Article - Energy and environmental potential of solid waste in Brazil, Năng lượng và môi trường tiềm năng của chất thải rắn ở Brazil (Vietsub)

Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol
Energy and environmental potential of solid waste in Brazil
F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail n
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, the State University of Campinas, Bar~ao Geraldo, POB 6122, Campinas Postal Code 13083-860, S.P. Brazil
article info
Article history:
Received 5 October 2010
Accepted 18 March 2011
Available online 8 April 2011
Keywords:
Energy
CO 2 emissions
Solid waste
abstract
The economic progress and sustainable developments are linked to the optimization and energy
conservation. Conventional methods of production and energy utilization usually embed harmful environmental
impacts, and hence the challenge to scientists to seek for mechanisms of energy production and use
which are less harmful or better still free of unfavorable environmental impacts. Studies point out that
municipal solid waste has great energy potential and its reuse, specifically the production of biogas from
landfills and the recycling of solid waste presents a favorable mechanism to optimize energy use and
preserve it. The present investigation includes the energy savings and the avoided emissions of CO 2 to the
atmosphere as a result of recycling and production of biogas from landfills in one metropolitan with more
than one million inhabitants and in Brazil. The results show that the rate of CH 4 production from the
Brazilian waste landfills can avail for Brazil about 41.7 MW and the reuse of recyclables can avail to the
energy system an additional quantity of 286 GJ/month enough for the consumption of 318,000 families.
& 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The energy development in the twentieth century raised the
average energy consumption per capita in the world to more
than ten times the consumption of primitive man. In the period
1973–2006, the world’s energy supply increased from 6115 Mtoe
(where toe is the equivalent tons of oil) to 11,741 Mtoe, that is in
a period of 33 years the recorded increase was 92% (MME
(Ministério de Minas e Energia), 2009). This indicates that energy
has become an essential commodity for the man’s comfort and
welfare (Martinez and Ebenhack, 2008; Gómez and Silveira,
2010). On one hand it is difficult to imagine life without power,
on the other hand the environmental impacts of energy production
and use has been an incognita. The emission of greenhouse
gases, Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and Methane (CH 4 ) released by the
action of man himself, is bringing irreversible effects for humanity
as reported in the subsequent documents from the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1990 (IPCC,
2007).
The continuous increase of energy production and consumption
and the consequent impacts of these accelerated demands
have required a change of behavior of the society and also drove
research to alternative means of use and reuse of new energy
sources. The solid waste, for example, constitutes one of such new
sources of energy (Lino et al., 2010).
n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ55 19 35213376; fax: þ55 19 32893722.
E-mail address: kamal@fem.unicamp.br (K.A.R. Ismail).
Solid waste is a by-product from human activities, and is
characterized by the negative impacts that may cause to the man
and the environment when disposed in an inappropriate way
without treatment. Due to the continuously increasing amount of
solid waste generated, particularly in capitals and major urban
centers, the challenge for governments is to reduce the waste
harmful impacts to both health and the environment (Unstat
(United Nations Statistic Division), 2007).
Mechanisms of reducing these impacts include systems of
organic solid waste composting producing organic fertilizers for
agriculture purposes; recycling solid waste such as paper, cardboard,
glass and metals back to the productive sector to replace
raw material partially or fully, and finally the waste-to-energy
mechanism whereby anaerobic digestion converts organic matter
deposited in landfills to CH 4 for energy production (Cetesb
(Companhia Ambiental do Estado de S~ao Paulo), 2001; IPCC,
2007; Lennox and Neuwkoop, 2010).
The landfill gas or the biogas, composed principally of CH 4 and
CO 2 proved to have many attractive applications as in power
generation for isolated communities, fueling public service such
as buses and trucks and other many applications of interest. Many
examples of this type can be verified in Europe, USA and Canada
(IPCC, 2007).
In 1994, the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) established the Landfill Methane Outreach Program to
encourage the implementation of projects for recovery of landfill
gas as energy source in the United States. The program identifies
landfills with the potential to generate energy at competitive
costs and without unnecessary barriers to use that source in
various spheres of government. This initiative is part of the
0301-4215/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.048

F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502 3497
Climate Change Plan. In 2001, biogas was utilized in approximately
950 landfills (EPA, 2005).
In Brazil, the biogas from the landfill is marginally used. In the
1970s, two projects were implemented. One for the Gas Company
of S~ao Paulo (Comgas) and the other two companies in Rio de
Janeiro, State Gas Company and Municipal Urban Cleaning Company
(GEC/Comlurb). The first company distributed gas from
landfill to a residential complex nearby. In case of the second
company the biogas was collected, purified and injected in the gas
distribution network supplying gas for the city of Rio de Janeiro.
About 1000 m 3 /day was placed in the network. In 1985, gas
became the fuel for the fleet of 150 municipal trucks and also
for a fleet of taxis. This project lasted 10 years (Cetesb, 2001).
Besides the landfill biogas, recycling of solid waste is another
mechanism that permits energy and raw materials savings.
Studies on the subject indicate that (Lino, 2009; Lino et al.,
2010), recycling is the process that when applied, considering
the technical and scientific aspects could have substantial energy
and environmental benefits.
In the recycling industry, the recyclables such as paper and
cardboard, plastics, glass and metals are sorted, adequately
processed, prepared and sent back to the production chain as
recycled matter. This leads to the use of less quantities of raw
material in the industrial sector, reduction of water and energy
and consequently avoiding CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere,
creation of new job posts, increasing the useful life of landfills,
reduction of public expenditure for waste treatment in the
deposition areas and finally the social inclusion of less qualified
citizens in the active society working mass (Lino, 2009; Lino et al.,
2010).
This paper presents the evaluation of the energy saved by
recycling, the corresponding CO 2 that is not emitted to the
atmosphere as well as the amount of CH 4 and CO 2 generated by
the decomposition of organic waste deposited in landfills in Brazil
and one of the largest cities of the State of Sao Paulo, that is, the
municipality of Campinas (SP). The calculations were extended
also to the socioeconomic aspects of recycling.
2. Solid waste
The solid waste resulting from activities such as the industrial,
residential, commercial, hospitable, agriculture and similars
(ABNT (Associac- ~ao Brasileira de Normas Técnicas), 2004), is
generally composed of organic degradable matter (leftovers,
paper and others); of non-degradable organic material (plastics)
and of non-degradable inorganic matter (glass, metal and others).
These latter materials if disposed in the ambient, can take
hundreds of years to decompose and its accumulation leads to
reducing the useful life of landfills.
In some developed countries such as Japan, Sweden, Belgium
and Denmark, the index of reuse of solid waste is over 90%. In
countries in Asia and Latin America, not all the solid waste is
collected and in highly populated countries such as China and
India and others such as Turkey, Mexico and Brazil almost 90% of
the solid waste (whose major part is organic) considered as the
principal source for producing CH 4 is usually destined to landfills
and dumps freely liberating huge quantities of CO 2 and CH 4 to the
atmosphere (Unstat, 2007; IBGE (Fundac- ~ao Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia e Estatística), 2002).
2.1. Solid waste in Brazil
Brazil is the biggest country in Latin America occupies about
50% of the territorial area of the continent with a population of
194 millions in 2010, of which 84% are concentrated in the urban
areas (IBGE (Fundac- ~ao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e
Estatística), 2009). According to the data of Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics, IBGE (2002), the country collects about
228.5 10 3 t/day of solid waste of the residential and commercial
industrial types. This collection refers to 95.3% of the solid waste
collected in the country of which 95% is disposed in dumps and
landfills, etc (IBGE, 2002).
In 2000, the existing 5.993 dumps received per day about
48,600 t/day, about 84,600 t/day were disposed in 1868 controlled
landfills, about 83,000 t/day in 1452 sanitary landfills,
and 2000 in places not fixed, 1600 t/day at unspecified sites,
1000 t/day were delivered to 325 incinerators, 6500 t/day were
destined to 260 composting plants and 2300 were sent to 596
recycling plants (IBGE, 2002).
The quantity of residential solid waste collected in Brazil
represents 55% of the total collected in the country or
125 10 3 t/day or an average value of 0.74 kg/inhabitant day.
Almost 77% of this residential solid waste is organic matter and
the rest, 23% is inorganic. This information is obtained from IBGE
(2002) relative to 2000 when the Brazilian population was 169
millions inhabitants.
2.2. Solid waste: biogas production and recycling
The landfill gas is generated in the bio-digestion of organic
waste in landfills by the anaerobic digestion process (without the
presence of oxygen). It is estimated that each ton of municipal
solid waste deposited generates between 160 and 250 m 3 of
biogas (IPCC, 2007), in the proportion of approximately 55%
CH 4 , 44% CO 2 and 1% other gases. Hence, one ton of municipal
solid waste produces approximately 88–138 m 3 of CH 4 . Thus, it is
estimated that from 40 million to 60 million tons of CH 4 are
generated yearly in landfills (Humer and Lechner, 1999).
According to Humer’s and Lechner estimates (1999), an urban
landfill in operation with 20 m thickness has an emission factor of
about 340 l CH 4 /m 2 day. Reinhart and Cooper (1992) estimate
that the production of CH 4 in landfills is about 10.5 million t/year.
Another estimate shows that global emissions of CH 4 in landfills
are 60 million t/year, of which 15% are due to the Chinese
landfills. Landfills can produce about 125 m 3 of CH 4 per ton
of waste in a period of 10–40 years. According to the
Company of Environmental Sanitation Technology, Cetesb (2001),
this generation in Brazil is 677 t/year and represents about
945 million m 3 /year.
Studies show that the use of biogas produced in landfills can
generate energy, environmental and economic benefits to governments
and local societies. The estimated electric power generation
is 300–500 MW from municipal solid waste in Brazil, which
corresponds to 650,000 t of CH 4 per year. By the anaerobic
digestion of the organic solid waste deposited in landfills, the
produced CH 4 (which is a very harmful greenhouse gas, 21 times
greater than CO 2 ) will not be emitted to the atmosphere and can
be converted into Carbon Credit. Also it is possible to reduce
substantially or even avoid the risk of fires and explosions in
landfills due to the high concentration of CH 4 in biogas (Brito
Filho, 2005; IPCC, 2007).
Recycling can be used as an alternative way to reuse material
and energy associated with the recyclable waste (paper, cardboard,
plastics, glass and ferrous metals). A brief description of
some of the most common technologies used in the recycling
processes as in McDougall et al. (2001).
2.2.1. Paper and cardboard
Paper manufacturing relies on the fact that wet cellulose fiber
bind together with hydrogen bonds when dried under pressure.

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F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502
Basically paper recycling reverses this process by wetting, agitating
and then separating the cellulose fiber. Paper and cardboard
recycling can be repeated as much as four times, which means
virgin fiber is always needed. The efficiency of recycling is about
85%. The details of the recuperation process of the fibers will vary
according to the conditions of the pulp substitute. The rejects,
effluent and sludge generated by the recycling process are treated
and discarded.
2.2.2. Glass
Most glass is fabricated by a process in which raw materials
are converted at high temperature (1420–1600 1C) to a homogeneous
melt, which is then formed into products. The broken
glass is usually used as a batch material to enhance glass melting
and lower the temperature needed to melt the raw material.
Usually the recyclables can amount to 70–80% of the mix, the
recycled glass passes by a manual sorting process, followed by
cleaning and removal of metallic waste, then crushed and fed to
the production line to form the mix to be melted.
2.2.3. Ferrous metal
Steel is essentially an alloy of iron and carbon, less than 2%
carbon. There are three main type of furnace used in the production
of steel. The basic oxygen furnace for sheet steel and uses 25%
scrap steels. The electric arc furnace uses almost 100% scrap steel
and the traditional open hearth.
Energy requirements for the three steel making processes are
as below:
Open hearth¼14.24 MJ/tons of raw material.
Basic oxygen process¼14.42 MJ/t of raw material.
Electric process¼5.99 MJ/t of raw material.
The use of scrap for steel making results in large reductions in
air pollution, water use (40% savings), and mining wastes and in
the total energy consumption (virgin steel requires 36 GJ/t while
recycled steel requires only 18 GJ/t).
2.2.4. Plastics
Plastics are made from oil, natural gas, coal and salt, where
major feedstock is oil and they are produced by polymerization.
There are a variety of processing and shaping methods, of these
processes extrusion and injection molding are the most common.
After separation, plastics can be mechanical or chemically
recycled (very expensive). The recycled material is subjected to
heating under pressure and injected in the molds.
In developed countries as Japan, USA and Germany the
recyclables are separated and predominantly delivered by the
population to specific localities or placed on the curb for collection
(Sakata, 2007; Louis, 2004; González-Torre et al., 2003; Read,
1999). In developing countries as Brazil, this process is predominated
by selective waste collection from residences (Lino, 2009).
Reports about different experiences in recycling are available
in the literature. For example, in the UK, the recycling program is
one of the priorities of the government (Read, 1999). Initiative
such mass disclosures and continuous propaganda programs
together with the continuous evaluation of the recycling system
are some of the strategies adopted to stimulate the public
adhesion. As a result, in four years of operation the recycling
increased from 9% to 13% (Read, 1999). Other experiences related
to selective collection and recycling in developed countries are
reported by Themelis and Todd (2004) in USA; Okuda and
Thomson (2007) in Japan, Tayibi et al. (2007) in Spain and
Magrinho et al. (2006) in Portugal.
In Brazil, the selective collection is implemented in capitals
and big urban centers, where the collection is realized by the
public service, waste collectors organized in cooperatives units
and by informal waste collectors. The recyclables are separated
according to the type of material, compacted, packed and commercialized
(Lino, 2009).
To investigate the impacts of the solid waste activities, the city
of Campinas was chosen as an example for the present analysis.
2.3. Solid waste in Campinas
Campinas is the third municipality of the State of S~ao Paulo
both in population and also in generating household solid waste.
Each inhabitant produces about 0.7 kg/day of solid waste. The
public collection system covers 100% of the urban areas with
adhesion index of 98% of the residences according to the recent
statistics of the municipality government (Lino, 2009).
According to the characterization process realized by the
municipality organ responsible for this service, the composition
of the household solid waste is 66% organic matter and 34%
inorganic matter. From this, one can find that the recyclables
amounts to 41% (PMC (Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas), 1996).
The selective collection program was initiated in 1991 and in
2005 the recyclables collection was realized by two systems.
In the first system dominated here as the residential collection,
the mixed recyclable is deposited by the population outside their
homes which is then collected by the compacting trucks. In
the second system, dominated here as the centralized collection,
the selecting collection is realized in big public and private waste
generators such as schools, shopping, residential parks, etc. The
residential collection service is realized by a contracted private
company, which also realizes the common mixed solid waste
collection. In the centralized system, the collection is done by the
department of urban services attending these big solid waste
generators (Lino, 2009).
The population of Campinas of 1039.237 inhabitants, the
estimated recyclables per day per inhabitant is about 0.26 kg/
day. In 2005, the sum of the common and selective collection of
solid waste is 655 t/day (Lino, 2009).
3. Method of analysis
In order to evaluate the energy, environmental and socioeconomic
benefits which could be obtained from the Brazilian
solid waste, the analysis was conducted as follows:
1. Energy and environmental evaluation of the organic waste
deposited in the Brazilian landfills in Campinas and Brazil.
2. Energy and environmental evaluation of recycling in Campinas
and Brazil.
3. Social and economic evaluation of the recyclables potential in
Campinas and Brazil.
To estimate the quantity of gas which could be produced from
the Brazilian solid waste landfills one considered that 46% and
52% of the total solid waste deposited is solid organic waste from
Campinas and Brazil, respectively. Based upon these values it was
possible to calculate the rate of gas production adopting values
for CH 4 production available in the literature. By knowing the
calorific value of the CH 4 and the composition of the gas, it was
possible to calculate the total power that can be generated and
the amount of CO 2 equivalent not emitted to the atmosphere.
To evaluate the energy and emissions benefits of recycling use
was made of the data relative to the selective collection in
Campinas realized by the public service and cooperative units of

F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502 3499
waste collectors. According to the gravimetric characterization
realized by the PMC (1996), the amount of recyclable contained in
the collected solid waste amounts to 41%.
The selective collection includes together with the recyclables
other materials which are not recyclables or contaminated even
after the sorting process and must be eliminated. This results in
what is called the rejection. The lack of official awareness
programs addressing recycling, recyclables separation process
and what could be recycled are among the factors which influence
possible variation of the rejection index. The population usually
while sorting recyclables includes food leftovers, dirty cans,
bottles and other materials which contaminate the recyclables.
Variation of this index could also be due to culture, habits and
ambient awareness, etc.
The rejection index was calculated as 21.7% based upon the
Campinas data. The useful collected solid waste was used to
calculate the energy and the corresponding emission using the
energy saved values from Hekkert et al. (2000a, b) and McDougall
et al. (2001). In our calculations we used their energy saved
values reduced by the energy used in the transport of the
collected recyclable waste.
In the calculations relative to Brazil, the residential urban solid
waste actually collected based upon the last census of 2000, was
used. Then by using the rejection index calculated before it was
possible to calculate the useful solid waste actually collected.
The amount of recyclables contained in the collected residential
solid waste amounts to 31% according to the Brazilian official
census 2000.
The waste recyclables after being collected are sorted in
separation center according to the type. It is then prepared by
special methods and techniques (mechanical and chemical)
which vary in efficiency and capacity according to the necessity,
and the available technology at the time and locality. By these
processes the recyclable material is adequate and prepared to be
introduced in the production chain as a substitute or as a mix.
For the present study, the calculation of energy savings for
each recyclable was based upon the data from McDougall et al.
(2001) and Hekkert et al. (2000a, b). As a modification, we
subtracted the energy used for the selective collection transport
from their energy values. Another modification is in relation to
the real energy saved due to each recyclable type. The energy
saved due to a recyclable type is the difference between the
energy consumed when using raw material and when using
recyclable material.
The energy saved value is calculated considering the composition
of the recyclable mix and the energy saved value for each
recyclable type. In this way it was possible to calculate the
average energy saved value for the mix as the weighted average
value used in the present analysis.
From the calculated results and the non-utilized solid waste it
was possible to calculate the energy and the avoided emission of
CO 2 potentials for Campinas and Brazil.
To estimate the socioeconomic benefits of recycling the above
data of recyclables in Campinas and Brazil was used to calculate
the financial gains using the current market price value. The
numbers of waste collector included in the work market or social
inclusion was evaluated based upon the Brazilian minimum
salary and the number of Family Grants that could be created
was based upon the official value of the grant.
The collected data included among other information the
following:
quantity of collected recyclables (t);
quantity of rejected matter in the selective collection (t);
total fuel consumed by the collecting trucks (l); and
commercial price of a ton of recyclables (R$/t).
These information were used to calculate the following
parameters:
quantity of collected recyclables per km run (kg/km);
rejection index of the collected recyclables (%);
primary energy economized due to reuse of recyclables in the
industry (GJ/t);
CO 2 emissions avoided due to the economized energy (tCO 2 );
and
financial gain due to commercializing the collected recyclables
(R$).
4. Results and discussion
As stated above the organic matter deposited in the Brazilian
landfills was evaluated from the energy and environmental points
of views.
4.1. Waste-to energy of landfills
As mentioned before more than 95% of the collected waste is
destinated to landfills. This practice leads to reducing the landfill
useful life and emitting CO 2 and CH 4 to the environment. One
must remember that each ton of waste dumped in landfills
without treatment or recuperation emits 1.3 t of CO 2 (Cetesb,
2001). In the present investigation some attention is devoted to
this problem. It is known from the available information of
Campinas that 46% of the dumped waste is organic and in the
case of Brazil this amounts to 52%. Assuming that this organic
waste can be converted into biogas, mostly CH 4 the results can be
seen in Table 1.
Thus one can conclude that by adopting adequate public
policies and creating municipal incentives it is possible to generate
substantial amounts of energy, achieve environmental
benefits in addition to increase the landfills useful life and reduce
health hazards caused by inadequate waste disposal.
4.2. Solid waste recycling
From the gravimetric characterization of the solid waste the
composition of the recyclables generated in Campinas and Brazil
is 41% and 31%, respectively, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The
fraction of collected recyclables varies according to the region,
season, economic class and other aspects which affect the
consumption.
However, not all the collected waste in the selective collection
is adequate for reuse. Solid waste not suitable for recycling and
contaminated recyclable wastes are usually discarded and
included with the rejected waste. Thus the useful recyclables is
the difference between the total collected and the rejected mass.
Table 1
Estimates of biogas from landfills.
Description Campinas Brazil
Collected solid waste (t/day) 655 228 10 3
Organic solid fraction (%) 46 52
Total organic matter (t/day) 301 118 10 3
Total organic matter (m 3 /h) 7500 2.95 10 6
Estimated electric power generated (eff. 30%) 8.3 3300
(MW)
CH 4 produced (m 3 /day) 180.8 10 3 70.8 10 6
CH 4 produced (kg/day) 121.1 10 3 42.4 10 6
Corresponding CO 2e (tCO 2e /day) 2543.7 891.2 10 3
Corresponding CO 2e (tCO 2e /month) 76.312 2673.7 10 4
Obs. CH 4 density¼0.67 kg/m 3 .

3500
F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502
4%
2%
15%
13%
Campinas - 1996
46%
Organic matter
Paper and cardboard
Plastics
Glass
Metal
Others
Table 2
Recycling and its impacts in Campinas and Brazil.
Discription Campinas Brazil
Useful collected recyclables (t/month) 279.0 101,673
Avoided energy (GJ/month) a 9905 3,609,392
Avoided CO 2 (tCO 2 /month) b 633 230.798
a Assuming that recycling economize 35.5 GJ/t of recyclables.
b Considering an average of 2.27 tCO 2 /t of reused recyclables.
20%
2%
2%
3%
25%
16%
Fig. 1. Solid waste composition in Campinas.
Brazil - 1990
52%
The rejection index for Campinas was calculated using the
primary data of the selective collection provided by the municipality
public power. The index is found to be 21.7% and is adopted
for Brazil. The total residential solid waste collected in Campinas
is 655 t/day. From this total the selective collection represents
0.8%. The household solid waste collected in Brazil is about
125,000 t/day and when applying the above rejection index, the
selective collection becomes 2.7%.
4.3. Recycling: energy and CO 2 emissions
Organic matter
Paper and cardboard
Plastics
Glass
Metal
Others
Fig. 2. Solid waste composition in Brazil.
The substitution of raw material by recycled one in the
production processes leads to energy economy and reduce possible
emissions of gases to the atmosphere. Based upon McDougall
et al. (2001) and Hekkert et al. (2000a, b), the energy economy
due recycling paper and cardboard is 32.9 GJ/t, plastic results in
87 GJ/t, while recycled glass leads to energy economy of 3.5 GJ/t
and recycled ferrous metal results in energy economy of 18.6 GJ/t.
It is important to mention that other recyclables such aluminum,
copper, styrofoam were not included in the present analysis.
The term energy economy refers to difference between energy
consumption in the production process when using raw material
and the energy consumption when using recyclable material. The
calculations include also the inherent energy content of the
material substance. In case of plastics it is the energy content of
petroleum and in case of paper and cardboard it is considered as
wood energy content. Table 2 shows the estimates of energy
economy and the quantity of CO 2 not emitted to the atmosphere
due to recycling in Campinas and Brazil.
In the case of Campinas, the energy consumption for transporting
the recyclables was measured and subtracted from the
energy economized by recycling to determine the potential
effectively economized. The energy consumed in the transport
of the selective collection in Campinas corresponds to about 3% of
the energy economized by recycling (Lino et al., 2010).
Hence the energy effectively economized due to recycling is
about 9607 GJ/month. The energy savings due to recycling in the
city of Campinas represents per month the equivalent electric
energy consumption of 3200 average class residences or 11.700
Table 3
Recycling potential and its impacts.
Description Campinas Brazil
Estimated potential of collected recyclables 8057 1,173,750
(t/month)
Estimated potential of economized energy
286,006 41,668,125
(GJ/month)
Estimated potential of avoided CO 2 (tCO 2 /month) 18,288 230.798
Quantity of CER 4983 62,888
inhabitants considering 3.7 persons/household an average class
residence consumption of about 0.9 GJ/month and a thermal to
electric energy conversion efficiency of 30%.
It is worth mentioning that the data presented in Table 2
corresponds to the energy economized from recycling only 8.6% of
the recyclables potentially collected in Brazil as in Table 3.
In the environmental aspect, the quantity of economized
energy due to recycling in Brazil can avail to the carbon market
a big number of CER as in Table 3. These CERs can be converted to
funds to be used for financing pro ambient projects and for
intensify selective collection and recycling activities.
In order to demonstrate to the Public Administrator the
implicit potential and capacity of recycling as an effective tool
for ambient sustainability and the necessity to create incentives
and adequate public policies, calculations were realized to estimate
the potential of CO 2e avoided due to recycling all the
potentially available recyclables in Brazil, as in Table 3.
If all the potential of generated recyclables is used, this
quantity of energy corresponds to more than half the installed
capacity of the biggest hydroelectric power station in Brazil, that
is, Itaipu. The same quantity of energy corresponds to the electric
energy consumption of 12,963,420 residences or 47,575,740
inhabitants.
To achieve this Brazil has to establish policies which permit
the optimization of energy use, increase the recycling index,
objectives which can only be achieved by the society and the
government combined efforts and by the adoption of highly
objective public policies.
Issues associated with the climate changes are widely discussed
and continuously investigated since 1990 when the first
report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climatic Changes, IPCC.
In a sequence of four successive reports, the last of which
published in 2007, shows that man aggressive interference in
the ambient contributed and still contributing to the increase of
the planet average temperature, estimated for the next hundred
years to raise from 1.4 to 5.8 1C. Both heating and cooling of the
global climate are related with the concentration of the greenhouse
effects which are the CO 2 ,CH 4 and NO x (IPCC, 2007).
The climate changes are observed all over the planet in the
continents and the oceans together with ambient temperature
changes, ice in Artics, changes in precipitation everywhere,
changes in the ocean salinity, wind patterns, and extreme
ambient aspects such strong precipitation, extreme heat and
coolness and strong tropical cyclones (IPCC, 2007).

F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502 3501
Brazil is occupying the third position between countries with
the largest annual reductions of the emissions of greenhouse
effect gases. Also Brazil occupies the third world wide position
with a reduction of 6% of the total world reduction amounting to
46,800 t CO 2e /year. The first position is for China with 52% or
395,820 t CO 2e /year while India occupies the second position with
a reduction of 19% amounting to 141,984 t CO 2e /year (MCT
(Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia), 2009).
As far as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Brazil is
the third country in terms of the number of registered projects
after China and India. Until 2012, it is expected that Brazil can
contribute with a reduction of 322 million t of CO 2 . In this
context, Brazil can offer an important contribution in mitigation
of gases of the greenhouse effect. With the negotiation for the
second period, the called ‘‘after 2012’’, apparently the CDM will
continue to occupy an important role in the international effort to
minimize the global heating of the planet (MCT, 2009).
Brazil has both the climate conditions and the technologies
necessary to occupy a leading position in emission reduction and
carbon capture. To achieve this, it is necessary to avoid large scale
forest devastation and burning, promote reforesting and optimize
the energy consumption.
4.4. Socioeconomic aspects of recycling in Brazil
Generally the waste separation is done according to the type of
recyclable and then submitted to some amelioration processes to
increase its selling value such as pressing and baling and packing
to facilitate handling, storing and transport. The prices are mostly
dictated by the buyers or by the interested companies. To
calculate the financial gains from selling the recyclables, the
authors had to use the prices practiced in 2005, since these prices
suffered marginal variations. In 2005 the average price per ton of
recyclables mix in Campinas is estimated as R$ 312.5 or (US$
177.40). This value was the result of price investigation among
the cooperative units operating in Campinas. In a recent contact
with these cooperative units they confirmed the same price/t of
mix within a margin of 10%. The estimated financial gain is only
from 1.96% of the potential of recyclables generated in Campinas.
Considering that the commercial value per ton of recyclables
mix in February 2010 did not change much from its value in 2005,
and correcting the waste collector salary to the reference value of
the minimum national salary of R$ 500 or (US$ 283.85) the
quantity of useful recyclables necessary to guarantee the new
adjusted salary, must not be less than 1.6 t/month.
The cooperative waste collectors received a salary for their
work which amounts to R$ 500 corrected according to the official
index. Considering the potential of all available recyclables in
Campinas, the funds generated from its selling are divided by
R$ 500 to determine the number of waste collectors who can be
benefitted. A similar calculation is done for the case of Brazil.
The Brazilian government instituted a program with socioeconomic
objectives to try to alleviate the misery and poverty of
the population and include them in an emergency way into the
society. This program is called ‘‘Family Grant’’ and is dedicated for
the poor families with kids matriculated in public schools, with
the explicit objective of eliminating the infantile labor (used by
poor families as an instrument to increase the family income).
The value of the government ‘‘Family Grant’’ is R$ 200. The
authors tried to illustrate the potential of using the funds from
selling the recyclables to generate additional Family Grants and
attend more poor families. The funds from selling the recyclables
in Campinas are divided by R$ 200 to determine the number of
additional Family Grants. The same is done in the case of Brazil.
In the present work, the authors addressed this point to show
that selective collection and recycling can be used to increase the
Table 4
Evaluation of the socioeconomic potential of recycling.
Description Campinas Brazil
Financial gain from selling recyclables 87,188 31,772,813
(R$/month) a
Number of included workers with a salary 174 64,000
of R$ 500 b
Financial gain potentially available from 2,517,656 366,796,875
selling recyclables (R$/month)
Maximum number of socially included 5035 733,594
waste collectors
Maximum number of equivalent PTC,
(R$ 200)
12,588 1,833,984
a Considering an average value of R$ 312.50/t of commercialized recyclables.
b Minimum national salary.
number of Family Grants and hence the number of families
benefitted, as in Table 4.
If all the potential of the recyclables in Campinas and in Brazil
is reutilized, the estimated revenue obtained from selling the
recyclables, could be used to benefit about 1.3% of the population
in Campinas and in the case of Brazil the potential could benefit
0.95% of the population in Brazil each receiving a salary equivalent
to a ‘‘Family Grant’’ or US$ 113.54/month.
In Brazil, in 2010, about 15.7 millions families were inscribed
in program ‘‘Family Grant’’, of this total about 12.4 millions
families were benefitted (Brasil, 2010).
5. Conclusions
From the discussion and analysis of the results and information
presented in this study, it is possible to make some comments
and recommendations:
1. It is found that the landfill gas or biogas produced by
anaerobic digestion of organic municipal solid waste collected
from the households of the nearly 160 million Brazilians
living in urban areas can constitute a power supply of
the order of 42 MW.
2. Comparing the generated power from the landfill gas to the
energy consumed by a Brazilian middle class family, one can
find that the 42 MW corresponds to the consumption of
120,000 households or about 480,000 inhabitants.
3. It is important to mention that the solid waste deposited in
landfills without treatment Impacts on the public health due
to the proliferation of disease vectors, generation of bad
odors, contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater.
4. The anaerobic degradation of the organic matter to produce
biogas alleviate the ambient from the CO 2 and CH 4 (the major
contributors to the greenhouse effect) emissions otherwise
liberated to the atmosphere.
5. Additionally another important contribution to reduce the
emissions is the recycling of the urban solid waste which is
the focus of the present study. Considering the fact that fossil
based energy utilization produces CO 2 emissions, the return
of the recyclable solid waste (paper, cardboard, plastic, glass
and metal) to the production sector as a substitute of raw
material reduces the energy and raw material consumption
and hence alleviates CO 2 emission problem.
6. The quantity of economized energy due to recycling in Brazil
can avail to the carbon market about 62,887.66 CER which
can be converted to funds for financing pro ambient projects
and for intensification of selective collection and recycling
activities.

3502
F.A.M. Lino, K.A.R. Ismail / Energy Policy 39 (2011) 3496–3502
7. With reference to the energy aspect of recycling, the amount
of recyclables collected and deposited in landfills in Brazil
amounts to 286 GJ/month enough for the consumption of
318,000 families or 1.2 million inhabitants.
8. If all the potential of generated recyclables is used, the
quantity of energy generated corresponds to more than half
the installed capacity of Itaipu, the biggest hydroelectric
power plant in Brazil, or the equivalent of energy consumption
of 12,963,416 residences or 47,575,739 inhabitants.
9. If all the potential of the recyclables in Brazil is reutilized, the
estimated revenue obtained from selling the recyclables
could be converted to 1.833 million ‘‘Family Grants’’ of US$
113.54/month.
10. Actually the amount of recyclables reused is relatively small,
and hence an intensive campaign directed to the population,
together with a small tax reduction as an incentive for
selective collection adherence can contribute to possible
massive adhesion which eventually benefits the state, the
population and the environment.
11. This paper is based upon official data from IBGE, Municipality
reports, well accepted data from the literature, Hekkert et al.
(2000a, b) and McDougall et al. (2001) and collected data
from the cooperative units.
The analysis shows the dimensions of the energy, ambient and
socioeconomic potential of the residential waste. Brazil faces two
major problems, poverty and generated solid waste. Hence, the
major contribution of this study is the demonstration of how to
create alternative mechanisms and present possible solutions to
these two problems by creating funds to allow for more social
inclusion on one hand and alleviate the solid waste problem by
generating and economizing energy, reduce ambient and health
impacts on the other hand.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the CNPQ for the doctorate scholarship
for the first author and the PQ Research Grant for the second
author.
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environmental/wastetreatment.htmS.

Topic 1: Năng lượng và
môi trường tiềm năng của
chất thải rắn ở Brazil
GVHD: Tô Thị Hiền
Nhóm 21: Ngô Thị Ngọc Bích
Phùng Thị Lý
Nguyễn Thị Tường Vi

Nội dung
Từ mới
Giới thiệu
Chất thải rắn
Thực trạng tại Việt Nam
Phương pháp phân tích
Kết quả và thảo luận
Kết luận

Từ mới
Landfill: bãi chôn lấp
Injection molding: đúc ép phun
Gravimetric: phân tích trọng lực
Bio-digestion: phân hủy sinh học
Selective collection: thu gom chọn lọc
Agitating: khuấy động
Polymerization: phương pháp trùng hợp
Homogeneous: đồng nhất

Giới thiệu
Phát triển năng lượng trong thế kỉ
XX dẫn đến tăng nhu cầu tiêu thụ
năng lượng
1973 – 2006 tăng từ 6115 Mtoe
đến 11741 Mtoe ( tăng 92% trong
33 năm)
Khí thải nhà kính, CO2, CH4 được
phát thải bởi chính hoạt động của
con người.
Nguồn năng lượng mới

Ở các thủ đô và
trung tâm đô thị
lớn số lượng phát
sinh CTR liên tục
gia tăng
Thách thức: giảm
lượng chất thải
có hại cho sức
khỏe con người
và môi trường

Các cơ chế được đặt ra
Hệ thống ủ
chất thải rắn
hữu cơ để
sản xuất
phân bón
nhằm mục
đích nông
nghiệp.
Tái chế chất
thải rắn như
giấy, bìa các
tông, thủy
tinh và kim
loại màu...
Chuyển hóa
chất thải
thành năng
lượng theo
cơ chế phân
hủy yếm khí.

Khí bãi rác hoặc khí sinh học bao gồm
chủ yếu CH4, CO2 có thể ứng dụng
trong sản xuất điện .
1994, Cơ quan Bảo vệ Môi trường Hoa Kỳ
(USEPA) đã thành lập Chương trình tiếp
cận cộng đồng mê-tan bãi rác.
2001, khí sinh học đã được sử dụng
trong khoảng 950 bãi rác.
Ở Brazil, khí bãi rác đang được sử dụng với
qui mô nhỏ.

1
Tái chế chất
thải rắn cũng là
một cơ chế tạo
ra năng lượng
và tiết kiệm
nguyên vật liệu
2
Trong ngành công nghiệp
tái chế, như tái chế giấy và
các tông, nhựa, thủy tinh
và kim loại được sắp xếp,
xử lí, chuẩn bị và gửi lại
cho các dây chuyền sản
xuất

Lợi ích
Sử dụng ít số lượng nguyên liệu
Giảm nước và năng lượng
Tạo ra các công việc mới
Tăng tuổi thọ hữu ích cho các BCL
Giảm công chi tiêu cho xử lý chất thải
Hòa nhập xã hội cho công dân chưa đủ
điều kiện làm việc

Chất thải rắn
CTR phát sinh từ các hoạt
động công nghiệp, khu dân
cư, thương mại, khách sạn,
nông nghiệp và các ngành
khác…
Cấu
tạo
Chất hữu cơ
không phân hủy
Chất hữu cơ phân hủy
Chất vô cơ không phân hủy

Chất thải rắn ở Brazil
Brazil là quốc gia lớn nhất ở châu Mỹ Latinh
chiếm khoảng 50 % diện tích lãnh thổ của châu
lục, dân số 194 triệu (2010) , 84% tập trung ở
các khu vực đô thị
Cả nước thu thập về khoảng 228,5 x 10 3 tấn / ngày
chất thải rắn của các khu dân cư và công nghiệp
Số lượng chất thải rắn được thu gom từ khu dân cư ở
Brazil đại diện cho 55 % tổng số thu trong nước
hoặc125x 10 3 tấn / ngày hoặc giá trị trung bình 0,74
kg /ngày/ người .

Thực trạng CTR ở Việt Nam
Chất thải rắn gây nguy
hại cho môi trường phát
sinh tới 28 triệu tấn/năm,
tăng trung bình gần
10%/năm.
Xử lý chất thải rắn gặp khó
khăn do không quy hoạch
được các bãi rác tập trung,
không có bãi rác công cộng.
Việc xử lý chất thải rắn chủ
yếu vẫn bằng cách chôn lấp
nhưng cũng chỉ khoảng 50%
được chôn lấp hợp vệ sinh
Phân loại rác tại nguồn
gặp khó khăn
Công nghệ đốt chất thải
rắn tái tạo năng lượng
(viết tắt WtE)

CTR: Sản xuất và tái chế khí sinh học
Khí bãi rác được tạo ra từ
chất thải hữu cơ trong các
bãi chôn lấp bởi quá trình
phân hủy yếm khí.
Mỗi tấn chất thải rắn tạo ra
khoảng 160 - 250 m3 khí
sinh học, trong tỷ lệ
khoảng 55 % CH4, 44 %
CO2 và 1 % các khí khác.
Uớc tính rằng
40.000.000-60.000.000
tấn CH4 được tạo ra
hàng năm từ các bãi
chôn lấp.
Lượng điện được ước tính là
300-500 MW từ chất thải rắn
đô thị ở Brazil , mà tương ứng
với 650.000 tấn CH4 mỗi năm.
CH 4 sẽ không phát tán vào
không khí và làm giảm
đáng kể nguy cơ cháy nổ
trong các BCL.

Giấy và các tông
Sản xuất giấy trên thực tế là
sợi cellulose ướt và các liên
kết hydro kết hợp với nhau
dưới tác dụng của sấy áp lực
Giấy và các tông tái chế có
thể được lặp đi lặp lại nhiều
khoảng bốn lần
Hiệu quả của tái chế là khoảng
85%.

Thủy tinh
Kính được chế tạo bằng quá
trình chuyển đổi nguyên liệu ở
nhiệt độ cao (142 -1600 độ C)
để tan chảy đồng nhất, sau đó
hình thành nên sản phẩm.
Kính bị phá vỡ được sử dụng
như một loại vật liệu để tăng
cường độ tan chảy thủy tinh và
hạ thấp nhiệt độ cần thiết để làm
tan chảy các nguyên liệu
Các vật liệu tái chế có thể pha
trộn lên tới 70-80%.

Kim loại màu
Thép là một hợp kim của sắt
và cacbon, ít hơn 2% carbon
Có ba loại lò chính sử dụng
trong sản xuất thép.
Các lò thổi ôxy sử dụng 25%
thép phế liệu (14,24 MJ/
tấn NL)
Các lò hồ quang điện (14,42
MJ/ tấnNL)
lò sưởi truyền thống (5,99
MJ/tấn NL)

Được chế tạo từ dầu, khí thiên nhiên, than
đá và muối
Nhựa
Được sản xuất bằng phương pháp trùng
hợp
Có nhiều cách chế biến đa dạng và các
phương pháp tạo hình, nhưng phổ biến là
các quá trình ép trồi và ép phun

Chất thải rắn ở Campinas
Campinas là đô thị thứ 3 của bang Sao Paulo (Brazil), cả
trong khu dân cư và hộ gia đình đều phát sinh chất thải
rắn.
Các hệ thống thu gom công cộng bao gồm 100% các
khu vực đô thị với sự ủng hộ của 98% hộ gia đình theo
thống kê của chính quyền đô thị (Lino, 2009).
Thành phần chất thải rắn ở hộ gia đình là 66% chất hữu
cơ và 34% chất vô cơ. Từ đó người ta có thể tìm thấy
các vật liệu có thể tái chế lên tới 41%.

Chương trình thu gom chọn
lọc ở Campinas
Chương trình thu gom chọn lọc được khởi xướng
vào năm 1991 và năm 2005
Thu gom vật liệu tái chế đã được thực hiện bởi 2 hệ
thống: hệ thống thu gom tại nhà ở và hệ thống thu
gom chọn lọc
Với dân số là 1.039237 dân, ước tính các chất tái
chế mỗi ngày trên đầu người là khoảng 0,26
kg/ngày.
Trong năm 2005, tổng số các thu gom thông
thường và chọn lọc chất thải rắn là 655tấn/ngày.

Phương pháp phân tích
1. Năng lượng và đánh giá môi trường của các
chất thải hữu cơ được đưa đến các bãi rác ở
Campinas và Brazil.
2. Năng lượng và đánh giá môi trường tái chế
tại Campinas và Brazil.
3. Tính chất xã hội và đánh giá tiềm năng kinh
tế của việc tái chế ở Campinas và Brazil.

Các dữ liệu thu thập
Lượng tái chế thu được
Lượng vật chất bị loại bỏ trong quá
trình thu gom chọn lọc
Tổng số nhiên liệu tiêu thụ của xe tải thu
gom và giá trị thương mại của 1 tấn vật liệu
tái chế.

Những thông tin được sử dụng để
tính toán các thông số
Lượng tái chế thu gom trong mỗi km.
Chỉ số loại bỏ của tái chế thu gom
Năng lượng sơ cấp tiết kiệm đc do việc sử
dụng vật liệu tái chế trong các ngành công
nghiệp
Lượng khí thải CO 2 tránh được do tiết kiệm
năng lượng (CO 2 ) và lợi ích tài chính do
thương mại hóa các vật liệu tái chế thu gom
được.

Chuyển hóa chất thải thành năng
lượng ở bãi chôn lấp
• 1 tấn chất thải đổ vào các bãi rác chôn lấp
không xử lý hoặc phục hồi trạng thái phát thải 1
đến 3 tấn CO 2 .
• Được biết từ những thông tin có sẵn của
Campinas 46% chất thải là hữu cơ và trong các
trường hợp ở Brazil đã lên đến 52%.

Bảng đánh giá khí sinh học từ các bãi chôn lấp
Mô tả Campinas Brazil
Chất thải rắn đã thu gom (t/ngày) 655 288 × 10 3
Chất rắn hữa cơ (%) 46 52
Tổng vật chất hữu cơ (t/ngày) 301 118 × 10 3
Tổng vật chất hữu cơ (m 3 /h) 7500 2.95 × 10 6
Năng lượng điện tạo ra (MW) 8.3 3300
CH 4 (m 3 /ngày) 180.8 × 10 3 70.8 × 10 6
CH 4 (kg/ngày) 121.1 × 10 3 42.4 × 10 6
Đồng vị CO 2e (tCO 2e /ngày) 2543.7 891.2 × 10 3
Đồng vị CO 2e (tCO 2e /tháng) 76.312 2673.7 × 10 4

Tái chế chất thải rắn
• Các bộ phận của thu gom tái chế thay đổi theo
khu vực, mùa và các khía cạnh khác có ảnh
hưởng đến tiêu thụ.
• Tổng số chất thải rắn dân cư thu gom ở
Campinas là 655 tấn/ngày, tổng số này đại diện
cho 0.8% thu gom chọn lọc.
• CTR các hộ gia đình được thu gom ở Brazil là
125000 tấn/ngày.

Thành phần chất thải rắn ở
Campinas
Campinas 1996
13%
vật chất hữu cơ
4%
2%
15%
46%
giấy và các tông
nhựa
thủy tinh
kim loại
khác
20%

Thành phần chất thải rắn ở Brazil
Brazl 1990
16%
2% 2%
3%
25%
52%
Vật chất hữu cơ
Giấy và các tông
Nhựa
Thủy tinh
Kim loại
khác

Tái chế năng lượng và lượng khí thải CO2
• Thay nguyên liệu tái chế vào quy trình sản
xuất
Kim loại màu: 18.6 GJ/tấn
Giấy và bìa các tông: 32.9
GJ/tấn
Kinh tế năng
lượng do tái
chế
Thủy tinh: 3.5 GJ/tấn
Nhựa: 87 GJ/tấn

Năng lượng tiêu thụ trong việc vận
chuyển của thu gom chọn lọc tương ứng
với khoảng 3% năng lượng tiết kiệm
Ở
Campinas
bằng cách tái chế ( Lino cộng sự, 2010).
Năng lượng tiết kiệm hiệu quả do tái
chế khoảng 9607 GJ/tháng

Phải thiết lập các chính sách
cho phép tối ưu hóa sử dụng
năng lượng, tăng chỉ số tái chế.
Ở Brazil
Chiếm vị trí thứ 3 giữa các quốc
gia với mức giảm lớn nhất lượng
khí thải hàng năm gây hiệu ứng
nhà kính
Chiếm vị trí thứ ba trên toàn thế
giới với mức giảm 6% trong
tổng số lượng tái chế trên thế
giới lên tới 46.800 t CO2/ năm

Bảng 2. Tái chế và tác động của nó ở Campinas và
Brazil
Mô tả Campinas Brazil
Thu gom tái chế hữu ích
(tấn/tháng)
279.0 101,673
Năng lượng tiết kiệm
( GJ/tháng) a 9905 3,609,392
Không phát thải CO2
633 230.798
( GJ/tháng) b

Bảng 3. Tiềm năng tái chế và tác động của nó
Mô tả Campinas Brazil
Tiềm năng ướt tính của thu 8057 1,173,750
gom tái chế (t/tháng)
Tiềm năng ướt tính năng
lượng tiết kiệm ( GJ/tháng)
286,006 41,668,125
Tiềm năng ướt tính không
phát thải CO2 ( tCO2/tháng)
18,288 230.798
Lượng CER 4983 62,888

Các khía cạnh kinh tế xã hội của việc
tái chế ở Brazil
• Phân loại rác thải được thực hiện theo các loại
tái chế.
• Giá trị thương mại cho mỗi tấn vật liệu hỗn hợp
tái chế trong tháng 2 năm 2010 không thay đổi
nhiều so với năm 2005.
• Chính phủ Brazil đã thiết lập một chương trình
với các mục tiêu kinh tế xã hội, chương trình
này được gọi là “ Trợ cấp Gia đình” .

Bảng 4. Đánh giá tiềm năng kinh tế- xã hội của
việc tái chế
Mô tả Campinas Brazil
Lợi ích từ việc bán các vật liệu tái chế
87,188 31,772,813
( R$/tháng)
Bao gồm số ngưới lao động với mức 174 64,000
lương R$ 500 b
Tiềm năng lợi ích tài chính có sẵn từ bán
vật liệu tái chế ( R$/tháng)
2,517,656 366,796,875
Số lượng tối đa thu gom chất thải 5035 733,594
Số lượng tối đa tương đương PTC,
12,588 1,833,984
( R$ 200)

Kết luận
✓ Khí sinh học được thu gom từ các hộ gia đình ở
Brazil có thể tạo thành một nguồn cung cấp năng
lượng là 42 MW.
✓ Với nguồn năng lượng là 42 MW tương ứng với
mức tiêu thụ của 120.000 hộ gia đình,khoảng
480.000 cư dân.
✓ Chất thải rắn lắng đọng trong các bãi chôn lấp
không được xử lý gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng

✓ Sự phân hủy kỵ khí các chất hữu cơ để sản xuất khí
sinh học làm giảm bớt lượng phát thải CO2 và CH4
vào môi trường xung quanh.
✓ Tái chế chất thải rắn đô thị làm giảm lượng khí thải
✓ Lượng năng lượng tiết kiệm do tái chế ở Brazil có
thể tận dụng để tiêu thụ carbon 62,887.66 CER
✓ Trên thực tế số lượng tái chế tái sử dụng là tương
đối nhỏ.

✓ Năng lượng từ vật liệu tái chế được thu gom và đưa vào các
bãi chôn lấp ở Brazil là 286 GJ / tháng đủ cho việc tiêu thụ
318.000 gia đình hoặc 1,2 triệu cư dân.
✓ Nếu tất cả các tiềm năng của vật liệu tái chế tạo ra được sử
dụng, năng lượng được tạo ra tương ứng với hơn một nửa
công suất lắp đặt ở Itaipu, nhà máy thủy điện lớn nhất Brazil.
✓ Nếu tất cả các tiềm năng của các vật liệu tái chế ở Brazil
được tái sử dụng, doanh thu ước tính thu được từ việc bán
các vật liệu tái chế có thể trợ cấp cho 1.833.000 gia đình với
113.54 USD/tháng

Cảm ơn cô và các bạn đã
chú ý lắng nghe !!!