I and A Mag Dec19

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Fall of The Berlin Wall 30 YEARS ON 9th November 2019 marks thirty years since Berlin became reunified, with the fall of the Berlin Wall which had kept the city divided for almost the same amount of time. Today Berlin is a bustling city, home to over three million people offering city breaks to Europeans, an innovative art scene, museums and a vibrant night life. But it hasn’t always been this way. At the end of WWII, Germany was divided in to East and West zones. Whilst Berlin sat entirely within the Soviet part of the country, it too was divided into Allied and Soviet territories. For the first several years, freedom of movement was permitted, with many citizens living and working in different areas of Berlin. As time progressed, repressive laws and regulations, a deteriorating economic climate and poor living conditions were all motivating factors that encouraged people to leave East Berlin, with almost 3000 leaving in a single day at its peak. In a desperate attempt to stop this flow of migrants and ‘brain drain’ to the West, the Communist government of East Germany began to build a wall between the two areas in August 1961. During the night of 13th August, soldiers and workers set about tearing up the streets that led to West Berlin in an attempt to stop anyone fleeing the area. Concrete posts and barbed wire were put up to further restrict movement as a temporary measure. In just two weeks, the army, police force and a swathe of construction workers had erected the temporary barrier. Once built, the wall was kept under heavy surveillance by guards, who were authorised to shoot anyone who attempted to cross it. Travel was officially permitted through one of three checkpoints – Checkpoints Alpha, Bravo and Charlie. Over time the permanent wall was put in place: 12 feet tall and 4 feet wide, topped with a smooth pipe to ensure scaling it was almost impossible. In all, more than 100 people died trying to cross into West Berlin over the thirty years the wall stood, a stark symbol of the Cold War and Iron Curtain that separated the Soviet Bloc and the democratic West. By 1989, after years of resistance to westernised reforms by the East German leader Erich Honecker, the East German government was overrun by the democratisation that was sweeping the rest of Eastern Europe. Demonstrations were already taking place across much of Europe until eventually, on 9th November 1989, it was announced that travel restrictions would be eased in Berlin. Crowds began to gather at checkpoints on both sides of the wall in anticipation of the return of freedom of movement. Passport checks were eventually abandoned, as people climbed on top of the wall, celebrating with their east and west counterparts, graffitiing and chipping at the wall in the process. In one of the greatest demonstrations of ‘people power’ the world had ever seen, Berlin was informally reunified. by Nadia Houston 62
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I and A Mag Dec19

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