Produktkatalog 2020-ED2

Glossary
AC Alternate current. AC is used for PSU and most common
is 110 or 220-230 Volt.
AGC Automatic Gain Control. Adjust an output level to
be same independent of the input level in an amplifier.
Aperture Refers to the diameter of a satellite antenna.
As an example a 3-meters antenna has an aperture of 3
meters.
BDC Block Down Converter. Same as LNB without the
low noise option, usually this also means that the input
has a coaxial connector instead of a waveguide input.
Beacon Satellite signal that are used for large diameter
antennas active position tracking.
BUC Block Up Converter. Used for converting L-band to
satellite uplink frequencies.
C-band Input frequency range 3.400 – 4.800 GHz. Variated
parts of this band used in different product variants.
For monitoring of C-band uplink also 5.700 – 7.250 GHz.
dBW Decibel Watt is a unit for the measurement of the
strength of a signal expressed in decibels relative to one
Watt. Typically used for to express the level of EIRP of a
satellite beam or footprint.
DC Direct current. DC is used for power feed to our products,
12-24 Volt DC (depending on product range).
DRO Dielectric Resonator Oscillator. Controls the frequency
of the Local oscillator (LO) in a LNB.
DVB-S2X DVB-S2X is an extension of DVB-S2 satellite
digital broadcasting standard. Compared to DVB-S2,
efficiency gains up to 51% can be achieved with DVB-S2X.
Amongst improvements are:
- Higher Modulation Schemes (64/128/256APSK).
- Smaller Roll-off factors.
- Improved filtering making it possible to have smaller
carrier spacing.
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power is the
amount of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna
(which evenly distributes power in all directions) would
emit to produce the peak power density observed in the
direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP can take into
account the losses in transmission line and connectors and
includes the gain of the antenna. The EIRP is often stated
in terms of decibels over a reference power emitted by an
isotropic radiator with an equivalent signal strength (dbW).
Footprint The surface on earth covered by a satellite
transponder. The centre area of a footprint is called
“spot” and in that area also the signal strength has the
highest value (dBW).
Frequency Stability Used for the stability of a LO (Local
oscillator) and is specified as ppm or +/- kHz or +/- MHz
(DRO). General recommendation is to use ± 10% of the
Symbol rate.
Gain flatness The maximum gain variation over frequency
within a frequency band. Note. Also other gain
variations exists on a LNB, eg over temperature and part
to part spread.
GEO GEO is short term for Geostationary Earth Orbit.
Refers to satellite’s orbit at 35,786km above the equator
at same speed and direction as the earth rotation on its
axis. That make them as “fixed” in the sky.
G/T A figure of merit of an Antenna a Low noise amplifier
(LNA) combination expressed in dB. The higher the G/T
the better the system.
HTS High Throughput Satellite is a classification for communications
satellites that provide at least twice, though
usually by a factor of 20 or more,[1] the total throughput
of a classic FSS satellite for the same amount of allocated
orbital spectrum thus significantly reducing cost-per-bit.
IP3 Third Order intercept point. Also named “TOI”. A
“high” IP3 value make it possible to receive signals at a
“high” level without distortion at the output.
IR Image rejection in dB from input to output for a LNB
or BDC. There is always a small portion of unwanted conversion
of 2x the output frequency +/- LO frequency depending
if it’s lower or upper side (see LO section). This
value specifies the attenuation of the unwanted signal of
the frequency conversion.
Ka-band Input frequency range 17.300 – 22.300 GHz.
Ku-band Input frequency range 10.700 – 12.750 GHz. Low
band 10.700 – 11.700 GHz, High band 11.700 – 12.750 GHz.
LEO Low Earth Orbit satellites orbit 160 to 2000km above
earth and take approximately 1,5 hours for a full orbit and
only cover a portion of the earth surface.
LNA Low Noise Amplifier. Used as a preamplifier between
antenna and the earth station receiver. For best
performance it shall be located as near the antenna as
possible. Always used together with a BDC (Block Down
Converter). NOTE. A high performance LNB can replace
the LNA-BDC combination for the same or even better
performance.
LNB Low Noise Block downconverter. A combination of
a LNA (Low noise amplifier) and converter built into one
device. “Block” means a limited frequency range is converted
eg 10.7 GHz - 11.7 GHz. Also named LNC.
LO Local oscillator, controls the input to output frequency
conversion ratio in an LNB or a BDC. The LO can be on
upper side or lower side of the RF input frequency. If the
LO is on the upper side in relation to the input frequency,
the output frequency is spectrally inverted.
Formulas: Lower side LO, Input frequency - LO frequency
= Output frequency
Upper side LO, LO frequency – Input frequency = Output
frequency
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