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16 Aircraft Magnetism Equally we should be able to see that if a further magnetic source is resolved to the right wing we would achieve a positive cosine curve along the same lines. Correction of Coefficients The principle for correcting coefficients is the same for any system and can be summed up as follows: Coefficient A - a mechanical problem of a displaced lubber line corrected by loosening the bolts holding the compass body or in the case of the RIMC the detector unit and carefully turning it until the correct heading is in place. Coefficient B - correction required because of magnetic deviating forces acting upon the DRMC or the detector unit and giving errors known as deviation. Firstly calculate the error to be removed or more correctly the heading you wish to make the compass read and this will be done on an easterly or westerly heading. Coefficient C - correction required because of magnetic deviating forces acting upon the DRMC or the detector unit and giving errors known as deviation. Firstly calculate the error to be removed or more correctly the heading you wish to make the compass read and this will be done on a northerly or southerly heading. 16 Aircraft Magnetism We can see that the correction for B and C are very similar but that we must remember to apply the sign of the correction properly to ensure an accurate correction to our compass system. When the compass swing is completed we of course have to check our work and this ‘check swing’ is carried out using eight or perhaps twelve points of the compass to allow us to derive a compass card that will be placed in the aircraft. This compass card indicates to us the residual deviations that we have been unable to resolve within the essentially horizontal procedure. Alternatively, the Residual Deviations affecting the compass after the completion of a compass swing may be shown by the use of a graphical table or a curve constructed from the information obtained. Either set of calculations will allow for the placing of a Compass Deviation Card near to the compass in the aircraft. Accuracy Limits In accordance with CS OPS-1 (European Regulations) the aircraft’s compasses must, after correction, be within the following limits: Direct Reading Magnetic Compass +/- 10° Remote Indicating Compass +/- 1° 204
Aircraft Magnetism 16 Occasions for Swinging the Compass • When compass components are installed or replaced. • Whenever the accuracy of the compass is in doubt. • After a maintenance inspection if required by the schedule. • After a significant aircraft modification, repair or replacement involving magnetic material. • When carrying unusual ferromagnetic payloads! • When the compass has been subjected to significant shock. • If the aircraft has been struck by lightning. • After significant modification to aircraft radio/electrical systems. • After the aircraft has been given a new theatre of operations if the move involves a large change of magnetic latitude. • If the aircraft has been in long term storage standing on one heading. Aircraft Magnetism 16 205
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10 INSTRUMENTATION ATPL GROUND TRAI
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Introduction I Textbook Series Book
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Introduction I Contents ATPL Book 5
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Chapter 1 Characteristics and Gener
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Characteristics and General Definit
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Chapter 2 Pitot and Static Sources
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Pitot and Static Sources 2 Introduc
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Pitot and Static Sources 2 Requirem
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Pitot and Static Sources 2 This par
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Questions 2 Questions 1. A pitot he
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Questions 2 Questions 2 21
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Chapter 3 Air Temperature Measureme
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 Intro
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 Air T
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 In or
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 • T
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 Accur
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Air Temperature Measurement 3 Air T
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Questions 3 8. Which of these formu
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Chapter 4 The Airspeed Indicator (A
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The Airspeed Indicator (ASI) 4 Prin
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The Airspeed Indicator (ASI) 4 pilo
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The Airspeed Indicator (ASI) 4 The
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Questions 4 Questions 1. A leak in
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Chapter 5 The Pressure Altimeter Pr
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Principle
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Simple Alt
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Reading Ac
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Servo-assi
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Altimeter
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Temperatur
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The Pressure Altimeter 5 Blockages
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Questions 5 Questions 1. The diagra
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Chapter 6 The Vertical Speed Indica
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The Vertical Speed Indicator 6 Intr
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The Vertical Speed Indicator 6 Any
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The Vertical Speed Indicator 6 The
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Questions 6 8. Change of temperatur
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Chapter 7 The Machmeter High Speed
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The Machmeter 7 High Speed Flight I
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The Machmeter 7 Machmeter Construct
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The Machmeter 7 Climb at a Constant
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The Machmeter 7 Example Problems As
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The Machmeter 7 If the aircraft is
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Questions 7 7. The relationships be
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Chapter 8 Air Data Computer Introdu
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Air Data Computer 8 Introduction In
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Air Data Computer 8 The relationshi
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Air Data Computer 8 Figure 8.4 Comb
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Chapter 9 Terrestrial Magnetism The
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Terrestrial Magnetism 9 The Magnet
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Terrestrial Magnetism 9 Methods of
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Terrestrial Magnetism 9 Hard Iron a
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Terrestrial Magnetism 9 Variation c
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Terrestrial Magnetism 9 In the UK t
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Chapter 10 The Direct Indicating Co
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 Th
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 Fo
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 Ac
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 De
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 Tu
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 Th
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The Direct Indicating Compass 10 At
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Questions 10 7. The magnitude, and
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Chapter 11 Gyroscopes Gyroscopes .
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Gyroscopes 11 Gyroscopes The simple
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Gyroscopes 11 Precession In Figure
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Gyroscopes 11 Wander Figure 11.7 Ho
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Gyroscopes 11 However, at a pole: A
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Gyroscopes 11 An earth gyro is one
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Gyroscopes 11 As well as a directio
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Questions 11 8. The main advantage
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Chapter 12 Directional Gyro Indicat
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Page 181 and 182: The Artificial Horizon 13 • Roll
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Page 205 and 206: Chapter 16 Aircraft Magnetism Devia
Page 207 and 208: PUSH PUSH Aircraft Magnetism 16 Dev
Page 209: Aircraft Magnetism 16 Heading north
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Page 215 and 216: Chapter 17 Remote Indicating Magnet
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Page 257 and 258: Chapter 19 Inertial Reference Syste
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Inertial Reference System 19 The La
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Inertial Reference System 19 Accura
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Questions 19 Question 1. Dither is
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Chapter 20 Radio Altimeter Introduc
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Radio Altimeter 20 Introduction The
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Radio Altimeter 20 Height Scale The
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Radio Altimeter 20 Range and Accura
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Chapter 21 Flight Management System
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Flight Management System 21 Princip
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Flight Management System 21 The pur
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Flight Management System 21 Notes:
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Flight Management System 21 DIR INT
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Chapter 22 Electronic Flight Inform
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Electronic Flight Information Syste
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Questions 22 6. The following yello
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Questions 22 Annex A Questions 22 3
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Chapter 23 Basic Computers Computer
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Basic Computers 23 Computers A comp
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Basic Computers 23 BIOS (Basic Inpu
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Basic Computers 23 Aircraft Systems
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Questions 23 6. In computer termino
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Chapter 24 Future Air Navigation Sy
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Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS
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10 AUTOMATIC FLIGHT AND CONTROL SYS
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Chapter 25 Flight Director Systems
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Flight Director Systems 25 Glossary
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Flight Director Systems 25 Introduc
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Flight Director Systems 25 Primary
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Flight Director Systems 25 Flight D
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Flight Director Systems 25 Poor rec
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Flight Director Systems 25 Navigati
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Flight Director Systems 25 Flight D
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Chapter 26 Autopilot Introduction .
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Autopilot 26 Introduction The main
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Autopilot 26 Control Loops An autop
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Autopilot 26 TRANSDUCER ATTITUDE SE
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Autopilot 26 EU-OPS Requirements Si
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Autopilot 26 Such safeguards are im
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Autopilot 26 Trim Manual Systems Th
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Autopilot 26 Figure 26.9 Auto-trim
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Autopilot 26 Autoland Roll Channel
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Autopilot 26 Radio Navigation To al
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Autopilot 26 The HDG SEL mode autom
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Autopilot 26 Pressing the V/S switc
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Autopilot 26 With CWS engaged, the
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Autopilot 26 Flight Management Syst
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Chapter 27 Autoland Introduction .
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Autoland 27 Introduction The approa
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Autoland 27 With a radio altimeter
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Autoland 27 When reverse thrust is
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Autoland 27 Figure 27.1 Autoland Se
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Autoland 27 Category 2 A precision
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Chapter 28 Autothrottle Introductio
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Autothrottle 28 Introduction An aut
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Autothrottle 28 Power Management Co
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Autothrottle 28 FMC Speed Mode The
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Autothrottle 28 Flexible Take-off I
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Autothrottle 28 When the thrust lev
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Chapter 29 Yaw Dampers Dutch Roll .
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Yaw Dampers 29 Dutch Roll Dutch rol
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Yaw Dampers 29 The Yaw Damper Typic
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Yaw Dampers 29 On aircraft with a s
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Yaw Dampers 29 29 Yaw Dampers Figur
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Chapter 30 Control Laws Introductio
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Control Laws 30 Introduction The au
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Control Laws 30 Flight Envelope Pro
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Control Laws 30 Autopilot Gain Adap
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Chapter 31 AFCS Revision Questions
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AFCS Revision Questions 31 Question
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AFCS Revision Questions 31 15. Duri
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AFCS Revision Questions 31 29. Head
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AFCS Revision Questions 31 Question
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AFCS Revision Questions 31 13. For
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Chapter 32 Flight Warning Systems I
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Flight Warning Systems 32 Introduct
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Figure 1.1 shows the cockpit displa
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Chapter 33 Aerodynamic Warnings Int
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Aerodynamic Warnings 33 Introductio
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Aerodynamic Warnings 33 Regulatory
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Aerodynamic Warnings 33 Stall Warni
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Aerodynamic Warnings 33 condition,
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Chapter 34 Ground Proximity Warning
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Ground Proximity Warning System 34
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Questions 34 6. An aircraft ‘goes
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Chapter 35 Airborne Collision and A
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Airborne Collision and Avoidance Sy
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Questions 35 Questions 1. On receip
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Chapter 36 Flight Data Recorder Int
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Flight Data Recorder 36 Introductio
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Flight Data Recorder 36 Flight Data
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Flight Data Recorder 36 Other Requi
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Chapter 37 Cockpit Voice Recorder I
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Cockpit Voice Recorder 37 Introduct
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Cockpit Voice Recorder 37 CVR TEST
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Questions 37 5. GPWS may indicate:
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10 POWERPLANT & SYSTEMS MONITORING
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Chapter 38 Engine Instrumentation A
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Engine Instrumentation 38 An Introd
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Engine Instrumentation 38 The engin
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Engine Instrumentation 38 - Engine
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Engine Instrumentation 38 The Elect
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Engine Instrumentation 38 The tacho
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Engine Instrumentation 38 The gas t
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Engine Instrumentation 38 Air tempe
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Engine Instrumentation 38 indicates
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Engine Instrumentation 38 Engine In
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Engine Instrumentation 38 The princ
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Engine Instrumentation 38 As well a
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Chapter 39 Electronic Instrumentati
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 Elect
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 Seven
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 Displ
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 In or
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 As fa
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 Failu
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Electronic Instrumentation 39 Elect
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Questions 39 7. The electronic engi
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10 REVISION QUESTIONS ATPL GROUND T
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Chapter 40 Revision Questions Fligh
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Revision Questions 40 Flight Instru
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Revision Questions 40 14. The verti
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Revision Questions 40 27. V FE is t
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Revision Questions 40 39. The prope
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Revision Questions 40 53. In a righ
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Revision Questions 40 68. If a pito
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Revision Questions 40 82. What is t
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Revision Questions 40 96. V NE is d
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Revision Questions 40 109. The sing
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Revision Questions 40 123. What doe
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Revision Questions 40 138. When des
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Revision Questions 40 152. What is
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Answers 40 Answers to Flight Instru
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Revision Questions 40 7. A yaw damp
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Revision Questions 40 21. At the mi
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Revision Questions 40 33. In an aut
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Revision Questions 40 44. Regarding
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Revision Questions 40 56. The autos
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Revision Questions 40 Warning & Rec
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Revision Questions 40 13. A stall w
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Revision Questions 40 25. What corr
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Answers 40 Answers to Warning & Rec
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Revision Questions 40 7. If the int
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Revision Questions 40 19. Total Air
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Revision Questions 40 30. In a thre
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Revision Questions 40 43. What does
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Answers 40 Answers to Engine Instru
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Revision Questions 40 8. Which of t
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Revision Questions 40 20. What is u
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Revision Questions 40 34. An IRS di
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Revision Questions 40 45. Sound is
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Revision Questions 40 59. The EADI
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Answers 40 Explanations to Specimen
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Answers 40 10. To calculate the rat
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Answers 40 22. Answer B 23. Answer
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Answers 40 47. C ± D = M ± V = T
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Revision Questions 40 Specimen Exam
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Revision Questions 40 12. Which of
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Revision Questions 40 22. What erro
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Revision Questions 40 32. During an
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Revision Questions 40 42. What are
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Revision Questions 40 50. EPR is th
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Revision Questions 40 Revision Ques
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Chapter 41 Index 645
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Index 41 Symbols 400 - 330 feet RA
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Index 41 Carrier Frequency ........
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Index 41 Electrics and Electronics
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Index 41 Independent Mode .........
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Index 41 Off Route Waypoints ......
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Index 41 Serviceability Checks ....
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Index 41 Wedge Plate ..............
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