THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003

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xiv 4: COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT AT THE CROSSROADS This chapter brings together conclusions from the three preceding chapters. Empowerment has become an important concept in development strategy as a result of the marriage of human development with human rights. Community members and activists in Thailand reached a similar conclusion as a result of the confrontation with a centralized state and top-down development. While recent institutional changes have facilitated empowerment, there are still considerable barriers of conservative opposition and bureaucratic inertia. Learning from successful local projects need to be disseminated. Democratic decentralization must be helped to succeed. The institutional weaknesses in systems for claiming rights must be overcome. The final part of the chapter suggests ways that various actors – communities, government, development organizations – can assist community empowerment in the pursuit of human development goals, and what changes in national policy-making are needed to promote community empowerment as a means and end of human development. PART II: MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 5: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICES This chapter introduces a new composite index – “Human Achievement Index” (HAI) which is an adaptation of UNDP’s global Human Development Index (HDI). HAI compares the state of human development in 76 provinces of Thailand by using 8 components of human development indicators, namely health, education, employment, income, housing and living conditions, family and community life, transportation and communication, and participation. In this chapter, HAI, HDI and GDI are presented at both the regional and provincial levels, confirming a pattern of inequities and uneven development that deserves immediate and long-term policy action. THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2003
FOREWORD FROM THE PRIME MINISTER iii PREFACE FROM DR. SIPPANONDHA KETUDAT iv PREFACE FROM MR. J.K. ROBERT ENGLAND v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii OVERVIEW x PART I: COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: The Communities’ view 3 Introduction: Writing this Chapter 3 Confronting Development in Thailand’s Ricebowl: Learning Self-Reliance 3 Community Learning: The Bank of Life Network 9 Negotiating Cooperation to Clean a River 11 Building Networks: The People Live, the Canal Lives 12 Rediscovering Local Knowledge in the Highlands 15 Expanding Social Space to Reclaim the Mun River 20 Conclusion: Strategies of Empowerment 25 CHAPTER 2: The new institutional context for community empowerment 27 Centralization and Top-down Development 27 Community Histories and Institutional Change 29 The age of abundance 29 The coming of development 29 New ideas and organizations 30 Boom, crisis, and reform 31 Institutional Shifts I: The 1997 Constitution 36 New rights for the community 36 New directives for greater participation 37 New institutions for democracy 37 Institutional Shifts II: The Eighth and Ninth Plans 38 Eighth Plan: people-centred development 38 Ninth Plan: sufficiency economy 38 CONTENTS CONTENTS xv
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Page 5 and 6: His Excellency Thaksin Shinawatra P
Page 7 and 8: Mr. J.K. Robert England Resident Co
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UNDP Thailand wish
Page 12 and 13: x Empowerment is both a means and a
Page 14 and 15: xii Thailand’s experience with co
Page 18 and 19: xvi CONTENTS Institutional Shifts I
Page 20 and 21: xviii CONTENTS PART II: MEASURING H
Page 22 and 23: 2 THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
Page 24 and 25: 4 Thailand’s Central Plain is nat
Page 26 and 27: 6 Headman Wibun Khemchaloem has bec
Page 28 and 29: 8 to process and preserve agricultu
Page 30 and 31: 10 The bank charges a fee or intere
Page 32 and 33: 12 The Samrong canal links the Song
Page 34 and 35: 14 The idea to clean up the canal c
Page 36 and 37: 16 produced for our own use. We had
Page 38 and 39: Tree ordination - Karen’s belief
Page 40 and 41: 20 The Mun is the biggest river in
Page 42 and 43: 22 We used various methods to win a
Page 44 and 45: 24 The World Commission on Dams 22
Page 46 and 47: 26 strategy to reduce the exposure
Page 48 and 49: This concern with urban growth and
Page 50 and 51: 30 Communities were now subordinate
Page 52 and 53: 32 The second stream of the NGO mov
Page 54 and 55: 34 “... As we are in the “globa
Page 56 and 57: 36 The Constitution enshrines many
Page 58 and 59: 38 potential to serve as another ch
Page 60 and 61: 40 The share of local government’
Page 62 and 63: The changes over the past decade in
Page 64 and 65: 44 Project proponents still view an
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Our fate is in the hands of both th
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48 COMMUNITY SCHEMES FOR EMPOWERMEN
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50 community activities in a northe
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52 5. communities that have a good
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“Examine the problem and start wi
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56 Not the Document but the Process
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58 million for loans to municipal g
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60 1. Capacity and Learning Develop
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62 The HIV/AIDS pandemic prompted a
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The local communities’ view of th
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66 The rapid deterioration of natur
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68 Our idea of struggle is that far
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Providing funding directly to commu
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72 In the past we were made to thin
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The prospects for community empower
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76 dual roles as provider and nurtu
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The insight that community empowerm
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80 THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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82 THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPOR
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84 The result is a new composite in
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86 Another Endeavor to Measure Huma
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88 For some indicators, i.e. unempl
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90 1. Bangkok 2. Nakhon Pathom 3. N
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92 Special attention should be give
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94 deserve special attention. It sh
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96 4. Income Index Income represent
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98 It is also interesting to observ
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100 6. Family and Community Life In
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102 and Tak on the western border a
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104 Table 8. Five Best and Worst Pe
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106 Vote turnout (%) Table 9. The F
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108 Location Table 10 (continued) H
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110 Health Education Employment Inc
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112 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) W
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114 Table 12 (continued) HDI rank H
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116 the policy makers and the peopl
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118 THAILAND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPO
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120 GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDE
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122 TABLE 1 - BASIC DATA Columns 1-
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124 Column 17 Technical Studies and
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DATA TABLES
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Table 1 Basic Data (Continued) Popu
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Table 1 Basic Data Location Udon Th
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Table 2 Health (Continued) Populati
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Table 2 Health (Continued) Udon Tha
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Table 3 Education (Continued) Udon
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Table 3 Education Quality of educat
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Table 4 Employment (Continued) Empl
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Table 4 Employment Employment 2001
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Table 5 Income (Continued) Househol
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Table 5 Income (Continued) Poverty
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Table 6 Housing and living conditio
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Table 7 Familiy and Community life
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Table 8 Transport and Communication
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Table 9 Participation Udon Thani 1,
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