wiki flip

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Monozygotic (MZ) or identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilizedto form one zygote (hence, “monozygotic”) which then dividesinto two separate embryos. The chances of having identical twins isrelatively rare – around 3 or 4 in every 1,000 births.Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are alwaysthe same sex unless there has been a mutation during development.The children of monozygotic twins test genetically as half-siblings (orfull siblings, if a pair of monozygotic twins reproduces with anotherpair or with the same person), rather than first cousins. Identical twinsdo not have the same fingerprints however, because even within theconfines of the womb, the fetuses touch different parts of their environment,giving rise to small variations in their corresponding prints andthus making them unique.Another cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigeneticmodification, caused by differing environmental influences throughouttheir lives. Epigenetics refers to the level of activity of any particulargene. A gene may become switched on, switched off, or could becomepartially switched on or off in an individual. This epigenetic modificationis triggered by environmental events. Monozygotic twins can havemarkedly different epigenetic profiles. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotictwins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngesttwins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigeneticdifferences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over threetimes the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who hadspent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets ofparents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristicsbecome more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality.In January 2021, new research from a team of researchers in Icelandwas published in the journal Nature Genetics suggesting that identicaltwins may not be quite as identical as previously thought. The four-yearstudy of monozygotic (identical) twins and their extended familiesrevealed that these twins have genetic differences that begin in the earlystages of embryonic development.
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seedsof berries from certain Coffea species. From the coffee fruit, the seedsare separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee.The seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into aconsumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particlesthat are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producinga cup of coffee.Coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulatingeffect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is one of themost popular drinks in the world and can be prepared and presentedin a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte). It is usuallyserved hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Sugar, sugarsubstitutes, milk or cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste orenhance the flavor. It may be served with coffee cake or another sweetdessert, like doughnuts. A commercial establishment that sells preparedcoffee beverages is known as a coffee shop (not to be confusedwith Dutch coffeeshops selling cannabis).Clinical research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is benignor mildly beneficial as a stimulant in healthy adults, with continuingresearch on whether long-term consumption reduces the risk of somediseases, although some of the long-term studies are of questionablecredibility.
Page 2 and 3: A crystal or crystalline solid is a
Page 4 and 5: A tooth (plural teeth) is a hard, c
Page 6 and 7: A mushroom or toadstool is the fles
Page 8 and 9: The Palace of Domitian was built as
Page 12: A macaroon is a small cake or biscu

wiki flip

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?