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BY THE NUMBERS:WOMEN IN STEM
Education: “The Leaky Pipeline”• 49.2% of women who originally intend to major in Scienceand Engineering as a first-year switch to a non-STEM major,compared to 32.5% of men.• Nationally, women make up 57.3% of bachelor’s degreerecipients but only 38.6% of STEM bachelor’s degree recipients.• At Yale, in 2019, women made up 47.5% of bachelor’s degreerecipients but only 39.2% of STEM bachelor’s degree recipients.• Women represent 57.3% of undergraduates but only 38.6% ofSTEM undergraduates, or about two-thirds of the expectedamount based on undergraduate enrollment. Moreover,underrepresented minority women represent 16.6% ofundergraduates but only 9.16% of STEM undergraduates,or approximately one-half of the expected amount based onundergraduate enrollment.• As women move through the “leaky pipeline” of highereducation, they become increasingly underrepresented.While women receive 50.1% of STEM bachelor’s degrees, theyonly receive 44.3% of master’s degrees and 41% of doctoratedegrees. Subsequently, they comprise 36% of postdoctoralfellows and 29% of employees.• For underrepresented minority women, once again, thedisparities are even more severe. Underrepresented minoritywomen receive 13.3% of STEM bachelor’s degrees, 12.4% ofmaster’s degrees, and 6.8% of doctorate degrees, and theymake up 4.8% of the workforce.Pushing Women out of STEM• Only 37% of STEM professionals portrayed in the mediaare women.• In science education materials, 75% of adults depicted in ascience profession were men, and only 25% were women.• When asked to draw a scientist, only 28% of kids (boysand girls) drew a female scientist. Boys almost always drewmen, and girls were twice as likely to draw men as they wereto draw women.• This difference got worse with age, as 70% of 6-year-old girlsdrew a woman, whereas only 25% of 16-year-old girls did.• 50% of women in STEM jobs have said that they haveexperienced discrimination in the workplace.www.yalescientific.orgBY ISHANI SINGHART BY SOPHIA ZHAOEmploymentPresentSPECIALWhat do statisticsreveal ab o u t o n g o i n ggender disparities?• Women represent 52% of the college-educated workforce, butonly 29% of the science and engineering workforce.• BIWOC are even more underrepresented:- Latina/Hispanic women make up only 2.3% of the scienceand engineering workforce- Indigenous women make up only 0.07%- Black women represent only 2.5%• Women hold 76% of all healthcare jobs but represent only 40.8%of physicians and surgeons.• Women make up 34.5% of STEM faculty at academic institutions.- Black women make up only 1.5%,- Latina/Hispanic women 2.0%, and- Indigenous women 0.08%• Women only make up 28.2% of tenured STEM faculty.- Black women make up 1.4%- Hispanic/Latina women make up 1.3%- Indigenous women make up 0.04%• At Yale, 38.3% of STEM faculty are women, and 17.6% of tenuredSTEM faculty are women.- 10% (2/20) of Directors of Undergraduate Studies in STEMdepartments are women- 11% (2/18) of STEM department chairs are women• In STEM occupations, women earn 81.6 cents to thedollar of men.• In healthcare occupations, women earn 71.7 cents to thedollar of men.• Of the 616 Nobel Laureates in Physics, Science, and Medicineand Physiology from 1901–2019, only 19 were women.• A study of NIH funding from 2006–2017 found that female firsttimeprincipal investigators received a median grant of about$40,000 less than their male counterparts, when controlling forresearch potential.https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17310/data.cfmhttps://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf19304/datahttps://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/InstitutionProfile.aspx?unitid=130794https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htmhttp://catalog.yale.edu/ycps/majors-in-yale-college/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=S2411&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2411&hidePreview=truehttps://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/htts:// doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.21944https://seejane.org/research-informs-empowers/portray-her/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165037https://www.edutopia.org/article/keeping-girls-stem-3-barriers-3-solutionshttps://www.edutopia.org/article/50-years-children-drawing-scientistshttps://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2018/01/09/women-and-men-in-stemoften-at-odds-over-workplace-equity/November 2020 Yale Scientific Magazine 27
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