeg CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 9 Dec 2010 

62 Gemsbokfontein CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 12 Jan 2011 

63 Tjaka Ben Hur CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 13 Jan 2011 

64 Donkerbos/Sonneblom* CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 11 Jan 2011 

OTJOZONDJUPA 

KAVANGO 

69 NyaeNyae CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 14 Dec 2010 

70 N#aJaqna CRIAA SA-DC Devil’s Claw 8 Jun 2011 

72 African Wild Dog Cons CRIAA-SA-DC Devil’s Claw 8 May 2012 

75 Ondjou CRIAA-SA-DC Devil’s Claw 11 May 2012 

76 Muduva Nyangana NNF Devil’s Claw 31 Jan 2011 

77 George Mukoya NNF Devil’s Claw 31 Jan 2011 

78 Joseph Mbambangandu NNF Devil’s Claw 31 Jan 2011 

80 Daniel Sitentu Mpasi NNF Devil’s Claw 26 Jan 2012 

81 Katope CF NNF Devil’s Claw 27 Jan 2012 

* Discontinued 







ANNEX B. SUMMARY OF STATUS OF PREPARATION OF TRAINING MODULES 

The development and testing of written training materials have continued, and the full 

implementation of the contracted training of PPO members is underway. The current status of 

compilation of all the training modules is as follows. 

Types of training provided by service providers to PPO members 

A Information sharing, planning and feedback 

B Clustered training for PPO staff and management 

C Specialised or technical training events for selected individuals 

D Harvester training, on site, at village level 

E Processor training 

F Exchange visits 

G Training of trainers 

Theme No. Module Title 

Organisational 

Development 

Business and 

Marketing Skills 

Leadership 

Sustainable 

Resource 

Utilisation 

INP Management 

Gender 


TM- 

Trainers’ 

Manual 

UM-Users’ 

Manual 

1 Organising harvester groups UM 9 April 2011 

2 Managing CBOs On hold 

3 Roles and responsibilities UM 10 April 2011 

Date Compiled, or Current 

Compiler, or On Hold 

4 Financial management TM From CDSS on 30 August 2011 

5 Organising an annual general meeting TM 1 March 2011 

6 

Integration of INPs into CBO 

management 

DoF materials being used for CF 

registration 

7 

Introduction to business and marketing 

principles 

Manual was completed and tested 

during this quarter 

8 Negotiation skills and contracts On hold 

9 Product development and adding value On hold 

10 Pricing, benefits and overheads of INPs On hold 

11 Managing a buying point UM 24 February 2011 

12 Conflict resolution 31 October 2011 

13 Decision-making and planning On hold 

14 Report writing On hold 

15 Policy and permits UM 24 February 2011 

16 Harvester registration and rules UM 1 March 2011 

17 Harvesting practices UM 24 February 2011 

18 

19 

Management and monitoring plans to 

implement adaptive management 

Methods for monitoring during and after 

the harvest 

20 Gender Action Learning System 

21 Gender for management committees 

22 

Public speaking and communication 

skills 

TM 31 August 2011 

TM 30 April 2012 

To be compiled by Saskia den 

Adel, CRIAA, after field research 

TM 24 February 2011

Theme No. Module Title 

Administrative 

Skills 


TM- 

Trainers’ 

Manual 

UM-Users’ 

Manual 

23 Office management On hold 

Date Compiled, or Current 

Compiler, or On Hold 

24 Taking minutes at a meeting 

Being compiled by Daniela Neu, 

CRIAA 

25 Proposal writing On hold 

Monitoring of material against standards Various sub modules have been 

INP Quality 26 

completed and tested. 

Compilation and finalisation will 

take place next quarter. 

Processing 27 Processing of Mopane and Commiphora 

Draft completed 8 March – 

formatting still to be done. 

Business Planning 28 Business plans – three levels 

Further work has been done 

during this quarter 

The development of several units listed above has been put ‘on hold’. Modules 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 23, 

and 25 are on hold because of the varied natures of both the PPOs and their INPs. These make it 

difficult to develop one module under each title that is relevant to the training needs of all PPOs. 

Also, as the training schedule has been implemented, it has become apparent that, whilst the 

training of these modules remains a need for all PPOs, it is important that institutional and 

marketing issues are first addressed. 



ANNEX C. SUMMARY OF EXISTING PPIG CONTRACTS 

The tables contain the full lists of equipment provided to 18 PPOs under Round 1 of the PPIG award scheme, to five PPOs under Round 2, to four PPOs 

under Round 3, and to three PPOs under Round 4. At the end of Q8, the total value of the PPIG grants awarded was US$ 105 616.91. 

Round 1 

PPO No. 

PPO Name 


8-12 cm blade stainless 

steel knives 

30-40% shade netting, 

c.3x2m 

Rolls of shade netting 

required 


Issued 

50 kg polypropylene 

woven bags 

50 kg hanging scales 

with test weights 

bag closer - electrical 

bag closer - manual 

1x1.2x0.15m wooden 

pallets 

304 mm mesh baskets 

with seals 

silicon seals for 

baskets 

glass separator jars 

cheese cloth kg 

1000 ml brown glass 

bottles 


bottles 

Value (N$) 

Excluding 

VAT 

12 Opuwo Processing Facility 13 9 6 10 1000 108 37, 846.28 

13 Ehirovipuka 60 60 2.4 3 240 1 1 11, 098.13 

14 Kyaramacan 465 465 18.6 19 1860 2 2 48 47, 749.05 

15 Kwando 165 165 6.6 7 660 1 1 17, 870.33 

16 Mayuni 110 110 4.4 5 440 1 1 14, 430.13 

17 Mashi et al. 300 300 12 12 1200 1 1 26, 416.73 

19 Balyerwa 80 80 3.2 4 320 1 1 12, 655.93 

20 Wuparo 149 149 5.96 6 596 1 1 16, 399.09 

21 Dzoti 140 140 5.6 6 560 1 9, 779.60 

24 Masida et al. 120 120 4.8 5 480 1 1 8, 960.93 

61 Vergenoeg 150 150 6 6 600 2 11, 474.26 

62 Gemsbokfontein 50 50 2 2 400 2 5, 522.26 

63 Tjaka Ben Hur 300 300 12 12 2000 2 24, 318.26 

64 Donkerbos/Sonneblom 50 50 2 2 200 2 4, 810.26


Round 2 


8-12 cm blade stainless 

steel knives 

30-40% shade netting, 

c.3x2m 


required 


Issued 

50 kg polypropylene 

woven bags 

50 kg hanging scales 

with test weights 

bag closer - electrical 

bag closer - manual 

1x1.2x0.15m wooden 

pallets 

304 mm mesh baskets 

with seals 

silicon seals for 

baskets 


glass separator jars 

cheese cloth kg 


bottles 


bottles 

Value (N$) 

Excluding 

VAT 

69 NyaeNyae 450 450 18 18 1800 2 31, 466.26 

76 Muduva Nyangana 60 60 2.4 3 240 1 5, 412.53 

77 George Mukoya 115 115 4.6 5 460 1 8, 852.73 

78 Joseph Mbambangandu 45 45 1.8 2 180 1 3, 962.93 



6 m container 

store room 

Folding table 

Chair 

Wall safe 

Signage 

Value (N$) Excluding VAT 

3 Sanitatas 1 1 2 1 55,973.67 

15 Kwando 1 1 2 1 1 57,218.99 

61 Vergenoeg 1 1 2 2 55,973.67 

63 Tjaka Ben Hur 1 1 2 2 55,973.67 

70 N≠a Jaqna 1 1 2 2 53,860.00 

TOTAL(N$) 279,000.00 

TOTAL (US$) 33,094.50 

TOTAL(N$) 299 ,025.69 

TOTAL (US$) 39,999.61 



Round 3 

Round 4 


12 

35 

50 



Opuwo Processing 

Facility 

Tulongeni Twahangana 

Producers 

Eudafano Women’s Cooperative 


PPO 

Name 

Stainless 

steel knives 

Polypropy 

lene Bags 

Shade 

Netting 

Hanging 

Scales 

Bag 

Closer 

Folding 

Table 

Chairs 

Wall safe 

Value (N$) 

Excluding VAT 

8 Orupupa 135 540 300m 2 1 16,590.08 

70 N≠a Jaqna 683 2000 1 2 1 13,700.20 

80 Daniel Sitentu Mpasi 75 300 150m 2 1 12,589.95 

81 Katope 75 300 150m 2 1 12,589.95 

TOTAL(N$) 55,470.19 

TOTAL (US$) 6,606.42 

25L Plastic 

Bucket 

45L Plastic 

Bucket 

6 m container 

store room 

Platform Scale 

Hanging scale 

Prolypolene 

bag 

Electric bag 

closer 

Folding table 

Folding chair 

Clockscale 

Plastic 

Sheeting 

Plastic basin 

Needle & 

Thread 

Various 

stationary sets 

Value (N$) 

Excluding VAT 

1 52,500 

1 20 2000 1 20 40 20 2 20 40 

20/ 

40 

72,241.82 

1000 1000 80,750 

TOTAL(N$) 205,491.82 

TOTAL (US$) 25,916.38

ANNEX D. WORK PLAN FOR 2012 


The PPOs eligible for support in Year 2 of the Sub-activity, 2012 (revised in March 2012), and the 

work plan for training interventions into each PPO are as follows. 

Service provider 

Region 

Service 

provider 

Region 

PPO no. 

IRDNC 1 

CRIAA SA-DC 2 

NNF 3 

Kunene 1 

Caprivi 2 

Ohangwena 3 

Omusati 4 

Oshana 5 

Oshikoto 6 

Omaheke 7 

Otjozondjupa 11 

Kavango 12 

PPO Name Resource 

1 1 1 Marienfluss Conservancy /Community Forest Commiphora & Sarcocaulon 

1 1 2 Orupembe Conservancy/Community Forest Commiphora & Sarcocaulon 

1 1 3 Sanitatas Conservancy/Community Forest Commiphora & Sarcocaulon 

1 1 4 Okondjombo Conservancy/ Community Forest Commiphora & Sarcocaulon 

1 1 5 Puros Conservancy/Community Forest Commiphora & Sarcocaulon 

1 1 8 Orupupa Conservancy DC 

1 1 9 Otjiu-West Conservancy/Community Forest Commiphora 

1 1 12 Opuwo Processing Facility Commiphora & Mopane 

1 1 13 Ehirovipuka Conservancy DC 

1 2 14 Kyaramacan Association DC 

1 2 15 Kwando Conservancy/Community forest (MNC) DC 

1 2 16 Mayuni Conservancy (MNC) DC 

1 2 17 Mashi Conservancy (MNC) DC 

1 2 18 Sobbe Conservancy (MNC) DC 

1 2 19 Balyerwa Consrvancy and Community Forest (MSC) DC 

1 2 20 Wuparo Conservancy and Community Forest (MSC) DC 

1 2 21 Dzoti Conservancy and Community Forest (MSC) DC 

1 2 24 Masida Community Forest (Sobbe Cons.) DC 

1 2 25 Lubuta Community Forest (Mashi Cons.) DC 

1 2 27 Ngonga Community Forest (Lizauli Cons) DC 

1 2 28 Sachona Community Forest DC 



Service 

provider 

Region 

PPO no. 


PPO Name Resource 

2 3 29 Epandulo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 30 Lyeendongula Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 31 Meameno Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 32 Tulongeni Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 33 Diinina Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 34 Oshawapala Association (EWC) Marula 

2 3 35 Tulongeni Twahangana Producers (TTP) Ximenia 

2 4 37 Pendapala Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 38 Okahulo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 39 Tunetu Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 40 Gwamiitayi Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 41 Mangundu Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 42 Omafa Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 43 Okalyohambo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 44 Onangalo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 4 45 Iingungula Association (EWC) Marula 

2 5 48 Shifula Association (EWC) Marula 

2 5 49 EWMM Pty Ltd as EWC factory company Marula 

2 5 50 Eudafano Women Cooperative Marula 

2 5 52 NkugoyepongoAssociation (EWC) Marula 

2 6 54 Omuntele Association (EWC) Marula 

2 6 55 Nakagumbo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 6 56 Iihongo Association (EWC) Marula 

2 6 58 Kuupenda Association (EWC) Marula 

2 7 61 SHDC Vergenoeg DC 

2 7 62 SHDC Gemsbokfontein DC 

2 7 63 SHDC Tjaka Ben Hur DC 

2 11 69 Nyae Nyae Conservancy DC 

2 11 70 N≠aJaqna Conservancy DC 

2 11 72 African Wild Dog Conservancy DC 

2/3 11 75 Ondjou Conservancy (Gam) DC 

3 12 76 Muduva Nyangana Conservancy DC 

3 12 77 George Mukoya Conservancy DC 

3 12 78 Joseph Mbambangandu Conservancy DC 

3 12 80 Daniel Sitentu Mpasi Conservancy DC 

3 12 81 Katope Community Forest DC

Training and technical support plan for 2012 

Themes and modules 

TRAINING THEMES TRAINING MODULES 

Organizational 

Development 

Business and marketing 

skills 

Leadership 

Sustainable resource 

utilization 

INP management 

Gender 

Administrative skills 

1 Organizing harvester groups 

2 Managing CBOs 

3 Roles and responsibilities 

4 Financial management 

5 Organizing an AGM 

6 Integration of INPs into CBO management 


7 Introduction to business and marketing principles 

8 Negotiation skills and contracts 

9 Product development and adding value 

10 Pricing, benefits and overheads of INPs 

11 Managing a buying point 

12 Conflict resolution 

13 Decision-making and planning 

14 Report writing 

15 Policy and permits 

16 Harvester registration and rules 

17 Harvesting practices 

18 Management and monitoring plans 

19 Methods for monitoring during and after the harvest 

20 Gender Action Learning System 

21 Gender for Management Committees 

22 Public speaking/communication skills 

23 Office management 

24 Taking minutes of a meeting 

25 Proposal writing 

INP quality 26 Monitoring of material against standards 

Processing 27 Processing of DC, Mopane or Commiphora 

Business plans 28 Business plans – three levels 

Enrichment planting 29 Nursery management and enrichment planting 



Summary of Service providers and planned interventions in 2012 

Resource 

Commiphoraand 

Sarcocaulon 


Service 

provider 

No. of PPOs 

to receive 

training 

No. of training 

module 

events* 

No. of PPOs 

to receive 

technical 

support 

No. of 

training 

theme 

events* 

IRDNC 2 3 7 11 

Ximenia CRIAA 1 13 1 11 

Marula CRIAA 23 11 23 13 


CRIAA 7 15 7 15 

NNF 1 7 4 8 

IRDNC 7 6 14 11 

Total 41 56 

*Not all the PPOs will receive training or technical support relating to all of these modules or 

themes 

In the following tables of training to be provided in 2012, the symbols indicate: 

X Training definitely to be provided 

* Training not definitely to be provided, but likely to be 

? Currently uncertain whether training will be provided.

Commiphora and Sarcocaulon Ximenia 

Module 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10 

11 

18 

26 

27 

28 

TR 


1 2 3 4 5 8 12 

TS X X X X X X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR 

TS X X X X X 

TR 

TS X 

TR 

TS X X X X 

TR 

TS X X X X X X 

TR 

TS X 

TR 

TS X 

TR 

TS X 

Module 

1 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

10 

11 

13 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 



35 

TR X 

TS 

TR X 

TS 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS 

TR 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 

TR X 

TS X 



Module 

1 

2 

3 

4 

7 

8 

10 

11 

15 

16 

17 



8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 27 28 61 62 63 69 70 72 75 76 77 78 80 

TR X X X X X X X 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

TR X X X X 

TS X X X X X X X 

TR X X X X 

TS X X X X 

TR X X 

TS X X X X X X X 


TS 

TR X X X X X X X X X 


TR X X X 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

TR X X X X X X X X X 


TR X X X 


TR X X X X X X X X 


TR X X X X X 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 


Module 

18 

19 

26 

28 

29 



8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 25 27 28 61 62 63 69 70 72 75 76 77 78 80 

TR X X X X X X X X X X 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X 



TR 

TS X X X 

TR X X X X X X X X X X X ? ? 

TS X X X X X X X X 

TR X X X X 

TS X X X X 



Marula 

Module 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

8 

10 

11 

12 



29 30 31 32 33 34 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 48 49 50 52 54 55 56 58 

TR X X X 

TS 

TR 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

TR X X X 

TS 

TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 


TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 


TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

TS X X 

TR * 

TS X * 

TR * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 

TS X X 

TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 

TS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X * X X X X X 

TR X 

TS X

Module 

13 

23 

26 

27 

28 



29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 

TR X 

TS X X 

TR X X 

TS X X 

TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 


TR * 

TS X 

TR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ? X X X X X X

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