New Orbit Magazine: Issue 04, October 2018
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The editor discusses an<br />
unexpected common theme<br />
that sprung up through this<br />
issue and recent global news.<br />
A real-world drama melds<br />
with near-future technology<br />
in this beautiful experience<br />
of love, life, childbirth and<br />
self-driving cars.<br />
What are our ethical<br />
concerns about letting<br />
artificial intelligence take the<br />
wheel? Are they substantial<br />
enough?<br />
A xenobiologist studies a<br />
creature seemingly alien to<br />
all human science, while<br />
contending with the<br />
loneliness of a distant world.<br />
How are we searching for<br />
alien life, and is it as<br />
complete a search as we<br />
need? What of<br />
unconventional life?<br />
A classic science fiction<br />
trope retold in a bittersweet<br />
tale, in which we consider<br />
how life changes when<br />
stretched out over centuries.
An automaton who has been<br />
used as an experiment in AI<br />
for another automaton tries<br />
to escape the loop she is<br />
caught in.<br />
Our emotional detatchment<br />
from humanity, terror and<br />
crisis is represented in<br />
an all-time science fiction<br />
favourite: the time machine<br />
Sophie Fooks gives a youth<br />
perspective on modern<br />
emotion, the meaning of<br />
time travel, and where our<br />
future is headed.<br />
The immortality problem –<br />
how do we truly quantify<br />
living forever?<br />
In the artistic community of<br />
the future, we explore the<br />
relationship between<br />
technology and human<br />
nature.i<br />
Our responsibility to the<br />
future is imperative to every<br />
aspect of this magazine. Our<br />
statement can be found<br />
here.
_____________<br />
“More an art than a science” is a<br />
phrase we hear day in and out,<br />
about most any kind of concept. We<br />
say making a cake is more art than<br />
science, not because of the level of<br />
creativity required to complete the<br />
task but because, despite the fact<br />
that baking is simply glorified (or deglorified?)<br />
chemistry, the rigid<br />
instructions of the recipe book<br />
alone can all too often fall short of<br />
reality.<br />
A little bit of art can be valuable to<br />
most any pursuit. It has long been<br />
<strong>New</strong> <strong>Orbit</strong> <strong>Magazine</strong>’s goal to<br />
represent this crossover of the two<br />
into one cultural idea, and so many<br />
of the stories in this issue walk that<br />
line; displaying for us how science,<br />
technology and understanding can<br />
so easily leave that perception of<br />
hard lines, lists and numbers, and<br />
become something that many would
consider to be beautiful.<br />
A Clockwork Muse, like so many artificial<br />
intelligence stories throughout time – Blade<br />
Runner, I, Robot, Lawnmower Man, and<br />
countless more – forces us to question where<br />
that line between technology and experience<br />
sits, what it is that turns a something into a<br />
someone, and what that means for our desire<br />
to package our tech into neat little boxes –<br />
literally and metaphorically.<br />
existent in the absence of the other. In spite<br />
of the mostly friendly sibling rivalry between<br />
the two, they remain just that – siblings,<br />
cohorts, two sides of the coin that is our<br />
human passion for and understanding of the<br />
world around us.<br />
I hope you, dear readers, can find as much<br />
joy in the collusions of these two modes of<br />
understanding as I do in experiencing the<br />
works ahead.<br />
Revolutions, the first story you’ll come across<br />
in issue <strong>04</strong>, takes the concept of the selfdriving<br />
car, the statistical analysis of its<br />
potential utility versus the consumer’s<br />
proclivity to purchase it, and a raft of<br />
technological possibilities to which it relates,<br />
and translates those figures into pure,<br />
heartfelt emotion through the lens of a<br />
gorgeously written story. While the figures<br />
will make sense to some, the experience exists<br />
for everybody, no matter their expertise. This<br />
is the value of art to science, to progress, and<br />
the reason that speculative fiction has forged<br />
ahead as a favourite theme in entertainment<br />
for as long as science fiction has been around.<br />
Happy musing,<br />
Naomi Moore<br />
Editor and Founder of <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orbit</strong> <strong>Magazine</strong><br />
Every story in this issue (and,in a broader<br />
sense, every story we have or will feature here<br />
in <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orbit</strong> <strong>Magazine</strong>) allows, encourages<br />
and sometimes requires us to acknowledge<br />
these connections for what they are; a<br />
demonstration of the value that art has to<br />
science, and the other way around. For us, as<br />
humans, either of these would be<br />
incomprehensible, ignored, or even non-
_____________<br />
Eve sat in the front seat of the car with her<br />
legs turned away from her husband. She was<br />
slightly curled into herself as if that might have<br />
any effect at all on the pain. When she could do<br />
more than just cope again, she looked out her<br />
window at the neglected fence posts leaning<br />
down the steep slope on the side of the road.<br />
The wind turbines in the distance echoed the<br />
revolutions of the wheels of the car beneath her.<br />
When the wind blew too hard the engineers let<br />
the turbines stand still so they didn’t get<br />
damaged. Labour was not so forgiving. Even<br />
with all the advances in modern medicine, noone<br />
had thought to invent a pause button to let<br />
women avoid getting damaged.<br />
They had left for hospital earlier in the<br />
process than most expectant parents because<br />
they knew the trip to the city would take time.<br />
Eve felt the pain of a contraction starting again<br />
and did her best not to get angry at her husband<br />
for ignoring her pleas for a self-driving car. He<br />
could have been holding her and supporting<br />
her right now. She could have had enough<br />
space to stretch out. He’d said they couldn’t<br />
afford to spend the money with a new baby on<br />
the way, but she knew the real reason was his<br />
love of driving. She couldn’t really complain<br />
though; that was why he’d agreed to live in the<br />
beautiful rural area they now called home.<br />
Kyle gripped the steering wheel with white<br />
knuckles and did his best to keep the car under<br />
the speed limit as he listened to the noises of<br />
pain coming from his wife next to him. He tried<br />
to estimate the number of minutes between her<br />
contractions. Before they’d left he’d reminded<br />
her to keep entering the times into the hospital<br />
app that their midwife would be monitoring.<br />
She’d gestured rudely at him and told him to
do it himself before she went back to hanging<br />
on to the doorframe. The car crossed the centre<br />
line a little as he took a corner on the winding<br />
road too fast and Eve cried out in pain.<br />
“Slow down! That makes it worse!” she said,<br />
in between panting breaths. She was starting to<br />
hyperventilate.<br />
“Sorry, Love. I’m just worried we left it too<br />
late. How often are your contractions coming?”<br />
he replied.<br />
“Too often,” was all she said.<br />
They had reached the highway, 10 minutes’<br />
drive from the hospital on a good day, when<br />
they hit the traffic jam. Stopped cars stretched<br />
before them like some sort of metallic ocean.<br />
Kyle watched the dial on his dashboard drop to<br />
zero as he braked. He checked his phone. There<br />
had been a multiple-fatality accident ahead.<br />
Estimated delay – 1 hour.<br />
The self-driving car in front of him backed up<br />
to within an inch of his front bumper and<br />
started a series of turns to make its way to a<br />
nearby small gap in the median barrier. Other<br />
self-driving cars were shifting in the same way,<br />
programmed to communicate with each other.<br />
They worked together to get as many of them as<br />
possible out of the traffic. One by one they<br />
slipped through the narrow gap to make a U-<br />
turn on the highway.<br />
priority beacon the car would lodge a<br />
complaint. The reversing beeps of his car<br />
seemed to mock him. Kyle backed his car up,<br />
begrudging even that small movement further<br />
away from where he needed to be. He watched<br />
in frustration as the flashing car extracted itself<br />
from the sea of metal and sped off in the other<br />
direction.<br />
Five minutes later, Eve’s moans had turned<br />
into screams. Kyle had started entering the<br />
contraction times into the hospital app now<br />
that they were stopped. He didn’t know what<br />
else to do. He’d assumed his wife would run<br />
things until they got to the hospital. He’d just<br />
entered the latest time – 2 minutes – when the<br />
phone started ringing; it was the midwife.<br />
“Kyle, those contractions are progressing<br />
really quickly. Where are you?”<br />
“We’re stuck on the highway.”<br />
“Why didn’t you… never mind. I’m calling<br />
you an ambulance right now. I need to talk to<br />
Eve.”<br />
Kyle waited for Eve’s latest scream to subside<br />
and then put the phone on speaker.<br />
“Eve, it’s Michelle. You’re doing really well. I<br />
need you to tell me what you’re feeling.”<br />
Kyle pounded the steering wheel with a fist.<br />
He would have risked the large fine for humandriven<br />
cars changing direction on the highway,<br />
but there was no way that he could even get<br />
close to the gap.<br />
Five cars ahead he could see a driverless car<br />
start flashing red. The occupants must have hit<br />
their emergency priority button, probably just<br />
in frustration at their inability to get out of the<br />
traffic. The drivers in front of him started<br />
tooting their horns as their reverse lights came<br />
on. If they were too slow responding to the<br />
“It hurts so much. I don’t think I can do this.”<br />
“You can do it Eve, but I need you to keep<br />
talking to me. The ambulance is twenty minutes
away. Is there anything else you can tell me<br />
about how you’re feeling?”<br />
Eve started screaming again and Kyle felt<br />
panic set in. He tried to put an arm around her<br />
but she pushed him away and clutched tight to<br />
the armrest instead. Through her window he<br />
could see the face of a child in the neighbouring<br />
car staring back at him with wide eyes. He<br />
turned and looked out behind them while Eve<br />
was distracted. Every self-driving car that hadn’t<br />
managed to make it out of the traffic jam yet<br />
was glowing red to help clear a path for the<br />
ambulance to come through. They only did that<br />
in emergencies. If there had been more of them<br />
they would have looked like an airport runway,<br />
but instead they looked like lonely signal lights<br />
in a vast ocean.<br />
“Can’t the ambulance come from the other<br />
direction?” he asked Michelle in panic.<br />
“Traffic’s backed up just the same on the<br />
other side, Kyle. You’ll be okay. I’m right here<br />
for you and I’ve got an open line to emergency<br />
services. Eve, just keep breathing, in through<br />
your nose and out through your mouth. When<br />
you can manage, start talking to me again.”<br />
Kyle watched in despair as a small trickle of<br />
self-driving cars went past in the other direction<br />
only three lanes away from him. If something<br />
happened to Eve or their baby because he<br />
hadn’t wanted to borrow money for a new car<br />
he didn’t think he could live with himself.<br />
Eve’s cracking voice came from next to him “I<br />
think my waters broke about fifteen minutes<br />
ago,” she said.<br />
Kyle’s eyes widened, “Why didn’t you say<br />
anything?”<br />
“You were driving, I didn’t want to distract<br />
you. It’s not a big deal.” she started breathing<br />
fast again and whimpered, feeling another<br />
contraction building up.<br />
“It might not mean the baby’s coming.”<br />
Michelle’s voice was soft and calming “But<br />
when you’ve already been labouring for a while<br />
it can mean it’s time to start pushing. Do you<br />
have towels with you, Kyle? I think Eve should<br />
be sitting in the back with more space just in<br />
case.”<br />
“I can’t do this,” Kyle said, just as Eve started<br />
screaming again.<br />
She was still moaning loudly when Michelle<br />
started talking again. “Kyle, I need you to go put<br />
clean towels down in the back seat and move<br />
her back there right now. Pick up the phone<br />
and open the door. The ambulance is ten<br />
minutes away.”<br />
Michelle’s calm voice had a hypnotic effect on<br />
him and he was half out the door already before<br />
he even realised. Once he started moving, his<br />
brain started trying to function again. He laid<br />
everything out in the back and opened his wife’s<br />
door.<br />
Kyle held tight under Eve’s arm and halfpulled<br />
her out of the car. The towel they’d put<br />
down on the seat stuck to her clothes as she<br />
stood up. He reached down to pull it away from<br />
her and stared at it for a moment in confusion.<br />
There was large dark patch in the middle of the<br />
towel that became bright red at the edges like<br />
some sort of Rorshach inkblot test. For a<br />
moment his brain tried to figure out what<br />
animal he could see in the pattern and what<br />
that said about him; then he realised what the<br />
stain was.<br />
As he was staring at the towel, Eve grabbed<br />
onto his jacket and slid down onto the road.
Kyle heard his voice yelling towards the phone<br />
on the dashboard as if he was listening to<br />
someone far away, “Michelle, she’s bleeding!<br />
There’s blood everywhere! Help me! What do I<br />
do?”<br />
The mother from the car next door was there<br />
within seconds. “I’ve got her. You pick up the<br />
phone.” She lay Eve down on the white lines of<br />
the road between their cars and put a jersey<br />
under her head. A ring of fascinated and<br />
helpless faces grew around them as people got<br />
out of their cars to come look.<br />
Kyle’s hands shook so badly that he knocked<br />
the phone to the floor. He picked it up from<br />
next to the unopened packet of pacifiers that<br />
was lying in the footwell, a last-minute purchase<br />
in the hope of quiet nights once the baby came.<br />
Now he hoped his baby screamed the whole<br />
damn highway down. He couldn’t think about<br />
the alternative.<br />
Michelle started talking again. Her voice on<br />
speakerphone was the only sound around<br />
them. “You need to keep her lying flat and<br />
calm. I’ve raised the priority of the ambulance<br />
call. They’ve said they’ll drive up the other side<br />
of the motorway against traffic. There’s only<br />
self-drivers making it through on that side<br />
anyway. You need to ask someone to wave them<br />
down.”<br />
A man stepped forward from the circle of<br />
voyeurs, “I’ll do it.”<br />
Kyle tried to say thank you but the words<br />
wouldn’t come out. The man clapped a hand<br />
on his shoulder. “It’ll be OK,” he said and then<br />
made his way across the lanes of stopped traffic<br />
to stand on the median barrier waiting.<br />
Kyle hunched forward over Eve and held her.<br />
The mother sitting next to her gently took the<br />
phone off him. He could hear her answering<br />
Michelle’s questions. “Her eyes are open but<br />
she isn’t responding to me. Her breathing is<br />
really shallow. There’s a pool of blood on the<br />
ground. It’s hard to tell how much.”<br />
He couldn’t look away from his sheet-white<br />
pale wife. He realised he hadn’t heard her<br />
screaming for several minutes, and that scared<br />
him more than the screams had. The wind blew<br />
the smell of idling exhausts across his face and<br />
chips of gravel from the grey road dug into his<br />
knees. It wasn’t supposed to be like this. They’d<br />
toured the hospital a month ago in preparation.<br />
It was smooth and white and smelled of<br />
antiseptic and visitor’s flowers. This highway<br />
wasn’t part of the birth plan.<br />
He didn’t even notice the sound of the<br />
ambulance siren coming closer until a<br />
paramedic took the woman’s place across from<br />
him.<br />
“You need to move aside for a moment please<br />
sir, so we can get her on the stretcher. What’s<br />
her name?”<br />
“Eve.”<br />
“Eve, you need to hang in there just a bit<br />
longer. We’ve got you. Can you hear me? Eve?”<br />
The paramedic was shaking her shoulder gently<br />
as she spoke.<br />
Kyle stumbled after them as they loaded her<br />
into the ambulance. He sat across from her in<br />
the back, watching the paramedic working fast.<br />
He didn’t have a lot of experience with<br />
paramedics, but he knew desperation when he<br />
saw it.<br />
A voice came from the front, “The rig wants<br />
to do a U-turn and go through the ‘burbs<br />
Robyn. This side is starting to clear and we’ve<br />
got human drivers heading towards us.”<br />
“We don’t have time. Hit the override and tell<br />
dispatch to get the police and those SDCs to<br />
clear us a lane. If they can save their owners’<br />
lives, they can damn well help the rest of us<br />
plebs too,” the paramedic replied.
oom. The same thought kept playing over and<br />
over through his mind. If only they’d bought<br />
the new car he would be holding his baby in his<br />
arms right now.<br />
Kyle was dimly aware of the flashing red<br />
beacons of the self-drive cars playing across<br />
Eve’s face as the ambulance sped past them in<br />
the opposite direction at high speed. The tenminute<br />
drive took five thanks to the entire<br />
route being cleared ahead of them<br />
simultaneously. He would have been impressed<br />
if he wasn’t so worried that it was five minutes<br />
too long.<br />
They rushed Eve off to theatre as soon as they<br />
arrived and Kyle was left sitting in a waiting<br />
Eve had rolled her eyes when he’d said no to<br />
buying one. She’d told him they were lucky they<br />
had the option, that they had a responsibility to<br />
use their privilege to be early adopters and help<br />
bring the price down for everyone else. He’d<br />
laughed at her and told her shopping was not a<br />
social service. He didn’t need his savings to be<br />
on the front-lines of a technology revolution.<br />
The fan in the corner had something stuck in<br />
the revolving blades and it made a rhythmic<br />
clicking noise as it wafted air across Kyle’s face,<br />
cooling the tracks of his tears until they felt like<br />
glaciers creeping down his cheeks. He put his<br />
head in his hands and he waited. ◊
Most every new technology humanity is<br />
introduced to comes with a raft of its own<br />
moral and ethical quandaries. Perhaps the<br />
technology could be used for evil if taken<br />
outside of its suggested field, or perhaps<br />
people believe it's too much of an affront to<br />
nature or the traditional order of things. The<br />
basis of the ethical questions asked about<br />
driverless cars lie within a famous thought<br />
experiment known as the “trolley problem”,<br />
which forces a person to make decisions<br />
based upon the greater good or individual<br />
value type grounds. The most basic trolley<br />
problem would posit: “a trolley (as in a tram<br />
or train) is approaching a fork in its track, and<br />
you are standing at the lever which can alter<br />
its course. Tied to track A, the one on which<br />
the trolley is headed, are two strangers. Tied<br />
to track B, the course the trolley will take if<br />
you throw the lever, is one. What do you do?”<br />
Throwing the lever will mean that you're<br />
saving the lives of the two people tied on track<br />
A, and ensuring one less death as a result of<br />
the trolley accident. However, it also means<br />
that you are actively condemning the person<br />
tied to track B, who would've survived<br />
otherwise, to death. Is inaction the correct<br />
moral path here, declining to assume that you<br />
have the moral authority to make judgements<br />
on who lives or dies? Or is it the greater good,<br />
utilitarianism, saying simply that two lives<br />
spared is better than one? How does your<br />
decision change when the single stranger is<br />
replaced with a loved one, or the pair of<br />
strangers are replaced with violent criminals?<br />
Do we have the right to recalibrate our answer
ased on the kind of people we’re judging to<br />
live or die?<br />
In creating driverless cars, we are<br />
attempting to create a way to take these<br />
almost impossible decisions out of human<br />
hands, and into AI’s.<br />
While technologies that are capable of<br />
safely and efficiently piloting a car without<br />
human intervention is increasing in both<br />
number and sophistication, mainstream<br />
driverless cars are struggling to get off the<br />
ground due to a few issues. One of these is<br />
cost – as for the characters in Revolutions, the<br />
current price for an autonomous vehicle is so<br />
prohibitively high that normal road users can<br />
barely consider purchasing one. This means<br />
that there are exceptionally few on the roads,<br />
and this in turn decreases the personal utility<br />
of owning one – like the internet, driverless<br />
cars are a resource that increase in personal<br />
value with the more people that use them.<br />
The second issue, and currently the most<br />
important one, is the way that these cars are<br />
programmed to react in accident situations.<br />
These scenarios have become the modern-day<br />
incarnation of the original trolley problem –<br />
if someone is guaranteed to die in this<br />
autopiloted car accident, which person<br />
should it be? There are dozens of scenarios<br />
that could play out, both where other road<br />
users are at fault and where there is no one to<br />
blame, but the accident still cannot be<br />
avoided (several of these scenarios are set out<br />
by professor of robot ethics Patrick Lin in the<br />
linked TEDTalk). Turning to the principle of<br />
minimising harm is the most obvious choice,<br />
but in the cases where that concept is more<br />
complex than a simple black and white<br />
answer, programmers are getting stuck. Some<br />
have turned to human-based input, posing<br />
moral questions to the public and analysing<br />
their answers to see what the general person<br />
would like the car to do. Unfortunately, this<br />
too often fails in constructing a clear-cut
answer, as, for example, “36 percent of<br />
respondents would want a robot car to sacrifice<br />
their life to avoid crashing into a child, while 64<br />
percent would want the child to die in order to<br />
save their own life. (Patrick Lin, Wired)”<br />
of legal and financial benefit. After all, for the<br />
first time they are struggling with the concept<br />
of being held accountable (or forcing their<br />
consumers to be held accountable) not only<br />
for manslaughter, but for outright murder:<br />
A further and just as pressing issue regarding<br />
the morality here is that of liability. As the driver<br />
of your car, you are responsible for any people<br />
injured or killed due to your operation of it –<br />
even if it resulted from a reflex required to save<br />
your or another’s life. If the vehicle itself was the<br />
cause via a defect or a structural failing, for<br />
example, the manufacturer is liable for the<br />
lives lost – the reason for vehicle recalls within<br />
the motor industry. So where does the<br />
liability fall when deaths or injuries result<br />
from accidents between driverless cars? As the<br />
people in the vehicle have no control over<br />
what the machine does, they can no longer be<br />
held accountable for it, so it is currently<br />
understood that liability will fall largely on the<br />
manufacturer. Vehicle manufacturers are,<br />
understandably, not impressed with the<br />
concept of shouldering liability for all lives<br />
lost due to their machine and its code, which<br />
causes many of them to forgo consideration<br />
of the production of driverless cars at any<br />
time in the foreseeable future. Others have<br />
tried to find ways around taking on liability,<br />
such as creating driverless cars with adjustable<br />
ethics settings that are coded in by the<br />
consumer, and not the manufacturer, to<br />
return the culpability to them. This has its<br />
own frightening problems. Too complex a<br />
system could allow a customer to express<br />
dangerous biases in ways that would've been<br />
impossible with a traditional car; we may see<br />
them calibrate their car to target children over<br />
the elderly, the poor over the rich, arts<br />
students over science students, humans over<br />
expensive objects they’d be liable to replace,<br />
women over men, or one race over another in<br />
the case of an accident. Too simple a system<br />
would fail to remove liability from the<br />
manufacturer, incentivising them to take the<br />
dangerous route described above for the sake<br />
Like many medical professionals – surgeons,<br />
vaccine makers, etcetera – perhaps autonomous<br />
vehicle manufacturers will be given their own<br />
special kind of legal protection for their<br />
failing the few, given the benefit that<br />
driverless cars provide for the many, for<br />
society; a trolley problem in itself.
This beautiful TEDTalk by Patrick Lin elucidates a great number of moral queries we are and<br />
should be having about the new concept of driverless cars.<br />
It can become tempting to look at a selfdriving<br />
car as a weapon – a tactical drone – a<br />
complex targeting android designed largely to<br />
plan vehicular manslaughter in the most (or<br />
least?) efficient ways. In doing this it can be<br />
easy to forget that a driverless car is just that –<br />
a car. It’s a mode of transport that increases<br />
efficiency, gives you extra time and comfort,<br />
and will be far safer for the average person<br />
than a vehicle controlled by a human driver –<br />
whether that be your bus driver starting work<br />
on a sleepy Monday morning, an uber driver<br />
taking his 400th consecutive passenger<br />
without break, an elderly stranger who needs<br />
a new prescription for their glasses or is prone<br />
to some minor road rage, or your friend who<br />
had a couple of glasses of wine in the<br />
afternoon but is fine (and, importantly, legal)<br />
to drive now. Worldwide, traffic accidents kill<br />
approximately 3300 and injure hundreds of<br />
thousands more every day. In America, a<br />
person dies in a traffic accident every 15<br />
minutes; almost triple their rate of firearm<br />
homicides. In <strong>New</strong> Zealand, that number is<br />
nearing 400 deaths and 12 to 15,000 injuries<br />
a year, in a country with a population of only<br />
~4.5 million – almost one in every 11,000<br />
<strong>New</strong> Zealanders lose their lives on the roads<br />
every year. Artificial intelligence is not<br />
perfect, and nobody is claiming that their<br />
driverless cars will eliminate all road deaths.<br />
However, there's a good chance that with a<br />
little faith, they will get us part of the way<br />
there; like many pursuits, the more we invest<br />
in this kind of progress the greater the<br />
progress will be. When that progress saves<br />
hundreds, thousands, or even just a few lives,<br />
perhaps it becomes our moral responsibility<br />
to nurture it in whatever way we can.<br />
Patrick Lin. Here's a Terrible Idea:<br />
Robot Cars with Adjustable Ethics<br />
Settings. Wired. August 18, 2014.<br />
Accessed September 09, <strong>2018</strong>.<br />
https://www.wired.com/2014/08/h<br />
eres-a-terrible-idea-robot-cars-withadjustable-ethics-settings/<br />
Noah J. Goodall. Machine Ethics and<br />
Automated Vehicles. Pre-print version.<br />
Published in G. Meyer and S. Beiker<br />
(eds.), Road Vehicle Automation,<br />
Springer, 2014, pp. 93-102.<br />
Available at<br />
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-<br />
3-319-05990-7_9<br />
Patrick Lin. The Ethics of Saving Lives<br />
with Autonomous Cars Is Far Murkier<br />
than you Think. Wired. August 30,<br />
2013. Accessed September 09, <strong>2018</strong>.<br />
https://www.wired.com/2013/07/t<br />
he-surprising-ethics-of-robot-cars/
_____________<br />
Clumsy with pain, she is borne down by the<br />
weight of her own fractured thoughts. Light<br />
glares. Unformed, unfocused, she cannot link<br />
one perception to another. Minutiae pick her<br />
apart. She is trapped in the details, present and<br />
past transparencies overlaid to create a cloudy<br />
mass where there is no yesterday, no before,<br />
only now, and now, and now, neverending. She<br />
clings to what she can.<br />
Eventually the pain eases, resolves itself into<br />
the stretching of her muscles, the beating of her<br />
hollow heart. Sensation, inexplicable. She<br />
believes she knows what it is. Her mind locks it<br />
into its place. There, now. It is real.<br />
She is aware of a childhood, but she cannot<br />
hold it. The memory slips. Automata have no<br />
past. She knows she is a construct, an imitation<br />
of a life cobbled together from borrowed<br />
memories. They are all true. She remembers<br />
sitting in a field in the July sun, waiting for her<br />
mother to spread the picnic blanket. She<br />
remembers the slow ache of arthritis in her<br />
hands when she shoveled the winter’s first<br />
heavy snow. She is fragmentary and erratic in<br />
her recollections but convinced of them all the<br />
same. They are in her, loose as fallen leaves, and<br />
each is real.<br />
But she is not. Her eyes are green glass,<br />
windows into the illusion of her soul. The man
standing in front of her sees what he wants in<br />
them. He has imagined her into being, shaped<br />
her and done the fine work of her machinery.<br />
What rare elements did he use to assemble her,<br />
his Galatea, his Eve: platinum wires, slick<br />
titanium joints, silicon, smooth pale lab-grown<br />
skin through which the shadow of her<br />
composite skeleton can be seen. She is<br />
breathtaking, inhuman, flesh over plastic<br />
bones. She breathes.<br />
“Delia,” he says. “Come here.”<br />
She walks gracefully, as if she had always stood<br />
erect on her narrow feet, balanced her mass<br />
against gravity’s subtle pull.<br />
His name is Stephen. She already knows it.<br />
His hands on her shoulders, running lightly<br />
down her arms. She feels it. She trembles,<br />
gooseflesh rising, alive.<br />
He assesses her. She stands still, unsure,<br />
expectant.<br />
“Fine,” he says. “You are fine.”<br />
Feminine, she reaches up to smooth her hair.<br />
Szmenski steps around Stephen, leans close to<br />
her and places his hand over hers, following her<br />
motion. “Yes,” he says. “You are fine.” She<br />
knows his name as well. She glances at<br />
Stephen, the need to do so innate.<br />
Stephen’s mouth twitches but he stands aside<br />
to let Szmenski scrutinize her.<br />
Her hands are restless. She picks at her nails,<br />
running her fingers around the edge of them<br />
over and again.<br />
“Stop it,” Stephen says. “You’ll ruin them.”<br />
Szmenski gently pulls her fingers apart.<br />
“Relax, Delia. There is no need to fret,” he says.<br />
He guides her hands to her sides, poses her<br />
like a demure mannequin.<br />
“You are quite talented, Stephen. Delia,<br />
thank you.”<br />
Szmenski steps back to allow Stephen close to<br />
her again. His breath moves loose strands her<br />
dark hair. She has no sense of him.<br />
“Thank you, Doctor,” Stephen says, never<br />
looking away from her. Just past his ear Delia<br />
sees Szmenski slide open a panel and leave them<br />
to themselves. She remembers.<br />
Beside Stephen in the quiet darkness, she<br />
wonders. Synapses fire, electricity jumps the<br />
gaps, makes its circuit. She thinks time may be<br />
passing. She remembers sunrise. Her head is<br />
full of stars.<br />
He leads her to a seat before the window,<br />
positions her at an angle to the light. He tilts<br />
her chin up and away from him. She looks over<br />
her shoulder at the clear blue sky.<br />
“Stay like that,” he says, retreating across the<br />
room. He picks up paper and charcoal, sketches<br />
her outline quickly before going back to fill in<br />
details. There are many portraits of her in the<br />
house, the bulk of them with her face tilted<br />
away, as though Stephen is wary of capturing all<br />
of her.<br />
She is curious. She lingers over the sensation<br />
of her neck extended, the pull of the muscles.<br />
Outside, leaves rustle in the wind.<br />
There is a flicker in her memory, in her<br />
vision. She can see herself sitting there. She<br />
remembers seeing it. She feels as if she is falling.<br />
Her limbs do not match her perception. She<br />
loses her pose, turning back to Stephen with her<br />
lips parted, already asking.<br />
“What is it now, Delia? I told you to stay<br />
still.” He is angry with her. She is finite, she is<br />
lacking. She is not what he wants, right now.<br />
*<br />
*
*<br />
Szmenski comes and goes. Sometimes he<br />
speaks to them, genial small talk about the day<br />
that reveals nothing; other times he watches<br />
quietly from a seat in the studio as Stephen<br />
paints. Delia has the feeling that she remembers<br />
him from before, but she has no before. His<br />
presence slots in among all the other pinpoints<br />
of memory.<br />
Stephen poses her again, this time standing<br />
with her hands pressed together palm to palm,<br />
fingers brushing her chin. She remembers<br />
praying, fervently. Clean tears spring up in her<br />
eyes. She does not know why. The mood fades.<br />
She dislikes modeling for Stephen, is subtly<br />
shamed by the multiple versions he makes of<br />
her. He has not yet begun this repetition, is still<br />
preparing his palette. She searches for other<br />
distractions.<br />
There is a fine tear in her skin along the edge<br />
of her thumbnail. She picks at it until she can<br />
pinch it up and pull it back. She peels her hand<br />
like an orange. She is vaguely expecting pain,<br />
and blood, but it does not hurt. She is not<br />
surprised by the lacework of wires and slim rods<br />
revealed by her picking. She keeps going,<br />
stripping the skin from her arm in a long sleeve.<br />
*<br />
She remembers leaping from the cliff’s edge<br />
into the cold deep pool. She landed badly,<br />
slamming into the water’s surface before it gave<br />
in to her weight and let her sink. This stings like<br />
that did, like a raw electric current across her<br />
chest and belly. She jumps away from it, fearing<br />
the drowning that will follow.<br />
“It’s okay,” Szmenski says, calm as air.<br />
The needle glints and sparkles as it threads<br />
her skin back together. There is pain, but it is<br />
not hers. Still, she flinches.<br />
“Be still, Delia,” says Szmenski.<br />
Her body relaxes. His hands are familiar, the<br />
slow process of reconstruction has happened<br />
before. She watches his hands move across hers,<br />
the delicate stitches he leaves behind. It will<br />
heal into scars so pale they will lay like lace on<br />
her skin. Ghosts of what will be. She<br />
remembers it.<br />
*<br />
“Delia!” Stephen cries.<br />
He reaches for her, crushing the metal bones<br />
of her hand in a hard grip as he stops her.<br />
Without the skin to conduct sensation, she is<br />
only aware of pressure. She pulls her hand away,<br />
watching the slide and flex of her machinery.<br />
“Don’t touch anything. We have to fix this,”<br />
Stephen says.<br />
“I don’t want it fixed. Not yet,” she says.<br />
“You can’t stay like this,” he says, already<br />
moving away.<br />
Szmenski is always the one to put her back<br />
together. He has never allowed Stephen that<br />
privilege. Sometimes he reconfigures her,<br />
changes her into something slyly different. All<br />
the iterations echo in her, dissonant and<br />
interchangeable. Memories fade and bloom.<br />
Once he had called her Adele.
She lies close beside Stephen as clear morning<br />
floods She lies through close beside the windows. Stephen She as clear has not morning slept,<br />
floods it is not through part of the her. windows. She studies She him has in not the slept, new<br />
it light, is not the part length of her. of She his nose, studies the him texture in the of new his<br />
light, skin, the evaluating, length of comparing his nose, it the to texture her own. of his A<br />
skin, bird shrills evaluating, outside comparing the window it to and her he own. opens A<br />
bird his eyes shrills at the outside sudden the sound. window From and her opens angle<br />
his she eyes can at see the the sudden glass arc sound. of his From cornea her where angle it<br />
she floats can on see his the eye. glass A scrim arc of of his sunlight cornea traces where its<br />
floats curve. on She his watches eye. A the scrim spark of sunlight and scroll traces of data its<br />
curve. flow across She watches it as comes the spark awake. and scroll of data<br />
flow across it as he comes awake.<br />
She blinks twice, reading her own scroll. She<br />
is She made blinks his twice, image. reading her own scroll. She<br />
is made in his image.<br />
“Stephen,” she says. “We are the same.”<br />
“Stephen,” she says. “We are the same.”<br />
He turns his head toward her, his fine hair<br />
rustling He turns on the his crisp head sheets. toward her, his fine hair<br />
rustling on the crisp sheets.<br />
“No,” he says, calm as an empty sky. “I am<br />
your “No,” maker.” he says, calm as an empty sky. “I am<br />
your maker.”<br />
He is peaceful, certain.<br />
He is peaceful, certain.<br />
She turns away. There is no response to such<br />
a She statement. turns away. There is no response to such<br />
a statement.<br />
He reaches for her, brushes her hip, her belly,<br />
but He she reaches rolls away for her, from brushes him. The her sheets hip, her are belly, cool<br />
but under she her. rolls She away rises. from At him. a distance The sheets she are knows cool<br />
under who she her. is, but She she rises. cannot At a separate distance herself she knows from<br />
who the tangled she is, but threads she cannot of the separate other lives herself she from has<br />
the impossibly tangled lived. threads He of did the as well other as he lives could. she has He<br />
impossibly is not capable lived. of He perfection. did as well She as he throws could. open He<br />
is the not window, capable grips of perfection. its frame so She tightly throws her fingers open<br />
the ache, window, closes her grips eyes its frame against so the tightly sun. her fingers<br />
ache, closes her eyes against the sun.<br />
Light like a downpour washes over her,<br />
through Light like her eyelids, a downpour through washes her skin. over She her, is<br />
through alive, she her is warm eyelids, with through it. She her is something skin. She else is<br />
alive, she is warm with it. She is something else<br />
than her own machinery. The facets click<br />
than together, slotting own machinery. into place. The She facets is everyone click<br />
together, within her, slotting mosaic into and place. whole. She is everyone<br />
within her, mosaic and whole.<br />
“Come back to bed, Delia,” Stephen says.<br />
“Come back to bed, Delia,” Stephen says.<br />
“No,” she says. “I am leaving this.”<br />
“No,” she says. “I am leaving this.”<br />
She is surprised by his speed, how fast he leaps<br />
up She and is spins surprised her away by his from speed, the how window. fast he leaps<br />
up and spins her away from the window.<br />
Stephen slaps her across the face, hard and<br />
fast. Stephen Pain flickers slaps her across across her the skin, face, prickles hard and like<br />
fast. fragments Pain flickers of sulphur across burning. her skin, prickles like<br />
fragments of sulphur burning.<br />
“You do not get to leave,” he says. “I made<br />
you. “You You do stay not with get me.” to leave,” he says. “I made<br />
you. You stay with me.”<br />
She lashes out like a cat, responding from<br />
some She other lashes life. out His like skin a cat, rips responding under her nails. from<br />
some Silver other mesh life. glistens, His skin revealed. rips under There is nails. no<br />
Silver blood. mesh glistens, revealed. There is no<br />
blood.<br />
For a moment they are both caught in staring<br />
at For his a machinery, moment they and are she both remembers caught in that staring he<br />
at does his not machinery, remember. and Then she remembers he looks up that her<br />
does and snarls. not remember. She feels his Then scentless he looks breath up on at her<br />
and face. snarls. She braces She feels herself his to scentless shove him breath back, on her but<br />
face. he grabs She her braces arms. herself She throws to shove herself him back, backward but<br />
he against grabs the her window arms. She and throws feels herself the glass backward splinter<br />
against behind the her, window hears and the feels crack the of glass the wooden splinter<br />
behind frame. The her, sutures hears the at her crack shoulders of the tear wooden loose<br />
frame. and she The is sutures falling. at Stephen her shoulders clutches tear empty loose<br />
and sleeves. she is falling. Stephen clutches empty<br />
sleeves.<br />
The air seems to hold her, for a moment. She<br />
hears The Szmenski air seems to shout hold inside her, for the a room, moment. but She she<br />
hears cannot Szmenski see him. shout She has inside closed the room, her eyes. but This she<br />
cannot has happened see him. before. She has The closed sudden her eyes. light This<br />
has overwhelming. happened before. The sudden light is<br />
overwhelming.<br />
Out of her skin, she is free. ◊<br />
Out of her skin, she is free. ◊
STEPHANIE BRETHERTON<br />
BONE<br />
LINES<br />
Love is Evolutionary<br />
“A monument to the timelessness of human<br />
nature, and a work of art... Bretherton ignites<br />
her characters with a life, complexity, a<br />
personality with which any number of readers<br />
will identify and empathise with. The author<br />
should be as overjoyed as I was impressed with<br />
this debut novel (the first, I hope, of many).”<br />
Naomi Moore<br />
Editor, <strong>New</strong> <strong>Orbit</strong> magazine<br />
“Gracefully written, carefully researched, and<br />
always alert to the issues it raises, Bone Lines<br />
reaches far across time to relate the<br />
interwoven stories of two women – a genetic<br />
scientist addressing the complexities of<br />
contemporary experience, and one of our<br />
earliest ancestors in a physical and spiritual<br />
ordeal of survival... a brave and moving<br />
adventure of the imagination.”<br />
Lindsay Clarke<br />
The Chymical Wedding<br />
“A brilliant, genre-defying read, Bone Lines<br />
deftly unravels the wonder of oneness”<br />
Barbara Bos<br />
Managing Editor, Women Writers, Women’s<br />
Books<br />
“Like Sapiens ...if fictionalised and seen<br />
through the eyes of two fierce and<br />
admirable women.”<br />
Zero Filter Books<br />
Available to buy at:<br />
Amazon.co.uk<br />
Bookdepository.com
_____________<br />
Later, as my fingers clenched around the<br />
joystick, I would rethink my hasty trek through<br />
the doors of the machine. Thinking back on my<br />
naivety ‒ as I sit in a chair whose contours have<br />
sagged and worn into the perfect imprint of<br />
myself ‒ my willingness to take apart time and<br />
fiddle it into something else, is foreign to me<br />
now. Youth is a curious toxin. I remember the<br />
fire of it running through me, though I’m sure<br />
I didn’t register it at the time.<br />
When the machine appeared, I was full of<br />
heady youth and frustration, and dissatisfied<br />
with certain aspects of my life. I suppose I<br />
wanted the comfort of knowing I would be all<br />
right. That was my first mistake. When I first<br />
saw myself as I would be, I recoiled. Something<br />
primal and instinctual snapped like a harp<br />
string around me. I was doing wrong on a<br />
cosmic level. It was like seeing my intestines<br />
outside my body. I was corrupt at a base level.<br />
All the mannerisms and ticks of character that<br />
I should have been experiencing from the<br />
inside were externalised. I saw myself as I was:<br />
painfully small. An insignificant member of the<br />
human race.<br />
After that, I knew I could not go back. To see<br />
that and resume normality was impossible. I<br />
refused to wait out my future, feeling the skin<br />
slowly sagging away from me, my arteries<br />
constricting, my joints rusting, and mind<br />
congealing. Losing every part of myself so slowly<br />
I would barely register it until I woke up one<br />
day decrepit and moaning for days gone by.<br />
Aging was a profound and unnatural fear, its<br />
roots reaching deep in me.<br />
I would later remember my hands shaking as<br />
I punched numbers into the machine, almost at<br />
random, as if guided by something outside<br />
myself. Seeing my future self, I was urged<br />
desperately forward, away from it.<br />
In the time I appeared next, I was already<br />
dead. As horrid as it sounds, I was relieved. I<br />
wanted no glimpse of the poltergeist I was to
ecome. Instead, I found myself at the funeral<br />
of my dearest friend, someone I met as a child<br />
and we had rarely parted company since. He<br />
was the most important person in my life. There<br />
were ornate displays of flowers. Mourners wept<br />
throughout the room. His mother was sobbing.<br />
As I looked on his casket, I felt nothing. All the<br />
other people who had been dear to me had<br />
warped in my absence. They had disentangled<br />
themselves from my memory. Their eulogies<br />
were tributes to strangers.<br />
Throughout this time-hopping, I wasn’t<br />
aging, although my fingers became wiry as they<br />
danced over the panels of my machine. Now<br />
that the people I loved had been wrested from<br />
me, I was free. Free to travel further, free to find<br />
a place I could be happy.<br />
In fifty years, they found the cure for cancer.<br />
Old men and women with walkers tottered<br />
around the neighbourhood. Rosy cheeks over<br />
withered, drooping skin. Walkers to conceal<br />
atrophying limbs. I moved on.<br />
In one hundred years, plastic surgery would<br />
remove a person’s imperfections. Glossy<br />
magazines models come to life breezed through<br />
the streets, laughing. They frightened me, these<br />
perfect specimens. Their skin was like rubber,<br />
or the lustrous paper of the magazines they<br />
read. I had a horrid feeling in the pit of my<br />
stomach, as if at any minute the faces might fall<br />
off, leaving the people with skin as raw as a<br />
skinned animal, hung up to tenderise. Panic<br />
clawed at my throat. I tugged at my hair and<br />
moved on once more.<br />
to settle down, to stay in one time for even a<br />
week, I would shiver uncontrollably. I could<br />
never sleep, so instead I roamed the streets of a<br />
world that was always hostile and foreign to me.<br />
I was not wanted, the buildings and streets told<br />
me. I could no longer live in real time. I had<br />
been expelled from the natural order of things.<br />
The only way I could operate was always moving<br />
on, living in time lapse.<br />
I know eventually I may run out of time. It<br />
only makes sense that if there is a beginning,<br />
there must also be an end. I walk through the<br />
dark corridor of time with no clue as to where<br />
the precipice will be, or what will happen when<br />
I reach it. I have seen more than any person<br />
could have dreamed. Empires have fallen,<br />
rebuilt, fallen again. An ambitious young man<br />
takes too much; a foolish young woman wants<br />
to change the world. The patterns are always the<br />
same.<br />
I am no longer afraid to stop living; I have<br />
never lived. I have been life-adjacent. My<br />
machine and I, silent observers of history,<br />
refugees of time. No-one can miss me, because<br />
they do not know I am missing. I exist on the<br />
rim, observing the world find new ways to<br />
destroy itself and patch itself up again. It is<br />
futile. I am futile. But after so long what else<br />
can I do?<br />
I move on.<br />
Understand, these futures I darted furtively<br />
through were veritable utopias. Plague, war and<br />
famine had been all but done away with.<br />
Lifespans were longer, life was better, people<br />
were happy. I was not happy. I had developed a<br />
new state of living, here in my sequestered<br />
bubble. It was addicting. Every time I attempted
I’ve heard it said that every superpower is a<br />
personification of a human desire, an<br />
acknowledgement of our limits. We want to<br />
read minds because we know we lack perfect<br />
empathy. We want invisibility to avoid<br />
judgement. Following this train of logic, time<br />
travel would be the personification of a desire<br />
to remove oneself from the immediacy of<br />
events. To jump back and forth through the<br />
time stream is to remove any vitality, any<br />
legitimacy from the emotions life would<br />
usually evoke. When you can move on to an<br />
entirely different time whenever you like, an<br />
earthquake, a war, a famine, mean nothing.<br />
There is always another century.<br />
I have always considered dystopias to be<br />
intrinsically linked to the tradition of<br />
Romanticism. The emphasis it places on<br />
individuality, emotion and the human spirit,<br />
I find, translates rather seamlessly into a<br />
dystopian future. Because of this, many of the<br />
stories I read and write that have dystopian<br />
undertones focus on emotion. The terror<br />
inspired by an authoritarian government, the<br />
miasma of a society without progress, the<br />
horror of losing autonomy over one’s self. In<br />
writing Time Lapse I asked myself under what<br />
circumstances could these emotions be<br />
numbed? In what situation would a person
lose their human instinct to care, and worry<br />
about their perceived futures?<br />
In many dystopias this emotional numbing<br />
can result from lack of control and<br />
knowledge. In George Orwell’s 1984 none of<br />
the citizens are upset about the regimes<br />
because they lack any room for independent<br />
thought or control over their destinies. The<br />
characters in these stories are stifled with<br />
ignorance, while the character in my story is<br />
crushed by knowledge. Knowing nothing<br />
about the world around you obviously<br />
renders it impossible for you to respond<br />
properly to it. Knowing everything though,<br />
knowing the outcome of every possible event<br />
makes responding to the world pointless in<br />
the first place. You can’t truly live in a world<br />
you know everything about. I remember once<br />
I was having a lot of issues with school and<br />
complaining to my father about how I wish I<br />
had everything figured out. He replied that<br />
once someone had everything figured out,<br />
they died. That’s really stuck in my mind<br />
since, and I think it’s partially because it<br />
reminds me that we thrive on not knowing.<br />
The uncertainty of the direction our lives will<br />
take is the only thing keeping us invested. If we<br />
already knew the destination, the journey would<br />
lose all meaning. Having no control over the<br />
world you live in is dangerous, having complete<br />
control over it is just as bad.<br />
This is what my character experiences in the<br />
story. They are essentially handed a roadmap<br />
of the entire universe, given ultimate power<br />
and control. Yet they do nothing with it.<br />
Absolute power reduces them to<br />
powerlessness. This is because when they<br />
distance themselves from the world, and<br />
know everything about it, they lose the will to<br />
care about it.<br />
In my mind, this emotional removal from<br />
events is one of the most dangerous threats to<br />
us today. The way we get our news, through<br />
our phones, our laptops, our websites, stops<br />
us feeling the emotional impact of events. It’s<br />
hard to muster up the energy to care about a<br />
mass shooting when we know there will just<br />
be another one in a week’s time. This<br />
constant influx of tragedy overwhelms us, and<br />
makes us indifferent to it. Indifference is<br />
dangerous, and if we don’t care or can’t<br />
process the problems we’re facing, we can’t fix<br />
them.<br />
Time travel is an extreme example of being<br />
removed from society. The protagonist in<br />
Time Lapse loses their humanity slowly,<br />
feeling more and more indifferent to events<br />
that should cause intense emotion.<br />
Eventually, they start to take an almost<br />
morbid delight in watching the rises and falls<br />
of humanity. They feel immune to all the
pain others feel. Time travel, for them was a<br />
way to bypass nature, to become immortal, to<br />
watch the world with the removed, unbiased<br />
eye of a god. This idea of trying to overcome<br />
your earthly limits has been being written<br />
about since the creation of mainstream<br />
science fiction, with Mary Shelley's<br />
‘Frankenstein’. I think it is such a popular<br />
narrative because humans are inherently<br />
driven towards progress, bettering ourselves<br />
any way we can. With that though, comes the<br />
fear ‘how far is too far? At what point to we<br />
start to tempt fate?’. Dr Frankenstein in<br />
Frankenstein and the protagonist from my<br />
novel both take steps to far, in the name of<br />
hubris, or the desire to become something<br />
more than themselves. Both of them feel the<br />
effects of this, and lose what they most value<br />
in this pursuit of mindless progress.<br />
Now, I’m not one to tell you that progress<br />
is inherently evil either. It’s unlikely<br />
smartphones are going to ruin us, and the<br />
robot uprising seems like it’s still a few years<br />
away. I do think, however, that progress<br />
without thought, without debate, is a<br />
dangerous thing. So often we do things just<br />
because they seem like the next thing to do.<br />
When we walk this line without careful<br />
consideration of what we’re trying to achieve,<br />
the lines between moral and immoral become<br />
blurred. Is it okay to use genetic engineering<br />
to stop the extinction of a plant species? To<br />
promote crop growth? To decide your child's<br />
eye colour? Everyone will have a different<br />
perception of where that line is, which makes<br />
collective, societal ideals hard to agree upon.<br />
In Time Lapse, the protagonist becomes<br />
addicted to progress. Though the pockets of<br />
time they explore seem almost utopian, they<br />
can’t help thinking that the grass might be<br />
greener in the next generation.
The idea of progress, especially<br />
technological progress runs through a lot of<br />
dystopia and is often used as a metaphor for<br />
humans natural urge for progression and<br />
betterment. Though these values should be<br />
good in themselves, they are often villainized<br />
in dystopia. Technology has become our<br />
modern Frankenstein, a symbol of humans<br />
‘playing God’ and giving themselves more<br />
power than they know how to handle. The<br />
power technology holds in our society is<br />
inarguable. Very few industries do not utilize<br />
it and without it, society would collapse.<br />
However, I am skeptical of the notion that<br />
technology has somehow altered the essence<br />
of humanity.<br />
There’s always been a small place in my<br />
heart for dystopias. Part of this may come<br />
down to morbid fascination with the dark<br />
and dreary. But I think it’s more likely that<br />
my love for dystopia comes from my curiosity<br />
about humanity in general. Dystopias rely on<br />
tropes such as tyrannical government,<br />
oppressive society and suppression of free<br />
speech, but that’s not really what they’re<br />
about. At their hearts dystopias are about<br />
humanity and the way it triumphs, or fails to<br />
triumph over oppressive circumstances. This<br />
exploration of humanity has always captured<br />
me, and I think it’s the foundation of most<br />
literature, not just dystopia. The debate about<br />
human nature has been ongoing and ever<br />
changing since the beginning of time. In this<br />
particular debate, the only certainty is that we<br />
will certainly be having it forever. But taking<br />
our ideas and shaping them into cohesive<br />
stories for people to read, critique, argue and<br />
agree with, is in my mind, one of the most<br />
important things we could be doing.
Leonis A2 / Leonis Minor System<br />
_____________<br />
She was startled out of her reverie by the<br />
sound of her own voice. After nearly four earthstandard<br />
months alone, she had forgotten what<br />
it sounded like. She had been trying to imagine<br />
herself objectively, like a narrator<br />
commentating her own life story, and the word<br />
had just come out, escaping from her mouth as<br />
though seeking freedom from her mind.<br />
“Rebecca.”<br />
Her name seemed to bounce around inside<br />
her helmet, and she laughed a little then,<br />
thinking how ridiculous it was that she had<br />
managed to give herself a fright like that. Over<br />
the last few weeks, she had begun to doubt who<br />
she really was, as in her solitude she<br />
painstakingly analysed all those tangled threads<br />
that came together to form: Rebecca Toombes,<br />
the ‘famous’ xeno-biologist.<br />
She wondered if she might have been out solo<br />
for too long this time. The nearest human being<br />
was light-years away. Maybe she would look<br />
back on this moment, when she had talked and<br />
laughed to herself, to find it amongst the initial<br />
signs that her train of thought had derailed for<br />
good. She had been lying there on the dusty<br />
ground in foetal position day-dreaming as suns<br />
scythed across the sky. Now she stood up for the<br />
first time in what felt like days. The piles of<br />
orange dust that had accumulated around her<br />
body stayed behind as she arose, leaving an<br />
outline of her prone figure. Two suns shone<br />
from opposite horizons, one rising large, dim<br />
and red, while the other set small, bright and<br />
yellow. The light between them extinguished<br />
any shadows thrown onto the uneven ground.<br />
Initially, this world had seemed miserably<br />
barren and bleak to Rebecca. The orange,<br />
yellow and red hues cast over everything by the<br />
two suns and the pervasive volcanic dust offered<br />
an uninteresting palette. At least that had been<br />
her impression a decade ago when she had first
come to this star-system. But now, four months<br />
into her second journey here, and solo this<br />
time, the bright gold and silver colours of her<br />
suit seemed an offensively garish visual affront<br />
amidst the subtle tri-tone beauty she had now<br />
come to appreciate here. Although these garish<br />
colours made her feel incongruous to her<br />
surroundings, she knew that it had no<br />
detrimental effect upon her efforts to stalk her<br />
prey, who sensed its world in ways that had<br />
nothing to do with visible light.<br />
The creature lay fifty meters away to the<br />
north. It had not moved in almost two days<br />
now, but she knew better than to try and sneak<br />
up on it since even after months of painstaking<br />
habituation work it had only now begun to let<br />
her get this close. She had discovered a new<br />
boundary to its personal space each time it fled,<br />
and it would take hours of finding the swishswish-swish<br />
of its tracks in the dust and then<br />
following them before she caught up with it<br />
again. For an animal that moved so slowly in its<br />
everyday routine, if at all, it could sure escape in<br />
a hurry. It would throw its long flat body up<br />
into the thick atmosphere to flap and flip itself<br />
through the air like a ribbon. Sometimes she<br />
would have to travel up to a kilometre to find<br />
where it had landed and then follow its tracks<br />
anew. Every two weeks or so, once the creature<br />
seemed settled into feeding off a fresh rift,<br />
Rebecca would retreat back over a hill or ridge,<br />
and call in her re-supply from orbit. This<br />
avoided the fiery re-entry of the tiny incoming<br />
capsules from her orbiting starship startling the<br />
animal. Her top-of-the-line ‘Exploration<br />
Standard’ environment suit had air, food, water<br />
and waste recycling facilities that could sustain<br />
her for up to three earth-standard weeks, but<br />
she re-supplied every fortnight to keep a margin<br />
of error up her sleeve.<br />
The local days here were erratic since the<br />
circumbinary orbit that the planet inhabited<br />
saw it orbit two stars which in turn circled each<br />
other, offering the sky of the rapidly spinning<br />
Leonis A2 either two suns, a big red sun, a little<br />
yellow sun, or no suns at all. In the case of the<br />
latter, bright nebulae would fill the sky on these<br />
short nights, as though a tapestry of glowing<br />
blue and magenta had been draped over the<br />
planet. She slept in the open, but if some<br />
sudden storm or danger came upon her, the<br />
suit could encapsulate her in a protective shield<br />
of super-strong material. If anything indeed<br />
went wrong, the automated landing-craft from<br />
her starship could collect her and bring her<br />
back to the safety of orbit within a few hours,<br />
even if she was unconscious. In many ways, the<br />
sense of ‘living on the edge' that she felt was just<br />
a fallacy, but still, it was refreshing to be alone<br />
this time around.<br />
Ten years ago, the success of her initial<br />
gamble concerning the possibility of indigenous<br />
life on this planet had seen her sent with a large<br />
team of xeno-biologists, technicians, security<br />
personnel, engineers, and ship crew, along with<br />
a representative from the nameless organisation<br />
that was fronting up the money for that<br />
expedition. They had mapped the planet's<br />
ecosystem from orbit, swept for microbial<br />
threats, and then carried out a detailed on-theground<br />
analysis within a few square kilometres<br />
of what had seemed like an interesting region.<br />
But just a few weeks later they had been ordered<br />
to pack up and depart for a nearby system<br />
which, while being barren of life, showed<br />
potential for the geological resources that<br />
would actually show a financial return to the<br />
expedition's investors. Alien life might be<br />
scientifically exciting and make for wondrous<br />
entertainment for the trillions of planet-bound
folk, but it didn't really make anyone rich. And<br />
then soon afterwards humanity had found yet<br />
another sentient species elsewhere to add to the<br />
half dozen or so already described, which was<br />
ironically another discovery Rebecca could take<br />
the credit for. And so the public's attention had<br />
moved on, and the binary system of Leonis<br />
Minor, with its planet of peculiar flat animals,<br />
had slipped into the abyss of humanity's<br />
overflowing info-banks to be largely forgotten.<br />
In the years that followed she had used her<br />
own time and resources to pour over the wealth<br />
of information they had gathered in those short<br />
weeks. There were countless other distractions<br />
that had demanded her professional attention,<br />
but there was something about this planet, and<br />
its flat animals, that had stayed in the front of<br />
her mind, even as discoveries that brought<br />
higher accolade and prestige called to her.<br />
Orange dust would permeate her dreams as<br />
she slept, and she would wake holding her<br />
pillow underneath herself as though she was<br />
either wrestling with, or making love to, one of<br />
those long flat animals. Scientifically, there<br />
remained many unanswered questions from<br />
that brief expedition to Leonis A2, as there<br />
always were, but two mysteries simply refused to<br />
leave her mind; Firstly, what exactly were these<br />
creatures feeding on at those volcanic rifts they<br />
migrated between? And given that they had<br />
found no predators at the top of their simple<br />
eco-system, what had these creatures evolved to<br />
escape from in such a hurry?<br />
The time dilation from the faster-than-light<br />
travel she had undertaken to and from the<br />
system meant that while it had been only ten<br />
years since their last expedition for her, one<br />
hundred and sixty-nine earth-standard years<br />
had passed here on the planet. Their old<br />
laboratory had been lost under a mountain of<br />
orange dust, yet with just the computing power<br />
and tools available in her environment suit, and<br />
data-linked from the computer on her orbiting<br />
star-ship, she had stumbled across an answer to<br />
the first question within a few weeks. The fact<br />
that she had missed what seemed like such an<br />
obvious answer to her now seemed shameful. In<br />
her defence, the answer was, to say the least, a<br />
revolutionary form of biology and, at first<br />
glance, utterly impossible.<br />
During the first expedition they had, after<br />
much effort, managed to catch a smaller version<br />
of the animal she was currently tracking. They<br />
had taken it back to the forward-deployed<br />
laboratory they had set up within their study<br />
zone. There were many experienced members<br />
amongst her crew, who had been exposed to<br />
vast amounts of weird and wonderful alien<br />
lifeforms over their careers, but this creature<br />
had them truly baffled. Firstly, it had no eyes or<br />
ears or other sensors that would allow it to have<br />
any situational awareness of its environment.<br />
Yet it indeed did have such awareness, because<br />
if you got too close to them, they would flip<br />
themselves into the air and flap off. It also had<br />
no mouth. Indeed, they found no openings at<br />
all in its body, and its skin did not appear to be
permeable to solids, allowing no form of<br />
ingestion and excretion between the creature<br />
and its environment.<br />
The creature's skin had an almost metallic<br />
texture, its colour fading from a dense black at<br />
its front to the off-white of its tail. It had been<br />
difficult to house, since while it was only half a<br />
meter wide, it was over six meters long, and at<br />
the most ten centimetres in height. It seemed at<br />
pains to keep each of its ends as far apart from<br />
each other as possible, which evidently it had<br />
trouble doing within the confines of its two by<br />
two meter transparent enclosure. After a short<br />
time, just a week, the animal had died in<br />
captivity.<br />
Upon autopsy, they had found it to be mostly<br />
muscle-like tissue and none of its internal<br />
organs were recognisable or analogous to any<br />
terrestrial or currently known extra-terrestrial<br />
biological systems. The composition of its tissue<br />
was highly metallic, with a complex and evenly<br />
distributed super-conductive nervous system,<br />
yet with no nodes of complexity that might<br />
suggest a brain. The fluids found within it<br />
consisted of dense electrolytes, and instead of<br />
any bone structure, it had thin wire-like ribs<br />
composed of lithium metal, held within its<br />
highly acidic muscle tissue. In hindsight, if one<br />
of the engineers from their starship had been<br />
present, they might have nonchalantly<br />
exclaimed "Oh, hey look at that. It's a Lithium-<br />
Ion battery." Chalk up another sharp reminder<br />
to engage in inter-disciplinary peer-review. They<br />
had all missed the clues.<br />
Here in the Leonis Minor Binary system, one<br />
star was huge and dim, while the other was<br />
much smaller, brighter and denser. The<br />
circumbinary nature of its orbit created<br />
fluctuations in the pull of gravity exerted<br />
against Leonis A2 that made its internal geology<br />
highly energetic, and thus its crust was split into<br />
deep fractures through which the planets<br />
interior heat was vented into the cold<br />
atmosphere. It was around these cracks in the<br />
planet's skin that its ecology was centred. These<br />
rifts would wax and wane in intensity, and they<br />
had discovered that the creatures migrated<br />
between them, somehow knowing where the<br />
nearest area of activity was. They would nestle<br />
their black ‘heads’ right into the hot vent, and<br />
leave their long bodies stretched out so that the<br />
tips of their ‘tails' would remain on the cold<br />
ground. The larger and longer the animal, the<br />
further away their tails would be from the heat,<br />
and the colder they would be. The answer had<br />
come to her in a moment of epiphany, and she<br />
had berated herself for not seeing it with the<br />
information she already had from the previous<br />
expedition. The implications were immediate<br />
and obvious to her, and she knew that when<br />
this news reached the board of investors of the<br />
last expedition, they would gather all their<br />
resources nearby and descend upon this planet<br />
in droves, with capital ships and hundreds of<br />
scientists. It would take years for them to get<br />
here, of course, and she would be long gone by<br />
then. There were strong financial incentives to<br />
self-fund an expedition such as she had this<br />
one. The intellectual property rights on this<br />
discovery would set her up for life, and then<br />
some.<br />
The answer, it turned out, was that these<br />
creatures did not have mouths, because they did<br />
not need food. They had evolved to utilise the<br />
energy potential contained in the difference<br />
between the heat at one end of their bodies,<br />
versus the cold at the other. Somehow these<br />
creatures created electrical energy through<br />
chemical processes, which they then stored in<br />
their battery-like bodies. This energy was used<br />
not only to operate their internal systems but<br />
also extract minerals and matter through the<br />
undersides of their bodies. They had missed<br />
this last time since it was done by a unique<br />
electromagnetic process that separated out the<br />
metals at a molecular level.<br />
At this stage, she did not understand what<br />
these electrochemical processes were precisely,
ut she would soon enough. If not her, then the<br />
next wave of researchers would figure it out.<br />
And then a revolutionary and ground-breaking<br />
technology would be realised. Just imagine,<br />
being able to generate energy from any<br />
temperature gradient? Such as the heat outside<br />
a house versus the cold inside. Or vice versa. Or<br />
the Intense heat of a starship's engine versus the<br />
cold vacuum of space? If the process could be<br />
made efficient enough, then the amount of<br />
energy needed to create the heat could be<br />
drastically reduced, as the energy gained from<br />
the heat produced was then fed back into<br />
creating more heat. And it appeared that these<br />
creatures were generating energy very efficiently<br />
indeed, since she had seen her subject arrive at<br />
a hot rift after a week of travel, only to have it<br />
dissipate and go cold a few hours later. The<br />
creature had simply continued on for another<br />
week until it found a new rift to feed on. And<br />
within that period it had flipped away from her<br />
several times, an exercise that was surely taxing<br />
on its energy reserves.<br />
As she followed this creature for months<br />
on end, so much more of its life had started to<br />
make sense. Within their initial two-kilometre<br />
square study area they had found only seven of<br />
them, so their population density was extremely<br />
low. And since following this one, she had seen<br />
it come across another of its kind only once.<br />
That had been a much smaller example, and it<br />
had climbed onto the back of her creature and<br />
stayed there. It was now almost wholly<br />
assimilated into her subject, and she could only<br />
just make out the slight bulge and colouration<br />
where its black head and white tail had been.<br />
This explained how they obtained their genetic<br />
diversity. She had kept multi-spectral scans<br />
running on her subject through this whole<br />
period, and she was looking forward to<br />
analysing the data when she finally did get back<br />
to her starship that orbited above the planet.<br />
Her environment suit might be a marvel of<br />
modern science, sustaining her every need as<br />
she existed alone here, but despite its own<br />
artificial intelligence and computing power, the<br />
kind of in-depth analysis of the zettabytes of<br />
information she was collecting daily was beyond<br />
its ability. She had found the A.I. more<br />
annoying than helpful, and so had kept it<br />
turned off to protect her sanity for the past few<br />
months.<br />
The animal began to move again, so she<br />
gathered up the tools and sensors she had laid<br />
out while she slept, re-attached them to her suit,<br />
and began to follow it. The creature was a slow<br />
mover, but she had come to learn to relax into<br />
the slightly-less-than-walking pace she needed to<br />
maintain to match its speed. She scuffed her<br />
feet against the ground, kicking clouds of<br />
orange dust up with each step. Looking like<br />
some kind of ‘flat-fish' the animal rippled the<br />
muscles along its underside to power itself<br />
forwards, leaving the tell-tale swishing waves of<br />
dust behind.<br />
By the end of the day they had covered almost<br />
forty kilometres, and their goal came into view.<br />
As the small yellow sun set to the east ahead of<br />
them, it was lost into a fiercely shimmering<br />
haze. It flickered like a strobe light across the<br />
land, the shadows from the uneven ground<br />
jumping further as it lowered towards the rift<br />
that split the horizon. Finally, as it disappeared<br />
from view behind a churning wall of superheated<br />
air, its light was spread across the sky<br />
behind her as though by the great brushstrokes<br />
of a drunkard, until it vanished, and the great<br />
arc of nebulae filled the skies overhead once<br />
more. The creatures pace quickened, as if in<br />
anticipation of its destination, and she had to<br />
jog to keep up with it. There would be no sleep<br />
for her tonight that was for sure. Rebecca kept<br />
the night vision offered by her suit turned off,<br />
so as not to subtract from the majesty of the<br />
nebulae above her.<br />
Rebecca wished then that she could travel<br />
back in time, to whisper into the ear of her<br />
confused and unconfident adolescent self, to
tell herself about this moment that would<br />
come. If only she could have known that she<br />
would one day be racing across an alien world<br />
that she had found, to chase an alien being that<br />
she had discovered, under a night sky<br />
dominated by these huge and beautiful<br />
nebulae. She had to confess that life really had<br />
worked out pretty well for her. The sacrifices<br />
had been worth it for this moment alone. Her<br />
suit subtly illuminated the un-even ground that<br />
lay in her path within the display of her helmet.<br />
As she tired from the quickened pace, the suit<br />
took up the workload, until she was almost<br />
being carried along by it. According to her<br />
navigation aids, they would reach the rift in six<br />
hours, by which time the large red sun would<br />
be high in the sky behind them.<br />
This was the ninth rift that she had followed<br />
her subject to, but it was noticeably different.<br />
Firstly, the wall of hot air was more intense, the<br />
hottest she had seen yet, at 350 degrees Celsius,<br />
versus the five degrees of the atmosphere<br />
around it. The air jetted at almost 200<br />
kilometres per hour out of the centre of the tenmeter-wide<br />
rift, rising into the sky like a reverse<br />
waterfall of vapour and shimmering haze.<br />
But the most noticeable difference from usual<br />
was the ground leading up to the rift. From two<br />
hundred meters away the ubiquitous orange<br />
dust, which usually stayed constant right up<br />
until the very lip of a rift, gave way to a mat of<br />
moss-like material that offered a softer texture<br />
beneath her boots. She had seen this moss<br />
before, and at one point studied it carefully,<br />
marvelling at yet another parallel evolution of<br />
photosynthesis, but had never seen such a thick<br />
and wide field of it. She stopped to cut out a<br />
piece, which came away easily, as though her<br />
knife was slicing through a few inches of soft<br />
butter. Underneath it, the regular orange dust<br />
remained.<br />
She took a few moments to secure it in one of<br />
her sample pouches, then turned around to see<br />
that the hole she had cut was gone, as though it<br />
had grown over in that impossibly short period<br />
of time. Rebecca looked around herself, in case<br />
she was merely disorientated, but couldn’t find<br />
the freshly cut scar anywhere. She was about to<br />
crouch for another sample when she realised<br />
the creature was now only several meters away<br />
from the rift, and that she would miss the initial<br />
action unless she prioritised. She slid her knife<br />
into its sheath on her thigh and sprinted<br />
towards the rift, double checking all her suit<br />
sensors were at maximum, while with one arm<br />
she reached around to the back of her suit,<br />
withdrew her small sensor drone, and threw it<br />
into the air. It buzzed off above her to keep<br />
station and record events.<br />
The creature threw its head into the wall of<br />
hot air, and then flicked its tail back as far<br />
behind itself as it could, as though it was a towel<br />
being fluttered out onto the sand at the beach.<br />
A shiver ran through its body, and it shook<br />
itself as though settling itself into the ground.<br />
Rebecca fell to her knees twenty meters away,<br />
the closest yet she had been to this animal by<br />
far, and most certainly the closest she had been<br />
to it while it fed. She was getting reckless.<br />
Cocky. She chided herself, yet relished the<br />
excitement of it. Barely perceptible colours<br />
could be made out flowing along the creatures<br />
back, subtle blues and purples, and for a<br />
moment it reminded her of the flashing<br />
graphics that showed a piece of equipment<br />
charging. She brought the holographic and
multi-spectral view from the drone above her<br />
into her helmet display and gasped at the<br />
enhanced imagery of energy flowing through<br />
the creature's body. Then, the ground shook<br />
beneath her.<br />
“What the…” The ground lurched again,<br />
viciously this time, and she was thrown off her<br />
knees and onto her back. Rebecca got up onto<br />
her elbow and saw the creature had stiffened,<br />
then it curled itself up as it did when it was<br />
about to flip away. And the rift, the rift<br />
was…much closer. Another lurch and she was<br />
rolled over and over as the ground fled from<br />
underneath her, pulling her towards the rift.<br />
Instinctively she jumped to her feet and began<br />
to run away from the rift and its wall of superheated<br />
air, but the ground pulled away from<br />
underneath her again and she fell forward onto<br />
her face. She got to her feet and ran again,<br />
sprinting with all of her might this time.<br />
“Ship! Suit! Fuck!” she yelled as she ran.<br />
The ground was racing towards the rift<br />
constantly now, yet still she ran, but like a<br />
mouse in a wheel or an athlete on a speeding<br />
treadmill, she was going nowhere. A shadow fell<br />
across her as the creature sped overhead,<br />
flapping and flipping its way away from the rift,<br />
back the way it had come.<br />
“Fuck!”<br />
It was all she could manage. Her suit had<br />
finally cottoned on to what was going on, and<br />
with a start, she lurched forward as it added its<br />
own power into her running, but it was too<br />
much too soon, and she overbalanced, falling<br />
backwards as her legs ran ahead from<br />
underneath of herself in a blur. She rolled a few<br />
times, and then she tried to stand up to run<br />
again, but the air was thick with orange dust,<br />
and she couldn't tell which direction the<br />
ground was moving in or which way she was<br />
supposed to run. Her suit was yelling warnings<br />
at her, the first time it had spoken in months,<br />
but she couldn't concentrate on what it was<br />
saying amidst the turmoil of the racing ground<br />
beneath her, something about ‘temperature'<br />
and ‘shield deployment failure'. There was only<br />
the rushing ground, the swirling dust, the roar<br />
of the hot air. She had one clear thought within<br />
the panic, and it was not of herself or her safety<br />
at all, but of the discovery.<br />
“Suit! Ship! Transmit all! Transmit all now!”<br />
she screamed.<br />
She managed to sit up on the sliding ground<br />
and was faced with a terrifying view inside the<br />
rift that rapidly loomed towards her, the ground<br />
flowing over into it the abyss. As she came to<br />
the edge, she looked down and knew. In a split<br />
second, she knew what this was, and what those<br />
creatures had evolved to fly away from in such<br />
a hurry. She was looking down into the bowels<br />
of a plant, a carnivorous plant, some kind of<br />
Sarcophagophyta-like thing that had grown<br />
itself into the hot rift. Long wide orchid-like<br />
tubes along its centre let the air through to reform<br />
the unbroken wall of hot air as though it<br />
wasn't there at all. Its insides were a mottled<br />
collection of decaying matter, with the ‘ground'<br />
furling back into the fronds nestled along the<br />
inside wall of the rift that they had been grown<br />
forth from. Thin spines curved inwards from<br />
below the edge of the rift into the rising wall of<br />
heated air. She wanted to close her eyes but<br />
couldn't, she was transfixed in horror, yet still<br />
managed to think how beautiful this Venusflytrap<br />
from hell was. As her feet went over the<br />
precipice, her final instinct was to fruitlessly<br />
reach back towards the lip of the rift with her<br />
hands, and as she did so, she caught a glimpse<br />
a long dark shape flying towards her from out<br />
of the orange desert.<br />
Within moments the creature had curled its<br />
black body around her legs and torso, and then<br />
it lifted her upwards above the edge of the rift<br />
as the ground still rushed away underneath<br />
them. Then, just before its white tail came over<br />
the lip of the rift, it flicked her away like a rag<br />
doll. She flew fifty meters through the air to
land awkwardly upon one knee, which she felt<br />
snap sideways underneath her as she tumbled<br />
over and over in the orange dust. Rebecca<br />
screamed out in agony as the pain hit her like a<br />
piercing fire in her leg.<br />
[Initiating sedation.]<br />
She felt a sharp pierce in her neck, and then<br />
numbness began to spread.<br />
[Setting Right Leg]<br />
Rebecca felt the suit straighten her broken<br />
leg, by which time the anaesthetic had spread to<br />
her feet.<br />
[Initiating Recovery Protocol Alpha One.<br />
Mark. ETA Seventy-five minutes. Initiating<br />
Diagnostic Scan and…]<br />
As the suit rattled off its intentions she went<br />
limp, her head fell back to the ground, and as<br />
she lost consciousness, she gazed out at the<br />
shimmering haze that split her now vertical<br />
horizon like a mirror. There was only orange<br />
ground now though, no ‘moss' to be seen. And<br />
no creature. Just orange dust. The shimmering<br />
air. Darkness.<br />
a few things to clear up here and then I'll come<br />
back to civilisation.' The term ‘mum' was a<br />
metaphor obviously since with all the faster<br />
than light travel Rebecca had done over her<br />
career, time dilation had seen her mother pass<br />
away hundreds of years ago. Such was the<br />
sacrifice of her profession.<br />
She named them ‘Angelus Autem Calidum -<br />
Toombes R - LMS A2’. ‘Angels of the Heat’, as<br />
discovered by Rebecca Toombes, on Leonis A2,<br />
Leonis Minor System. But everyone just called<br />
them ‘Angels’ now. The emergency<br />
transmission of all her raw-data had been<br />
received by the information grid first, followed<br />
a few days later by a hurriedly recorded update<br />
from aboard her ship when she awoke, in which<br />
pleaded for everybody to ‘please not look at the<br />
raw-data because that is exactly what it was’, and<br />
how ‘it would make much better reading once<br />
she had written it up properly’, and that ‘it was<br />
like reading the rough first-draft of lyrics to a<br />
song before hearing the tune itself’, and that it<br />
was ‘her intellectual property’ and that ‘she only<br />
sent it out because she thought she was going to<br />
die’, and ‘mum don’t worry I’m fine, I just have<br />
The holographic recordings of her<br />
predicament and subsequent rescue by the alien<br />
had spread through the information grid like<br />
wildfire, propagated by the latest generations of<br />
faster-than-light message capsules, making her a<br />
household name throughout the cluster. But<br />
within her profession itself, Rebecca was wildly<br />
derided as a ‘reckless-lone-wolf' who got lucky.<br />
The technology derived from the following<br />
study of Leonis A2's unique ecology most
certainly was a boon for both herself and the<br />
investors of the initial expedition. But she<br />
didn't like the fame, and she didn't need the<br />
money. Rebecca longed to shed her new overpowering<br />
fame, to once again be that original<br />
‘her', an identity she had spent all those lonely<br />
months contemplating and crafting in that<br />
orange desert. Then, the investors offered her<br />
the gig of a lifetime, leading a hand-picked<br />
xenobiology team on what seemed to be the<br />
ultimate expedition, one that would probably be<br />
a one way trip across thousands of light years of<br />
unexplored cosmos. She made them wait for a<br />
reply, bettering her negotiation position as<br />
though she had other options on the table, but<br />
she was only ever going to say yes. ◊<br />
“Where is everybody?” In 1950, these were<br />
the words exclaimed by physicist Enrico<br />
Fermi after a day’s brooding over an old,<br />
unanswered question. Astronomic reports<br />
based on 2013 Kepler space mission data state<br />
that there could be as many as 40 billion<br />
Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable
zones of sun-like stars and red dwarf stars<br />
within the Milky Way Galaxy alone. Even if<br />
only a tiny fraction of those fill all the<br />
requirements for developing complex life,<br />
one would think that we’d be constantly<br />
meeting our cosmological neighbours. In a<br />
universe so huge, so varied, and so complex,<br />
and where it seems likely that so many kinds<br />
of life would develop and flourish in different<br />
ways, why haven’t we found anybody?<br />
Fermi’s studies into this topic, particularly<br />
in combination with Drake’s equation,<br />
formulating the potential number of<br />
intelligent civilisations in any given galaxy<br />
depending on its possession of certain kinds<br />
of conditions, came to be known as the Fermi<br />
Paradox, and it's a problem we are wrestling<br />
to this day.<br />
The Fermi Paradox has a great many<br />
potential answers, some suggesting that life<br />
existed before or will exist after us, that there<br />
are physical restrictions meaning they can't<br />
find us, or we can't find them, or even<br />
thatand why we’re alone in the universe. One<br />
answer to the Fermi Paradox that is explored<br />
in in Hot & Cold is the fact that there might<br />
be alien life all around us, even within reach,<br />
but because it is so different from us, we<br />
haven’t even noticed it yet.<br />
The creature in Hot & Cold was a creation<br />
that obeyed a great many scientific rules and<br />
laws and fits within our general conception of<br />
“life”. However, extensive though our<br />
present-day search for extra-terrestrial life<br />
from here on earth may be, it is exceedingly<br />
likely that any of the organisations on the<br />
lookout would find it. The requirements that<br />
we put on life in our extra-terrestrial search,<br />
be it through NASA, SETI, or other<br />
individual researchers, are so narrow that they<br />
only apply to life as we already know it.<br />
Unfortunately, as life goes, our home planet’s<br />
inhabitants are really all we have to go on.<br />
This is frustrating for searchers intent on<br />
learning about our alien neighbours, as the<br />
one thing we can be almost certain of in our<br />
search for extra-terrestrial life is that it will<br />
take the form of life as we don’t know it. The<br />
Drake equation (and many of the ET<br />
searches) usually pin their hopes on the<br />
following prerequisites, and tend not to<br />
watch out for much else.
– from www.space.com<br />
We’re looking for earth-sized, terrestrial<br />
planets with surface level water, a nice,<br />
thin atmosphere, and orbiting a star (or<br />
star system) in a comparable relationship<br />
to the one we have with our Sol. This is<br />
extremely specific, extremely restrictive,<br />
and rules out any kind of life that doesn’t<br />
fit within the specifications we have here<br />
on earth – there are even earth-based life<br />
forms that we’d struggle to conceive of<br />
within these bounds, like microbes living<br />
on the inside of Yellowstone’s hot springs,<br />
creating blooming colours in a cloud of<br />
steam acidic enough to dissolve nails – or<br />
sharks and stingrays living in near-boiling<br />
waters on the interior of active sea<br />
volcanoes.<br />
But, that’s just the problem. If we have no<br />
idea what this alien life might look or be<br />
like, how can we look out for it? For the<br />
moment, we’re stuck with what we know.<br />
By finding a planet or solar system that is as<br />
close to ours as possible, we might be<br />
increasing our chances of finding a<br />
duplicate of the set of conditions that<br />
allowed life to flourish here, and maybe the<br />
same kind of life that we’ve got here on<br />
Earth might have appeared there too. The<br />
likelihood of our own life having come<br />
about is unknown, but probably extremely<br />
low. Abiogenesis, the phenomenon of
organic life arising from combinations of<br />
chemicals and the way Earth’s life is<br />
currently believed to have formulated,<br />
could be exceedingly rare. Even if we found<br />
an identical set of conditions in the next<br />
solar system over, the chances of life<br />
developing there would be just as unlikely<br />
– we could find countless perfect goldilocks<br />
planets and still never stumble across one<br />
as anomalous as ours.<br />
If we were able to broaden our search to<br />
more varieties of potential life, we might<br />
even have some luck searching a little closer<br />
to home. It’s possible that life could have<br />
developed on gas giants or seemingly frozen<br />
moons in our own solar system, and we<br />
haven’t yet got the technology or the<br />
scientific know-how to seek them out (see<br />
side quotes).
The concept that life can only come about<br />
within the carbon-based bounds that we possess<br />
is very restrictive. Perhaps lifeforms on the next<br />
planet are so different from us that they are<br />
unable to be detected via light or sound. Perhaps<br />
they are gaseous or liquid, rather than (mostly)<br />
solid. Perhaps, like in Hot & Cold, they don’t<br />
require water or any means of nutrition that we<br />
would understand. One method of lifesearching<br />
is to monitor the atmospheres of<br />
exoplanets for gases that would not be there<br />
absent some kind of biological life, even<br />
microbes or bacterium. On Earth, one of those<br />
gases is oxygen, being constantly replenished by<br />
plant life, and we’re on the lookout for oxygenrich<br />
atmospheres elsewhere for exactly this<br />
reason. We tend not to look for gaseous<br />
sulphur, for example, as it is regularly emitted by<br />
volcanoes and therefore fairly common – but<br />
any sulphur-emitting life that we’re yet to<br />
conceive of are then flying under our radar.<br />
assumption too far. A relatively new theory<br />
posits that if we, humans, have moved from<br />
prototypic computers to universal, handheld<br />
supercomputers between 1945 and today, an<br />
alien species coming about earlier or<br />
developing faster than us could easily have<br />
moved on to making life of their own –<br />
biological or otherwise. Seth Shostak, a senior<br />
astronomer at the SETI Institute, has said<br />
There is a whole universe<br />
of possibilities of life forms that we are as yet<br />
unable to search for, simply because we don’t<br />
know how to conceive of them yet.<br />
As it turns out, even searching out life that<br />
is traditionally “biological” might be an<br />
≠<br />
Most all of our major avenues for searching<br />
for alien life involve radio. We have been<br />
emitting radio out into the depths of space for<br />
decades, some incidentally, and some<br />
intentionally. SETI’s main goal is to either<br />
finally stumble into the firing line of some<br />
incidental non-natural radio waves from<br />
another civilisation, or have our own heard<br />
and responded to. For humans, this is our<br />
best way of attempting to communicate<br />
outside of our solar system. Unfortunately,<br />
this method also leaves a lot to be desired.<br />
Drake himself (of Drake’s Equation) was of<br />
the opinion that only one in every hundred<br />
intelligent species would discover radio in the<br />
capacity that it’d be able to communicate with<br />
ours. An intelligent species might be as or<br />
more advanced than humans and never have<br />
invented radio, never having had the need for<br />
it or having developed a means of longdistance<br />
communication that doesn’t utilise<br />
any of the wavelengths that we’re watching<br />
out for. Not only this, but in only searching<br />
for radio frequencies we are limiting ourselves<br />
to potentially finding only technologically<br />
intelligent life – and only a very fine band of it.<br />
While stumbling upon an advanced alien<br />
civilisation with whom we can communicate<br />
would be incredible, so would coming upon a<br />
lush alien landscape (seascape? Airscape?)<br />
populated with pre-technology species which<br />
we could study and understand. Gorillas,<br />
dolphins, parrots, corvids, and even octopus
are earth species intelligent enough to use<br />
tools, learn, exhibit self-awareness, empathy<br />
or altruism, and communicate with humans<br />
on a complex level – even understanding<br />
theoretical concepts as well as simple physical<br />
commands or nouns. The amount we could<br />
learn from a species this intelligent on<br />
another planet, in another solar system, is<br />
unprecedented – but we’re not looking for<br />
them yet.<br />
Fortunately for us, our boundaries are<br />
evolving. The more we learn about life on<br />
earth, physics in space, and the possibilities<br />
that science affords, the wider our search can<br />
become. For example, a relatively recent<br />
development in SETI itself saw researchers<br />
turning their focus from only yellow dwarf<br />
doppelgangers of our own home star<br />
(expecting that a sun like ours could make a<br />
planet like ours and therefore life like ours),<br />
and are now actively including red dwarfs as a<br />
strong possibility in the search after<br />
discovering that despite their generally not<br />
running as hot, they still have a great many<br />
planets in their habitable “Goldilocks” zones<br />
capable of producing life as we know it.<br />
Binary star systems like the one in which Hot<br />
& Cold takes place are very complex in terms<br />
of temperature & light patterns, but also<br />
haven’t been ruled out as places where alien<br />
life might thrive. As with all science, the only<br />
answers we have are the ones we’re trying to<br />
prove wrong, and the more we prove wrong,<br />
the further ahead we progress. Carl Sagan said<br />
beautifully in the above linked clip, “There’s<br />
no predictive theory of biology just as there is<br />
no predictive theory of history. The reason is<br />
the same. Both subjects are still too<br />
complicated for us. But, we can understand<br />
ourselves much better by understanding other<br />
cases.”<br />
Specktor, B. (<strong>2018</strong>, July 31). Strange, Scientific Excuses<br />
for Why Humans Haven't Found Aliens Yet. Retrieved<br />
from Live Science:<br />
https://www.livescience.com/63208-alien-lifeexcuses.html<br />
O'Neill, I. (2013, March 11). 13 Ways to Hunt<br />
Intelligent Aliens. Retrieved from Space.com:<br />
https://www.space.com/20155-hunting-intelligentaliens-extreme-seti.html<br />
SETI Institute. (date unknown). The Drake Equation.<br />
Retrieved from SETI Institute:<br />
https://www.seti.org/drake-equation
_____________<br />
Arnie took a deep breath and kept his eyes<br />
closed. The room smelled different.<br />
Instead of the familiar odor of antiseptics,<br />
he smelled flowers with a faint hint of ozone<br />
as if an afternoon rain shower had recently<br />
passed. When he opened his eyes, he was in<br />
a white room with soft lighting and a large<br />
window. He heard birds singing outside.<br />
Had he died? His oldest son had lean over<br />
his hospital bed and hurriedly attached<br />
wires to Arnie’s head. His other two<br />
children had stood in the background.<br />
“Mr. Greensway?” A soft voice came from<br />
everywhere. “Please remain where you are.<br />
A counselor is on his way.”<br />
Where did they expect him to go? He’d<br />
been bedridden for years. But, for the first<br />
time in a long time, he didn’t hurt<br />
anywhere. Had they done something to him<br />
to numb his disintegrating nerves?<br />
“Mr. Greensway?” A young man entered<br />
the room. “I’m sorry I wasn’t here when you<br />
awoke. It’s been so long since you had your<br />
last happy first day, we weren’t prepared.<br />
We want you to be as comfortable as<br />
possible during your time here.”<br />
The androgynous young man, hairless and<br />
dressed in a white tunic and pants, seemed<br />
part of the room.<br />
“Where am I?” Arnie asked. He gestured<br />
at the large elliptical window. It wasn’t a<br />
window at all, but a large doorway leading<br />
to an outside balcony. This was unlike any<br />
hospital he’d ever seen.<br />
The young man smiled. “You’re in the<br />
Atrium. It’s a place where returnees adjust<br />
to their new lives. I’m Jazon. I’m here to<br />
help you.”<br />
“Tell it to me straight, Jazon. Am I dead?”
The young man laughed. “You are not.<br />
You can get up and have lunch now.”<br />
“What?” Arnie couldn’t recall when he’d<br />
last sat up in bed by himself.<br />
“Am I using the wrong word?” Jazon<br />
asked. “I never really understood the<br />
difference between lunch, dinner, and<br />
supper.” He looked embarrassed. “I rushed<br />
through the language and personal history<br />
tapes when they told me you were awake.”<br />
“Your oldest, Matt, is currently on his way<br />
to Neptune in a solar ship the size of your<br />
fingernail, but I think he has a backup copy<br />
here on Earth if you’d like to talk to him.<br />
Otherwise, we’ll call him this afternoon.”<br />
Arnie was confused. “Neptune? Backup?<br />
What about my other children?” His daughter<br />
and youngest son had visited infrequently,<br />
pretending he wasn’t at death’s door.<br />
“I’ve been sick,” Arnie said. He didn’t<br />
understand what the stranger was saying. “I<br />
don’t get out of bed much.”<br />
“You’re fine now. Here, let me help you.”<br />
Although he looked delicate, Jazon had<br />
no difficulty raising Arnie to a sitting<br />
position.<br />
There was no pain. Arnie stared down at<br />
his old body, expecting the agonies that had<br />
become part of him. “What’s happened to<br />
me?”<br />
“There’s much to explain, Mr.<br />
Greensway,” Jazon said. “Would you like<br />
some coffee or tea?”<br />
Arnie sat on the side of the bed, staring<br />
down at his feet as they touched the floor,<br />
still in shock he could move without pain.<br />
“No. What kind of hospital is this?”<br />
“It’s more of a resting place for returnees.<br />
I’ll explain after lunch.”<br />
Was Arnie a returnee? What had he<br />
returned from?<br />
A soft breeze came through the open<br />
doorway. Everything in the room, the desk,<br />
the chairs, and even the bed, were molded<br />
in soft curves.<br />
“Where are my children?” he asked. He<br />
hoped his kids hadn’t left their old man<br />
alone in some experimental clinic.<br />
“Serena and Olivia are on their way.”<br />
“You mean Oliver,” Arnie said. “I have<br />
two sons and a daughter.”<br />
“No longer. Oliver decided to come back<br />
as Olivia,” Jazon said.<br />
“Come back? Come back from where?”<br />
Jazon took a deep breath.<br />
Greensway, what year is it?”<br />
“Mr.<br />
“It should be 2024,” he said. “Have I been<br />
in a coma?”<br />
“Not really. Something wonderful<br />
happened in 2024. The Singularity. Your<br />
son gave us the world we have today.”<br />
Arnie raised his right hand. A large scar,<br />
the result of a childhood tree-climbing<br />
accident, was gone. “Yes, Matt works in<br />
computers. Is Neptune the name of his<br />
company? I can’t keep it straight.”<br />
“This is the year 2147 using the old<br />
calendar,” Jazon said. “With the<br />
Singularity, people had their memories and<br />
personalities transferred to a computer.<br />
Since it began, no one has officially died.”
“You mean I’m in a computer? None of<br />
this is real?”<br />
Jazon shook his head. “No. This is real.<br />
You’re real. You were created by an organic<br />
3-D printer, and your memories were loaded<br />
into your body.”<br />
“I need air.” Arnie had died and now he<br />
was back, but something was wrong. Why<br />
had it taken them so long to build him a<br />
new body and dump in his stored<br />
memories?<br />
“Certainly.” Jazon took Arnie’s elbow and<br />
helped him stand.<br />
Arnie, amazed how well he felt, walked<br />
unaided to the open window.<br />
He wasn’t dead; he was dreaming. On the<br />
balcony, soft light came from a ceiling far<br />
above and illuminated other balconies,<br />
thousands of them, in a gently curving<br />
atrium lined with ferns and flowers. Far<br />
below, trees dotted walkways and waterfalls.<br />
Birds nested in the trees and flew through<br />
the air below.<br />
“What the hell?” Arnie asked. “Where are<br />
we?”<br />
DNA molecule. We’ll never run out of<br />
room to store returnees.”<br />
Arnie placed his veined and wrinkled<br />
hands on the railing. “Can we come back<br />
younger?”<br />
“Certainly,” Jazon said. “You’re more<br />
comfortable when you return at this age.”<br />
“You mean I’ve returned before?”<br />
“Yes,” Jazon said. “Yours is a peculiar<br />
situation.”<br />
“Since my wife died before 2021, I don’t<br />
suppose she’s here?”<br />
“I’m afraid not. In fact, you were the first<br />
person to be converted to digital data. You<br />
probably shouldn’t have been part of the<br />
Singularity, but your son is hopeful that he<br />
will correct the original glitch in a few more<br />
centuries.”<br />
“Glitch? What kind of glitch?”<br />
“According to our records, being forthright<br />
works best with you. Your son attempted to<br />
scan your brain into a computer before the<br />
process was fully understood. You died while<br />
you were being scanned.”<br />
“We’re deep underground, Mr.<br />
Greensway. We left the surface to<br />
reestablish itself decades ago. We’ve<br />
thousands of these subterranean cities. We<br />
biologicals need habitats to work and play<br />
in. When our organic forms wear out, we’ll<br />
be read into the computer, and create any<br />
bodies we wish.”<br />
“But if what you’re saying is true and<br />
nobody dies,” Arnie said, “there must be<br />
billions of returnees.”<br />
“Most remain in virtual reality or emigrate<br />
to the outer planets. Our technology has<br />
advanced since you left the first time. We<br />
can store terabytes of information in a single<br />
“So, I’m incomplete?”<br />
“No,” Jazon said. “Physically and<br />
mentally, you’re fine. Unfortunately, your<br />
thought processes only exist for twenty-four<br />
hours before they break down.”
Arnie watched a passing bird. “You mean<br />
I live this same day over and over?”<br />
“Yes. When a returnee comes back, we<br />
always say, ‘Happy First Day!’ and have a<br />
party, but that would be cruel since you<br />
come back so often and can’t recall it.”<br />
“How often?”<br />
“It varies. Some days you spend with your<br />
children, some you explore the Atrium.<br />
Some you research what has happened since<br />
you passed away. Less frequently, you brood<br />
and tell us not to resurrect you again.”<br />
“Why do you?”<br />
“Because you relish this one day,” Jazon<br />
said, “even when you know it will pass<br />
without remembering it. Before you go to<br />
bed tonight, you’ll tell us when to wake you<br />
next time.”<br />
“It’s diabolical.” Arnie’s throat tightened.<br />
“Forcing me to live one First Day over and<br />
over.”<br />
“You do request to return less frequently<br />
as time goes on. But one day you may have<br />
other options. Don’t give up. In the<br />
meantime, we have your schedule for<br />
today.”<br />
Arnie considered hurling himself over the<br />
railing, but they’d probably resurrect him<br />
tomorrow to try and figure out why he’d<br />
done it. For all he knew, they’d done it<br />
before. “What schedule?”<br />
“We are having lunch with Serena before<br />
speaking with Matt on his ship.”<br />
“Grandpa!” A small boy ran forward and<br />
gave Arnie a hug around the waist. In the<br />
doorway, Serena stood with several younger<br />
children. The young woman behind her<br />
must be Oliver.<br />
Arnie returned the boy’s hug and smiled.<br />
“I see why I keep scheduling my return.<br />
Happiness can be just as wonderful in a day<br />
as a lifetime.”<br />
Jazon nodded.<br />
Arnie.” ◊<br />
“Happy First Day,
more feasible fiction on which to attach our<br />
hopes for never-ending life.<br />
But how feasible is it? As we begin to<br />
develop real science and technology to explore<br />
ways of housing a human consciousness, how<br />
much stock can we put into the practicality of<br />
immortality within our lifetimes, or ever?<br />
“Type” and “Token” are philosophical terms<br />
used to describe an object’s relative identity.<br />
There is a simple linguistic distinction<br />
between the two that can be described in the<br />
following example:<br />
Examples of the transferral of human<br />
consciousness to achieve immortality is a<br />
hugely prevalent theme throughout the<br />
history of multiple genres of fiction. Both<br />
Isaac and Janet Asimov’s writings explored the<br />
subject (in short story The Last Question and<br />
novel Mind Transfer respectively). Richard K<br />
Morgan’s Altered Carbon (recently adapted into<br />
a Netflix Original TV series) sees human<br />
minds coded onto “stacks” and rehoused into<br />
newly grown (or more dubiously acquired)<br />
bodies. Black Mirror episode San Junipero<br />
explores the idea of uploading one’s mind into<br />
a virtual reality as a proxy for the afterlife.<br />
Consciousness transferral is science &<br />
speculative fiction’s answer to the otherwise<br />
pure fantasy idea of human immortality – a<br />
Say I have on my mantelpiece a tissue box.<br />
Somehow, one day, it accidentally gets<br />
knocked into the fire and completely<br />
destroyed – erased from existence. Although<br />
that item is gone forever, I am an able to<br />
procure a tissue box that is wholly identical,<br />
down to the number of tissues remaining and<br />
the exact dimensions of the box with<br />
subatomic accuracy, to replace it with.<br />
Generally, in language, we would say that the<br />
new tissue box I place on my mantle is “the<br />
same”. This is only half true. The only<br />
difference between the destroyed tissue box<br />
and the replacement one is a numerical<br />
difference. This exact kind of tissue box – one<br />
with this exact number of tissues remaining,<br />
these exact dimensions, etc – is a type, and<br />
each the destroyed box and the one now on<br />
my mantle, are tokens. While they are<br />
qualitatively identical (and members of the<br />
same type), they are numerically separate.<br />
This seems like an intuitive but not<br />
particularly practical way to communicate<br />
identity. After all, the tissue boxes, physically,<br />
bear no difference at all – there is no value to<br />
me in their distinction as two tokens of one<br />
type. My life doesn’t change in the slightest<br />
with the destruction of the first token as long
as there is a second ready to take its place. This<br />
changes significantly when combined with the<br />
concept of consciousness, or of personal<br />
identity.<br />
Now, let’s say that you, rather than the<br />
tissue box, are completely destroyed. Your<br />
mind and body are absolutely erased from<br />
existence. Luckily, your friends and loved ones<br />
have a back-up you; a qualitatively identical<br />
copy, from your haircut to your genome, from<br />
your sense of humour to the number of cells<br />
in your right femur. Whatever hole that you<br />
left, your loved ones fill with this qualitatively,<br />
not numerically, identical copy of you, which<br />
goes on to live your life exactly as you would<br />
have done otherwise.<br />
Now that sentience is involved, the value of<br />
this distinction starts to become clear. This is<br />
the situation that Arnie awakens to in the<br />
story we have just read.<br />
It’s often said that a person changes over<br />
time; for example, “I am not the man that I<br />
was ten years ago”. However, generally, we<br />
intuitively believe as humans that our identity<br />
persists; while the man I may have been ten<br />
years ago and the man I am today might have<br />
palpable and significant differences, they are<br />
still, numerically, the same item, and they are<br />
connected by that one all-important thing; our<br />
consciousness. The fact that it is the same<br />
incorporeal entity that experiences the<br />
thoughts, memories and emotions all shared<br />
by that body across its existence is what makes<br />
us believe that the person we wake up as in the<br />
morning is the same one that we fell asleep as<br />
the night before.<br />
When we cut that connection, as science<br />
fiction does all the time, our intuitive belief<br />
wavers. If you were to transplant every<br />
thought, experience, piece of knowledge,<br />
memory and personality trait from my brain<br />
onto a USB drive, remove it from my body,<br />
and reinstall it into another, in what way is it<br />
the same consciousness? Is it that same,<br />
numerically identical entity? Or is it a second<br />
token; a consciousness with all of my<br />
memories, including being taken out of my<br />
original body, and already accruing new<br />
memories, like being placed into a new one? If<br />
I take my consciousness and put it in a brandnew<br />
shell every ten years for the rest of time,<br />
have I achieved immortality?<br />
Unfortunately, we tend to think not.<br />
Rather, in this scenario, I have opted to cut<br />
my own life short and create, every ten years,<br />
a brand-new entity that simply thinks it’s old.<br />
This new being has no connection to the<br />
consciousness that was back in my original<br />
biological body, apart from some everdecreasing<br />
qualitative similarities.<br />
This problem has kept humans up at night<br />
throughout history. One of the integral<br />
themes of gothic literature is the usurpation of<br />
personal identity; twins, clones and identity<br />
theft are used to push the stories further down<br />
into the uncanny valley. Even further back,<br />
ancient European folklore told of a creature<br />
called a “Changeling”, which entered the
human world when a newborn baby was<br />
swapped out by malicious beings for a fairy<br />
child, physically identical to the original but<br />
cursed and inhuman.<br />
Today, we struggle with new forms of selfduplication.<br />
Is that connection between<br />
today’s me and yesterday’s me broken if I<br />
suffer a significant enough brain injury? If I<br />
die for a few minutes and am successfully<br />
resuscitated? What about the ever-increasing<br />
popularity of cryogenic freezing? Will the me<br />
that resurfaces in 100 years’ time have any<br />
connection to the me that they freeze?<br />
Start-up company Humai is making their<br />
own attempt to hack into human mortality by<br />
measuring and quantifying the way one’s<br />
living brain works, and then after death,<br />
transferring that brain into a robotic body and<br />
replicating the collected actions and<br />
behaviours to approximate a resurrection. In<br />
their own words:<br />
True, we already have prosthetics and robotics<br />
that can be controlled with input from human<br />
brainwaves, and nanotechnology already exists<br />
for some forms of microscopic biological<br />
repair, however almost none of the technology<br />
required to transcript the patterns of the<br />
human brain (nor to replicate it on a<br />
functional scale) yet exists. Despite this, CEO<br />
Josh Bocanegra has claimed that his team will<br />
have resurrected their first human some time<br />
within the next 30 years.<br />
The Arnie Greensway we meet in Happy First<br />
Day! is one product of a technology like this.<br />
Interestingly, he is little preoccupied with his<br />
identity as a single token of a well-populated<br />
type. After all, as the outcome of such a<br />
problem, not its originator, the fear of<br />
replacement completely loses relevance; I have<br />
everything to lose in transferring my<br />
consciousness into a new body, if it turns out<br />
that a new consciousness is created and mine<br />
extinguished, rather than my original one<br />
being moved. The new consciousness,<br />
however, not only<br />
identifies as me, but<br />
has already been put<br />
into the new and<br />
improved vessel. She<br />
has nothing left to fear.<br />
Can we say that this<br />
consciousness, because<br />
it is new or a duplicate,<br />
has any less value than<br />
the consciousness of<br />
an original human?<br />
Outside of our integral<br />
human anxiety about<br />
replication and being<br />
replaced, there’s not<br />
really any reason that<br />
we can. My new and<br />
improved clone is a<br />
person just as much as<br />
I was, with thoughts
and feelings and as deserving of moral<br />
consideration the same as any. While, given<br />
the choice, I might feel I have the right or even<br />
the responsibility of destroying my double<br />
(most likely out of self-preservation rather<br />
than some more altruistic goal), in my absence<br />
there would be no feasible argument to treat<br />
them any differently than I’d be treated<br />
myself.<br />
As is usually the case with our deepest<br />
human desires, immortality persists as far a<br />
more complex endeavour the closer we get to<br />
understanding it. Though we’re closer to<br />
staving off death than we have ever been in<br />
human history, it may pay to wait until a few<br />
more pressing questions are answered before<br />
we safely send our consciousnesses off into<br />
brighter futures.<br />
Belluck, P. (2017, August 4). Gene Editing for ‘Designer<br />
Babies’? Highly Unlikely, Scientists Say. Retrieved from<br />
The <strong>New</strong> York Times:<br />
https://www.sciencealert.com/a-new-start-up-wants-totransfer-your-consciousness-to-an-artificial-body-so-youcan-live-forever<br />
Wetzel, Linda, "Types and Tokens", The Stanford<br />
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall <strong>2018</strong> Edition),<br />
Edward N. Zalta (ed.):<br />
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall<strong>2018</strong>/entries/<br />
types-tokens/.<br />
Kuhn, R.L. (2016). Virtual Immortality: Why the Mind-<br />
Body Problem is still a Problem. Retrieved from Closer to<br />
Truth:<br />
https://www.closertotruth.com/articles/virtualimmortality-robert-lawrence-kuhn
I woke up this morning with a head full of<br />
doggerel. The poem bore the stamp of youthful<br />
enthusiasm, if not of quality. A quick search<br />
through my diaries revealed that I wrote it on<br />
my sixteenth birthday. You would doubtless<br />
recognise the source of my inspiration, Leroy, if<br />
I recited that piece to you now.<br />
_____________<br />
There once was an artist who pickled a cow,<br />
Then sliced it in half with a chainsaw.<br />
He encased it in glass,<br />
Did the same to its calf,<br />
Yet was mocked for creating an eyesore!<br />
In truth, I was never much of a poet, as you<br />
reminded me whenever you read my<br />
scribblings. Even so, those clumsy lines evoke<br />
the delight I felt on hearing that Mother and<br />
Child Divided had won the 1995 Turner Prize.<br />
The furore whipped up by the tabloids was<br />
sheer inspiration to a wild-child who delighted<br />
in raising hell in her GCSE arts class. Back<br />
then, Damien Hirst was to die for. Soundtracked<br />
by Damon Albarn, of course.<br />
Two years before Britart’s finest hour,<br />
the State of Texas executed a murderer by lethal<br />
injection. Showing laudable, if ironic, concern<br />
for the future, Joseph Paul Jernigan donated his<br />
body to science. A magnetic resonance imager<br />
scanned Jernigan’s cadaver, slicing him into<br />
pixel-planes thin as salami. The so-called Virtual<br />
Human was uploaded onto the Web. Some<br />
people thought the images macabre, others<br />
called them art. By papering the walls of your<br />
studio with them, you placed yourself squarely<br />
in the “art” faction.<br />
Giddy with ambition and blitzed on acid, we<br />
brought our influences to bear on one<br />
outrageous project after another, melding<br />
digital media and roadkill into surreal<br />
installations that became a cause célèbre on the<br />
fringes of the British arts scene. But after four<br />
years of partying and three years of marriage,<br />
our relationship ended in acrimony. Once
matters were in the hands of our lawyers, we<br />
never spoke again. With good reason I might<br />
add, for I had every reason to hate you, didn’t I<br />
Leroy?<br />
Until a week ago, I thought that the passage<br />
of time had blunted my anger, but I felt its<br />
familiar sting when I recognised your<br />
handwriting on that old-fashioned manila<br />
envelope. I was on the point of turning down<br />
your invitation when my Homebot relayed the<br />
news of your death.<br />
As I walk down the long ramp that leads into<br />
the vast chamber of grey-painted brickwork and<br />
black-steel girders that houses the Tate Modern<br />
gallery, it occurs to me that I, Tanya Roberts,<br />
may be nothing more than an early work to be<br />
dusted off and put on display in the exhibition<br />
of your life. I feel sure that you are manipulating<br />
me, just as you did a quarter of a century ago.<br />
Manipulated or not, I cannot help but<br />
be impressed by this, your ultimate creation.<br />
The hologram of a nude, middle-aged man<br />
towers over me, so tall that his scalp seems to<br />
graze the skylight. Your ruggedly handsome face<br />
is tilted downwards and your eyes are closed, as<br />
if the drone that suffuses the Turbine Hall has<br />
lulled you to sleep.<br />
The cultural commentators have heralded<br />
this piece as your definitive bid for artistic<br />
immortality. To a world-famous artist afflicted<br />
with a terminal disease, the temptation to create<br />
some kind of grand summation of one’s life’s<br />
work must have seemed irresistible. But the title<br />
of the piece, You and Me in Disunity, is pregnant<br />
with implication. Perhaps that is why you<br />
invited me to attend a private viewing, before<br />
the cognoscenti descend en masse.<br />
My mind conjures up a vision of the Turbine<br />
Hall swarming with the smug-looking, dressedto-impress<br />
darlings of the Establishment,<br />
gossiping and name-dropping and guzzling<br />
champagne. I dismiss the image with a shake of<br />
my head, glad to have left that world behind.<br />
Determined to obtain the best<br />
possible view of your hologram, I climb the<br />
stairs to the second level, then make my way to<br />
the barrier at the end of the platform. My head<br />
is at the same height as your feet, which float in<br />
mid-air ten metres from me. Only at this close<br />
range can I confirm my suspicion that your<br />
body has been sliced into sections, as if filleted<br />
by an invisible cleaver.<br />
Hyperslice installations are nothing new to<br />
me, but the sight of a slice detaching itself from<br />
your thigh is enough to make me shudder. The<br />
slice spins on its axis as it spirals towards me,<br />
images flickering over its exterior like a magic<br />
lantern. I glimpse a gang of youths pushing a<br />
sports car along a rain-soaked street. A bottle of<br />
vodka passes from hand to hand, then<br />
pinwheels into the chocolate-orange sky. One of<br />
the voices is achingly familiar.<br />
The slice lifts away before it reaches me,<br />
following a trajectory that will return it to your<br />
body. Presumably the incident it records dates<br />
from your late teens, a few years before we met.<br />
The thought that I might experience some of<br />
your subsequent memories makes me tremble.<br />
In spite of my fears, I feel compelled to<br />
interact with the hologram, just like any<br />
member of my generation. I speak a few of the<br />
usual commands to no discernible effect. Sign<br />
language and arm waving also fails to stimulate<br />
a response. It seems that even in death you must<br />
retain complete control.<br />
Amused rather than angry, I watch as a<br />
second slice peels away from your body, this<br />
time from the groin. As the slice settles over me,<br />
insubstantial as a soap bubble, I’m reminded of<br />
that moment of profound emptiness one<br />
experiences when an orchestra is about to strike<br />
up. Then, as if on cue, your sensory impressions<br />
engulf me.<br />
The woman who has caught your eye at the<br />
Students Union disco is almost unrecognisable<br />
to me. Her voice is too strident, her eyes too<br />
wild. And as for her hair! If I remember rightly,
that crimson dye-job was an attempt to emulate<br />
the singer of my then-favourite indie band.<br />
Fuelled by cheap vodka, we dance for hours<br />
to the latest Britpop tunes and end up in bed.<br />
Next morning, the black-and-white<br />
photographs that adorn your bedroom walls<br />
catalyse the woozy afterglow of our one-night<br />
stand into a full-blown relationship. Pablo<br />
Picasso, Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst seem<br />
to be vying for artistic supremacy amidst a<br />
mosaic of press cuttings that celebrates the<br />
icons of Formaldehyde Art.<br />
In truth, I was seduced by your influences.<br />
Contrary to expectation, our relationship<br />
thrived. The sex was amazing, messier than a<br />
Jackson Pollock. A year passed before we began<br />
throwing crockery at each other. An argument<br />
about contraception provoked that first fight. I<br />
sport a tiny scar just below the bridge of my<br />
nose as a memento.<br />
The barrage of teacups has just begun when,<br />
without warning, the slice pulls away. Twitchy<br />
with anticipation, I wait for the next slice to free<br />
itself from your body. At first the background<br />
hum provides the necessary balm, like aural<br />
cotton wool, but soon the sound of whispering<br />
usurps it. The effect seems calculated to irritate<br />
me.<br />
Another slice begins its descent, leaving a gap<br />
in your belly. Hopefully, this one will not pick<br />
up the story where the previous one left off...<br />
I needn’t have worried. For me, this was the<br />
highpoint of our entire relationship. You must<br />
have felt the same way too, judging by the<br />
warmth that permeates your memories. Perhaps<br />
that is why, this time, she really looks like me,<br />
sounds like me.<br />
Four years after our first dance, we are<br />
honeymooning on the Atlantic coast of<br />
Morocco. Having bartered away the afternoon<br />
in the souks of Essaouira, now we are racing<br />
each other along a crescent of sand beneath<br />
glittering stars. Your deliberate trip sends me<br />
tumbling into the surf. Our goose-bumped<br />
limbs entwine, sublime as seahorses. The tang<br />
of brine mixes with the smell of sex. Your<br />
fingernails rake my back, sharp as razor-shells...<br />
The memory ends too soon.<br />
At the time, I wanted that moment to last<br />
forever. I think you did too. Was this the<br />
memory you fixated on when the neural flush<br />
consigned your mind to oblivion and your<br />
memories to posterity? There is no way to be<br />
sure, but I wouldn’t be surprised.<br />
I glance up at your body, still haunted by the<br />
question. The next slice is easing out of your<br />
ribcage even as its predecessor binds back into<br />
your belly.<br />
Once again, your memory of me clashes with<br />
my remembered self-image. Aren’t pregnant<br />
women supposed to glow? Not me, apparently.<br />
As I offer up my belly to the ritual of the midterm<br />
ultrasound scan, you see a woman who<br />
looks dowdy, undesirable, burnt-out.<br />
Offended by your attitude, I make a<br />
concerted effort to ignore your impressions of
the scene and concentrate on my own<br />
memories instead.<br />
I remember squirming as the instrument<br />
head smeared gel across my belly. You squeezed<br />
my hand as if to remind me that I would not be<br />
allowed to skip this particular check-up.<br />
Ultrasound does not harm the foetus, the<br />
consultant had asserted in a tone that seemed<br />
to chastise the defiance I had shown nine weeks<br />
earlier.<br />
At first all I could make out on the TV<br />
monitor were pulsing waves of dark and light<br />
grey. Then the image sharpened, revealing our<br />
child-to-be. She looked like a wax model that<br />
had softened in the sun.<br />
As I turned my head away, I realised the<br />
consultant was frowning.<br />
“Is she healthy? Is she normal? Is she...?”<br />
Three days later, after a demoralising series of<br />
tests, we were called back into the consultant’s<br />
office. He mentioned a virus that caused foetal<br />
malformations; the details passed me by.<br />
Finally, he suggested I have an abortion. I felt<br />
no remorse at the time, only relief. The foetus<br />
was microcephalic. Not viable.<br />
The same was true of our marriage, as it<br />
turned out, though it would be another six<br />
months before I learnt that the hard way. But<br />
you knew already, didn’t you?<br />
You should try again, said the consultant, his<br />
gaze bisecting the two of us.<br />
Needless to say, we did not try again.<br />
The slice lifts away, leaving me to my tears. As<br />
I gaze up at your body, I notice that its successor<br />
contains a piece of your heart. The slice<br />
envelops me before I have a chance to steel<br />
myself for the trauma to come.<br />
Two days before the opening of your first solo<br />
exhibition, you reveal its centrepiece to me.<br />
Within seconds our fists are dancing like alpha<br />
particles in the heart of the sun. Now that sex<br />
cannot bind us together, fission rather than<br />
fusion is the only possible outcome.<br />
The critics hail Mother and Child — Blighted as<br />
your breakthrough work. That the public<br />
unveiling comes so soon after our break-up only<br />
adds to its poignancy in their eyes. They<br />
applaud the unflinching way you weaved our<br />
personal life into a hyperslice constructed from<br />
that first ultrasound scan. My virtual womb<br />
contains an archive of scribbled notes, intimate<br />
emails and playful camcorder clips: a subjective<br />
record of four-and-a-half months of anxiety and<br />
anticipation. Pointedly, you leave an empty<br />
space inside the head of the foetus.<br />
But while you were basking in the adulation<br />
of your peers, I was dissecting your computer’s<br />
hard disk with an electric carving knife. I<br />
realised it was a futile gesture even as I pasted<br />
the slivers onto the walls of what was once our<br />
studio, for you were always meticulous in<br />
backing up your work onto remote servers.<br />
Even so, I felt much better for making that<br />
gesture, childish though it was.<br />
Following our break-up, you produced a series<br />
of hyperslices that attracted universal critical<br />
acclaim, whereas I retreated into obscurity. I<br />
frittered away a couple of years in a rented<br />
studio in Brixton, fashioning barbed wire and<br />
horsehair into expressions of my anger. Finally,<br />
I summoned up the courage to exhibit a few<br />
pieces in one of the more fashionable London<br />
galleries. The derision of the critics<br />
extinguished my desire to create art once and<br />
for all. Instead, I decided to build a new life, a<br />
life that did not contain you.
A glance upwards reveals that the slice has<br />
returned to your body. By rights, it should be<br />
the final one, since we never met again. So why,<br />
then, has your head ejected another slice? No<br />
answer comes to mind during its descent. And<br />
if the whisperers know, they seem disinclined to<br />
tell me.<br />
This time there are no images or sounds, no<br />
sensory impressions of any kind, only darkness<br />
and silence and emptiness. I close my eyes,<br />
preferring to contemplate a void of my own<br />
making. In doing so, I’m reminded of that<br />
powerful feeling of anticipation an artist<br />
experiences when something is about to emerge<br />
from nothing.<br />
The whispering starts up afresh, distracting<br />
me from my meditation. Annoyed by the<br />
interruption, I open my eyes. A moment later<br />
my mouth gapes open, too. Now there are two<br />
holograms floating in the Turbine Hall, facing<br />
away from each other. The woman is middleaged<br />
and naked, just like her companion.<br />
I am still pondering the meaning of this<br />
apparition when your rich baritone emerges<br />
from the susurrus, urging me to tell my side of<br />
our story.<br />
Realisation comes swiftly. Not content with<br />
portraying the disintegration of our<br />
relationship, now you intend to highlight my<br />
failure to emulate your stellar career. The<br />
comparison you make is a stark one; it was then<br />
and it is now. This pair of hyperslices is<br />
supposed to demonstrate that, artistically, I was<br />
nothing without you.<br />
Oh Leroy, this is too much! I thought that my<br />
hatred of you was a thing of the past, but by reentering<br />
my life, however vicariously, you have<br />
rekindled that feeling.<br />
I turn away from the holograms, shuddering.<br />
“Leroy was right all along...”<br />
“In terms of creativity, Tanya was a<br />
lightweight.”<br />
“Do you remember her solo exhibition?”<br />
The erstwhile whisperers are laughing now.<br />
“Leroy was always the strong one...”<br />
“Such a unique talent...”<br />
“Such a sad loss...”<br />
This isn’t the private showing you promised<br />
me, is it Leroy? Oh, I don’t doubt there will be<br />
a formal unveiling tomorrow, with the<br />
interminable speeches and ersatz emotions that<br />
such events entail. But you couldn’t resist one<br />
last manipulation, could you?<br />
“You can prove them wrong, Tanya.”<br />
The sound of your voice still makes me<br />
tremble, and not just because of the bad times.<br />
I, too, have memories that I treasure.<br />
“You can do it, if you really want to.”<br />
“But why should I bother?”<br />
It’s a stupid question to ask a dead man, but<br />
your proxy has been programmed to give me an<br />
answer.<br />
“No one, not even me, has created a<br />
hyperslice ‘live’ in front of an audience. Think<br />
of it as performance art, if you like. It will be<br />
your unique achievement, Tanya. Something<br />
for posterity.”<br />
Hundreds of remote viewers flicker into<br />
virtual existence as I return to my vantage point<br />
at the edge of the platform. These ghostly<br />
figures flit around the Turbine Hall, occluding<br />
each other in a frantic search for the optimum<br />
viewpoint. They behave as if my decision was<br />
never in doubt.<br />
Very well then, something for posterity...<br />
Inspiration buzzes through me like adrenalin,<br />
just like the old times. Guided by your proxy, I<br />
begin downloading files from my personal<br />
archive into the installation. The digital records<br />
of my life will have to suffice, for I have no<br />
intention of emulating your terminal mindflush.<br />
Not now, not ever. But even though I<br />
cannot match your absolute commitment to<br />
art, there are elements I can introduce to this<br />
event that your devotees may find challenging.<br />
You thought that I would load this blank<br />
hyperslice with my perspective on our time<br />
together, didn’t you Leroy? Giving me the right<br />
of reply must have seemed fair to you, a final
alancing of the books. The death of love<br />
observed from two irreconcilable viewpoints;<br />
the ultimate artistic collaboration. It must have<br />
amused you to think of the critics deliberating<br />
over which version of the Morocco sex scene<br />
they preferred. I have no doubt that mine<br />
would have been dismissed as a naive work, not<br />
fit to be compared with the ultimate<br />
achievement of the great Leroy Haines.<br />
If that was your plan, I must apologise for not<br />
sticking to the script. But I have a quite<br />
different story to tell, one that is so much richer<br />
than yours.<br />
My story tells of a new start and a change of<br />
direction. It tells of a woman who gave up art to<br />
teach English; who got lucky and met a man<br />
who would, in time, come to adore her. Most<br />
important of all, it tells of the three daughters<br />
they brought into this world.<br />
There’s Jennifer, her blonde hair streaming<br />
past bony shoulders, her eight year-old face<br />
beaming with pleasure as the playground swing<br />
lifts her high into the air.<br />
And that’s Emma, slimmer and darker than<br />
Jennifer, her typically serious expression<br />
breaking into a shy little smile as she receives a<br />
rosette at her first gymkhana.<br />
And there’s Katie, her face smudged with<br />
chocolate, giggling as she toddles around the<br />
garden, pursued by her father.<br />
Already, I can hear peals of laughter echoing<br />
around the hall. Not that the verdict of the<br />
critics worries me in the slightest, not any more.<br />
What do I care if they think of my hyperslice as<br />
sentimental dross?<br />
I stand on the platform with my head held<br />
high, waiting for the laughter to die down. It<br />
seems to take an eternity, but eventually a hush<br />
settles over the Turbine Hall. Moments later,<br />
the silence is broken by the sound of footsteps.<br />
I greet my family with hugs and kisses. Emma<br />
and Jennifer wriggle free of my clutches, much<br />
keener to play with a hyperslice than to bond<br />
with its creator. Within seconds they have<br />
worked out how to replay the video sequences.<br />
“So embarrassing!” I hear Jennifer cry.<br />
My husband slips one arm round my waist<br />
and tickles my hip, making me giggle. His other<br />
hand is tickling Katie, who is riding on his<br />
shoulders. Not for much longer, I fear, for she<br />
is growing fast. Time always forces us to give up<br />
those things that we want to cherish forever.<br />
Leroy, I’m not one of those people who think<br />
of their children as works of art. But I do know<br />
for certain that they represent the only kind of<br />
immortality that matters to me. ◊
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