HFES 2006 Proceedings TOC.pdf - Classes

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 i 

Plenary Session 

Keynote Address 

** From Bored to Terrified in 60 Seconds or Less! 

The Role that Human Factors Plays in 

Emergency Response 

Regina Phelps 

Presidential Address 

** HFES: Past, Present, and Future 

Marvin J. Dainoff 

Closing Plenary Address 

** The Next 50 Years 

Bruce Tognazzini 

Aerospace Systems 

AS1 - Air Traffic Control 

1 Controller Performance and Attention Allocation 

in Future Air Traffic Management: Effects of 

Pilot Intent Information 

Ericka Rovira, Raja Parasuraman 

6 Using Airport Layout Information to Improve 

Automatic Speech Recognition for Digitizing 

Taxi Instructions 

Fenne Roefs, Erik Theunissen, Richard Jinkins, 

Brian Moncur 

11 Interference Timing and Acknowledgment 

Response with Voice and Datalink ATC 

Commands 

Matthew R. Risser, Mark W. Scerbo, 

Carryl L. Baldwin, Danielle S. McNamara 

16 Comparison of Pilots’ and Controllers’ Conflict 

Resolution Maneuver Preferences 

Esa M. Rantanen, Jiazhong Yang, Shanqing Yin 

AS2 - Business Case for Civil Aviation Human Factors 

20* Business Case for Civil Aviation Human Factors 

Paul Krois, Ulf Ahlstrom, Judith Bürki-Cohen, 

Florian Jentsch, Barbara Kanki, Beth Lyall, 

Carol Manning, Ray King 

AS3 - Cognitive Factors in Aviation 

25 How Do Automation False Alarms and Misses 

Affect Operator Compliance and Reliance? 

Stephen Dixon, Christopher D. Wickens, 

Jason S. McCarley 

*Abstract Only 

** Manuscript not submitted for publication 

Contents 

30 Effects of Advanced Cockpit Displays on 

General Aviation Pilots’ Decisions to Continue 

Visual Flight Rules Flight into Instrument 

Meteorological Conditions 

Nicholas R. Johnson, Douglas A. Wiegmann, 

Christopher D. Wickens 

35 Examining the Viability of the Neisser Search 

Model in the Flight Domain and the Benefits of 

Highlighting in Visual Search 

Ashley Nunes, Christopher D. Wickens, 

Shanqing Yin 

40 Impact of the Use of Techniques and Situation 

Awareness on Pilots’ Procedure Compliance 

Steven J. Landry, Julie A. Jacko 

45 An Analysis of Preflight Weather Briefings 

O. Veronika Prinzo 

AS4 - Workload & Training 

50 The Effect of Air Traffic Increase on Controller 

Workload 

Sehchang Hah, Ben Willems, Randy Phillips 

55 Training Boeing’s Flight Deck of the Future: 

A Comparison Between Current and Prototype 

Automated Flight Panels 

Luis Ricardo Prada, Randall J. Mumaw, 

Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, Daniel J. Boorman 

59 Instrument Pilot Skill Acquisition in the Early 

Phases of Flight Training Using an Advanced 

Cockpit Display System 

Steve Hall, Erin Alves 

63 Using the Distribution of Eye Fixations to Assess 

Pilots' Mental Workload 

Francesco Di Nocera, Marco Camilli, 

Michela Terenzi 

66 Sleep, Sleepiness, and Fatigue in a Day and Night 

Inspection Task 

Colin G. Drury, Brian D. Green, Jingnong Chen, 

Elizabeth L. Henry 

AS5 - Human Factors Challenges in Next Generation 

Air Transportation System (NGATS) 

** Human Factors Challenges in Next Generation 

Air Transportation System (NGATS) 

Parimal Kopardekar

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 ii 

AS6 - Perceptual Factors in Aviation 

71 Using Relative Position and Temporal Judgments 

to Assess the Effects of Texture and Field of 

View on Spatial Awareness for Synthetic Vision 

Systems Displays 

Matthew Lee Bolton, Ellen J. Bass, 

James Raymond Comstock, Jr. 

76 Ice Detection Capabilities Under Aircraft Post- 

Deicing Conditions 

Edmundo A. Sierra, Kimberlea D. Bender, 

Isabelle Marcil, John D'Avirro, Edward Pugacz, 

Frank Eyre 

81 Integrated Hazard Displays: Individual 

Differences in Visual Scanning and Pilot 

Performance 

Amy L. Alexander, Christopher D. Wickens 

86 Night Vision Goggle External Lighting Effects 

Greg Craig, Sion Jennings, Robert Erdos, 

Michel Brulotte, Todd Macuda, 

Stephan Carignan 

91 Utilizing Ecological Perception to Support 

Precision Lunar Landing 

Cristin A. Smith, Mary L. Cummings, 

Laura Major Forest, Lauren J. Kessler 

AS7 - Human-Systems Integration Challenges for 

Constellation 

96* Human-Systems Integration Challenges for 

Constellation 

Jeffrey McCandless, Mary K. Kaiser, 

Timothy S. Barth, Robert S. McCann, 

Nancy J. Currie, Barbara J. Woolford 

AS8 - Have a Safe Flight: A Practice-Oriented Session 

101 Aeronautical Emergency and Abnormal 

Checklists: Expectations and Realities 

Barbara K. Burian 

106 Design Guidance for Emergency and Abnormal 

Checklists in Aviation 

Barbara K. Burian 

111 Evaluation of Onboard Taxi Guidance Support on 

Pilot Performance in Airport Surface Navigation 

Bernd Lorenz, Marcus Biella 

116 Anthropometric Standards on the Flight Deck: 

Origins of Control-Force-Exertion Limits and 

Comparison with Recent Surveys of Human 

Performance Limitations 

Dennis Beringer 

** Pilot Ability and Strategies to Manage the 

Deceleration of Low-Noise Approaches as a 

Function of Feedback Information 

John-Paul Clarke, Nhut Ho, Charles Oman, 

Robin Riedel 



AS9 - Aviation at a Distance 

121 Advanced Display Concepts for UAV Sensor 

Operations: Landmark Cues and Picture-in- 

Picture 

Gloria L. Calhoun, Mark H. Draper, Jeremy T. 

Nelson, Heath A. Ruff 

126 Comparing Two Kinematics Methods for 

Telerobotic Control Applications 

Keshav K. Chintamani, Aditya Nawab, 

Abhilash Pandya, Richard D. Ellis, Alex Cao, 

Gregory W. Auner 

131 Optimizing the Presentation of UAV Images in 

an Attack Helicopter Cockpit 

Chris Jansen, Sjoerd C. de Vries, 

Maaike Duistermaat 

136 Evaluation of an Advanced Fault Management 

System Display for Next-Generation Crewed 

Space Vehicles 

Miwa Hayashi, Valerie Huemer, Joel Lachter, 

Dorion Liston, Steve Elkins, Fritz Renema, 

Brent R. Beutter, Jeffrey McCandless, 

Robert S. McCann, Lilly Spirkovska 

141 The Importance of Determining Individual 

Operator Capabilities 

Glenn Wilson, Chris Russell, Iris Davis 

AS10 - Distributed Simulation of ROVs Flying in 

Terminal Airspace 

146 Recommendations for Conducting Real-Time 

Human-in-the-Loop Simulations Over the 

Internet 

Thomas Z. Strybel, Riva Canton, Vernol Battiste, 

Walter W. Johnson, Kim-Phuong L. Vu 

151 Pilot Performance Controlling Multiple ROVs 

in Terminal Airspace and Strategies for 

Managing Them 

Kim-Phuong L. Vu, Marshall Dion, 

Vanessa Chambers, Thuan (Mary) Ngo, 

Deborah Nelson, Jerome Kraft, 

Thomas Z. Strybel, Vernol Battiste 

156 So You Want to Operate a Remotely Operated 

Vehicle in Civil Approach Airspace 

Vernol Battiste, Arik-Quang V. Dao, Thomas Z. 

Strybel, Marshall Dion, Hugo Bertolotti 

161 Evaluation of the Usefulness and Usability of 

Cockpit Situation Display Perspectives for ROV 

Operations in Approach Civil Air Space 

Arik-Quang V Dao, Vernol Battiste, 

Stacie Granada-Vigil, Walter W. Johnson

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 iii 

AS11 - Human Factors of Remotely Operated Vehicles 

166* Human Factors of Remotely Operated Vehicles 

Nancy J. Cooke, Brian Self, Gloria Calhoun, 

Raja Parasuraman, Cullen Jackson, 

Roger A. Chadwick 

Aging 

A1 - Aging in the Real World: Practical Research 

Applications 

170 Medication Adherence Strategies in Older Adults 

Julie Blaskewicz Boron, Wendy A. Rogers, 

Arthur D. Fisk 

** Effects of a Pharmacy-Based Intervention on 

Medication Adherence and Health Outcomes in 

Heart Failure Patients with Varying Health 

Literacy 

Shawn Hoke, Dan Morrow, Michael Murray, 

Faye Smith, Wanzhu Tu, Mike Weiner, 

Jingwei Wu, James Young 

175 Videoconferencing Technology as Environmental 

Support for Older Adults 

Tiffany S. Jastrzembski, Roy W. Roring, 

Neil H. Charness 

180 Benefits and Privacy Concerns of a Home 

Equipped with a Visual Sensing System: 

A Perspective from Older Adults 

Kelly E. Caine, Arthur D. Fisk, Wendy A. Rogers 

185 The Effects of Age and the Design of Web-Based 

Training on Computer Task Performance 

Sharnnia Artis, Brian M. Kleiner 

A2 - Aging, Cognition, and Abilities 

190 Queuing Network Modeling of Age Differences 

in Driver Mental Workload and Performance 

Changxu Wu, Yili Liu 

195 What Factors Other Than Age Predict 

Performance on an Information Search Task? 

Sara J. Czaja, Joseph Sharit, Sankaran N. Nair 

200 Impact of Auditory and Visual Distractors upon 

Manual Assembly Task Learning Among Older 

Workers with Different Levels of Spatial 

Reasoning and Field Dependence 

Steven F. Wiker, Diana Schwerha, Majie Jaraiedi 

205 Aging and Visual Attention: The Effect of 

Perceptual Load on Dual-Task Performance 

Richard Pak, Wendy A. Rogers, Arthur D. Fisk 



Cognitive Engineering & Decision 

Making 

CE1 - Automation Reliability and Trust 

210 Imperfect Diagnostic Automation: An 

Experimental Examination of Priorities and 

Threshold Settings 

Christopher D. Wickens, Stephen Dixon, 

Nicholas R. Johnson 

215 Effect of Shared Information on Trust and 

Reliance in a Demand-Forecasting Task 

Ji Gao, John D. Lee 

220 Misuse of Automated Aids in Process Control: 

Complacency, Automation Bias, and Possible 

Training Interventions 

Dietrich Manzey, Jennifer Elin Bahner, 

Anke-Dorothea Hueper 

225 Underreliance on the Decision Aid: A Difference 

in Calibration and Attribution Bbetween Self 

and Aid 

Kees van Dongen, Peter-Paul van Maanen 

230 Expertise Levels of Human Versus Automated 

Decision Aids Influence Response Biases in a 

Visual Search Task 

Poornima Madhavan, Douglas A. Wiegmann 

CE2 - Bridging the Gap from Analysis to Design 

235 Generating Requirements for Futuristic 

Heterogeneous Unmanned Systems 

Carl Nehme, Stacey D. Scott, Mary L. Cummings, 

Carina Yumi Furusho 

240 Using Work-Centered Specifications to Integrate 

Cognitive Requirements into Software 

Development 

Jeffrey Wampler, Emilie Roth, Randy Whitaker, 

Kendall Conrad, Mona Stilson, 

Gina Thomas-Meyers, Ronald Scott 

245 Numerical Models in Representation Design: 

Computing Seawater Properties in an Ecological 

Interface 

Nathan Lau, Greg A. Jamieson 

250 A Framework for Considering Spatial-Temporal 

Representation Design in Air Traffic Control 

William Wong, Simone Rozzi, Paola Amaldi, 

Peter Woodward, Bob Fields 

255 Work-Centered Design and Evaluation of a C2 

Visualization Aid 

Emilie Roth, Mona Stilson, Ronald Scott, 

Randall Whitaker, Thomas Kazmierczak, 

Gina Thomas-Meyers, Jeffrey Wampler

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 iv 

CE3 - Situation Awareness in Complex Domains 

260 Distributed Situation Awareness: A Case Study 

in the Energy Distribution Domain 

Paul M. Salmon, Neville A. Stanton, 

Guy H. Walker, Chris Baber, Richard McMaster, 

Daniel P. Jenkins, Ajay Beond, Omar Sharif, 

Laura Rafferty, Darshna Ladva 

265 Feedforward Effects on Predictions in a Dynamic 

Battle Scenario 

Cleotilde Gonzalez, Michael Martin, 

Jeff Hansberger 

270 Situation Awareness and Driving Performance 

in a Simulated Navigation Task 

Ruiqi Ma, David B. Kaber 

275 Toward a Sensitive Measure of Situation 

Awareness in Adaptively Automated Systems 

Christopher K. McClernon, David B. Kaber, 

Carlene Perry, Noa Segall 

280 Efficacy and Acceptance of Driver Support 

Under Possible Mismatches Between Drivers of 

Intent and Traffic Conditions 

Toshi Inagaki, Makoto Itoh, Yoshitomo Nagai 

CE4 - Collaborative Decision Making in Network- 

Centric Military Operations 

284* Collaborative Decision Making in Network- 

Centric Military Operations 

Robert S. Bolia, W. Todd Nelson, Scott H. 

Summers, Richard D. Arnold, Jennifer L. 

Atkinson, Robert M. Taylor, Robert Cottrell, 

Courtney L. Crooks 

CE5 - Cognition and Perception in Displays 

289 Assessment of Display Attributes for Displaying 

Meta-Information on Maps 

Ann Bisantz, Jonathan Pfautz, Richard Stone, 

Emilie Roth, Gina Thomas-Meyers, Adam Fouse 

294 Visualizing Uncertainty to Improve Operators' 

Spatial Proximity Judgments in Uncertain 

Surroundings 

Andrew Brolese, Sam Huf 

299 Effect of Display Icon Modality on Situatuion 

Awareness 

Laura D. Strater, Jennifer M. Riley, 

Laurie A.. Faulkner, John Hyatt, 

Mica R.. Endsley 

304 Effects of Symmetry and Number of 

Compositional Elements on Interface and Design 

Aesthetics 

Michael Patrick Bauerly, Yili Liu 



309 Comparison of Audio Systems for Intelligibility 

in Multitalker Speech Displays 

Mattias Erik Kindstrom, Otto Hans Wilhelm 

Carlander, Lars Eriksson 

CE6 - Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Joint Cognitive 

System: Metrics, Techniques, and Frameworks 

314* Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Joint Cognitive 

System: Metrics, Techniques, and Frameworks 

Scott S. Potter, David D. Woods, Emilie Roth, 

Jennifer E. Fowlkes, Robert R. Hoffman 

CE7 - Detecting Signals, Events, and Abnormal 

Situations 

319 Impact of Sensor Noise Magnitude on Emergent 

Features of Ecological Interface Design 

Olivier St-Cyr 

324 Toward Deceptive Intention: Finding Trajectories 

and Its Analysis 

Jiun-Yin Jian, Toshihiko Matsuka, 

Jeffrey V. Nickerson 

329 Operating Multiple Semiautonomous Robots: 

Monitoring, Responding, Detecting 

Roger A. Chadwick 

334 Effects of Sensitivity, Criterion Shifts, and 

Subjective Confidence on the Development of 

Automaticity in Airline Luggage Screening 

Poornima Madhavan, Cleotilde Gonzalez 

339 Performance Assessment of Humans in 

Leadframe Inspection: A Preliminary Study 

Abhinesh Bhuvanesh, Mohammad T. Khasawneh 

CE8 - Mediating Factors that Influence Cognition 

344 An Examination of Situation Awareness and 

Confidence Within a Distributed Information 

Sharing-Environment 

Fred Michael John Lichacz 

349 Peer-Mediated Leap to Efficiency: Cost-Benefit 

Analysis in the Selection of Efficient Strategies 

Franklin P. Tamborello II, S. Camille Peres, 

Michael D. Fleetwood 

354 National Patterns of Teamwork During an 

Emergency Management Simulation 

Ida Lindgren, Kip Smith 

358 Benefits of Decision Support Tools for Users 

with Differing Levels of Domain Expertise 

Caroline Clarke Hayes, Richard A. Anderson 

** Sleep Loss and Metacognition 

Joseph Baranski

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 v 

CE9 - Interruptions and Task Resumption 

363 Spring Ahead or Fall Back? Exploring the Nature 

of Resumption Errors 

Melanie Diez LeGoullon 

368 Mitigating Disruptions: Can Resuming an 

Interrupted Task Be Trained? 

David M. Cades, J. Gregory Trafton, 

Deborah A. Boehm-Davis 

372 Helpful or Harmful? Examining the Effects of 

Interruptions on Task Performance 

Raj M. Ratwani, J. Gregory Trafton, Chris Myers 

376 Supporting Interruption Management Through 

Informative Tactile and Peripheral Visual Cues 

Shameem Hameed, Thomas Ferris, Swapnaa 

Jayaraman, Nadine Sarter 

** Switching Costs with Multiple Unmanned 

Vehicles (UVs): Effects of Workload and Levels 

of Automation 

Raja Parasuraman, Peter Squire 

CE10 - Models of Complex Domains 

381 Emergency Management Decision Making 

During Severe Weather 

Leigh A. Baumgart, Ellen J. Bass, 

Brenda J. Philips, Kevin A. Kloesel 

386 A Sociotechnical Systems Analysis of the BSE 

Epidemic in the UK Through Case Study 

Andrea Cassano-Piché, Kim J. Vicente, 

Greg A. Jamieson 

391 Control Task Analysis in Applied Settings 

Tab Mark Lamoureux, Lisa A. Rehak, Jeff 

Charles Bos, Bruce Chalmers 

396 Using Models to Explore Air Traffic Controller 

Workload 

Lynne Martin, Thomas Kozon, Savita Verma, 

Sandra Lozito 

401 Comparison of the Canadian Forces Doctrinal 

and Applied Operational Planning Process 

Lora Bruyn, Lisa A. Rehak, Tab Mark 

Lamoureux, Bob Vokac, David Bryant 

CE11 - New Directions in the Control of Attention 

406 The Implications of Crossmodal Links in 

Attention for the Design of Multimodal 

Interfaces: A Driving Simulation Study 

Thomas Ferris, Robert Penfold, 

Shameem Hameed, Nadine Sarter 



410 Neurophysiologically Driven Adaptive 

Automation to Improve Decision Making 

Under Stress 

Michael C. Dorneich, Patricia May Ververs, 

Stephen D. Whitlow, Santosh Mathan, 

James Carciofini, Trent Reusser 

415 Human Performance with Vocal Cueing of 

Automation State Changes in an Adaptive 

System 

Heather L. Warren-Noell, David B. Kaber, 

Mohamed A. Sheik-Nainar 

420 Effects of Expertise and Situation Complexity 

on Visual Attention 

Seok Hoon Hyun, Kyeongtae Kim, Sun-Mi Song, 

Jong Sung Yoon, Jae In Lee, Sun Min Cho, Young 

Woo Sohn 

424 Sentry Duty Performance Is Robust Under High 

Cognitive Load 

Gina E. Adam, Donna Merullo 

CE12 - Cross-Cultural Interactions: Methods and 

Motivations for Study 

427* Cross-Cultural Interactions: Methods and 

Motivations for Study 

Christopher Allan Miller, Janet Sutton, Peggy 

Wu, Nancy J. Cooke, Barbara E. Holder, 

Helen Altman Klein, Linda G. Pierce, Rik Warren 

CE13 - Taking Cognitive Work Analysis One Step 

Further 

432* Foundational Issues for Work Domain Analysis 

Gavan Lintern 

437 Using Work Domain Analysis to Analyse 

Perfusionists' Conceptualization Processes 

During Routine and Failure Cardiopulmonary 

Bypass Scenarios 

Anne Miller, Joe Power 

442 Supporting the Strategies of Cardiac Nurse 

Coordinators Using Cognitive Work Analysis 

Catherine M. Burns, Kathryn Momtahan, 

Yukari Enomoto 

447 An Examination of the Key Concepts of the Five 

Phases of Cognitive Work Analysis with 

Examples from a Familiar System 

Neelam Naikar 

** Architecting Human-Machine Systems for 

Adaptation 

John Hajdukiewicz 

CE14 - Cognition in Complex Domains 

452 Cognitive Complexities Impacting Army 

Intelligence Analysis 

Jonathan Pfautz, Ted Fichtl, Sean Guarino, Eric 

Carlson, Gerald Powell, Emilie Roth

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 vi 

457 Contextual Control Modes During an Airline 

Rescheduling Task 

Karen Feigh, Amy Pritchett, Tina Denq, 

Julie A. Jacko 

462 Assessing Safety Culture Issues Through 

Observations of Nuclear Power Plant Operators 

in Incident Management 

Paulo Victor Rodrigues de Carvalho 

467 Multiple Vantage Points of the Common 

Operational Picture: Supporting International 

Teamwork 

Michael D. McNeese, Mark S. Pfaff, 

Erik S. Connors, Joaquin F. Obieta, 

Ivanna S. Terrell, Marc A. Friedenberg 

472 Affective Factors: A Model of Cognition Under 

Emotional States 

Moin Rahman 

CE15 - Teamwork 

477 Information Distribution and Team Situational 

Awareness: An Experimental Study 

Brian K. Sperling 

482 Enhancing Situational Awareness and Team 

Performance Using Network-Centric 

Technologies 

Elliot E. Entin, Paul Hiniker, Rebecca Grier, 

Tyrone Jefferson, Gary Vecchio, Jacqueline 

Harkins 

487 Changes in Team Composition After a Break: 

Building Adaptive Command-and-Control Teams 

Jamie C. Gorman, Nancy J. Cooke, 

Harry K. Pedersen, Jennifer Winner, 

Dee H. Andrews, Polemnia G. Amazeen 

492 Team Communication With and Without Aids for 

Transmitting Remote Information 

Laurel Allender, Patricia L. McDermott, Jason 

Luck, Alia Fisher 

497 Shared Perception of Risks in Emergency 

Situations Between Pilots and Air Traffic 

Controllers 

Su Ae Park, Young Woo Sohn, Kyeongtae Kim 

CE16 - Functional Models of Work Domains 

501 Cognitive Fieldwork in Emergency Crisis 

Management: Developing the I-T-P Abstraction 

Hierarchy 

Arthur C. Jones, Michael D. McNeese 

506 The SRK Inventory: A Tool for Structuring and 

Capturing the Execution of a Worker 

Competencies Analysis 

Ryan M. Kilgore, Olivier St-Cyr 



510 Applied Work Domain Analysis: Translating 

Knowledge to Representation 

Angela Li Sin Tan, Martin G. Helander 

515 Communication, Coordination, and Integration of 

CWA Analysis Outputs 

Lisa A. Rehak, Tab Mark Lamoureux, 

Jeff Charles Bos 

520 Applied Comparison Between Hierarchical Goal 

Analysis and Mission, Function, and Task 

Analysis 

Renee Chow, Bob Kobierski, Curtis Coates, 

Jacquelyn Crebolder 

CE17 - Choosing Levels of Automation for Better 

UAV Control 

525 Autonomy in Human-Robot Team Control 

Jijun Wang, Michael Lewis 

530 Flexible Authority Allocation in Unmanned 

Aerial Vehicles 

Hilde T.A. van Ginkel, Michiel F.L. de Vries, 

Joris J.M. Koeners, Erik Theunissen 

535 Evaluation of Interface Types in an Adversarial 

Team-Based Environment 

Gregory J. Funke, Scott M Galster, 

W. Todd Nelson, Allen W. Dukes 

540 Effects of Robot Control Mode on Situation 

Awareness and Performance in a Navigation 

Task 

Jennifer M. Riley, Laura D. Strater 

545 Managing Multiple UAVs: Are We Asking the 

Right Questions? 

Scott Galster, Benjamin A. Knott, 

Rebecca D. Brown 

Communication 

C1 - Collaboration and Technology-Mediated 

Communication 

550 Advantages of Co-Location for Effective Humanto-Human 

Communication of Information 

Provided by an Unmanned Vehicle 

Jason Luck, Patricia L. McDermott, 

Laurel Allender, Alia Fisher 

555 Effects of Distributed Teamwork and Time 

Pressure on Collaborative Planning Quality 

Rick van der Kleij, Peter Rasker, 

Jameela Lijkwan, Carsten de Dreu 

560 Military Situation Awareness: Facilitating 

Critical Event Detection in Chat 

Jean Catanzaro, Matthew R. Risser, 

John Gwynne, Daniel Manes

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 vii 

565 Size Matters: The Roles of Auditory and Visual 

Scale in the Identification of Unfamiliar 

Spatialized Voices 

Ryan M. Kilgore 

569 Effects of Background Noise on Communication 

in a Collaborative Team Environment 

Adrienne Janae Ephrem, Douglas S. Brungart, 

Julie Anne Parisi 

C2 - Communications Student Session 

574 Dynamic Display of In-Vehicle Text Messages: 

The Impact of Varying Segment Length and 

Scrolling Rate 

Joshua D. Hoffman, John D. Lee, 

Daniel Victor McGehee 

579 Leveraging Work-Domain Analysis for the 

Design of a Wi-Fi-Enabled Mobile Device 

Carl F Smith 

584 Using Spatial Intercoms to Improve Speech 

Intelligibility for International Teams 

Michela Terenzi, Nandini Iyer, Brian D. Simpson, 

Robert S. Bolia, Francesco Di Nocera 

589 Comparison of Speech Intelligibility Test 

Between Air Conduction and Bone Conduction 

Using the Callsign Acquisition Test 

Benjamin Osafo-Yeboah, Xiaochun Jiang, 

Misty Gripper, Leon Lyons 

594 Integrating Collaborative Awareness in 

Synchronous Distributed Groupware 

Lim Tek Yong, Halimahtun M. Khalid, 

Alvin W. Yeo 

C3 - Communications Potpourri 

599 Personification of Voice User Interfaces: Impacts 

on User Performance 

Benjamin A. Knott, Philip Kortum 

604 Benefits Analysis of the National Traffic 

Management Log 

Tanya Yuditsky, Bart Brickman 

609 Radio Interoperability: There Is More to It Than 

Hardware 

Ronald P. Timmons, Susan G. Hutchins 

614 Communication and Coordination in the 

Hydrocarbon-Processing Industry 

Jason C. Laberge, Sinem C. Goknur 

619 Expressing Intent: A Matter of Being Clear? 

Jenny Lindoff, Jan Andersson, Per Wikberg, 

Joakim Marklund, Thomas Ohlsson 



Computer Systems 

CS1 - Novel Usability Methods in Theory and Practice 

624 Effectiveness of Various Automated Readability 

Measures for the Competitive Evaluation of User 

Documentation 

James R. Lewis 

629 The Use of Partnered Usability Testing to Help 

Identify Gaps in Online Work Flow 

Dianne Davis, Gordon Tait, Cindy Bruce-Barrett 

634 The Personas’ New Clothes: Methodological and 

Practical Arguments Against a Popular Method 

Christopher N. Chapman, Russell P. Milham 

637 Eye Tracking of Evaluators Viewing Usability 

Videos: Opacity and Experience Differences 

Terence Scott Andre, Hudson D. Graham, 

Jenny L. Coker, Margaret A. Schurig 

642 20+ Applications in 8 Weeks: Lessons from 

Large-Scale “Checkpoint” Usability Testing 

Wendy Yee, Jessica Buttimer, Neha Pathak 

646 Designing Enjoyable Video Games: Do 

Heuristics Differentiate Bad from Good? 

Timothy V. Ballew, Keith S. Jones 

CS2 - Visualization and Representation on Displays 

651 Visualization of Multiple Robots During Team 

Activities 

Curtis M. Humphrey, Stephen M. Gordon, Julie 

A. Adams 

656 Icon Design on Small Screens: Effects of 

Miniaturization on Speed and Accuracy in Visual 

Search 

Sabine Schröder, Martina Ziefle 

661 Using Composite Scene Authentication (CSA) as 

a Graphical Alternative to Alpanumeric Password 

Systems 

Korey Johnson, Stephen M. Gordon, 

Steffen Werner 

665 Design of a Resource Allocation Planning 

System 

Kelly O’Hargan, Stephanie A. Guerlain 

669 Network Intrusion Detection Cognitive Task 

Analysis: Textual and Visual Toll Usage and 

Recommendations 

Ramona Su Thompson, Esa M. Rantanen, 

William Yurcik 

CS3 - Tactile and Haptic Interfaces 

674* Ergonomics of Tactile and Haptic Interactions 

Jim Carter, Jan B.F. van Erp

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 viii 

676 The Range of Tactile and Haptic Interaction 

Techniques 

Ian Andrew, David Fourney 

680 Applying the GOTHI Model of Tactile and 

Haptic Interactions 

Keith Vincent Nesbitt, Jim Carter 

685 The Multidimensional Nature of Encoding 

Tactile and Haptic Interactions: From 

Psychophysics to Design Guidelines 

Jan B.F. van Erp 

689 Existing and Future Guidance on Tactile and 

Haptic Interactions 

David Fourney, Jim Carter 

CS4 - Usability Evaluations in Military Systems 

694 Command and Control on the Move: Assessing 

the Impact of Input Device, Button Size, and 

Road Condition 

Ryan S. Labio, Charles P. Rowan, 

Lawrence George Shattuck 

699 Assisting Interruption Recovery in Supervisory 

Control of Multiple UAVs 

Stacey D. Scott, Stephane Mercier, 

Mary L. Cummings, Enlie Wang 

704 Usability Testing of Console Components: 

Trackball, Number Entry, and Gross Navigation 

Katie Hall, Melissa Weaver, Nancy Burton 

709 Usability in Battle Management System Human- 

Machine Interface Design: Assessing Compliance 

with Design Guide Heuristics 

Scott H. Summers 

714 Supporting the Expert and Novice in a Single- 

User Interface 

Scott A. Bachmann, David E. Kancler, 

Christopher K. Curtis 

CS5 - Voice and Speech Systems: Usability and 

Performance 

718 The Effects of Use on Acceptance and Trust in 

Voice Authentication Technology 

Carl W. Turner, Jennifer Safar, 

Karthik Ramaswamy 

723 Web-Based Comparison of Two Styles of 

Auditory Presentation: All TTS versus Rapidly 

Mixed TTS and Recordings 

James R. Lewis, Patrick M. Commarford, 

Cheryl A. Kotan 

728 Investigation of Confirmation Strategies for 

Speech Recognition Applications 

Cheryl A. Kotan, James R. Lewis 



733 A New Approach to Evaluating the Intelligibility 

and Naturalness of Shadowed Speech 

Wallace J. Sadowski 

737 Exploring Verbal Shadowing as an Effective 

Method of Enrolling in a Speech Recognition 

System 

Wallace J. Sadowski 

CS6 - Input Methods and Interfaces 

742 Psychomotor Performance of Input Device Users 

and Optimized Cursor Control 

Christine Sutter, Martina Ziefle 

747 Text Entry on a Virtual Keyboard: Evaluating 

Shape and Experience Effects 

Marita A. O’Brien, Wendy A. Rogers, 


752 Brain-Machine Interfaces: Technology Status, 

Applications, and the Way to the Future 

Jan B.F. van Erp, Maaike Duistermaat, 

Ingrid Philippens, Hendrik van Veen, 

Peter Werkhoven 

757 Testing the Usefulness of a Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) 

Camera in Human-Robot Interactions 

Curtis W. Nielsen, Michael A. Goodrich 

762 The Interdisciplinary Perspective of Humane 

Intelligence: A Revisitation, 20 Years Hence 

Michael D. McNeese 

Education 

E1 - Human Systems Integration (HSI) Education and 

Training 

767* Human Systems Integration (HSI) Education and 

Training: It’s Not Just Human Factors on 

Steroids! 

Lawrence George Shattuck, Michael Drillings, 

Jacqueline Foxx, Robert Lindberg, 

Nita Lewis Miller 

E2 - Teaching HF/E Issues to Varying Audiences 

771 Almost 50 Years of the University of Michigan 

Human Factors Engineering Summer Conference 

Richard W. Pew, Paul A. Green 

774 Challenges and Lessons Learned in Teaching a 

Graduate Human Factors Course on a 

Compressed Schedule 

Joseph Sharit 

779 Curriculum Innovation Using Job Design Theory 

Katherine Sanders, Patrick V. Farrell, 

Sarah K. A. Pfattiecher

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 iv 

784 Recommendations for Teaching Team Behavior 

to Human Factors/Ergonomics Students 

Nancy J. Stone, William F. Moroney, 

Tracey B. Wortham 

789 Are Students Learning About Human Factors and 

Ergonomics in Introductory Psychology 

Textbooks? 

Karen R. Young, Jeffrey J. Smith, 

Michael S. Wogalter, Christopher B. Mayhorn, 

J. Graham Baucom 

E3 - Accreditation/Recognition of Undergraduate HF/E 

Programs 

794* Developing Criteria for Recognizing Excellence 

in Undergraduate Human Factors Education 

Lawrence George Shattuck, Ann M. Bisantz, 

Richard D. Gilson, William F. Moroney, 

Esa M. Rantanen 

Environmental Design 

ED1 - Office Ergonomic Intervention Panel & 3D Body 

Scan Method, Measure of Exterior View Lectures 

799 An Easy, Effective, and Useful Measure of 

Exterior View: Toward a User-Centered 

Perspective for Assessing Occupancy Quality 

Jay L. Brand 

804 A 3-D Body Scan Method to Measure Postural 

Deformations in Flexible Material Chair Backs 

Anshu Agarwal, Alan Hedge 

809* Office Ergonomics Interventions: The Story of a 

Field Intervention (Panel) 

Benjamin C. Amick III, Michelle Robertson, 

Lianna Bazzani, Cammie Chaumon Menéndez, 

Kelly DeRango, Anne Moore 

ED2 - Revisiting Sitting: Cross-Cultural Aspects of 

Seating 

814* Revisiting Sitting: Cross-Cultural Aspects of 

Seating 

Kageyu Noro, Rani Lueder, Shunji Yamada, 

Goroh Fujimaki, Hideki Oyama, Yuki Hashidate, 

Reiko Mitsuya 

ED3 - Diagnosing Environments: Environmental and 

Medical Human Factors 

822 Identifying Systemic Factors that Impact 

Performance in the Cardiac Surgery Operating 

Room 

Douglas A. Wiegmann, Andrew W. ElBardissi, 

Joseph A. Dearani, Thoralf M. Sundt 

825 Incomplete Recuperation of WMSDs after an 

Office Ergonomic Intervention 

Mariah K. Levitt, Alan Hedge 



830 Using a Wheelchair Seating System to Measure 

Postural Effects on User Comfort and Typing 

Performance 

Scott Haynes, Rodrick Grubbs, Sarah Endicott, 

Karen Williams, Michael Williams 

834 Combining Checklists and Staff Surveys: A 

Powerful Tool to Evaluate Operating Rooms 

Sonja Koneczny, Ulrich Matern 

838 Health Information Maps: Combining 

Macroergonomics Concepts with Facilities 

Layout Tools 

Teresa Zayas-Cabán 

Forensics Professional 

FP1 - Issues In Forensic Human Factors 

843 When Open and Obvious Is Neither: The 

Importance of Context in Human Factors 

Forensics 

Marc L. Resnick 

847 Curb Ramps: Cross-Slope Conspicuity and the 

Prvention of Air Steps 

Kenneth Nemire 

851 Who’s in the Back Seat? A Study of Driver 

Inattention 

Steven R. Arndt, Christine T. Wood, 

Peter B. Delahunt, David A. Krauss, 

Carolyn T. Wall 

855 Who Really Knows About Reclining the 

Passenger Seat? 

S. David Leonard 

860 People Do Not Identify Tire Aging as a Safety 

Hazard 

Jennifer A. Cowley, Soyun Kim, 

Michael S. Wogalter 

General Sessions 

GS1 - President's Forum 

865 Human Factors and Ergonomics in the Courts 

Robert V. Redding, Wendy A. Rogers, 


GS2 - Human-Robot Factors: Robots in the Workplace 

870* Human-Robot Factors: Robots in the Workplace 

Jennifer L. Burke, Michael D. Coovert, Robin R. 

Murphy, Jennifer M. Riley, Erika Rogers 

GS3 - Human Factors Applications in Complex 

Domains 

875 Canine Models of Occupational Expertise 

William S. Helton

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 x 

880 Newell and Simon’s Logic Theorist: Historical 

Background and Impact on Cognitive Modeling 

Leo Gugerty 

885 Making Faces: Exploring Perceptions of 

Personality Based on Emotional Expressions 

Brian E. Tidball, Sasanka Prabhala, 

Jennie J. Gallimore 

889 Instant Expertise for Novice Responders 

Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 

(CPR) 

Paul M. Picciano, Frank A. Drews 

894 Real Video Clips Make a Real Difference: 

Video-Based Training for Improving Sterile 

Practices 

F. Jacob Seagull, Yan Xiao, Grant V. Bochicchio, 

James Guzzo, Richard P. Dutton, Amy Sisley, 

Manjari Joshi, Harold C. Standiford, 

Joan Hebden, Colin F. Mackenzie, 

Thomas Scalea 

GS4 - Integrative Approaches to Understanding 

Complex Aspects of Human Performance 

** Integrative Approaches to Understanding 

Complex Aspects of Human Performance 

R. Key Dismukes 

** A Constraint-Based Approach to Understanding 

the Composition of Skill 

Andrew Howes, Richard Lewis, Alonso Vera 

899 Vision Science for Visual Technology 

Andrew B. Watson 

904 NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX): 

20 Years Later 

Sandra G. Hart 

909 Concurrent Task Management and Prospective 

Memory: Pilot Error as a Model for the 

Vulnerability of Experts 

R. Key Dismukes 

GS5 - Learning from Investigation: Reviewing the First 

Year of MEDCAS 

914* Learning from Investigation: Experience with 

Understanding Health Care Adverse Events 

Christopher P. Nemeth, Richard I. Cook, 

Yoel Donchin, Meghan Dierks, Emily S. 

Patterson, Yuval Bitan, Jay Crowley, Stephanie 

McNee, Tina Powell 



GS6 - Requisite Ergonomics Literacy for Effective 

Occupational Risk Prevention 

** Requisite Ergonomics Literacy for Effective 

Occupational Risk Prevention 

Marvin Dainoff, Krystyna Gielo-Perczak, 

Hal Hendrick, Waldemar Karwowski, 

Kenneth Laughery 

Health Care 

HC1 - Understanding and Facilitating Collaboration in 

Health Care 

918* Understanding and Facilitating Collaboration in 

Health Care 

Cynthia Oakes Dominguez, Yan Xiao 

919 Multidisciplinary Perspectives on 

Collaborative Care 

Jeffrey Philip Brown, Cynthia Dominguez, Gerry 

Stahl, Lorri Zipperer 

924 A Distributed Cognition Approach to 

Understanding Information Transfer in 

Mission-Critical Domains 

Ayse P. Gurses, Yan Xiao, Paul Gorman, 

Brian Hazlehurst, Grant Bochicchio, 

Vinay Vaidya, Peter Hu 

929 Structured Interdisciplinary Communication 

Strategies in Four ICUs: An Observational Study 

Emily S. Patterson, Timothy Hofer, 

Suzanne Brungs, Sanjay Saint, Marta L. Render 

934 Barriers and Facilitators of Common Ground in 

Critical Care Teams 

Anna McHugh, Beth Crandall, Tom Miller 

939 Before I Forget: How Clinicians Cope with 

Uncertainty Through ICU Sign-Outs 

Christopher P. Nemeth, Julie Kowalsky, 

Marianne Brandwijk, Madelyn Kahana, 

P. Allan Klock, Richard I. Cook 

944 Implementation of a Patient Safety Collaborative 

Forum Facilitates Organizational Learning from 

Medical Error 

George Blike, Polly Campion, Evelyn Schlosser 

HC2 - Teams, Communication, and Culture in 

Medical Care 

949 Piloting Team Training at Duke University 

Health System 

Melanie C. Wright, Xuemei Luo, 

William J. Richardson, Michael M. Leonard, 

Susan M. Hohenhaus, Jeffrey M. Taekman, 

Karen S. Frush 

954 Briefing in the Operating Room: A Tool for 

Enhancing Coordination and Enriching Shared 

Knowledge Bases 

Yael Einav, Daniel Gopher, Yoel Donchin

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xi 

959 Exploring the Determinants of the Provision of 

Quality Nursing Care 

Kamisha Hamilton Escoto, Ben-Tzion Karsh 

964 The Perception of Just Culture Across Disciplines 

in Health Care 

Terry L. von Thaden, Michelle Hoppes, 

Yongjuan Li, Nicholas R. Johnson, 

Angela Schriver 

969 Experimental Evaluation of a Behavioral Marker 

System for Surgeons’ Nontechnical Skills 

(NOTSS) 

Rhona Flin, Steven Yule, Simon Paterson-Brown, 

Nicola Maran, David Rowley, George Youngson 

HC3 - Modeling and Decision Making in Health Care 

974 The Influence of Resource Pressure on Medical 

Treatment Decisions 

Marc L. Resnick, Stephane Timothee 

979 Risk and Recovery in Complex Medical 

Domains: Computational and Graphical Models 

of Performance 

Meghan M. Dierks 

984 Acquiring Health Information: Interpreting 

Terminology and Reported Search Sources 

Rebecca S. Green, Jennifer A. Cowley, Michael 

S. Wogalter 

989 The Patient Technology Acceptance Model 

(PTAM) for Home Care Patients with Chronic 

Illness 

Calvin Ka Lun Or, Ben-Tzion Karsh 

994 Modeling Surgical Resident Performance 

Sara Lin Waxberg, Caroline G.L. Cao 

HC4 - Adverse Events and Reporting Systems in Health 

Care 

999 A Methodology to Identify Systemic 

Vulnerabilities to Human Error in the 

Operating Room 

Kenneth H. Funk II, Toni L. Doolen, 

Javier Nicolalde, James D. Bauer, 

David P. Telasha, Miriam J. Reeber 

1004 WARD: An Exploratory Study of an Affective 

Sociotechnical Framework for Addressing 

Medical Errors 

William Lee, Woodrow W. Winchester III, 

Tonya L. Smith-Jackson 

1009 Categorizing Adverse Medical Device and 

Medication Event Frequency 

Kristopher Thornburg, Geb Thomas, 

Scott Draper 



1014 A Reporting System of Difficulties and Hazards 

in Hospital Wards as a Guide for Improving 

Human Factors and Safety 

Ido Morag, Daniel Gopher 

1019 Protocol Violations During Medication 

Administration in Pediatrics 

Samuel J. Alper, Ben-Tzion Karsh, 

Richard J. Holden, Matthew C. Scanlon, 

Neal Patel, Rainu Kaushal 

HC5 - Modes of Perception in Medical Tasks 

1024 The Peformance Effects of Color-Contrasting 

Shadows on Laparoscopic Surgery 

Ryan Tadao Shimotsu, Caroline G.L. Cao 

1029 Vibrotactile Feedback Enhances Force Perception 

in Minimally Invasive Surgery 

Ryan Everett Schoonmaker, Caroline G.L. Cao 

1034 Integrating Instructional Strategies and Haptic 

Technologies to Enhance the Training Efficacy of 

an Army 91W (Combat Medic) Medical Skills 

Training Simulation 

Dawn Louise Riddle, Jennifer E. Fowlkes, 

Todd Lazarus, Jason Daly, Glenn Martin 

1039 Do Mnemonics Help Nurses Learn Melodic 

Medical Equipment Alarms? 

Alexandra Nai-Khee Wee, 

Penelope M. Sanderson 

1044 Effects of Visualization Tools on Cardiac 

Telephone Consultation Processes 

Yukari Enomoto, Catherine M. Burns, 

Kathryn Momtahan, Whynne Caves 

HC6 - Workflow, Interruptions, and Information 

Exchange in Health Care 

1049 An Empirical Investigation of Surgical Flow 

Disruptions and Their Relationship to Surgical 

Errors 

Douglas A. Wiegmann, Andrew W. ElBardissi, 

Joseph A. Dearani, Thoralf M. Sundt 

1054 Evaluating the Use of Flowsheets in Pediatric 

Intensive Care to Inform Design 

David T. Bauer, Stephanie A. Guerlain, 

Patrick J. Brown 

1059 Task Coordination and Group Foraging in Health 

Care Delivery Teams 

Sandra Kay Garrett, Barrett S. Caldwell 

1064 Fixation and Attention Allocation in 

Anesthesiology Crisis Management: An 

Abstraction Hierararchy Perspective 

Thomas Jason Hall, Jenny W. Rudolph, 

Caroline G.L. Cao

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xii 

1068 Characterization of Signout in Pediatric Acute 

Care Wards to Inform Process Improvement 

Richard M.D. Sledd, Ellen J. Bass, 

Stephen M. Borowitz, Linda A. Waggoner- 

Fountain 

HC7 - Patients as Partners in Treatment 

1073 Facilitating At-Home Colorectal Screening: The 

Effect of Cognitive and Motivational Instruction 

Features on User Perceptions and Intentions 

Markus Alexander Feufel, Tamera R. Schneider, 

Hans J. Berkel 

1078 Doctor-Patient Communication: Guidelines for 

Improvements 

Jamye M. Hickman, Kelly E. Caine, 

Aideen J. Stronge, Richard Pak, 

Wendy A. Rogers, Arthur D. Fisk 

1083 How Patients Understand Diabetes Self-Care 

Katherine D. Lippa, Helen Altman Klein 

1088 Medication Adherence: Many Conditions, 

A Common Problem 

Devorah E. Klein, Gretchen Wustrack, 

Amy Schwartz 

1093 Patients as Partners in Treatment 

Helen Altman Klein 

HC8 - Reports from the Field: Evaluation of Medical 

Equipment, Materials and Methods 

1095 Usability Evaluations as Part of the Procurement 

Process: Case Study of Hospital Point-of-Care 

Carts 

Emily Seto, Carol Roach, Anjum Chagpar, 

Andrew MacDonald 

1099 Human Factors Evaluation of Automatic External 

Defibrillators in a Hospital Setting 

Munira Jessa, Joseph Cafazzo, Anjum Chagpar, 

Richard Cooper, Randy Wax, Tony Easty 

1103 Pinch Forces and Instrument Tip Forces During 

Dental Scaling 

Hui Dong, Alfredo Villanueva, David Rempel 

1107 Development of a Group-Based Ergonomic 

Assessment Strategy for Characterizing Physical 

Workload in Healthcare Workers 

Jon Boyer, Jamie Tessler, Jungkeun Park, 

Laura Punnett 

1112 Eye-Tracking Study on the Impact of the 

Manufacturer’s Logo and Multilingual 

Description on Drug Selection Performance 

Agnieszka Bojko, Kevin J. Buffardi, 

Gavin S. Lew, Edmond W. Israelski 



Human Performance Modeling 

HP1 - Approaches in Human Performance Modeling 

1117 Queuing Network Modeling of a Real-Time 

Psychophysiological Index of Mental 

Workload—P300 Amplitude in Event-Related 

Potential (ERP) 


1122 Building Predictive Human Performance Models 

of Skill Acquisition in a Data-Entry Task 

Wai T. Fu, Cleotilde Gonzalez, Alice F. Healy, 

James A. Kole, Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. 

1127 Modeling the Task Environment: ACT-R and the 

Lens Model 

Sarah Miller, Alex Kirlik 

1132 Using Petri Nets for Gibson’s Affordances: First 

Steps into Perception-Based Task Analysis 

Hari Thiruvengada, Ling Rothrock 

1137 Analysis of Human Postural Control During 

Spontaneous Sway Using an Optimal Control 

Model 

Xingda Qu, Maury A. Nussbaum, 

Michael L. Madigan 

HP2 - Exploring Behavior with Human Performance 

Models 

1142 Juggling Multiple Tasks: A Rational Analysis of 

Multitasking in a Synthetic Task Environment 

Hansjöerg Neth, Sangeet S. Khemlani, 

Brittney Oppermann, Wayne D. Gray 

1147 Toward the Shape of Mental Workload 

Daniel N. Cassenti, Troy D. Kelley 

1152 A Few Seconds of Equation Reading: A Process 

Model and an Application 

Douglas J. Gillan, Paula M. Barraza 

1156 A Computational Model of Eye Movements as 

Cyclic Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes 

Ji Hyoun Lim, Yili Liu 

1160 Visual Model of Modulation Transfer Function 

for Assimilation Phenomenon 

Takako Nonaka, Morimasa Matsuda, 

Tomohiro Hase 

HP3 - Tools for the Human Performance Modeler’s 

Toolkit 

1165 Putting the Brain in the Box for Human-System 

Interface Evaluation 

Michael D. Fleetwood, Christian Lebiere, 

Rich Archer, Rebecca C.Y. Mui, Mala Gosakan

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xiii 

1170 Intelligent Multimodal Signal Adaptation System 

Julie Bzostek, Ronald Small, Timothy Bagnall, 

Brett Walters 

1175 Design of a Cognitive Model-Based Decision 

Support Tool for Anesthesiology Crisis 

Management 

Noa Segall, David B. Kaber 

1180 Visualizing Operators' Cognitive Strategies in 

Multivariate Optimization 

Sylvain Bruni, Jessica J. Marquez, Amy 

Brzezinski, Mary L. Cummings 

1185 A Software Tool for Estimating Driver 

Effectiveness 

Jon French, Frances Greene, Dan Schunk 

HP4 - Putting Human Performance Modeling to the 

Task 

1189 Error Analysis and Threat Magnitude for Carry- 

On Bag Inspection 

Colin G. Drury, Kimberly M. Ghylin, 

Karen Holness 

1194 Flight Crew Task Reconstruction for Flight Data 

Analysis Program 

Koji Muraoka, Hiroka Tsuda 

1199 Improving Occupant Characteristics in 

Performance-Based Evacuation Modeling 

Rani A. Muhdi, Jerry Davis, Troy Blackburn 

1204 A Quantitative Methodology for Assessment of 

Wheelchair Controllability 

Jui-Feng Lin, Colin G. Drury, Victor Paquet 

1208 Remote Command and Control Compromises 

Soldiers’ Trust in Their Leaders 

Martin Liberg, Kip Smith 

Individual Differences in Performance 

ID1 - Individual Differences in Cognitive Performance 

1213 Expert Performance in Law Enforcement: Are 

Skilled Performers More Effectively 

Constraining the Situation to Resolve 

Representative Dynamic Tasks than Novices? 

Lauren S. Tashman, Kevin R. Harris, 

Jason Ramrattan, Paul Ward, David W. Eccles, 

K. Anders Ericsson, A. Mark Williams, 

David Rodrick, Laura Hassler Lang 

1218 Familiarity and Expertise in the Recognition of 

Vehicles from an Unmanned Ground Vehicle 

Thomas D. Fincannon, Mike Curtis, Florian 

Jentsch 

1223 Individual Differences in Working Memory, 

Sense of Direction, and Route Learning 

Ian Joseph Reagan, Carryl L. Baldwin 



1227 Strategic Differences in Mental Rotation Tasks 

Based on Gaze Durations 

Shan Bao, Linda Ng Boyle 

1231 Computer-Based Training and Multimedia 

Design: The Role of Spatial Aptitude in Learning 

Sandro Scielzo, Stephen M. Fiore, Yaela Dahan, 

Joseph Lopez, Shawn Stafford 

ID2 - Diversity of Individual Differences Factors 

Predicting Performance 

1236* Diversity of Factors That Are the Best Predictors 

of Individual Performance 

Krystyna Gielo-Perczak, Waldemar Karwowski, 

Shrawan Kumar, Colin G. Drury, Moshe 

Solomonow 

ID3 - Individual Differences Potpourri 

1240 Cognitive Slips-Failures and Daily Stress: 

Further Investigations with the Short Stress State 

Questionnaire 

William S. Helton, Richard Holmstrom 

1245 The Role of Individual Differences in Confidence 

and Response Bias 

Kyung Soo Lee, Kyeong Tae Kim, Su Ran Lee, 

Hye Bin Rim, Ji Seon Shin, Young Woo Sohn 

1249 Learning to Discriminate Terrorists: The Effects 

of Emotional Intelligence and Emotive Cues 

Angela N. Fellner, Gerald Matthews, 

Joel S. Warm, Moshe Zeidner, 

Richard D. Roberts 

1254 Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Task 

Engagement as Predictors of Vigilance 

Performance 

Lauren E. Reinerman, Gerald Matthews, 

Joel S. Warm, Lisa K. Langheim, Kelley S. 

Parsons, Christina A. Proctor, Tazeen Siraj, 

Lloyd D. Tripp, Robert M. Stutz 

1259 Evaluating Preferences for Mobile Phone 

Features 

Naomi F. Glasscock, Michael S. Wogalter 

Industrial Ergonomics 

IE1 - The Promise and Limitations of Ergonomics 

1264 The Role of Ergonomics in Preventing and 

Reducing the Burden of Musculoskeletal 

Conditions 

Barbara Silverstein 

1267 Beyond Ergonomics: Evolving to Achieve Fewer 

Back Injuries in the Future? 

Stuart McGill

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xiv 

IE2 - Postural Influences on Low Back Biomechanics 

1270 Sagittal Plane Moment Arms of the Male Lumbar 

Region Rectus Abdominis: Upright vs. Supine 

Posture 

Michael J. Jorgensen, Francis W. Smith 

1274 Noninvasive Evaluation of the Effect of Stooped 

Posture on Spinal Intervertebral Discs Using MRI 

David A. Reiter, Fadi A. Fathallah, 

Jeffrey H. Walton 

1279 Prediction of Lumbar Motion Segment Angles 

Using Trunk Angle and Anthropometry 

Riley Emiel Splittstoesser 

1284 The Effects of a Stooped Work Task on the 

Muscle Activity and Kinematics of the Lower 

Back 

Brandon J. Miller, Fadi A. Fathallah 

1289 Development and Evaluation of Ergonomic 

Interventions for Bucket Handling on Farms 

Steven C. Tang, Fadi A. Fathallah, 

Thomas R. Waters 

1294 Trunk Stability in Dynamic Movement 

Kevin P. Granata, Scott A. England 

IE3 - Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal 

Injuries 

1299* Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal 

Disorders 

Sue Ann Ferguson, Barbara Silverstein, Martin 

Cherniack, Arun Garg, Steve Lavender 

IE4 - The Neck and Upper Extremity 

1303 Effects of Pace and Work Stress on Upper- 

Extremity Kinematic Responses in Sign 

Language Interpreters 

Jin Qin, Matthew Marshall, Jacqueline Mozrall, 

Marc Marschark 

1308 An Investigation of Complaints of Shoulder Pain 

and Discomfort from Library Workers and the 

Redesign of a Circulation Desk 

John L. Wick, Susanne L. Woodford 

1313 Efficacy of Using Thermography to 

Assess Shoulder Loads During Overhead 

Intermittent Work 

Linsey M. Barker, Laura E. Hughes, 

Kari L. Babski-Reeves 

1318 Developing a Nonhuman Primate Experimental 

Model for Studying Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 

Carolyn M. Sommerich, Steve A. Lavender, 

John A. Buford, Jacob Banks, Sahika Vatan- 

Korkmaz, William Pease, Stephanie Moran 



1323 A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the 

Effects of Two-Task Chair Designs on Shoulder 

and Neck Pain Among Sewing Operators 

David M. Rempel, Pin-Chieh Wang, Ira Janowitz, 

Robert J. Harrison, Fei Yu, Beate R. Ritz 

IE5 - Slips, Trips, and Falls 

1327 Midfoot Shape When Standing on Soft and 

Hard Footbeds 

Ravindra S. Goonetilleke, Channa P. Witana 

1332 Gait Asymmetry: Factors Influencing Slip 

Severity and Tendency Among Older Adults 

Sukwon Kim, Thurmon E. Lockhart 

1336 Reliability of COP-Based Postural Sway 

Measures 

Dingding Lin, Hyang Seol, Maury A. Nussbaum, 

Michael L. Madigan 

1341 Aging Effect on Initial Postural Responses of an 

Unperturbed Foot to Unexpected Slips 

Jian Liu, Thurmon E. Lockhart 

1346 Accommodating Slip-and-Fall Hazards Using 

Anticipatory Locomotor Adjustments 

Angela DiDomenico 

IE6 - Ergonomics of Computer Use 

1351 Measuring Computer Style: The Frequency and 

Distribution of Computer Keyboard Behaviors 

Nancy A. Baker, Mark S. Redfern 

1356 Gender Differences in the Relationship Between 

Daily Computer Usage and Musculoskeletal 

Symptoms Among Undergraduate Students 

Che-hsu (Joe) Chang 

** Computing-Related Postural Angles Related to 

Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Symptoms in a 

College Student Population 

Benjamin C. Amick III, Che-Hsu Chang, 

Cammie Chaumont Menendez, Jack Dennerlein, 

Mark Jenkins, Jeff Katz, Michelle Robertson 

1361 Prevalence of Lifted Finger Behavior and 

Postures During Two-Button Computer 

Mouse Use 

David L. Lee 

1366 The Effect of Six Keyboard Designs on Wrist and 

Forearm Postures 

Alan Barr, David M. Rempel, Edmund Young, 

David Brafman 

IE7 - Workplace Design Issues 

1370 Musculoskeletal Stress on Miners Performing 

Roof Screening Operations 

Susan Kotowski, Sean Gallagher, Kermit Davis, 

Kelly Baron, Craig Compton

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xv 

1375 The Impact of Work Scheduling on Injury Risk 

George E. Brogmus 

1380 Three-Dimensional Variability of Static 

Anthropometric Dimensions: Considering 

Anatomy, Behavior, and Process 

David J. Feathers, Victor L. Paquet 

1384 An Approach for Evaluating 3-D Workspace 

Using Photogrammetry and CAD Software 

Ji Hong Chang, Fadi A. Fathallah 

** Adapted Torso-Hand Coordination in Workers 

with Spinal Cord Injury or Low Back Pain 

K. Han Kim, Bernard Martin 

IE8 - Evaluation of Industrial Tasks 

1388 Interaction Between Trunk and Wrist Kinetics 

and Kinematics During a Simulated Pruning Task 

John C. Kung, Fadi A. Fathallah 

1393 Differences Between Male and Female 

Psychophysically Determined Maximum 

Acceptable Forces of a Cart-Pushing Task 

Vincent M. Ciriello 

1397 The Effects of Scaling Height and Scaling Bar 

Design on Applied Forces and Bilateral Muscle 

Activity of the Back and Shoulders 

William L. Porter, Sean Gallagher, 

Carrie Reinholtz, Janet Torma-Krajewski 

1401 Impact to the Base of the Palm 

David J. Cochran, Pramod Shinde, Xuedong 

Ding, Matt Wiley, Terry L. Stentz 

1406 Effects of Spatial Constraints on Trunk 

Kinematics During a Dependent Transfer 

on an Aircraft 

Brian K. Higginson, Michael J. Pavol 

IE9 - Quality and Ergonomics 

1411* Quality and Ergonomics 

Michael W. Riley, Ram R. Bishu, 

Pascale Carayon, Waldemar Karwowski, 

Kerm Henriksen, Anand K. Gramopadhye 

IE10 - Analysis of Job Risks 

1416 Evaluation of Seat Designs Relative to 

Transmitted Vehicle Vibration on Underground 

Mine Transport Vehicles 

Christopher C. Jobes, Alan G. Mayton 

1421 Ergonomic Evaluation of Manual Weeding 

Practice and Development of an Ergonomic 

Solution 

Amjad A. Ramahi, Fadi A. Fathallah 

1426 Injury Risk by Day of the Week 

George E. Brogmus 



1431 Evaluating the Effect of Fatigue on Cognitive and 

Visual/Perceptual Performance at the Beginning 

and End of Each Shift in a 12-Hour, Five-Day 

Rotating Work Week 

Othman Alkhouri, Steve Hall, John Wise, 

Marvin Smith 

1435 Noise and Cyclic Loading Effects on 

Performance and Operator Functional State 

Gareth E. Conway 

1439 Effect of Rater Background on Objectivity of the 

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment 

Virginia J. Hixson 

Internet 

I1 - Human Factors on the Web: Past, Present, and 

Visions of the Future 

1444* Human Factors on the Web: Past, Present, and 

Visions of the Future 

Marc L. Resnick, Pawan Vora, Ajoy Muralidhar, 

Ania Hernandez, Sanjay Batra, Chris Forsythe 

I2 - Human Factors on the Internet 

1447 Human Factors in the Design of Communities of 

Practice 

Marc Resnick 

1452 A Hierarchical Multilevel Navigation Aid for 

Hierarchical Structures: An Innovation Case 

Study and Empirical Evaluation 

Douglas L. Gardner, Robin D. Thomas, 

Peter H. Jones 

1457 Importance of Usability Considerations to 

Purchase Intention on E-Commerce Web Site 

with Different User Groups 

Chen Ling, Gavriel Salvendy 

1461 Design and Evaluation of Categorical Search 

Results Interfaces 

Rachana S. Rele, Joel S. Greenstein, 

Anand K. Gramopadhye 

Macroergonomics 

ME1 - Macroergonomics and Patient Safety 

** Macroergonomics and Patient Safety Symposium 

Carla Alvarado 

** The Micro In The Macro For Addressing Error 

Marilyn Sue Bogner 

** Nurse Shadowing 

Bradley Evanoff, Laurie Wolf

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xvi 

** Macroergonomics Task Analysis for CVC 

Cannulation and Care 

Carla Alvarado, Pascale Carayon, 

Kenneth Wood 

1466 Consequential Analysis of Existing Hazards in 

Computer-Based Health Information Technology 

in a Health Care Organization 

Shawna J. Perry, Robert L. Wears, Nick Chozos, 

Christopher W. Johnson, Kristine F. Smith 

1469 Development of a Job Task Analysis Tool for 

Assessing the Work of Physicians in the 

Intensive Care Unit 

Kara Schultz, Jason Slagle, Roger Brown, 

Steve Douglas, Brian Frederick, 

Manisha Lakhani, Jesse Scruggs, 

Bruce Slater, Matthew B. Weinger, 

Kenneth E. Wood, Pascale Carayon 

ME2 - Using Technology to Enhance the Organization 

1474 Macroergonomic Principles of Automated 

Performance Measurement 

Eric Dunsker 

1478 Acceptance of Computer Technology: 

Understanding the User and the Organizational 

Characteristics 

Sung Park, Marita A. O’Brien, Kelly E. Caine, 

Wendy A. Rogers, Arthur D. Fisk, Koert Van 

Ittersum, Muge Capar, Leonard J. Parsons 

1483 A Case Study in Using Macroergonomics as a 

Framework for Business Transformation 

Faith McCreary, Kunjan Raval, 

Meghan Fallenstein 

1488 A Theoretical Framework of Risk Compensation 

in Supply Chain Management Decision Making 

David M. Neyens, Linda Ng Boyle 

1492 Usability and Probabilistic Modeling for 

Information Sharing in Distributed Communities 

Sudip K. Ghosh, Barrett S. Caldwell 

ME3 - Macroergonomics in Decision Making, Teams, 

and Health Care 

1496 Predicting Performance: Self-Esteem Among 

Trainees Attending Health Care Specialist 

Training 

Valerie J. Rice, Jenny Butler, Diane Marra 

1501 Formative Evaluation of a Rapid Universal 

Safety and Health (RUSH) System for 

Construction 

Brian M. Kleiner, Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, 

Elizabet Haro 



1506 A New Approach to the Measurement of Work- 

Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 

Peter Hoonakker, Solon J. Simmons, 

Pascale Carayon, Robert Warren 

1510 Role of Human Factors Engineering in Improving 

Employment Outcomes Among Cancer Survivors 

Mary Elizabeth Sesto 

1514 Team Resource Foraging in Event-Driven Task 

Environments 

Sandra Kay Garrett, Barrett S. Caldwell 

Perception & Performance 

PP1 - Spatial Displays and Spatial Cognition 

1519 Alignment Effects on Simple Turn Decisions in 

Track-up and North-up Maps 

Derek Viita, Steffen Werner 

1523 Congruency Between Visual and Auditory 

Displays on Tasks Using Different Reference 

Frames 

Nada Jovana Pavlovic, Jocelyn Keillor, 

Mark H. Chignell, Justin G. Hollands 

1528 The Effects of Camera Perspective and Field of 

View on Performance in Teleoperated Navigation 

Skye Lee Pazuchanics 

1533 Effects of Spatial Intelligence and Gender on 

Wayfinding Strategy and Performance 

Karel Hurts 

1538 The Effect of a Speech Discrimination Task on 

Navigation in a Virtual Environment 

Bruce N. Walker, Jeffrey Lindsay 

PP2 - Tactile Perception and Multimodal Displays 

1542 Multimodal Interfaces: A Framework Based on 

Modality Appropriateness 

Jan B. F. van Erp, Frank L. Kooi, 

Adelbert W. Bronkhorst, David L. Van Leeuwen, 

Myra P. Van Esch, Sander J. Van Wijngaarden 

1547 Vibrotactile and Visual Threat Cueing with High 

G Threat Intercept in Dynamic Flight Simulation 

Lars Eriksson, Jan B.F. van Erp, Otto Hans 

Wilhelm Carlander, Britta Levin, Hendrik van 

Veen, Hans Veltman 

1552 Uni- and Bimodal Threat Cueing with 

Vibrotactile and 3-D Audio Technologies in 

a Combat Vehicle 

Otto Hans Wilhelm Carlander, Lars Eriksson 

1557 Evaluation of Human Vibration Thresholds at 

Various Body Loci 

Myriam Bikah, M. Susan Hallbeck, 

John H. Flowers

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xvii 

1562 The Effects of Physiological Stress on Tactile 

Communication 

James L. Merlo, Shawn Stafford, Richard D. 

Gilson, Peter A. Hancock 

PP3 - Auditory Perception and Displays 

1567 Binaural Audio Symbology for Urgency Displays 

Mark Anders Ericson 

1571 Lateralization of Sounds Using Bone-Conduction 

Headsets 

Raymond M. Stanley, Bruce N. Walker 

1576 The Elevation Illusion in Virtual Audio 

Dennis J. Folds 

1581 Using 3-D Audio Guidance to Locate Indoor 

Static Objects 

Samuel Sandberg, Calle Hakansson, 

Niklas Elmqvist, Philippas Tsigas, Fang Chen 

PP4 - Motion Processing 

1585 Effects of Motion on the Perception of Static 

Features in a Display 

Douglas J. Gillan, Connor T. Gillan 

1589 Active Regulation of Speed During a Simulated 

Low-Altitude Flight Task 

April M. Bennett, John M. Flach, 

Timothy R. McEwen, Sheldon M. Russell 

1594 Perspective Dependence on Direction Judgment 

in a Virtual Room Space 

Zhiqiang Luo, Henry Been-Lirn Duh 

1599 On Reducing the Somatogravic Illusion with 

HMD Conveyed Visual Flow 

Lars Eriksson, Arne Tribukait, Claes von 

Hofsten, Ola Eiken 

1604 Peripheral Motion Displays: Tapping the 

Potential of the Visual Periphery 

Frank L. Kooi, Marcel Mosch 

PP5 - Vigilance and Brain States 

1609 Performance, Workload, and Stress in Vigilance: 

The Power of Choice 

James L. Szalma, Peter A. Hancock 

1614 Measuring the Workload of Sustained Attention 

Victor S. Finomore, Joel S. Warm, 

Gerald Matthews, Michael A. Riley, 

William N. Dember, Tyler H Shaw, 

Nathaniel R. Ungar, Mark W. Scerbo 



1619 Effects of Sensory Modality on Vigilance 

Performance and Cerebral Hemovelocity 

Tyler H. Shaw, Joel S. Warm, Gerald Matthews, 

Michael A. Riley, Ernest M. Weiler, William N. 

Dember, Lloyd D. Tripp, Victor S. Finomore, 

Todd Hollander 

1624 Exploring Eye-Tracking Measures to Understand 

Operator Performance 

Dervon Chang, Sven Fuchs, Laura Milham, 

Meredith Bell-Carroll, Kay M. Stanney 

1629 Broad-Spectrum Mitigation and the Cognitive 

Neurobiological Interface: Considering 

Biological Rhythms in Augmented Cognition 

Bradly John Alicea 

PP6 - Attention 

1634 Fluorescent-Colored Stimuli Automatically 

Attract Visual Attention: An Eye Movement 

Study 

Frank Schieber, Nick Willan, Ben J. Schlorholtz 

1638 Does a Head-Mounted Display Worsen 

Inattentional Blindness? 

Stas Simon Krupenia, Penelope M. Sanderson 

1643 Priming Visual-Relatedness and Manipulating 

Observer Expectancy to Reduce Uncertainty in 

Visual Search 

Kenneth Hailston, Elizabeth T. Davis 

1647 Does a Multilayer Display Reduce the Effect of 

Nontarget Flankers? 

Sherilene M. Carr, James W. Meehan, 

James G. Phillips 

1652 Expertise Differences in Attentional Control 

Between and Within Baseball Batters 

Rob Gray 

PP7 - Perception and Control Tasks 

1656 Effects of Roadway Visibility on Steering Errors 

While Driving in Blowing Snow 

Roger Lew, Brian P. Dyre, Brian Wotring 

1661 Terrain Orientation Theory for a Visual 

Approach to Landing 

Randall William Gibb, Rob Gray 

1666 The Magnitude of Motion Parallax Affects 

Control of Egospeed 

Brian P. Dyre, Stacey Cooper, Roger Lew, 

Brian Wotring 

1670 Study on the Operator’s Mental Activity Under 

Unexpected Control System’s Condition 

Daiji Kobayashi, Sakae Yamamoto

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xviii 

1675 The Effects of Relative System Reliability and 

Prioritization on Alarm Reaction Patterns 

Elizabeth Theresa Newlin, 

Ernesto A. Bustamante, James P. Bliss, 

Randall D. Spain, Corey K. Fallon 

PP8 - “In Touch” Vibrotactile/Haptic Symposium 

1680* “In Touch”: Recent Developments in Tactile 

Applications 

Linda R. Elliott 

1682 Guiding Principles for Tactile Technology: 

Implications from Theory and Empirical Findings 

Michael D. Coovert, Ashley A. Gray, 

Anna Tolentino, Nicole Jagusztyn, 

Fredrick R.B. Stilson, Rebecca H. Klein, 

Timothy J. Willis, Michael Rossi, Erin Jackson, 

Linda R. Elliott, Elizabeth S. Redden 

1687 Validation of Principles for Tactile Navigation 

Displays 

Jan B.F. van Erp, Peter Werkhoven 

1692 Tactile Technology for Covert Communications 

Christopher Brill, Richard D. Gilson 

1697 Findings from a Multiyear Investigation of 

Tactile and Multimodal Displays 

Elizabeth S. Redden 

PP9 - Discrimination and Perception 

1701 The Effects of Aesthetic Attributes on Response 

Time and Aesthetic Judgment in a Multiattribute 

Binary Aesthetic Choice Task 

Kristi E. Schmidt, Yili Liu 

1706 The Effects of Transient Emotional State and 

Workload on Size Scaling in Perspective 

Displays 

Tuan Q. Tran, Kimberly R. Raddatz 

1711 A More Parsimonious Approach to Estimating 

Signal Detection Theory Measures 

Ernesto A. Bustamante, Corey K. Fallon, James 

P. Bliss 

1716 Application of Fuzzy Signal Detection Theory to 

the Discrimination of Morphed Tank Images 

James L. Szalma, Tal Oron-Gilad, Bonnie M. 

Saxton, Peter A. Hancock 

1721 Comparing Estimated and Actual Visual Acuity 

at High and Low Luminance 

Johnell O. Brooks, Richard A. Tyrrell, Benjamin 

R. Stephens 



Posters 

POS1 - Posters 

1726 The Relationship Between Dimensions of 

Personality and Situational Awareness in a 

Nagivation Simulator 

Evelyn-Rose Saus, Bjørn Helge Johnsen, 

Jarle Eid 

1731 Short Stress State Questionnaire: Relationships 

with Reading Comprehension and Land 

Navigation 

William S. Helton, Gregory Garland 

1736 A Meta-Analysis of Performance Under 

Thermal Stress 

Jennifer M. Ross, James L. Szalma, 

Peter A. Hancock 

1741 The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Effects on 

Human Performance: A Meta-Analytic 

Examination 

Gareth E. Conway, James L. Szalma, 

Bonnie M. Saxton, Jennifer M. Ross, 

Peter A. Hancock 

1746 Effects of Handwear and Hand Posture on Four 

Performance Measures 

Kai-Way Li, Chih-Lin Chang 

1751 Using Discrete Event Simulation to Assess 

Human Lifting and Assembly of Vehicle Armor 

Beth M. Plott 

1755 Back Extensor Muscle Oxygenation and Blood 

Volume Comparisons During Two Endurance 

Exercise Modes 

Rammohan V. Maikala, Yagesh N. Bhambhani 

1759 Individual Differences in Concurrent 

Performance of Gunner’s and Robotic Operator’s 

Tasks 

Jessie Y. Chen, Carla T. Joyner 

1764 A Comparison of Two Mental Workload 

Instruments in Multimedia Instruction 

David T. Windell, Eric Wiebe, Sharolyn 

Converse, Barry Beith 

1769 Team Response to Workload Transition: The 

Role of Team Structure 

Marie-Eve Jobidon, Richard Breton, Robert 

Rousseau, Sébastien Tremblay 

1774 Cultural Evolution in Team Problem Solving 

Michael Alan Rosen, Stephen M. Fiore, Eduardo 

Salas 

1779 Social Influence in a Distributed Simulation 

Kevin B. Oden, Peter I. Terrence, Jeff Stahl

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xix 

1784 Linguistic Analysis Is Useful in Predicting Group 

Brainstorming Performance 

Mary T. Dzindolet, Linda G. Pierce 

1789 Change Blindness in Teams: Are Three Pairs of 

Eyes Better Than One? 

Alison M. Tollner, Michael A. Riley, 

W. Todd Nelson, Kevin D. Shockley, 

Sarah Cummins-Sebree 

1794 Fifty Years of Warning Researchers 

Thomas J. Ayres 

1798 Trends in Consumer Product Warnings Found in 

Voluntary Standards 

Christine T. Wood, Joseph B. Sala, 

Katherine Sanders, Paul Cassidy 

1803* ANSI Z535.6: A New Standard for Safety 

Information in Product Manuals, Instructions, 

and Other Collateral Materials 

Steven M. Hall 

1804 Realistic Capacity Limits for Marine Passenger 

Safety: Adult Body Weight Distributions in the 

United States 

Claire C. Gordon 

1808 Psychometric Survey Methods for Measuring 

Attitudes Toward Homeland Security Systems 

and Personal Privacy 

Thomas F. Sanquist, Heidi A. Mahy, 

Christian Posse, Frederic Morris 


1812 User Password Generation Practices 

Shannon K. Riley, Barbara S. Chaparro 

1817 I Downloaded What?: An Examination of 

Computer Security Decisions 

Jeff B. Hardee, Christopher B. Mayhorn, 

Ryan T. West 

1821 How Tidy Is Your Desktop? A Field Study of 

Organizational Strategies 

G. Megan Payton, Carol T. Hurn, 

C. Melody Carswell, Shawna M. Webb 

1825 Comparison of Three Avionics Systems Based 

upon Information Availability, Priorities, and 

Accessibility 

Christopher J. Hamblin, Cindy Miller, 

Shiva Naidu 

1829 The Legibility of ClearType Fonts 

Barbara S. Chaparro, A. Dawn Shaikh, 

Alex Chaparro 

1834 Personality of ClearType Fonts 

A. Dawn Shaikh, Barbara S. Chaparro, 

Doug Fox 



1839 Usability Evaluation of Digital FlipViewer and 

Online FlipBooks 

Spring S. Hull, Barbara S. Chaparro 

1844 Improving Web Site Navigation with Latent 

Semantic Analysis 

Sarah A. Nuehring, Peter W. Foltz 

1849 Effects of Eye Structure and Color on 

Attributions for Intelligent Agents 

Valerie K. Sims, Matthew G. Chin, 

Hana S. Smith, Tatiana Ballion, 

David J. Sushil, Michael Strand, Sarah Mendoza, 

Randall Shumaker, Neal Finkelstein 

1853 Designing an Intelligent Agent? Vertical and 

Horizontal Features Activate Different Face 

Schemas 

Valerie K. Sims, Matthew G. Chin, Tatiana 

Ballion, David J. Sushil, Hana S. Smith, Bryan R. 

Clark, Randall Shumaker, 

Neal Finkelstein 

1858 Crewmember Trust in the Trident Submarine 

Internal Communication Subsystems During 

Normal and Emergency Operating Conditions 

Michael C. Mihalecz, William Ray Bailey III, 

Ernesto A. Bustamante 

1862 Taxonomy of Group Chat: A Basis for 

Understanding and Design 

Jennifer Jo Ockerman, Nathan Koterba 

1867 A Novel Approach to Bridging the Gap Between 

Cognitive Engineers and Software System 

Engineers 

Adam Fouse, Jonathan Pfautz 

1872 The Resource for Applied Cognitive and Systems 

Engineering (TRACE-SE): An Approach to 

Understanding the Gap 

Heather A. Stoner, Emily M. Stelzer, 

Emily E. Wiese, Michael Paley, Adam Darowski, 

Gilbert Mizrahi, Edward A. Martin 

** A Framework for Enterprise Agility 

Waldemar Karwowski, Bohdana Sherehyi 

1877 A Theoretical Framework of a Bionomic 

Approach to Improve Individual and 

Organizational Outcomes 

Lauriann M. Jones, Mustapha Mouloua 

1882 The Effect of Two Office Ergonomics Field 

Interventions and Their Replication on Visual 

Symptoms 

Cammie Chaumont Menéndez, 

Michelle Robertson, Benjamin C. Amick III, 

Ronald B. Harrist, Lianna Bazzani, 

Kelly DeRango, Anne Moore

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xx 

1887 Subjective Perceptions Toward Selected Power 

Nutrunner Torque Reactions 

Jia-Hua Lin, Raymond W. McGorry 

1892 Residential Wall Panel Designers’ Knowledge 

and Attitudes Toward Ergonomics 

Sunwook Kim, Michael J. Hurley, 

Maury A. Nussbaum, Laura E. Hughes, 

Kari L. Babski-Reeves 


1897 A Human Factors Analysis of Cardiopulmonary 

Bypass Machines and Associated Components 

and Procedures 

Thomas W. Suther, Douglas A. Wiegmann, 

Thoralf M. Sundt, Brent Phillip 

1901 The Aperture Illusion Can Occur with 3-D 

Displays and Active Control: Implications for 

Minimally Invasive Surgery 

Tammy E. Ott, Patricia R. DeLucia 

1905 Does Active Control Eliminate the Aperture 

Illusion? 

Tammy E. Ott, Patricia R. DeLucia 

1910 Time Estimation as a Measure of Mental 

Workload During Training of Laparoscopic 

Skills 

Cindy H. Lio, Kyle Bailey, C. Melody Carswell, 

W. Brent Seales, Duncan Clarke, 

G. Megan Payton 

1914 Talk Is Cheap: On the Usability Advice 

Salespeople Offer to Older Customers 

Andra Bush, C. Melody Carswell, Michelle 

Corman, Miranda Briscoe, Cindy H. Lio 

1917 Analysis of Bread Bag Closures for Individuals 

with Rheumatoid Arthritis 

Ruth A. K. Loewenhardt 

1922 Indian Users' Expectations for the Location of 

Web Objects on Informational Web Sites 

A. Dawn Shaikh, Barbara S. Chaparro, 

Anirudha Joshi 

1927 Individual Differences in Working Memory 

Capacity and Site Complexity Predict Recall 

from Web Pages 

Holly Blasko-Drabik, Katie Hinds, 

Valerie K. Sims 

1932 Anthropomorphism of Textured Faces 

Daniel Barber, Valerie K. Sims, 

Matthew G. Chin, Matthew Velie, David J. 

Sushil, Aaron A. Pepe, Linda U. Ellis, 

Randall Shumaker, Neal Finkelstein 



1936 Misuse of Human and Automated Decision Aids 

in a Soldier Detection Task 

Mary T. Dzindolet, Linda G. Pierce, Hall P. Beck 

1941 Management of Multiple UAVs with Imperfect 

Automation 

Brian R. Levinthal, Christopher D. Wickens 

** Low and High Levels of Attentional Control in 

Adpative Automation 

Peter A. Hancock, Tal Oron-Gilad, 

James L. Szalma, Jennifer Thropp 

1945 How Do Scheduling Manipulations of Secondary 

Task Presentation Affect Human Performance? 

Patrice D. Tremoulet, Kathleen M. Stibler, 

Patrick Craven, Joyce Barton, Adam Gifford, 

Susan H. Regli 

1949 Statistical Considerations for the Number of 

Participants in Human Factors Scaling Studies 

Ronald Laurids Boring 

1954 A Framework for Evaluation of University 

Human Factors Curricula 

Esa M. Rantanen, Peter M. Vlach 

1958 It Takes More Than Technical Knowledge to 

Be an Effective Human Factors Professional 

Philip Kortum, Stephan J. Motowidlo 

1963 Placement Opportunities for Human Factors 

Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals in 

Industry and Government/Military Positions 

Sara Loomer, Michelle Kish, William F. Moroney 


1968 Enhancing Learners’ Cognitive and 

Metacognitive Processes via Self-Generated 

Elaboration 

Haydee M. Cuevas, Stephen M. Fiore 

1973 Retention of Airline Pilots’ Knowledge and Skill 

Stacey M. Hendrickson, Timothy E. Goldsmith, 

Peder J. Johnson 

1977 Learning to Fly Glass Cockpits Requires a New 

Cognitive Model 

Christopher J. Hamblin, Candace Gilmore, 

Alex Chaparro 

1982 Applications of Pilot Training in the Swedish 

Dynamic Flight Simulator 

Britta Levin 

1986 A Comparison Between a Part-Task Cognitive 

Training Group and a Part-Task Skill 

Development Group on Aircraft Performance 

Andrew R. Dattel

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxi 

1990 Using Scenario-Based Training to Teach Use of 

the BRS Parachute 

Shayna D. Strally, Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer 

** Is NonRadar Training a Predictor of Radar 

Performance? 

Francis Durso, Henry Mogilka, 

Arathi Sethumadhavan 

1995 Evaluation of Interaction Devices for NDI 

Training in VR: Gamepad vs. Joystick 

Sajay Sadasivan, Deepak Vembar, 

Paris Stringfellow, Andrew Duchowski, 

Anand K. Gramopadhye 

2000 A Human Error Analysis of U.S. Fatal Highway 

Crashes 1990-2004 

Rebecca Iden, Scott A. Shappell 

2003 Assessing Interference from Mental Workload 

Using a Naturalistic Simulated Driving Task: 

A Pilot Study 

William J. Horrey, Daniel J. Simons, 

Evan G. Buschmann, Kevin M. Zinter 

2008 Differences in Cognitive Ability and Preference 

Mediate Effects of Interruptions on Simulated 

Driving Performance 

Melanie Baran, Mark H. Chignell 

2013 Driver Response to Roadside Obstacles 

Patrick O’Leary, Cheryl Bettinardi, Tim Daniel, 

Edward Nielsen, David G. Curry 

2018 An Initial Model of Driver-Vehicle Performance 

in Recovery from Skids on Icy Roads 

Dag Caldenfors, Sidney Dekker, Kip Smith 

2023 Identifying the Driving Factors that Affect 

Judgments of Head-On Collisions 

Patricia R. DeLucia, Kerstan S. Mork 

** An Assessment of Drivers’ Perceptions of Risk 

Under Changing Risk Conditions 

Gloria Sanchez, Fred Switzer 

** A Factor-Analytic Study of Aggressive Driving 

Behavior 

Mustapha Mouloua, Edwin Shirkey 

2028 Do Drivers Know They Can Steer in the Dark?: 

An Empirical Test of the Selective Degradation 

Hypothesis 

Johnell O. Brooks, Richard A. Tyrrell 

2033 Continuous Versus Situation-Dependent Night 

Vision Presentation in Automotive Applications 

Torbjörn Alm, Rita Kovordányi, Kjell Ohlsson 



2038 Prospects for Bicycle Safety Education 

Thomas J. Ayres 

2042 Toward the Development of a Performance 

Model of Railroad Dispatching 

Stephen J. Reinach 


2047 Testing WinMine Analysis with ATC 

Operational Error Causal Factors Data 

Lena Dobbins, Julia Pounds, Nelda Milburn, 

Scott Goldman 

2051 Comparison of Human Ice Detection Capabilities 

and Ground Ice Detection System Performance 

Under Post Deicing Conditions 

Scott M. Terrace, Kimberlea D. Bender, 

Edmundo A. Sierra, Jr., Isabelle Marcil, 

John D'Avirro, Edward Pugacz, Frank Eyre 

** Runway Status Light System: One Solution to 

Runway Incursions 

Helene Maliko-Abraham, Jessica Randazzo 

2056 Multidimensionality of Synthetic Vision 

Cockpit Displays: Prevention of Controlled 

Flight into Terrain 

Lawrence J. Prinzell II, Lynda J. Kramer, 

Jarvis J. Arthur, Randall E. Bailey 

2061 Binocular Rivalry and Attention in Helmet- 

Mounted Display Applications 

Marc Winterbottom, Robert Patterson, Byron 

Pierce, Christine Covas, Jason Rogers 

2066 Perceptual Characteristics of Computerized 

Program Visualizations Differentially Affect 

Detection and Localization Performance 

Elizabeth T. Davis, Kenneth Hailston, Eileen 

Kraemer, Ashley Hamilton-Taylor, Philippa 

Rhodes, Charalampos Papadimitriou, 

Bath-Ammi Garcia 

2071 An Exploration of the Use of Complete Songs as 

Auditory Progress Bars 

Philip Kortum, S. Camille Peres 

2076 User Preferences for Auditory Device-Driven 

Menu Navigation 

Elsa Eiriksdottir, Michael Nees, Jeffrey Lindsay, 

Raymond M. Stanley 

2079 Preliminary Investigations into 3-D Auditory 

Attitude Displays: Comparing Training and 

Methods to Display Azimuth and Elevation 

Kristen K. Liggett, Peter Venero, Martin N. 

Anesgart 

2084 Effect of Bilingualism on the Comprehension of 

Synthetic Speech in Two Listening Environments 

Kristen S. Huang

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxii 

2089 Effects of Tactical Navigation Display Modality 

on Navigation Performance, Situation 

Awareness, and Mental Workload 

Bradley M. Davis 

2094 The Psychophysics of Sensor Fusion: A 

Multidimensional Signal Detection Analysis 

Jason S. McCarley, William K. Krebs 

2099 A Review of Technologies for Studying Visual 

Perception Under Low-Illumination Conditions 

David A. Krauss, Michael J. Kuzel, Paul Cassidy, 

Jason Goodman 

2104 Exploring Relevant Concepts in the Presentation 

of Audio Within a Simulated or Virtual 

Environment 

John L. Neumann 

2109 Effects of Task Difficulty on Target Guidance 

Using Auditory and Tactile Cues 

D. Cleve Mortimer 

2114 Attention Orienting in Augmented Reality 

Environments: Effects of Multimodal Cues 

Christian J. Jerome, Bob Witmer, 

Mustapha Mouloua, 

Product Design 

PD1 - Usability Research and 21st Century Design 

2119* How Does Usability Research Improve 21st- 

Century Product Design? 

Stephanie Rosenbaum, Klaus Kaasgaard, 

Erika Kindlund, Jim Nieters, Janice Rohn, 

Christian Rohrer 

PD2 - Product Potpourri 

2124 Visual Rating System for HFES Graphics: 

Design and Analysis 

Paul R. Aumer-Ryan 

2129 Effectiveness of Minimal Training Techniques on 

the Use of Automated External Defibrillators 

K. Blake Mitchell, Leo Gugerty 

2133 Product Design Innovation and Organizational 

Obstacles for a New Fixed-Split Ergonomic 

Keyboard 

Hugh E. McLoone, Melissa Jacobson 

2138 Usability Study of the Universal Anchorage 

System for Child Restraint Systems in School 

Buses and Passenger Vehicles 

Andrea M. Scipione, Joseph Armstrong, Gerald 

Lai, Alice Salway, Jason Kumagai, Christina 

Rudin-Brown 



2143 ANR vs. Passive Communications Headsets: 

Investigation of Speech Intelligibility, Pilot 

Workload, Comfort, and Hearing Protection in 

Long-Duration Flight in an Aircraft Simulator 

R. Brian Valimont, John G. Casali, 

Jeff A. Lancaster 

PD3 - 40 Years of Product Design 

** 40 Years of Product Design 

Steven Belz, Susan Hallbeck, Patrick Patterson 

PD4 - Tools, Technology, and Aesthetics 

2148 Understanding Acceptance of High-Technology 

Products: 50 Years of Research 

Kelly E. Caine, Marita A. O'Brien, Sung Park, 

Wendy A. Rogers, Arthur D. Fisk, Koert Van 

Ittersum, Muge Capar, Leonard J. Parsons 

2153 The Effects of Aesthetics and Cognitive Style 

on Perceived Usability 

Sara M. Conklin, Richard J. Koubek, 

James A. Thurman, Leah C. Newman 

2158 Using Design Equations for Analysis and 

Synthesis in Design 

Martin G. Helander 

2163 Integrating Usability in Development of a Digital 

Customizer for Product Design 

Oon Yin Bee, Halimahtun M. Khalid 

2168 Task Complexity and Presence in Immersive 

Virtual Environments 

Halimahtun M. Khalid 

PD5 – User-Centered Consumer Product Design 

Award** 

PD6 - Product Design Miscellany 

2173 Factors Affecting Emotional Responses in 

Mobile Phone Design Evaluation 

Rosemary R. Seva, Henry Been Lirn Duh, Martin 

G. Helander 

2178 Design Considerations for Accessible Mobile 

Phones 

Young Seok Lee, Ira Jhangiani, Tonya L. Smith- 

Jackson, Maury A. Nussbaum, Kei Tomioka 

2183 User-Centered Design and Testing Methods 

for the Development of the Menu System for 

Mobile Phones 

Young Sam Ryu, Young Seok Lee, 

Tonya L. Smith-Jackson, Maury A. Nussbaum, 

Kei Tomioka

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxiii 

2187 VRML Use for Iterative Usability Testing of 

User Interfaces: A Novel Continuum Robotic 

Limb Example 

Joshua A. Gomer, Kristin S. Moore, 

Matthew C. Crisler, Martha J. Kwoka, 

Christopher C. Pagano 

Safety 

S1 - Arnold Small Lecture in Safety 

** Attentional Networks and Human Performance 

Michael Posner 

S2 - Warnings Plus 

2192 Safety Symbols in ANSI and ISO Voluntary 

Standards: Will People Understand? 

Shelley Waters Deppa, Michael J. Kalsher 

2197 Effect of ANSI and ISO Formatting on 

Behavioral Compliance to Warnings 

Eric F. Shaver, Stephen L. Young, J. Paul Frantz, 

Timothy P. Rhoades, Steven M. Hall, 

Raina J. Shah 

2202 Warnings and Pedestrian Behavior: A Case Study 

of Unintended Effects 

Gavin Huntley-Fenner 

2207 Techniques for Assessing Safety Symbol 

Comprehension: Web-Based vs. In-Person 

Questionnaire Administration 

Elaine C. Wisniewski, Judith J. Isaacson, Steven 

M. Hall 

2212 Human Factors Design Considerations in 

Automobile Backing Accidents Involving 

Children 

Rudolf G. Mortimer 

S3 - Safety Potpourri 

2217 A Taxonomy and Database for Capturing Human 

Reliability and Human Performance Data 

Ronald L. Boring, David I. Gertman, 

April M. Whaley, Jeffrey C. Joe, Tuan Q. Tran, 

M. David Keller, Richard P. Thompson, 

Ian R. Gerszewski 

2222 Risk Assessment of Panelized Wall Systems in 

Residential Construction 

Hyung N. Kim, Maury A. Nussbaum, Hyang Seol, 

Sunwook Kim, Tonya L. Smith-Jackson 

2227 Initial Development and Application of a New 

Method to Analyze Organizational Risk 

Heather A. Stoner, Amy L. Alexander, Bruce 

Skarin, William J. Salter 



2232 Friction Variation in Assessing Slipperiness 

in Fast Food Restaurants in the USA 

Wen-Ruey Chang, Yueng-Hsiang Huang, 

Kai Way Li, Alfred Filiaggi, 

Theodore K. Courtney 

2237 Engineering Organizational Resilience to 

Enhance Safety: A Progress Report on the 

Emergence of Resilience Engineering 

David D. Woods 

Special Sessions 

DEM1 - Demonstrations 

2242 Performance Improvement with the Change 

Detection System 

Greg Lancaster, Julie L. Marble, Jerry Harbour 

2247 A Wireless Tactile Communication System for 

Conveying U.S. Army Hand-Arm Signals 

Christopher Brill, Peter I. Terrence, 

Shawn Stafford, Richard D. Gilson 

2250 Linguistic Geometry: A Gaming Approach to 

Training Combat Strategies 

Steven J. Kass, Brittany Bjorklund, 

Donald Harrison, Michael Castaneda, 

Vladimir Yakhnis, Boris Stilman, Oleg Umanskiy 

2255 Development of a Virtual Terrorist 

Douglas P. Meador, Robert S. McClure, 

Bryan E. Brett 


2259 Adapting Common Popular Games to a Human 

Factors/Ergonomics Course 

Tracey B. Wortham 

2264 Synthetic Learning Environment Games: 

Prototyping a Humanities-Based Game for 

Teaching African American History 

Adams Greenwood-Ericksen, Stephen M. Fiore, 

Rudy McDaniel, Sandro Scielzo, Janis A. 

Cannon-Bowers, Carol Mundy 

2269 The Automatic Pilot Examination (APEX): The 

Navy’s Online Testing System for Selecting 

Naval Aviators 

Brent A. Olde, Peter B. Walker 

2274 Virtual Card Deck for Introductory HF 

Experiments and Demonstrations 

Kathryn Woodcock, Laurie Harrison 


2279 Santos: A Physics-Based Digital Human 

Simulation Environment 

Karim A. Abdel-Malek, Jasbir Arora, Jingzhou 

Yang, Timothy Marler, Steve Beck, Colby Swan, 

Laura Frey-Law, Anith Mathai, Chris Murphy, 

Salam Rahmatallah, Amos Patrick

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxiv 

2284 Demonstration of Remote Usability Testing 

Practices and Procedures 

Andrew J. Schall, Richard L. Horst 

2288 Conex: A Web-Based Community System for 

Constructing and Conducting Experiments 

Michael Hildebrandt, Knut Polkehn 

** PlaceLab – Human Interaction with Technology 

in the Context of Everyday Living 

Marlene Devine, Melanie Turieo 

SS1 - Games to Explain Human Factors 

** Games To Explain Human Factors: Come, 

Participate, Have Fun!!! 

Sharnnia Artis, Ann Meyer, Julie Naga, 

Raquel Shapiro, Ronald Shapiro, 

Tonya Smith-Jackson 

SS2 - From Past to Present with the Presidents 

2293* Past to Present with the Presidents 

Richard J. Hornick, Hal W. Hendrick 

SS3 - You Have Five Minutes to Convince Me 

2295* You Have Five Minutes to Convince Me— 

A Participatory Panel 

Susan L. Spraragen 

SS4 - Symposium on the Littoral Combat Ship 

** The Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Simulation, 

Human in the Loop Experimentation and Metrics 

Lisa Billman, Marianne Paulsen 

** Littoral Combat Ship Mission Package Human 

Systems Integration Program 

Marianne Paulsen 

** Human Systems Integration (HSI) in Department 

of Defense (DoD0 and U.S. Navy Acquisition 

Processes 

Ronald Honaker 

** Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Surface Warfare 

(SUW) Mission Package (MP) Human Systems 

Integration (HSI) Issues and Lessons Learned 

Justin Kingsford 

** Implementing HSI as Integrated Part of Systems 

Engineering 

Robyn Ryan 

2296 Analysis of Manning Requirements for the LCS 

Mine Warfare Module 

Dennis J. Folds, C. J. Hutto 



Student Forum 

SF2 - Career Preparation Panel 

2301* Preparing for Your Career: Learn from the Past 

50 Years as You Prepare for the Next 50 

Ronald G. Shapiro, Anthony D. Andre, 

Barry H. Beith, Mica R. Endsley, 

Julie T. B. Naga 

SF3 - Emerging and Exciting Student Research Part I 

2306 The Influence of Footwear Sole Hardness on Slip 

Initiation in Young Adults 

Yi-Ju Tsai, Christopher Powers 

2311 Performance-Based Evaluation of Two Photo 

Organization Interfaces 

Rebecca Iden, Abigail C. Mook, Richard Pak 

2316 Identification of Important Attributes in 

Textbook Sales Web Sites: A Lens-Model 

Approach 

Minmin Yang, Jennifer Tsai, 

Stephanie Zimmerman, Yuzhen Lin 

2321 The Use of Similes to Enhance Inferencing and 

Memory of Unfamiliar Product Hazards 

Neta Ezer, C. Travis Bowles, Arthur D. Fisk, 

Wendy A. Rogers 

2326 Mental Representations Formed from 

Educational Website Formats 

Elizabeth T. Cady, Kimberly R. Raddatz, 

Tuan Q. Tran, Bernardo de la Garza, 

Peter D. Elgin 

SF4 - Emerging and Exciting Student Research Part II 

2331 The Effect of Repetition Rate on the Formation 

of Microtears in Tendon in an In-Vivo 

Repetitive-Loading Animal Model 

Leena Nakama, Karen King, Swen Abrahamsson, 

David Rempel 

2336 Driving Simulator Experiments: Power for 

Repeated Measures vs. Completely 

Randomized Design 

Birsen Donmez, Linda Ng Boyle, John D. Lee 

2340 The Effect of Target Color and Contrast on 

Movement Times in Aimed Movement Tasks 

Robert C. Murphy 

2345 Don’t Let Me Down: The Role of Operator 

Expectations in Human-Automation Interaction 

Andrew K. Mayer, Julian Sanchez, 

Arthur D. Fisk, Wendy A. Rogers 

2350 Measuring Risk Tolerance in General 

Aviation Pilots 

Keryn Anne Pauley, David O'Hare

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxv 

Surface Transportation 

ST1 - Can you hear me now? Distraction, Workload, 

and Methods 

2354 Novice and Experienced Driving Performance 

with Cell Phones 

Susan L. Chisholm, Jeff K. Caird, 

Julie A. Lockhart, Lauren E. Teteris, 

Alison Smiley 

2359 The Effect of Phone Interface and Dialing 

Method on Simulated Driving Performance 

and User Preference 

Chris S. Schreiner 

2364 Brain Waves Suppressed by Cell Phone 

Conversations 

David L. Strayer, Mandi Martinez, 

Joel M. Cooper, Frank A. Drews 

2368 Queuing Network Modeling of Driver Workload 

and Performance 


2373 The Occlusion Procedure for Assessing 

In-Vehicle Telematics: Tests of Current 

Vehicle Systems 

Joanne L. Harbluk, Peter C. Burns, 

Elizabeth Go, Andrew Morton 

ST2 – What’s Age Got to Do with It? Issues Related to 

Younger, Experienced, and Older Drivers 

2378 Assessment of Age Differences in Mental 

Workload While Driving Using Verbal Versus 

Visual-Spatial Subsidiary Tasks 

Ben J. Schlorholtz, Frank Schieber 

** Auditory In-Vehicle Messages and Older Drivers 

Carryl Baldwin, Jennifer May, Ian Reagan 

2383 Novice Teen and Experienced Adult Drivers on 

the Smart Road Intersection: Does Six Months of 

Experience Matter? 

Erik C. B. Olsen, Bruce G. Simons-Morton, 

Suzanne E. Lee 

2388 Field Evaluation of a Risk-Awareness and 

Perception-Training Program for Younger 

Drivers 

Anuj K. Pradhan, Donald L. Fisher, 

Alexander Pollatsek, Michael J. Knodler, 

Michelle Langone 



ST3 - The Evolution and Future of the Highway Safety 

Field Through the Eyes of Multiple Generations of 

Lauer Awardees 

2392* The Evolution and Future of the Highway Safety 

Field Through the Eyes of Multiple Generations 

of Lauer Awardees 

Neil D. Lerner, R. Wade Allen, Thomas A. 

Dingus, Herbert Moskowitz, Thomas H. 

Rockwell, David Shinar, Alison M. Smiley 

ST4 - More Than a Feeling: Haptic and Other Warning 

Systems 

2395 Comprehension of Haptic Seat Displays for 

Integrated Driver Warning Systems 

Dev S. Kochhar, Louis Tijerina 

2400 Evaluation of Lane Departure Warnings for 

Drowsy Drivers 

Ksenia Kozak, Jochen Pohl, Wolfgang Birk, 

Jeff Greenberg, Bruce Artz, Mike Blommer, 

Larry Cathey, Reates Curry 

2405 Haptic and Auditory Cues for Roadway 

Departure Warnings 

Laura M. Stanley 

2409 Prevention of Rear-End Crashes in Drivers 

with Task-Induced Fatigue Through the Use 

of Auditory Collision Avoidance Warnings 

Jennifer F. May, Carryl L. Baldwin, 

Raja Parasuraman 

2414 On-Road Evaluation of an In-Vehicle Curve- 

Warning Device 

Melinda McElheny, Myra Blanco, Jonathan M. 

Hankey 

ST5 - Off the Beaten Path: Alternative Topics, Methods, 

and Techniques 

2419 Are Drivers with Small Feet or Long Legs at 

Greater Risk of Rear-End Collisions? 

Erwin R. Boer, Jaap de Bruin, David Abbink, 

Nicholas J. Ward, Mike Manser 

2424 Predictive Displays for Survey Vessels 

Briana M. Sullivan, Colin Ware, 

Matthew Plumlee 

2429 An Examination of the Yardmaster's Role in 

Railroad Yard Safety 

Stephen J. Reinach, Alex F. Viale 

2433 Using a Task Analysis to Identify Potential 

Information-Processing Bottlenecks in 

Intersection Driving Scenarios 

Christian M. Richard, John L. Campbell, 

James L. Brown

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxvi 

2438 Using Machine Learning Techniques to Reduce 

Data Annotation Time 

Chris Schreiner, Kari Torkkola, Mike Gardner, 

Keshu Zhang 

ST6 - Driver Visual Behavior and Warning Systems 

2443 Pedestrian Detection with Night Vision Systems 

Enhanced by Automatic Warnings 

Omer Tsimhoni, Michael Flannagan 

2448 Using Glance Behavior to Compare ACC Driver 

Controls in a Driving Simulator 

Laura K. Thompson, Marcus Tönnis, Christian 

Lange 

2453 A Preliminary Evaluation of a Driver- 

Infrastructure Interface for Left-Turn Warning 

Christopher Nowakowski 

2458 Truck Drivers’ Ability to Locate Targets Briefly 

Seen in Mirrors 

James W. Jenness, Robert E. Llaneras, 

Richard W. Huey, Paul S. Rau 

2463 Time-to-Collision Judgments of Constant and 

Nonconstant Velocities: Implications for Rear- 

End Collisions 

Anand Tharanathan, Patricia R. DeLucia 

System Development 

SD1 - The Challenge of Integrating Cognitive 

Requirements into Systems Development: Solutions 

& Lessons Learned 

2468 Multidisciplinary Systems Development: 

Challenges and Lessons Learned 

Kelly Neville, Jennifer E. Fowlkes, 

Jerry M. Owens, Jack Ennis 

2473 Executable Requirements for Visualization 

Design 

Christopher R. Hale 

2477 Impacting System Design with Human 

Performance Modeling and Experiment: Another 

Success Story 

Diane K. Mitchell, Jessie Y. Chen 

2482 Human-Automation Collaboration in Dynamic 

Mission Planning: A Challenge Requiring an 

Ecological Approach 

Michael P. Linegang, Heather A. Stoner, 

Michael J. Patterson, Bobbie D. Seppelt, 

Joshua D. Hoffman, Zachariah B. Crittendon, 

John D. Lee 



SD2 - Organizational Factors in Design: How to 

Support Collaborative Relationships and Information 

Sharing through Network Analysis and Requirements 

Capture 

2487 Developing Systems That Can Utilize Captured 

Command and Performance Data to Support 

Collaborative Adaptation in Dynamic Distributed 

Work Environments 

Roger J. Chapman 

2492 How Network-Enabled Capability Changes the 

Emergent Properties of Military Command and 

Control 

Guy H. Walker, Neville A. Stanton, Daniel P. 

Jenkins, Paul M. Salmon, Mark S. Young, Ajay 

Beond, Omar Sherif, Laura Rafferty, Darshna 

Ladva 

2497 Job Design for Remote Collaboration in Drilling 

Operations 

Kristina Lauche 

** Promoting Human Systems Integration within the 

U.S. Navy: Systems Engineering, Acquisition, 

and Personnel Integration (SEAPRINT) 

Jennifer McGovern Narkevicius, John Owen, 

Julie Stark 

SD3 - Subjective Feedback, Performance Assessments, 

and Iterative Design--Critical Factors That Drive 

Design Decisions 

2502 Foam, Wood, Metal: An Iterative Process for 

Console Usability Testing 

Nancy Burton, Melissa Weaver, Jeanette Smith, 

Katie Hall 

2507 Design Consideration Tests: Midproject 

Verification and Validation 

David E. Kancler, Christopher K. Curtis, 

Christopher Burneka, Scott A. Bachmann 

2512 Adaptive Soldiers: Overcoming Obstacles 

Imposed by New Technology 

Pamela A. Savage-Knepshield 

2517 Participatory Design Methods for a 

Commander’s Predictive Environment 

Janet E. Miller 

Test & Evaluation 

TE1 - Context, Complexity, and Changing Goals: 

Testing and Evaluation Challenges 

2522* Context, Complexity, and Changing Goals: 

Testing and Evaluation Challenges 

Joyce A. Cameron, Alvah C. Bittner, 

Brian F. Gore

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxvii 

** Adventures in Usability Testing: User-Centered 

Design in a Large-Scale Naval Ship Design 

Program 

Robert Bennett, Dan Donohoo, Larry Hettinger, 

Robert Howells, Vince Quintana 

2523 What Kinds of Usability Problem Descriptions 

Are Useful to Developers? 

Kasper Hornbæk, Erik Frøkjær 

2528 Thinking About Human Factors Testing and 

Evaluation: Perspectives from a Piano Bench 

Joyce A. Cameron 

2533 Intraindividual Ergonomics (I2E): Framework 

and Future 

Alvah C. Bittner, Yoshihide Sakuraga 

TE2 - Test and Evaluation in the Real World - I 

2538 Real-Time Collaborative Heuristic Review: 

Meeting the Production Schedule Without 

Sacrificing Quality 

Jesse L. Walker, Drew M. Bowers, Stephen T. 

Karth, Carlton D. Donahoo 

2542 Multiple Criteria to Evaluate Decision Support 

Outcomes 

Holly A. H. Handley, Nancy J. Heacox 

2547 Measuring the Usability of Paper Ballots: 

Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Satisfaction 

Sarah P. Everett, Michael D. Byrne, 

Kristen K. Greene 

2552 Field Evaluation of Blue Force Tracking with a 

2-D/3-D Command and Control System 

Patrik Jan Lif, Birgitta Kylesten, Jenny Lindoff 

2557 Tactical Evaluation of an Unmanned Ground 

Vehicle During a MOUT Exercise 

Patrik Jan Lif, Hans Jander, Jonathan Borgvall 

TE3 - Test and Evaluation Tools and Techniques 

2562 Escape from Designers’ Dilemma on Creeping 

Featurism 

Dong-Seok Lee, David D. Woods, Daniel Kidwell 

2567 Effect of Level of Problem Description on 

Problem Discovery Rate: Two Case Studies 

James R.. Lewis 

2572 Development of an Operational Setting-Specific 

Field Cognitive Assessment Procedure 

Wayne C. Harris, Dennis L. Reeves, 

Timothy F. Elsmore, Peter A. Hancock 

2577 Evaluation of the FSA Hand Force Measurement 

System 

Kihyo Jung, Heecheon You, Ochae Kwon 



2582 Is Less More When Using and Creating 

Checklists? 

Jennifer A. Rouse, Janeen K. Sharma 

TE4 - Test and Evaluation in the Real World - II 

2585 Dynamic Measures for Performance Assessment 

in Complex Environments 

Erland Svensson, Carin Rencrantz, 

Jenny Lindoff, Peter Berggren, Arne Norlander 

2590 Supporting the Navy Sailor Through Console 

Design 

Melissa Weaver, Nancy Burton, Katie Hall, 

Jeanette Smith 

2595 Lessons Learned from a Comparative High- 

Fidelity Usability Evaluation of Anesthesia 

Information Systems 

Anjum Chagpar, Joseph Cafazzo, Tony Easty 

2600 Evaluation of a Tactile Navigation Cueing 

System and Real-Time Assessment of Cognitive 

State 

Michael C. Dorneich, Patricia May Ververs, 

Stephen D. Whitlow, Santosh Mathan 

2605 An Example of Objective Warfighter 

Performance Measurement: The Joint Distributed 

Free-Play Event 

James Fielder, Katrina Baker, Jay Winters 

Training 

T1 - Enhancing Cognitive Processes by Applying 

Cognitive Theories: Blending Training with Applied 

Cognitive Psychology 

2610 Effects of Discrimination Task Training on 

X-Ray Screening Decisions 

Stephen M. Fiore, Sandro Scielzo, Florian 

Jentsch, Megan L. Howard 

2615 SHOR and DESIDE: Evaluating the 

Effectiveness of ADM Training Using a Flight 

Simulator 

Wen-Chin Li, Don Harris 

2620 Limitations of Skill Generalization Beyond 

Training 

Brett R.C. Molesworth, Mark W. Wiggins 

2624 How Effective Feedback for Training Depends 

on Learner Resources and Task Demands 

Anne Collins McLaughlin, Wendy A. Rogers, 


2629 Can Distance-Estimation Training Transfer to 

an Active Response? 

Allyson R. Hall, Keith S. Jones, 

Patricia R. DeLucia, Brian R. Johnson

PROCEEDINGS of the HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS SOCIETY 50th ANNUAL MEETING—2006 xxviii 

T2 - Complex Training for Complex Environments: 

Expanding Theory to Improve Team Performance 

2634 Enhancing Warrior Ethos in Initial Entry 

Training 

Tad Brunyé, Gary Riccio, Jason Sidman, 

Adam Darowski, Fred Diedrich 

2639 A Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing 

Human-Robot Team Performance for Use in 

Training and Simulation 

Ewart Jan de Visser, Raja Parasuraman, 

Amos Freedy, Elan Freedy, Gershon Weltman 

2644 Stress Appraisals and Training Performance on a 

Complex Laboratory Team Task 

Kevin M. Gildea, Wayne L. Shebilske 

2649 A Benchmarked Experiential System for Training 

(BEST) and Dynamic Systems Theory 

Wayne L. Shebilske, Kevin M. Gildea, Jared 

Freeman, Georgiy Levchuk 

T3 - Developing Learner-Centered Simulations to 

Enhance Learning and Retention 

2654 A Method to Determine Optimal Simulator 

Training Time: Examining Performance 

Improvement Across the Learning Curve 

Roberto Champney, Laura Milham, 

Meredith Bell-Carroll, Kay M. Stanney, 

Joseph Cohn 

2659 An Experimental Study of the Effect of Out-ofthe-Window 

Cues on Training Novice Pilots on a 

Flight Simulator 

M. Javed Khan, Marcia J. Rossi, Bruce Heath, S. 

Firasat Ali, Marcus Ward 

2664 Full-Cycle Adaptive Instructorless Training 

Roger Chapman, Joan Ryder, Michael 

Szczepkowski, Don Benton 

2669 Developmental Evaluation of a Distributed 

Online Simulation 

Michael J. Singer, Laura Kusumoto 

** Retention of AN/PSS-14 Operational Skill 

Alan Davison, Robert Hancock, Jim Staszewski 



Virtual Environments 

VE1 - Use of HMDs in Virtual Environments 

2673 Enhancing Spatial Awareness with Tactile Cues 

in a Virtual Environment 

Kelly S. Hale, Kay M. Stanney 

2678 Suppressed Perception of Head-Referenced 

Image Motion During Head Movement 

Bernard d. Adelstein, Li Li, Jason J. Jerald, 

Stephen R. Ellis 

2683 Evaluation of Symptoms and Effects of Virtual 

Reality-Based Flight Simulation and Enhanced 

Sensitivity of Postural Stability Measures 

Per-Anders Oskarsson, Staffan Nählinder 

2688 The Effects of Lens Focus When Viewing 

Stereoscopic Microdisplay Images 

W. S. Wong, Romeo Yip, Richard So, 

H. C. Huang, Andrew Lam 

2693 Stereo Acuity and Visual Acuity in Head- 

Mounted Displays 

Frank L. Kooi, Piet Bijl, Pieter Padmos 

VE2 - Performance in Virtual Environments 

2697 Surgical Skill Performance Under Combat 

Conditions in a Virtual Environment 

Elizabeth A. Schmidt, Mark W. Scerbo, 

James P. Bliss, Hope S. Hanner-Bailey, 

Hector M. Garcia, Leonard J. Weireter, Jr. 

2702 Simulator Sickness Scores According to 

Symptom Susceptibility, Age, and Gender for an 

Older Driver Assessment Study 

George D. Park, R. Wade Allen, Dary Fiorentino, 

Theodore J. Rosenthal, Marcia L. Cook 

2707 A Study on Drivers’ Physiological Monitoring in 

a Virtual Environment 

Yingzi Lin, H. Leng, H. Cai 

2712 Driving Performance of Novice and Experienced 

Drivers in Lane-Change Scenarios 

Guihua Yang, Beverly K. Jaeger, 

Ronald R. Mourant

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