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Continued from Page 31 trast, if too few buds are retained, the vines may be undercropped, resulting in suboptimal yield and excessive canopy growth, which can cause self-shading, reducing fruit quality. Therefore, understanding bud fertility and potential crop load can help inform pruning decisions and thereby optimize yield and quality. Double pruning on wine grape with long spurs retained after the first pass. A second pass with a field crew will prune the spurs back to two buds (photo courtesy G. Zhuang.) Beat the Heat & Care for Your Crops with: Anti-Stress 550 ® Frost & Freeze Additional Environmental Stress Conditions that the product is useful for: What is Anti-Stress 550®? When to apply Anti-Stress 550®? • High Temperatures & Extreme Heat • Drought Conditions • Transplanting • Drying Winds When is Anti-Stress 550® most effective? A foliar spray that creates a semi-permeable membrane over the plant surface. Optimal application period is one to two weeks prior to the threat of high heat. The coating of Anti-Stress becomes effective when the product has dried on the plant. The drying time of Anti-Stress is the same as water in the same weather conditions. *One application of Anti-Stress 550® will remain effective 30 to 45 days, dependent on the rate of plant growth, application rate of product and weather conditions. 559.495.0234 • 800.678.7377 polymerag.com • customerservice@polymerag.com Order from your PCA or local Ag Retailer / Crop Protection Supplier Disease Management Pruning practices also have implications for grapevine trunk diseases, which can seriously reduce vineyard productivity. Trunk diseases are caused by different fungi including Esca or black measles, Botryosphaeria (Botryosphaeria canker), Eutypa lata (Eutypa dieback) and Phomopsis viticola (Phomopsis cane and leaf spot). All of these fungi can enter the vines through pruning wounds, especially after precipitation. After a fungal infection has been initiated, it grows toward the roots, slowly killing the vascular tissue, decaying the wood and eventually killing the vines. The typical symptoms from trunk-diseased vines are cankers, dead arms and cordons, and trunks, with vines collapsing in a few years. The economic loss can be dramatic, and trunk diseases may significantly reduce the productive life of vineyards. Pruning methods can affect the potential disease risk. Cane pruning typically has less trunk disease risk than spur pruning systems since cane pruning leaves fewer pruning wounds than spur pruning. The best mitigation strategy for trunk disease is prevention. Selective pruning, sometime referred to as “vine surgery”, can remove infected wood, sometimes resolving an established infection. However, vine surgery is laborious and will not be effective unless all the diseased wood is removed. Retraining may be needed to replace arms or cordons removed in surgery, and the surgery will result in large, open pruning wounds that could easily become infected if not protected with pruning protectants. The labor cost to renew the cordon or trunk is typically economically prohibitive in the San 32 Progressive Crop Consultant January / February <strong>2021</strong>
Joaquin Valley, and it also does not offer the long-term solution, since those fungi can slowly reinfect the vine if complete elimination of diseased wood was not achieved by the vine surgery. The current preventative measures include double pruning or delay pruning, pruning wound protection and vineyard sanitation. Double pruning or delayed pruning helps prevent the exposure of final pruning wounds until February or March when most rain events finish and weather is warming. Less rain with warm weather helps the vines seal the pruning wounds and prevent the fungi entering through pruning cuts. However, double pruning or delayed pruning does have some barriers for some growers to adopt (e.g. pre-pruner and labor availability). For growers who can adopt it, double pruning or delayed pruning offers an effective way to minimize trunk disease. Pruning wound protectants (mostly fungicides) are another option when double pruning or delayed pruning is impractical. Dr. Akif Eskalen, UC Davis, has been evaluating different pruning wound protectants in California since 2019, and the results from those trials can be found here: ucanr. edu/sites/eskalenlab/Fruit_Crop_Fungicide_Trials/. Fungicide efficacy is variable, but the application of pruning wound protectants before the rain event can help prevent the fungal infections. However, pruning wound protectants cannot provide complete protection, and we still do not know how long the protection lasts after the spray. More than one spray might be needed if rain events occur more frequently after pruning. Vineyard sanitation should be also integrated into the trunk disease management plan. Because numerous fruiting bodies can be found on pruning debris left in the vineyard, complete destruction is desirable to reduce the source of inoculum and avoid new infections. An extensive sanitation of the vineyard should be practiced, keeping the inoculum level as low as possible. This can be accomplished by pruning out all diseased wood, removing it from the vineyard and destroying it by burning or burying. Recently, mechanical pruning has become more popular due to the increased cost and declining availability of farm labor. However, mechanical pruning may leave more than double the number of spurs per vine compared to traditional hand pruning. Delayed pruning or pruning wound protectants should be applied after pruning to reduce the risk of trunk disease. In all, trunk disease does not only affect this year or next year’s yield and general vine health, but also reduces the longevity of vineyard production life. Comments about this article? We want to hear from you. Feel free to email us at article@jcsmarketinginc.com Prevents Crown Gall, a serious plant disease that reduces yields and shortens the life of your trees, vines, and shrubs. Eradicates galls on diseased plants. The only product that controls Crown Gall after tumors are formed. Costs Only Pennies Per Tree! 530.586.1561 | www.agbiochem.com | agbiochem9@gmail.com January / February <strong>2021</strong> www.progressivecrop.com 33
Page 1: January / February 2021 Managing So
Page 4 and 5: MANAGING SOIL STRUCTURE AND QUALITY
Page 6 and 7: soil structure and soil quality; ho
Page 8 and 9: Continued from Page 7 test measures
Page 10 and 11: Botrytis gray mold in trials at the
Page 12 and 13: Continued from Page 11 1. Fruit yie
Page 14 and 15: Continued from Page 13 The highest
Page 16 and 17: ALTERNATIVE NEMATICIDES FOR ROOT-KN
Page 18 and 19: Continued from Page 18 Table 1: Tre
Page 20 and 21: VINEYARD REVIEW Weather Station use
Page 22 and 23: Continued from Page 22 graphs place
Page 24 and 25: Continued from Page 23 cultural pra
Page 26 and 27: Table 1: Types of sensors needed to
Page 28 and 29: Dormant Season Yield & Disease MANA
Page 30 and 31: Continued from Page 28 The choice o
Page 34 and 35: The What, When and How Much for App
Page 36 and 37: Continued from Page 34 off dramatic
Page 38 and 39: Pierce’s Disease in GRAPEVINE Ide
Page 40 and 41: From left to right: green, red-head
Page 42 and 43: Continued from Page 41 found, and y
Page 44: Go boldly into every battle. Includ

PCC JanFeb 2021

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