Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual International Congress ...

Proceedings of the 

Thirty-Second Annual 

International Congress 

On 

Veterinary Acupuncture 

23 rd – 26 th August, 2006 

Boston-Natick, MA USA 

Sponsored by 

THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY ACUPUNCTURE SOCIETY

Proceedings 

of the 

32 nd 

Annual International Congress 

On 

Veterinary Acupuncture 

Boston-Natick, MA, USA 

August 23-26, 2006 

Edited by 

The IVAS Congress Program Committee 

Published by IVAS 

Printed in the United States 

Sponsored by 

The International Veterinary Acupuncture Society

Obtaining Copies 

Copies of the Proceedings may be ordered from: 

The International Veterinary Acupuncture Society 

P.O. Box 271395 

Fort Collins, CO 80527, USA 

Tel. No.: +970-266-0666 

Fax No.: +970-266-0777 

Email: office@ivas.org 

www.ivas.org 

The content of papers printed in the Proceedings does not necessarily reflect 

the views of IVAS. 

ISBN-0-0-9616627-6-X 

Copyright ©2006 

Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual International Congress on Veterinary Acupuncture. All rights reserved. 

The International Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS) has edited and copyrighted these Proceedings as 

a collective work. The papers presented at this congress are the property of IVAS and/or author. The recordings 

and written materials of papers presented may be used strictly for personal use only. They may not be published, 

reprinted, or used commercially without prior permission from IVAS or the author.

Contents 

Welcome from the President ................................................................................................... i 

Exhibitor List ………………………….................................................................................. ii 

IVAS Officers ........................................................................................................................ iii 

Speakers .................................................................................................................................. v 

Program ................................................................................................................................ vii 

The Ins and Outs of Acupuncture ….........................................................................................1 

Robert Schaeffer, DVM, PhD 

Use of Eight Extraordinary Vessels in The Treatment of Immune-Mediated 

Diseases and Cancer .............................................................................................................11 

Jeffrey C. Yuen 

Addendum to Extraordinary Vessels in Treatment of Cancer and Immune- 

Mediated Disease ...................................................................................................................15 

Linda Boggie, DVM 

Homeosiniatry in Veterinary Practice .....................................................................................23 

Sagiv Ben-Yakir BSc, DVM, MRCVS, CVA, CVHomotox 

Treatment of a Schnauzer With Sick-Sinus Syndrome …………...........................................41 

Michelle C. Schraeder, DVM, FAAVA 

Panax Ginseng (Gerivet®) as a Stimulant for Geriatric Dogs: 

A Randomized Blind Study ....................................................................................................47 

Anna Hielm-Björkman, DVM 

Case Report: Gold Implant in Maned Wolf (Crysocyon Brachyurus) in Brazil .....................49 

Paula Sader Teixeira, DVM 

Pre-Treatment With Electroacupuncture, Morphine and Carprofen for 

Post-Operation Analgesia in Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs: A Comparative Study ...............59 

Marcia Scognamillo-Szabó, DVM, MSc, PhD 

Effects of Electro-Acupuncture on the Autonomic Nerve System; 

Electrocardiographic Analysis of the Canine Autonomic Nerve System 

Stimulated by Electro-Acupuncture ……………………………………...............................71 

Shigeo Hara, DVM, PhD

Acupuncture and Conventional Veterinary Emergency Medicine..........................................77 

Abbie Moos VMD, PhD, CVA 

Basics in Laser Therapy and Laser Acupuncture ...................................................................83 

Uwe Petermann, DVM 

Applied Photonic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine ................................................................93 

Terry Wood, DVM 

Canine Ear Acupuncture Maps of Orthopaedic, Organ and Heart Meridian Points …….…103 

Uwe Petermann, DVM 

Laserneedle® Application in the “Men-Animal-Bond” Relationship: 

Preservation or Recovery of “Manimal Homeostasis®” by Means of 

a Non-Invasive Laser Therapy …………………………………………………………......111 

Andy Roesti, DVM 

Ha He Hi Ho Hu� What are You? Harmony Between Healer, Horse, 

Homo, Hound ……………..………………………………………………………………..113 


Kubota Zone Acupuncture and the Chart that is Its Key …………………………….....…115 

Naoki Kubota, A.P., L.Ac., Dipl.Ac. 

The Defining Technical Aspects of Kubota Zone Acupuncture ……..…………………….121 


Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders in a Referral Practice: Using TCVM 

Acupuncture and Herbal Therapy with Conventional Medicine ……..…………..……….129 

Cheryl Adams DVM, CVA 

Use of Ishizaki, Hwato and Other Points for Lumbar and Sacral Pain ……………...…….139 

Kevin May, DVM 

Hemo-Acupuncture: Modern Applications in Veterinary Medicine ………..…………….145 


Developing Acupupuncture and Holistic Medicine in Chile: 

Case Presentations from South America ………………………………………...………..153 

Maria del Carmen Barba, DVM, CVA 

Acupuncture for Emotional and Cognitive Issues in Geriatric Dogs ……………….…….157 

Susan M. Kelly, DVM, CVA

Traditional Oriental Medicine and Cancer in Small Animals …………………………….163 

K. Hwa Choi, DVM, Ph.D, CVA, OMD, LAc.,MS (MSTOM), Dipl. NCCAOM, Dipl.OM 

Vaccination in Horses, Farm Animals and Pets: Immune Stimulation, 

Intoxication or Prevention of Infectious Diseases?...............................................................173 


Natural Crookedness of Horses: Relevance in Equitation and Acupuncture …………..…175 

Martina Steinmetz, DVM 

Mastitis-Endometritis-Agalactia-Complex in Farm Animals: 

A Practical Overview for Classical Veterinarians and Acupuncturists ………...............…181 


TCVM Dermatology Patterns ……………………….………………..………………...…183 


Avian Acupuncture …………….……………………………………………………….…189 

Richard A. Schafer, D.V.M, MS 

POSTER PRESENTATION: 

Effect Of Acupuncture On Proximal Colonic Motility In Conscious Dogs ……….…...…203 

Hee-Young Kim, DVM, Ph.D

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Welcome Message from the President 

Being the current President of IVAS, as well as the acting Program Committee Chairperson, it is my great 

pleasure to give a warm welcome to each and every attendee. This Congress has exceeded our expectations as 

far as the number of attendees, the number of exhibitors and the quality and diversity of the various speakers 

and presenters we have gathered in Natick. 

I would personally like to thank all of those people involved with the program committee – Elena Petrali, Kim 

Henneman, Liz Hassinger, Emiel Van den Bosch, and Rick Schafer; Janice Crook and Celia Christensen for 

their fine editing skills, and last, but never least, the incoming IVAS President Kevin May. Their input and 

hard work was appreciated by me and I think all of you will also enjoy the fruits of their labor. Ed Boldt, our 

tireless Executive Director, kept us all in line and Vikki Weber was instrumental with hotel and barn 

arrangements, Congress exhibitors and registrations, keeping us on budget and answering every question I 

could possibly think of. Misha McCrary was a wiz with getting the proceedings organized, formatted and to 

the printer in record time. 

I also want to thank all of our speakers. A Congress cannot happen unless people are willing to share their 

knowledge, experiences, and research with the rest of us. We have two extremely gifted keynote speakers; 

Naoki Kubota and my teacher, Jeffrey Yuen, both with extensive backgrounds in human acupuncture who are 

so excited and willing to share their knowledge with us so we can apply it to our patients. We also have 

incredibly talented veterinary colleagues who are doing amazing things with acupuncture, laser acupuncture 

and Chinese herbs in private practice as well as university and referral settings where acupuncture is proving 

itself to be an invaluable complement to western medicine when dealing with chronic disease and cancer. I am 

increasingly impressed with the innovation and integrity of my fellow colleagues from around the world, 

hoping one day that I will be that knowledgeable and adept. Thank you so much for sharing with all of us. 

In keeping with our goal of providing a scientific Congress, we have research papers that will be presented, 

giving all of us important information as we strive to understand acupuncture and herbal medicine; how they 

work in terms of modern scientific thought and theory, thereby allowing us to communicate that much more 

effectively with our conventional colleagues. 

Above all this Congress, like every Congress, is a time for meeting new people, connecting with old friends, 

(perhaps I should say dear friends), and rejuvenating our own spirits with like-minded individuals. I know for 

some of you this is your first IVAS Congress and I would encourage you to not be shy. Let us know if this is 

your first time with IVAS so we can be sure you get to meet people and don’t miss out on anything the 

Congress has to offer. Once again, I will look forward to the lectures, the exhibitors, coffee breaks and the 

evening conversations where the exchange of ideas and camaraderie is ever present. 

So again, a warm welcome to all, enjoy the next few days to the fulles,t and if there is anything we can help 

you with, just let us know! 

Linda Boggie, IVAS President 

The Netherlanads 

i

Special Thanks to Our Sponsors and Exhibitors: 

Thursday morning and Friday afternoon breaks 

sponsored by: 

Hainstock & Associates/Pet-ceutical International 

Exhibitors: 

Back On Track 

Chi Institute of Chinese Medicine 

D’Arcy Naturals 

Eastern Current Distributing, LTD 

Eddie’s Wheels 

Elsevier 

Golden Flower Chinese Herbs 

Heel, USA 

Kan Herb Company 

Lhasa OMS, Inc. 

Mayway Corporation 

Natural Solutions, Inc. 

Respond Systems 

Sport Innovations, LLC 

Spring Wind Dispensary 

ii

Members of the Executive Committee: 

Linda Boggie, DVM, President 

(Holten, NETHERLANDS) 

Kevin May, DVM, President-Elect 

(El Cajon, CA USA) 

Richard Schafer, DVM, MS, Treasurer 

(Corpus Christi, TX USA) 

Emiel Van den Bosch, DVM, Past President 

(Ramsel, BELGIUM) 

Tim Patterson, DVM, President, House of 

Delegates (Gallup, NM, USA) 

Ed Boldt, Jr., DVM, Executive Director 

(Fort Collins, CO USA) 

Members of the Board of Directors: 

Boudewijn Claeys, DVM (Quebec, CANADA) 

Kristine Elbaek, DVM 

(Hellerup, DENMARK) 

Lea Baker, DVM 

(Terra Ceia, FL USA) 

Ted Purcell, DVM 

(Edmonton, AB, CANADA) 

Robert Schwyzer (Santa Fe, NM, USA) 

Dietrich Von Schweinitz, BSc, DVM, MRCVS 

(Guildford, GREAT BRITAIN) 

Program Committee: 

Linda Boggie, DVM (Chair, NETHERLANDS) 

Elizabeth Hassinger, DVM 

(Local Coordinator - USA) 

Elena Petrali, DVM (CANADA) 

Emiel Van den Bosch, DVM (BELGIUM) 

Richard Schafer, DVM, MS (USA) 

Kevin May, DVM (USA) 

iii 

33 rd Annual Int’l Congress: 2007 

Site: Frankfurt, Germany 

Dates: 22-25 August, 2007 

International Education Committee: 

Boudewijn Claeys, DVM (Chair, CANADA) 

Linda Boggie, DVM (NETHERLANDS) 

Kristine Elbaek, DVM (DENMARK) 

Kathy Van Winkle, DVM (USA) 

Ulrike Wurth, BVSc, Dipl.Ac. (AUSTRALIA) 

Emiel Van den Bosch, DVM (BELGIUM) 

Ed Boldt, Jr., DVM (USA) 


Elena Petrali, DVM (CANADA) 

Richard Schafer, DVM, MS (USA) 

Exam Committee: 

Robert Schaeffer, DVM, PhD (Chair) 

Continuing Education Committee: 

Kristin Edwards, DVM (Chair, USA) 


Christine Makowski, DVM (USA) 

Sally Strawn, DVM (USA) 

Lois Sargent, DVM (USA)

This page intentionally left blank. 

iv

Cheryl D. Adams, BS, DVM 

Aboretum View Animal Hospital 

2551 Warrenville Rd 

Downer’s Drove, IL 60515 USA 

Ph: +630-963-0424 

Fax: +630-963-0537 

Email: cadams@avah.org 

Maria Del Carmen Barba, DVM 

Naturalvet 

Echenique 4724 

Nunoa, Santiago 

CHILE 

Ph: +562-277-9779 

Email: naturalvet@vtr.net 

Sagiv Ben-Yakir, BSc, DVM, MRCVS 

Hod-Hashron Vet Clinic 

17 Gordon St 

Hod-Hasharon 45203 

ISRAEL 

Ph: +972-9-741-2252 

Email: benyakir@netvision.net.il 

K. Hwa Choi, DVM, MS, PhD 

Univ. Of Minnesota College of Vet. Med. 

1352 Boyd Ave 

Saint Paul, MN 55108-6100 USA 

Ph: +612-624-1227 

Fax: +612-624-0751 

Email: choix006@umn.edu 

Shigeo Hara, DVM, PhD 

2-2-7 Higashi Aniwa 

Morioka 

Iwate 020-0824 

JAPAN 

Ph: +81-19-626-5888 

Email: shara@iwate-u.ac.jp 

Speakers 

v 

Anna Hielm-Bjorkman, DVM 

Helsinki Univ. Faculty Vet Med 

Dept of CLincal Vet Science, 

PO Box 57 

Helsinki 00014 

FINLAND 

Ph: +358-9-19149742 

Fax: +358-9-19149670 

Email: anna.hielm-bjorkman@helsinki.fi 

Susan M. Kelly, DVM 

Spruce Mountain Vet. Acupuncture 

PO Box 99 

West Halifax, VT 05358-0099 USA 

Ph: +802-368-2244 

Email: smkelly@sover.net 

Hee-Young Kim, DVM, PhD 

Dept. of Medical Science 

Graduate School of East-West Med Sci 

Kyung Hee Univ 

1 Seochon-ri, Kiheung-eup, Youngin-shi 

Kyungki-do 449-701 

KOREA 

Ph: + 82-31-201-2193 

Fax: + 82-31-204-4237 

Email: vet202001@yahoo.co.kr 

Naoki Kubota, AP, LAc. Dipl AC 

Kubota Acupuncture 

705 Fairview Forest Dr. 

Fairview, NC 28730 USA 

Ph: +828-713-4755 

Email: naoki@naokikubota.com 

Kam T. Lau, DVM 

Equine Referral Clinic 

3350 SE 82nd St 

Runnells, IA 50237-2010 

Ph: +515-262-4112 

Fax: +515-262-3199


El Cajon Valley Vet Hospital 

560 N Johnson Ave 

El Cajon, CA 92020 USA 

Ph: +19-444-9491 

Fax: + 619-444-9306 

Email: kjmaymsi@home.com 

Abbie B. Moos, VMD, PhD 

252 W 7th Ave 

Eugene, OR 97401-2664 USA 

Ph: +541-345-1608 

Fax: +541-744-5998 

Uwe Peterman, DVM 

Schmale Strasse 20 

49326 Melle, 

Germany 

Ph: +49-5428-93003 

Fax: + 49-5428-93004 

Email: drUwePetermannMelle@t-online.de 

Andreas Roesti, DMV 

Chruemigstrasse 18 

CH-3752, Wimmis 

SWITZERLAND 

Ph: +41-33-657-16-16 

Fax: +41-33-657-26-52 

Email: A.Roesti@healthbalance.ch 

Robert G. Schaeffer, Jr., DVM, PhD 

St Louis Hills Vet Clinic 

7001 Hampton Ave 

Saint Louis, MO 63109-3924 USA 

Ph: +314-353-3444 

Email: CallDrBob@aol.com 

Michelle C. Schraeder, DVM 

Mountain Veterinary Hospital 

3413 Mt Baker Hwy 

Bellingham, WA 98226-9521 USA 

Ph: +360-592-5113 

Fax: +360-592-3112 

Email: mtnvet@telcomplus.net 

vi 


German Veterinary Acupuncture Society 

Friedrich Ebert Str 45 

68535 Edington, Neckashauson 

GERMANY 

Ph: +491729445602 

Fax: +496203924146 

Email: martina_steinmetz@web.net 

Marcia V.R.S. Szabo, MVR, PhD 

Faculdade De Medicina 

Veterinaria UFU 

Av Para, 1720 - Campus Umuarama 

38.400-902 Uberlandia MG 

BRAZIL 

Ph: +55-34-9149-3726 

Fax: +55-34-3218-2521 

Email: szabo@asbyte.com.br 

Paula Sader Teixeira, DVM 

Rua Pedro Jode Senger, 1676 

Vl. Augusta, Sorocaba - SP 18035100 

CHILE 

Ph: +1532376593 

Terry Wood, DVM 

Mustang Veterinary Hospital, PC 

402 W SH 152 

Mustang, OK 73064 USA 

Ph: +405-376-1320 

Email: mustangvet@cox.net 


4231 Colden St Apt 140 

Flushing, NY 11355-3979 USA 

Ph: +212-924-5900

Program 

Tuesday, August 22, 2006 

10:00-16:00 IVAS Board of Directors Meeting – Harvard Ballroom 

Wednesday, August 23, 2006 

Off-site 

07:30-09:30 Equine Points Wetlab #1 Drs. May and Lau 


10:00-11:30 Equine Wetlab – VAS/RAC Surrogate Pulse Dr. A. Roesti 



General Session – Hampton Ballroom Northeast 

09:00-12:00 HOD Meeting 

13:30-15:00 The Ins and Outs of Veterinary Acupuncture Dr. R. Schaeffer 

15:00-15:30 Break – Hampton Ballroom Southwest 

15:30-17:00 The Ins and Outs of Veterinary Acupuncture Dr. R. Schaeffer 

Hamilton Salon A 

08:00-09:30 Canine Wetlab #1 Dr. L. Boggie 



13:30-15:00 Canine Wetlab – VAS/RAC Surrogate Pulse - Salon B Dr. A. Roesti 


12:00-13:30 Lunch – On your own 

18:00-20:00 Welcome Party in the Exhibitors’ Hall 

Thursday, August 24, 2006 


08:00-09:45 Use of Extraordinary Vessels in the Treatment J. Yuen 

of Immune-mediated Disease and Cancer 

09:45-10:15 Break (Sponsored by Hainstock & Associates/Pet-ceutical International) 

10:15-12:30 Use of Extraordinary Vessels in the Treatment J. Yuen 

of Immune-mediated Disease and Cancer 


14:00-15:30 Homeosiniatry in Veterinary Practice Dr. S. Ben-Yakir 


16:00-17:30 Homeosiniatry in Veterinary Practice Dr. S. Ben-Yakir 

17:30-18:00 Treatment of a Schnauzer with Sick-Sinus Syndrome Dr. M. Schraeder 

18:15-19:30 Annual General Meeting 


14:00-14:30 Panax Ginseng (Gerivet®) as a Stimulant for Dr. A. Hielm-Bjorkman 

Geriatric Dogs: A Randomized Blind Study 

14:30-15:00 Effects of EAP on the Autonomic Nervous System; Electro- Dr. S. Hara 

Cardiographic Analysis of the Canine Autonomic Nerve System 

Stimulated by Electro-Acupuncture 

15:00-15:30 Case Report: Gold Bead Implant in Maned Wolf Dr. P Teixeira 

(Chrysocyon brachyurus) in Brazil 


16:00-16:30 Pre-treatment with Electroacupuncture, Morphine and Carprofen Dr. M. Szabo 

for Post-Operation Analgesia in Ovariogysterectomy in Dogs: 

A Comparative Study 

16:30-17:30 Acupuncture and Conventional Emergency Veterinary Dr. A. Moos 

Medicine 

vii

17:30-18:00 TCVM Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine: A Documentary on Drs. Roman and DoMore 

Complentary and Alternative Medicine in the 21st Century 

Hamilton Salon B 

14:00-14:45 Basics in Laser Therapy and Laser Acupuncture Dr. U. Peterman 

14:45-15:30 Applied Photonic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine Dr. T. Wood 


16:00-16:45 Canine Ear Acupuncture Maps of Orthopaedic, Organ and Dr. U. Peterman 

Heart Meridian Points 

16:45-17:30 Ha He Hi Ho Hu�What Are You? Harmony Between Healer, Horse, Dr. A. Roesti 

Homo, Hound 

17:30-18:00 LASERNEEDLE Application in the “Men-Animal-Bond” Dr. A. Roesti 

Relationship: Preservation or Recovery of “Manimal Homeostasis 

By Means of a Non-invasive Laser Therapy 

Friday, August 25, 2006 


08:00-09:45 Kubota Zone Acupuncture and the Chart that is Its Key N. Kubota 


10:15-12:30 Kubota Zone Acupuncture and the Chart that is Its Key N. Kubota 


13:45-15:15 Treatment of Autoimmune Disorders in a Referral Practice: Dr. C. Adams 

Using TCVM AP and Herbal Therapy with Conventional Medicine 


13:45-14:45 Use of Ishizaka, Hwato and Other Points for Lumbar and Sacral Pain Dr. K. May 


13:45-14:30 Hemo-acupuncture: Modern Applications in Veterinary Medicine Dr. S. Ben-Yakir 

14:30-15:15 Developing Acupuncture and Holistic Medicine in Chile: Dr. M Barba 

Case Presentations from South America 

15:15-15:45 Break (Sponsored by Hainstock & Associates/Pet-ceutical International) 

– Hampton Ballroom Southwest 

Table Topics 

15:45-16:45 #1- Use of PDS Implants in Horses (Hampton Ballroom) Dr. W. McCormick 

#2- Use of Acupuncture in Equine Repro (Hamilton Salon A) Dr. C. Cahill 

#3- Bovine Acupuncture (Dux Restaurant) Dr. M. Mattison 

#4- Use of Acupuncture in Marine Species (Hamilton Salon B) Dr. R. Schafer 

#5- Tone Acupuncture (Hampton Ballroom) Dr. M. Steinmetz 

#6- LLLT in Dogs (Hawthorne Ballroom) Dr. U. Peterman 

16:45-17:00 Transfer Break 

17:00-18:00 #7- Making Your Own Gold Bead Implant Device (Hampton Ballroom) Dr. T. Durkes 

#8- Equine Mixed Bag- Neuro, Roarers, Sore Backs (Hamilton Salon A) Dr. C. Cahill 

#9- Applied Techniques – Ishizaki (Hamilton Salon B) Dr. K. May and N. Kubota 

#10- Electroacupuncture (Hampton Ballroom) Dr. T. Patterson 

#11-TCM Management of Cardiac Patients (Hawthorne Ballroom) Dr. M. Schraeder 

19:00-20:00 Cocktail Hour – Plaza Ballroom 

20:00-02:00 Banquet – Plaza Ballroom 

21:00-01:00 Dance – Hampton Ballroom 

viii

Saturday, August 26, 2006 


08:00-09:15 Acupuncture for Emotional and Cognitive Issues in Geriatric Dogs Dr. S. Kelly 


09:45-11:45 Treatment of Patients with Cancer Using Acupuncture and Dr. K. Choi 

Chinese Herbs 

11:45-12:00 Farewell 


08:00-09:15 Vaccinations in Horses, Farm Animals and Pets: Immune Dr. A. Roesti 

Stimulation, Intoxication or Prevention of Infectious Diseases? 


09:45-10:15 Vaccinations in Horses, Farm Animals and Pets: Immune Dr. A. Roesti 

Stimulation, Intoxication or Prevention of Infectious Diseases? 

10:15-11:00 Natural Crookedness of Horses: Relevance in Equitation Dr. M. Steinmetz 

and Acupuncture 

11:00-11:45 Mastitis-Endometritis-Agalacia Complex in Farm Animals: Dr. A Roesti 

A Practical Overview for Classical Veterinarians and Acupuncturists 


09:45-10:45 TCM Dermatology Patterns Dr. S. Ben-Yakir 

10:45-11:45 Avian Acupuncture Dr. R. Schafer 

ix

Proceedings 

of the 

Thirty-Second Annual 

International Congress 

On 

Veterinary Acupuncture

32 nd International Congress on Veterinary Acupuncture 

THE INS AND OUTS OF ACUPUNCTURE 

Robert G. Schaeffer, Jr., DVM, PhD 

St. Louis Hills Veterinary Clinic 

St. Louis, MO USA 

Purpose 

The purpose of this session is to present enough basic information about veterinary acupuncture 

that someone totally unfamiliar with acupuncture may be able to understand some of what is 

presented in the rest of the sessions. This may also serve as a useful review for those who may 

have forgotten some of their early training. 

In our basic acupuncture courses many hours are spent discussing the neurophysiology of 

acupuncture in great detail. That is well beyond the scope of this session. The object is to present 

a user-friendly look at neurology involved. Keep in mind that acupuncture works through a 

variety of mechanisms other than pure neurologic effects. Among other things, acupuncture 

stimulates the release of endogenous steroids and activates the alternative complement fixation 

cascade. It also causes the local release of vasoactive substances leading to vasodilation and 

increased blood flow. These are all important mechanism that cannot be ignored. However, the 

focus today will be on acupuncture’s direct effects on the nervous system. 

Acupuncture is very much a receptor based modality. The direct effects of needle stimulation 

start with the nociceptors. However, many of its main beneficial effects are due to its effects on 

proprioception most of which is mediated through the integration centers in the spinal cord. It is 

not uncommon for a dog to come into the clinic unable to stand and, after one acupuncture 

treatment, walk out of the clinic. It’s unrealistic to think that we have repaired damage to the 

motor neurons in one treatment but it is very plausible to think that we have reset the 

proprioceptive system. This situation is very much like the electronic phone system in our clinic. 

Periodically it starts doing all kinds of weird things. All we have to do is unplug the power 

source for a few minutes and it resets. 

Proprioception is more important to function than most of us realize. For every motor neuron 

receiving information from the brain, there are five sending proprioceptive information to the 

CNS. When functioning properly, each joint sends information for as many as twelve parameters 

to the brain. All of this must be integrated by the CNS and appropriate directions sent back to the 

motor nuclei. Considering this, it is amazing we can stand or walk at all. It’s also easy to see why 

acupuncture can have major effects by instituting minor changes. 

If we are going to talk about receptor based effects then we need to review the various 

proprioceptors and nociceptors and tactile receptors and their functions: 

Tactile Receptors 

● Free nerve endings 

● Meissener’s Corpuscles 

● Expanded tip receptors 

1


● Ruffian’s End Organ 

● Paccinian Corpuscles 

● Tickle Itch Receptors 

Proprioceptors 

● Muscle Spindle Cells 

● Golgi Tendon Organs 

Nociceptors 

● A-Beta 

● A-Delta 

● C-polymodal 

How does acupuncture affect proprioception? 

Information from these receptors among other things converges on the propriospinal tracts and 

nuclei and in a poorly understood way is integrated with some onward transmission to the brain 

and other fibers going to the motor nuclei in the ventral horn. Through some as yet unknown 

mechanism, acupuncture is thought to enhance this integration process. 

How does sticking a needle in the skin work to stop pain? 

This process has been studied extensively and is better understood. Nociceptive information 

caused by tissue damage reaches the dorsal horn via C-polymodal fibers. The “pin prick” 

reaction from acupuncture stimulation activates A-beta and A-delta fibers. The A-beta fibers 

release GABA at the level of the substantia gelatinosa, which inhibits the onward transmission of 

C-fiber information. The A-delta fibers release Enkephlins at the level of the substantia 

gelatinosa, which block interneurons and the onward transmission of C-fiber information. In 

addition, at higher levels the A-delta fibers activate serotonergic descending inhibitory pathways, 

which feed back at the spinal level and block C-fiber information. At even higher levels of the 

brain, the A-delta pathways stimulate the release of endorphins and possibly block NMDA 

receptors thus modulating the recognition of pain. It has been proposed that the prolonged action 

of acupuncture may be due to the production of a serotonin, metenkephlin mediated circuit, 

which develops a neuronal loop in the brain leading to continuous stimulation of the descending 

inhibitory pathways. 

I. Historical/philosophical review 

Early authors (2000-200BCE) 

Fu Xi (King Wen, King Wu) 

Ba Gua, I Ching 

Shen Nong 

Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing 

Huang Di 

Huang Di Nei Jing 

Su Wen (Simple Questions) 

Ling Shu (Spiritual Pivot) 

Systematic Correspondences 

Traditional Chinese Medicine vs Chinese traditional medicine 

2


II. Fundamental Substances 

Yin 

Yang 

Qi 

Blood (Xue) 

Jing (Essence) 

Shen 

Fluids (Jin ye – thick and thin) 

III. TCM Organs Zang-Fu 

Zang (Yin) Fu (Yang) 

Lung (LU) Large Intestine (LI) 

Spleen (SP) Stomach (ST) 

Heart (HT) Small Intestine (SI) 

Kidney (KI) Bladder (BL) 

Pericardium (PC) Triple Heater (TH) 

Liver (LIV) Gall Bladder (GB) 

IV. Production of Fundamental Substances 

Production of Qi – Types of Qi 

Production of Blood 

Production of Jing 

Production of Fluids 

V. Functions of Fundamental Substances 

Functions of Yin 

Functions of Yang 

Functions of Qi 

Functions of Blood 

Functions of Jing 

Functions of Shen 

Functions of Fluids 

VI. Functions of Zang Organs 

LU 

SP 

HT 

KI 

PC 

LIV 

3


VII. Functions of Fu Organs 

LI 

ST 

SI 

BL 

TH 

GB 

VIII. Channels 

Twelve Regular channels 

Twelve Divergent channels 

Twelve Muscle regions 

Twelve Cutaneous regions 

Eight Extra Channels 

IX. Collaterals 

Fifteen Collaterals 

X. Flow of Qi 

Chest to Fingers 

Fingers to Face 

Face to Toes 

Toes to Chest 

Zang (Yin) Fu (Yang) 

Lung (LU) Large Intestine (LI) 

Spleen (SP) Stomach (ST) 

Heart (HT) Small Intestine (SI) 

Kidney (KI) Bladder (BL) 

Pericardium (PC) Triple Heater (TH) 

Liver (LIV) Gall Bladder (GB) 

4


VIII. Acupuncture Points 

Structure and Function 

Special Action Points 

Luo Points 

Yuan Source Points 

Master Points 

Alarm Points 

Association points(Back Shu points) 

Transporting Points 

Jing Well Points (Ting points) 

Ying Spring Points 

Shu Stream Points 

Jing River Points 

He Sea Points 

5


Circadian Clock 

Time of Day Channel with Maximum Tidal Qi 

3-5AM Lung 

5-7AM Large Intestine 

7-9AM Stomach 

9-11AM Spleen 

11-1PM Heart 

1-3PM Small Intestine 

3-5PM Bladder 

5-7PM Kidney 

7-9PM Pericardium 

9-11PM Triple Heater 

11-1AM Gall Bladder 

1-3AM Liver 

XI. Acupuncture Points 

Structure and Function 

Special Action Points 

Luo Points 

Yuan Source Points 

Master Points 

Alarm Points 

Association points(Back Shu points) 

Transporting Points 

Jing Well Points (Ting points) 

Ying Spring Points 

Shu Stream Points 

Jing River Points 

He Sea Points 

Circadian Clock 

Time of Day Channel with Maximum Tidal Qi 

3-5AM Lung 

5-7AM Large Intestine 

7-9AM Stomach 

9-11AM Spleen 

11-1PM Heart 

1-3PM Small Intestine 

3-5PM Bladder 

5-7PM Kidney 

7-9PM Pericardium 

9-11PM Triple Heater 

11-1AM Gall Bladder 

1-3AM Liver 

6


XII. Pathologic Factors 

External Pathogenic Factors (EPFs) 

Wind 

Cold 

Heat 

Damp 

Dryness 

Summer Heat 

Internal Pathogenic Factors (Emotional Factors) 

Joy 

Anger 

Grief 

Melancholy 

Fear 

Fright 

Worry (over thinking) 

Pathologic Substances 

Stagnation (Qi, Blood, food) 

Damp 

Phlegm 

XIII. Diagnostic Methods 

Inspection (Looking) 

Listening and Smelling 

Asking 

Palpation 

XIV. Pattern Differentiation 

Five Elements 

Wood 

Fire 

Earth 

Metal 

Water 

7


Sheng Cycle or Generating Cycle Ko Cycle or Controlling Cycle 

Five Element Patient Characteristics: 

Wood: Muscular, strong athletic 

Problems: Anger/irritability 

Problems with restraint 

Tendon/muscle injuries 

Nail/hoof disease 

Fire: Energetic, graceful, friendly 

Problems: Excitable, nervous, trouble with boundries 

Problems with over-heating, anhydrosis 

Circulatory problems, bleeding 

Earth: Heavily built, calm, reliable 

Problems: Stubborn, worried, problems with change 

Can have trouble focusing on task 

Metabolic disorders/digestive problems 

Problems with weight gain 

Metal: Trim build, generally good confirmation, disciplined, aloof 

Problems: Lack spontaneity, abhor disorder 

Don’t like to be handled a lot 

Respiratory diseases, large bowel disease 

Skin disorders 

8


Water: Strong, large, long boned, wide hips 

Problems: Easily frightened, very demanding 

Hearing problems 

Growth disorders 

Urinary/reproductive disorders 

Joint, back problems 

Eight Principles/Six roots 

Excess/Deficiency 

Exterior/ Interior 

Hot/Cold 

Yang/Yin 

Zang Fu Pathology 

Substance Pathology 

Channel/Collateral Pathology 

Combinations of the above 

9



10


USE OF EIGHT EXTRAORDINARY VESSELS 

IN THE TREATMENT OF IMMUNE-MEDIATED 

DISEASES AND CANCER 

I. INTRODUCTION 

A. The Three Energetics Levels 

1. Wei-Defensive 

2. Ying-Nourishing 

3. Yuan-Constitutional 


Swedish Institute 

School of Acupuncture and Oriental Studies 

New York, New York USA 

Work: (212) 924-5900 

B. The Channel Systems 

1. Cutaneous meridians 

2. Sinew – Tendinomuscular 

3. Luo – Luo mai 

4. Primary – Jing mai 

5. Divergent meridians – Jing bie 

6. Extraordinary Vessels – Qi jing ba mai 

C. Introduction to the Extraordinary Vessels 

1. Their Roles 

a. Dissemination of Jing 

b. Reservoirs 

c. Ditches 

2. Connection to the Curious Fu-Bowels 

a. Curious Fu – Bowels 

- Organs of survival; evolve to adapt to environmental changes 

☯ Brain 

☯ Marrow 

☯ Bone 

☯ Vessels 

☯ Uterus 

☯ Gall Bladder 

11


II. CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY WITHIN CHINESE MEDICINE 

A. Wei-Defensive Qi 

1. A Product of Post-Natal Qi 

a. SP/ST – source of Post-Natal Qi 

b. Food and drink ingested 

c. Air – Da Qi 

2. Support via Yuan-Source Qi 

B. Ancestral Lineage & Pathology 

1. “Runs in the Family” (Species) 

C. Concept of Latency – Pathogenic factor being held within the body 

1. External Pathogenic Factor – infectious, toxin, climatic 

2. Insufficient Wei Qi 

a. EPF cannot be expelled 

b. If Wei Qi is insufficient or deficient an EPF can travel 

deeper; to the Zang-fu Organs 

3. Wei Qi in deeper levels – in Yin level 

a. intermittent signs and symptoms 

4. Jing comes to support the Wei Qi 

a. Jing provides the reservoir of Fundamental Substances 

b. Helps Wei Qi to trap the EPF within the body and 

prevent disease of the Zang-fu 

5. Areas of Latency – where latency can be held 

a. Joints 

b. Teeth 

c. Ancestral Sinews – 5 muscular groups supporting the 

body cavities: cranium – thorax – pelvis 

Sternocleidomastoideus 

Rectus abdominus 

Diaphragm 

Iliopsoas 

Paravertebral mm. 

6. Recognized Latent disease in conventional veterinary medicine 

- FeLV, FIP, FIV viral EPF 

- Lyme’s disease bacterial EPF 

- EPM protozoal EPF 

- CWD, Scrapie prion EPF 

12


III. CANCER & IMMUNE-MEDIATED DISEASES 

A. Its Etiologies 

1. Loss or Insufficiency of Jing-Essence 

2. Prolonged Qi & Blood Stasis 

3. Toxins & Poisoning 

4. Unresolved Li-Pestilent Factors 

B. Its Pathologies 

1. Heat & Its Complications 

a. Use of Fundamental Substances to control/ contain Heat 

b. Consumption of Fundamental Substances 

2. Loss of Latency 

a. Inability to control trapped Pathogenic Factor 

b. Symptomatic disease 

c. Metastasis 

IV. TREATMENT STRATEGIES 

A. Promotion of Latency 

1. Release Areas of Latency 

2. Nourish Yin, Promote “Cold”, Tonify Digestion (Spleen Qi) 

B. Promotion of Clearing 

1. Nourish Fluids 

2. Clear Heat 

3. Tonify Immunity (Wei Qi) 

C. Use of the Extraordinary Vessels 

1. Chong, Ren, Du – 1 st Ancestry as the Foundation 

2. Dai Mai – to Consolidate or to Drain 

3. Wei Mai – to Resolve Trauma(s) 

4. Qiao Mai – to Stabilize Current Health Status 

D. Complements with Extraordinary Vessels 

1. Based on Point Energetics 

2. Based on Channel Energetics 

13



14


ADDENDUM TO EXTRAORDINARY VESSELS 

IN TREATMENT OF CANCER AND IMMUNE- 

MEDIATED DISEASE 

Linda Boggie, DVM 

IVAS Certified Veterinary Acupuncture 

Dierenkliniek Deventer 

Hoge Hondstraat 115 

7413 CE Deventer 

Netherlands 

lindaboggie@earthlink.net 

INTRODUCTION 

The Three Energetics Levels 

In understanding the use of the Extraordinary Vessels it is important for the practitioner to 

understand the way in which ancient practitioners and philosophers viewed the body, its 

divisions and the way in which the various areas of the body and organ system were connected. 

In summary, there are three energetic levels: 

Wei-Defensive 

Ying-Nourishing 

Yuan-Constitutional 

These energetic levels reflect the various functions of the body: our ability to defend ourselves 

from external pathogenic factors and interact with our external environment; our ability to 

nourish ourselves, our organs and tissues and maintain health; our constitutional make-up – who 

we are, not only our physique, but to some extent, our mental capabilities and our personality. 

The Channel Systems 

To better understand their role there needs to be an understanding of how the Chinese 

philosophers and physicians saw the meridian and vessel system of the body; in other words, 

the Terrain. 

15 

WEI QI Sinew Meridians 

Divergent meridians Primary YING QI Luo Vessels 

YUAN QI Extraordinary V. 

Sinew channels – carriers of Wei Qi; pathology moves transversely, across the connecting 

meridians; e.g., Large Intestine to Triple Heater; can be used for musculoskeletal, neurologic 

and skin diseases. Also known as the Tendinomuscular Channels; at the level of the sinews (jin). 

Primary meridians (PM) – carry Wei Qi and Ying Qi; pathology moves along channels – Lung 

to Large Intestine, Heart to Small Intestine to Bladder; reside in the flesh/ connective tissue (ji).


Luo vessels – carry Ying Qi; deal with Internal Pathogenic Factors (IPF), emotions we haven’t 

been able to handle so are stored in Luo vessels that are created. Manifest as varicosities or 

nodules (varicosities due to phlegm); luo vessels are about releasing, not processing; therefore 

when treated they are bled– lancing, plum blossom; correspond to the vessels (mai). 

Divergent Meridians (DM) – couriers of Wei Qi and Yuan Qi; EPF can be transferred to interior 

and back out; autoimmune and immune mediated diseases; correspond to the level of bone (gu). 

Extraordinary Vessels (EV) – reservoirs of Yuan Qi; can absorb pathogenic factors and 

provide surplus Fundamental Substances when needed; correspond to the level of 

marrow (sui). 

Introduction to the Extraordinary Vessels 

The Chinese name for the Extraordinary Vessels is “Qi Jing Ba Mai” and implies that this system 

has attributes that are different from the primary channels. 

“Qi” in this usage translates to something exceptional, strange, rare or 

wonderful, versus 

“Qi” which translates to the vital energy or life force that we affect with 

acupuncture therapy. 

The oldest usage of this term, “qi”, occurs in the reference to an unusually shaped or deformed 

body, like a hunched back. Some practitioners have found the Extraordinary Vessels (EV) useful 

in the treatment of congenital structural deformities; thus changing the genetic code, or at least 

the expression of it. They are distinguished from Five Element and meridian energetics and are 

of their own a separate system. They are reflective of the individual body’s energetics and 

constitution. There were scattered references to the Extraordinary Vessels in the Su Wen and 

Ling Shu but it was not until the Nan Jing that scholars elucidated a more complete and concise 

understanding of the Extraordinary Vessels. 

1. Their Roles 

The Extraordinary Vessels carry the Jing in all of its aspects. Jing is Yin in relation to the other 

Fundamental Substances but remember that within everything there is always Yin and Yang. 

Therefore Jing has Yin and Yang aspects. 

Yin: Kidney Essence – the nourishing, receiving, and cooling aspect. 

How much can we receive? 

How much can we nourish ourselves and others? 

What is our ability to relax and contemplate? 

Yang: Yuan Qi – the moving, active and warming aspect 

How much are we able to perform? 

The function of the Yin is to nourish the Marrow of the body. The Marrow includes the Brain 

and Spinal Cord as well as the bone marrow and its production of blood. The function of the 

Yang involves all functions of transformation and transportation; the moving of the legs, 

intracellular fluids and metabolism and nerve conductivity. 

The Nan Jing described the role of the EV to be one of reservoirs and drainage ditches for 

flooding and for surplus. They can help with the surplus energy we have and don’t know what 

16


to do with; the pot belly is the accumulation of this extra energy in the Dai Mai. However, they 

can also deal with pathology that we have been accumulating which becomes latent or hidden. 

At this time it was not felt that one could access the Jing directly, so you could put stuff in but 

not get it out. Long term afflictions of the EV lead to swelling, Dampness, Accumulation Water 

diseases and Heat and Febrile Diseases. As the EV could not be accessed directly the Nan Jing 

described the Influential Points as a way to access the Fundamental Substances of Yin, Yang, Qi, 

and the Curious Organs of vessels, bones, marrow, etc. Not until the Ming Dynasty in the 15 th 

century were the opening points elucidated. It was only at this time that acupuncturists OR 

herbalists felt the Jing could be accessed directly. 

The roles of the eight EV were most commonly described based on the analysis of their 

characters. For example, part of the character Chong means heavy; the heaviest substance we 

have in the body is Jing. The role of the Chong is to mobilize Jing. That’s why it is the Sea of 

Yin and Yang and the Sea of the 12 Meridians. Chong also represents the Fire of the Heart that 

Ascends the Water of the Bladder upward as steam. It is responsible for the steaming action – a 

relation to the San Jiao function which also creates steam and creates ditches. So Chong is seen 

as a connection between Fire and Water. We use this today in Fire and Water imbalances when 

the Heart and Kidneys are not communicating with SP4 and PC 6. 

Second, is the communication of Fire and Water, Heaven and Earth. The EV bring the energy of 

Water upward to communicate with the Heart (Chong) and the energy of the Lungs downward to 

communicate with the Kidneys. Inhalation draws the Yang from Heaven which comes into the 

body in the form of Qi traveling through the nose, the lungs and into the Heart. The Heart is a 

receptacle of the Du into the Kidneys. CV 17 receives the energy from the Cosmic Qi, from 

Yang Qi that enters the nose and brings it into the Du; from the Du it reaches down into the 

Kidneys. So as the Chong steamed the water up to the Heart, the Du brings the energy that we 

capture from the Heart as it enters the Lungs into the lower back. 

Third, they serve as ditches containing surplus energy as well as pathology. 

INITIAL PATHWAYS 

FIRST ANCESTRY: 

CHONG MAI begins at the “moving qi between the Kidneys”; it emerges at ST 30, Qì Chōng, 

travels up the abdomen parallel to the Leg-ShaoYin and then enters the chest where it dissipates. 

The word used for Dissipate is San – scatters. This is the nature of the Heart Qi so the selection 

of the word San infers a connection with the Heart. 

One of the characters in the word Chong means heavy, weighty, or important; something which 

is doubled or repeated with the notion of gaining strength. It also has the meaning of a 

thoroughfare, street; to burst through; in military context it is a battering ram. All of this implies 

a movement, purposeful. The result is the embracement of Yin and Yang: Yang is anchored in 

the Yin and Yin nourishes the Yang. It is the deepest vessel. In Chinese philosophy it connects 

the Pre-Heaven and Post-Heaven Qi, connecting the Kidney (original Qi) and the Stomach (post- 

Heaven) via ST 30, Qi chong or Sea of Food. It then diffuses into the chest, Heart. Chong is the 

process of understanding ourselves, our nature. 

17


Confluent pt: SP 4 Pt of origin: ST 30, (CV 1) 

Coupled pt: PC 6 Last point: KI 21 

Intersecting points: CV 1, CV 7, ST 30, KI 11- 21 

Intersecting Organs: Uterus 

Points where Qi emerges: ST 30,KID 11, SP 12 

DU MAI begins at the Shu transport point of area of Xia Ji, Lower pole or Lower Ultimate. This 

is somewhere below CV 3; some commentators felt it started in the genitalia as the genitalia 

would be the ultimate aspect of the lower region. It travels up to Feng fu, GV 16 and from there 

it enters the brain. 

The character Du is made up of two parts. One represents the eye and the other represents the 

younger brother of the father (uncle, although there is no Chinese word for uncle). The two 

characters combined mean a Viceroy or Governor; someone who watches over things for the 

King. So the Du is designed to oversee, to direct and supervise and to control when necessary. 

When needed the Du Mai suppresses and corrects or it invigorates and motivates. It comes from 

the Ren as the Ren comes from the Du; a balance always between Yin and Yang. 

Intersecting Points: CV 1, BL 12 

Intersecting Organs: Brain 

Confluent pt: SI 3 Pt of origin: GV 1 

Coupled pt: BL 62 Last point: GV 28 

Luo point: GV 1 

REN MAI begins below Zhōng Jí, CV 3, at the junction of the hair border of the lower 

abdomen, the pubic hair. It travels to Guān Yuăn, CV 4, upwards to the throat and ends at the 

chin. Eventually the pathway develops to go around the mouth and to the eyes. 

The character of Ren means to have a burden, a charge of something; also a woman to bear a 

child in the abdomen; to provide the supplies; be a storage house; to contain, to hold; to provide 

what is needed; to be reliable. It is our connection. The pathway emulates the connection we 

have with mother when we are young; mouth to nipple, frontal body to chest (in people, not as 

strong in animals), eye to eye. The young become synchronized to mom’s heartbeat and 

respiration. This synchronization gives them the association of the feelings you have when you 

are loved, nurtured, supported- the physical feelings of “love”. If mother is stressed these 

physical feelings are what the infant learns as a state of comfort and nourishment and emulates or 

seeks situation that cause this physical state in themselves to feel comfortable. 

Confluent pt: LU 7 Pt of origin: CV 1 (CV 7) 

Coupled pt: KI 6 Last point: CV 24 

Luo point: CV 15 where the Ren descends/disperses into the abdomen 

Intersecting points: GV 26, GV 28, ST 1 

Intersecting Organs: Uterus 

The Chong, the Ren and the Du come from the area of Jing, the lower burner. The Chong holds 

our blueprint for this life, what it is going to be about, the resonance with the heart and the 

connection between the HT and KID. SP 4 opens the Chong as Spleen represents the post-natal 

18


Qi that is involved with the expression, HT, of one’s destiny, held in the Kidneys. PC 6 is used 

to dredge/ open the chest – things we are holding onto in our lives, and allowing that to be 

dispersed by the Lungs, to let go. The Ren is the raw material for the architect, the Blood and 

the Qi, hence LU 7 with its influence over vessels and LU affiliation. The Du makes sure all the 

materials are in the proper place – the General Contractor; makes sure all is put together properly 

so you can carry out your purpose in this life; the Yang aspect of the Heart - the Small Intestine – 

thus SI 3. 

SECOND ANCESTRY: THE WEI MAI 

Wei means to tie, or link with a rope. The picture is of a silk net that holds together, the Yin or 

the Yang. One can also hold things together with a principle or a motto; a great law, a cardinal 

virtue in religion. So the Wei Mai portray the concept of holding, binding the Yin or the Yang, 

maintaining their compositions and their unity. All of the meridians are represented in these two 

meridians. 

Philosophically the Wei Mai deal with the concept of TIME and how we respond to the Internal 

and External pathogens we encounter in life; so do we meet these challenges, learn and go on or 

do we suffer the challenges, not being able to fully resolve the conflict and thus hold on to 

patterns and traumas of the past. With the Wei Mai we begin to learn about ourselves. The Du 

Mai allows us to experience aging through the Wei vessels as experiences occur with the 

progression of time. The Wei are heavily influenced by the cycles of 7 and 8 and how the body 

and mind respond to the challenges placed at these junctures. They deal with the Archetype – 

the role that we play and this role may vary with growth and experience, our physical 

environment and the people who surround us. 

YINWEI MAI is the network for all Yin to exchange. This suggests that a disease that is in one 

Yin can go into a different Yin along the Creation cycle. 

Confluent pt: PC 6 Pt of origin: KI 9 

Coupled pt: SP 4 Last point: CV 23 

Xi-Cleft: KI 9 

Intersecting points: KI 9, SP 12, 13, 15, 16; LIV 14; CV 22, 23 

Intersecting Organs: none 

YANGWEI MAI is the network for all the Yang meridians. Trajectories are not given for these 

two; it is merely stated that they overflow into the Primary channels. They come into the primary 

channels, take up anything that has gone into the PM, in terms of pathology, and then they 

receive it and bring it into themselves, into the Jing level. 

Confluent pt: TH 5 Pt of origin: BL 63 

Coupled pt: GB 41 Last point: GV 16 

Xi-Cleft pt: GB 35 

Intersecting points: BL 63, GB 35, (GB 29, LI 14, TH 13), GB 21, SI 10, TH 15, ST 8, GB 13, 

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, GV 15, 16. 


At birth the second ancestries begin to form. First the Du and the Ren must be activated as we 

suckle at mothers breast [ST4], open our eyes [ST1], begin to raise our heads [GV14] and 

mobilize the spine [GV4]. The Wei channels begin to develop as we begin to have a sense of 

19


time and differentiation. Out of the Wei channels the 12 meridians develop. What we have now 

is the cycles of 7 and 8 and how we respond to those cycles of time, to aging. The Ren sets the 

cycles, the Wei are how we react to them, and how we live through them when facing the 

External Pathogenic Factors (EPF) and I(Internal)PF of life. The Yin Wei deal with the 

structural changes and the Yang Wei with the functional changes. So Wei Mai deal with element 

of TIME. 

THIRD ANCESTRY: THE QIAO MAI 

The character for Qiao is the radicle for leg next to the character for bridge. This means a few 

things: to raise a leg, to cross a leg, to run, to go on tip-toe. However, it also means that it is not 

just the sole of the foot but also the dorsum – hence the ST and especially ST 42. 

Taiyang is the ability to go forward; Shaoyang the ability to turn, make decisions; Yangming the ability to 

stop and reflect, internalize. The Yang Qiao Mai is how you present yourself to the world – the outer 

bridge; the YinQiao Mai is how you present yourself to yourself – the inner bridge. This point is brought 

forth as both of these trajectories intersect at BL 1, the eyes; how we see the world and how we see our self. 

BL 1, where Taiyang and Yangming meet with the Qiao vessels and the Du; the initiation of the sinew 

channels and their cycle as they circulate Wei Qi superficially. This is the concept of Time as well but the 

concept of Time in the present moment; Wei Qi, what is now. So Qiao represents the cultivation of now. 

Tension always exists between what you are and what you want to become. The trick is being comfortable 

with who you are at the same time of evolving yourself, without judgment of the past or guilt of what you 

have and have not done. 

The Qiao vessels balance and reflect each other. If there is too much activity, too much Yang 

→YangQiao: insomnia, hyperthyroidism. If there is too little activity, too much Yin→ YinQiao: 

somnolence, hypothyroidism. 

The Yin Qiao addresses the concerns where the Yin is tense and the Yang is relaxed. Remember 

the Yin Qiao takes in all the Yin; with it comes Qi and the Yin aspects will become full and 

turgid, unable to move. The patient is introverted. The Yang is Relaxed so it’s not dealing any 

more with the Yang. 

The Yang Qiao is to absorb all of the Yang excess so it becomes in a state of excess and fullness 

while the Yin is empty and relaxed, not dealing with the Yin. The Qi is stuck on the outside 

resulting in lateral tightness and an extroverted personality. 

YANGQIAO MAI begins at the heel, to the outer ankle, BL 62, and travels to BL 1 and then 

ends at Fēng Qí, GB 20. The YangQiao Mai trajectory was known to cross in the body but at 

this point the place where it crosses is not determined. Regardless the YangQiao polarizes! 

Confluent pt: BL 62 Pt of origin: BL 62 

Coupled pt: SI 3 Last point: GB 20 (GV 16) 

Xi-Cleft pt: BL 59 

20


Intersecting points: BL 62, 61, 59, 1; GB 29, 30; SI 10; LI 15, 16, (ST 9), ST 4, 3, 1; 

GB 20; (GV 16) 

Intersecting Organs: Brain – brings Jing to the Brain 

YINQIAO MAI begins at the heel, emerges at the inner ankle, KID 6, and travels to the throat 

to join the Chong. Earlier the Nan Jing stated that the Chong dissipates into the chest, San. 

There is an inference here that the Chong Mai comes back together. The YinQiao is the linking, 

the meshing, it is to bring back together [Yin] at the region of the throat. So interpretation is that 

the role of the YinQiao is to Consolidate the Chong at the chest. That means it can be used for 

patients with Lung Yin Def, Stomach Yin def and Heart Yin def. 

Confluent pt: KI 6 Pt of origin: KI 6 (KI 2) 

Coupled pt: LU 7 Last point: BL 1 

Xi-Cleft: KI 8 

Intersecting points: KI 2, 6, 8, (ST 9, 12), BL 1 

Intersecting Organ: Brain 

The third ancestry, the Qiao Mai, deal with the PRESENT MOMENT, how do I look at myself 

now – YinQiao; how do I look at the world around me now – YangQiao. This is the correlation 

with BL 1, the eyes. They are not concerned with the past; the Wei Mai deal with past issues 

with the concept of TIME. The Qiao vessels are irrespective of time – it is being comfortable 

with who you are now and with the environment you are in now. If you are not comfortable the 

symptoms will include signs of Rebellious Qi – headaches, vomiting, and muscle tension. 

DAI MAI starts at the smallest rib (floating rib) and circles the body. It is the communication 

between Internal and External. The Dai character means “a belt, that when tight, commands all 

the other meridians, controlling by loosening or tightening”. 

It is said to start at the edge of the ribs, which is LIV 13, Zhāng mén, Camphorwood Gate, passes 

to GB 26, Dài mài, Girdling Vessel, then passing to GB 27, Wŭ shū, Fifth Pivot, and to GB 28, 

Wéi dào, Linking Path. It is grounded at GV 4, Mìng mén, and receives the original Yuan Qi 

from an internal branch of the Kidney channel that travels to the back, “exits [at GV 4] and 

belongs to the Dai Mai”. 

Confluent pt: GB 41 

Coupled pt: TH 5 

Pt of origin: LIV 13 (most texts) 

Intersecting points: GB 26, GB 27, GB 28 


The Dai Mai gives the final determination of vital space and maintains the integrity of the whole. 

It supports the 12, regulates the circulation of Qi and Blood in the 12 and supports the Chong 

Mai. It is the communication between the external and internal. 

Philosophically the Dai Mai provides a drainage; things we don’t need anymore and can let go. 

LIV 13 is the Spleen Mu point on the Liver channel; this infers the things we can’t change in our 

post-natal existence (SP) and need to get rid of, need to drain. In pathology the Dai Mai will 

21


hold onto these ‘things’ – past traumas, hurt, guilt; things we cannot resolve so we accumulate 

the Dampness in the Dai Mai. Sometimes there is heat associated but Dampness is predominant, 

and latent. The Dai Mai seeks to be better, to find a resolution to things we can’t change so will 

hold on to things in latency so we can maintain the situation. However, if we hold on too long 

without resolution, without letting go, we develop Damp pathology such as fibroids, prostatitis; 

eventually if there is so much Dampness it begins to leak → leukorrhea. 

In summary, the Chong, Ren and Du are the first ancestry of the 8 EV; the Wei are the second 

ancestry, the Qiao are the third ancestry and the Dai is the mediator. The Nan Jing gives us a 

map as to how the meridians are related. The Jing-Luo, the Channels and Collaterals. Their 

ditches and reservoirs are the 8 Extraordinary Vessels. The Jing Channels will overflow into the 

Wei Mai. The Luo, if they overflow, go into the Qiao Mai. 

The Chong, Ren, Du and Dai are responsible for absorbing surplus energy and releasing it when 

needed, i.e. for the deficiencies. The Wei and Qiao are the reservoirs for excesses, absorbing 

excess pathologic factors. The Dai can absorb and release, thus it has always classically been 

used to treat Excess and Deficiency patterns. 

22


HOMEOSINIATRY IN VETERINARY PRACTICE 

Dr. Sagiv Ben-Yakir BSc(Biology), DVM(in honor), MRCVS, CVA(IVAS), 

CVHomotox(Baden-Baden, Germany) 

Hod-Hasharon Veterinary Clinic 

Hod-Hasharon, Israel 

Homeosiniatry by definition is a medical methodology that combines homeopathy & 

acupuncture: “Homeo” stands for Homeopathy and “Siniatry” for Sinology, the study of Chinese 

culture (Dr. Roger de La Fuye, 1947). In diverse sections of his extensive work, Dr. Christian 

Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy (1756 – 1843) mentioned explicitly “ill points” 

(“die kranken punkte”); that if the remedy is chosen well, it touches all the ill points in a curative 

way and they will disappear in “ a wonderful way” (e.g. Organon of Medicine, # 270). He 

decided not to include the pin-point digital palpation (in order to find the sensitive points) as part 

of the homeopathic diagnostic process. At the same time, another well-known German M.D., 

Johann Gottfried Rademacher (1772-1850), was involved deeply in both areas, especially in the 

process of finding the diagnosis according to the palpation method. 

The Weihe family, three generations of German medical doctors and Homeopaths, and students 

of both Hahnemann and Rademacher, began a century’s effort to match the physical findings 

according to Dr. Rademacher on one hand, with the proper homeopathic remedies according to 

Dr. Hahnemann. Dr. August Weihe, Jr. (1840-1896), the 3rd generation of “The Weihe’s”, came 

to the conclusion: “Whenever a particular homeopathic drug picture was indicated, certain points 

on the surface of the patient’s body were especially sensitive to digital pressure. If we 

administrated the individual appropriate remedy, these points lost their sensitivity”. Weihe 

found 270 points that were assigned to specific homeopathic symptom complexes, but used them 

only to support (objective verification) his selection of remedies for therapy (1886). 

Years later (1947), Dr. Roger de La Fuye, a French acupuncturist and homeopath, discovered that most of 

Dr. Weihe’s points coincided exactly with acupuncture points; not only had precisely identical locations, but 

also affected the same symptomatology. De La Fuye was the first doctor that gave his patients parallel 

therapy with acupuncture needles and corresponding homeopathic remedies (orally), and obtained better 

clinical results with his patients compared to performing each modality separately. De La Fuye continued 

his study and added to Weihe’s points; currently homeosiniatry uses 482 points, 434 are located on Chinese 

meridians and 48 extra points. 

The current practice of homeosiniatry is injection of sterile homeopathic remedies (diluted and 

potentized in 0.9% saline) into acupoints. 

By injection we have the following benefits: 

• more rapid onset of therapeutic action (a turbo-effect) 

• supplementary energetic reactions upon injecting into acupuncture points 

• additional neuromuscular reactions (when injecting into myofascial trigger points) 

• no first-pass effect (the remedy is not going through the gastrointestinal system and liver) 

23


• additional segmental reactions (when giving the injections into the segment [e.g. on the 

abdomen for the liver, on the thorax for the bronchi]) 

• we can inject with other pharmaceuticals as needed (Lidocaine, B-12 etc) 

• 100% assurance that the remedy prescribed is actually taken by the animal 

• not time consuming for both doctor and patient 

• a professional advantage (economical) 

When do we inject? 

• as a part of the modern homeosiniatry concept 

• when oral homeopathic remedy is not sufficient to achieve an improvement other local 

therapeutic efforts have been failed to improve the animal’s condition 

(acupuncture/pressure, homeopathic creams, osteopathy, 

physiotherapy, injections of allopathic remedies, surgery, etc.) 

• when other efforts had to be stopped due to major side effects (e.g. corticosteroids) 

• homeopathic injections can be given in combination with other strategies (surgery, 

allopathic remedies, phytotherapy, physiotherapy) 

Where do we inject? 

• into acupuncture points 

• trigger points 

• reflex zones 

• local injections: into affected muscles, in and around joints, connective tissue, ligaments, 

adjacent to nerves and in blood vessels 

Is the technique safe? 

• There are safe products from reliable companies that apply quality control of the 

company and products with modern techniques for ampoule preparation 

• we have to use safe injection techniques, to respect anatomy and sterility, use the right 

needles and syringes 

• to know indications and contra-indications of these injections and recognize the limits of 

homeopathic products 

• knowing the dangers of not using an essential conventional treatment 

What is the dosage to be injected into the animal? 

Each modern company supplies the veterinarian with a dosage table relating to the species, its 

age, weight etc. Do not exceed the total remedy quantity for the species. Inject first the remedy 

intradermally to form an intracutaneous weal (diameter 0.1-1.0 cm for prolonged pressure 

stimulation to the acupoint). Secondly, inject the rest of the remedy subcutaneously, about 0.1- 

1.0 ml, bi-laterally if needed. 

In certain countries due to different law and regulation restrictions, the doctor can perform the 

routine acupuncture regime, and give the recommended remedies orally (in the “orthodox” 

homeosiniatry way). 

It is also important to keep track of the remedies names, as they might be a bit different from one 

location to another. 

How to select the proper remedy to be injected? 

24


Each company provides the veterinarian with a guide that allows selection of the specific 

homeopathic remedy for a variety of conditions. 

There are a few ways to work on every clinical case. The most well known method and the one 

that has been practiced for the last 60 years is: 

1) make your TCVM diagnosis 

2) select your acupoints 

3) select the remedies according to the attached tables and inject into the points. 

Figure 1: K-9 LU homeosiniatry map 

25


Figure 2: K-9 LI homeosiniatry map 

Figure 3: K-9 ST homeosiniatry map 

26


Figure 4: K-9 SP homeosiniatry map 

Figure 5: K-9 HT homeosiniatry map 

27


Figure 6: K-9 SI homeosiniatry map 

Figure 7: K-9 BL1 homeosiniatry map 

28


Figure 8: K-9 BL2 homeosiniatry map 

Figure 9: K-9 KID homeosiniatry map 

29


Figure 10: K-9 PC homeosiniatry map 

Figure 11: K-9 TH homeosiniatry map 

30


Figure 12: K-9 GB homeosiniatry map 

Figure 13: K-9 LIV homeosiniatry map 

31


Figure 14: K-9 CV homeosiniatry map 

Figure 15: K-9 GV homeosiniatry map 

32


For example: your TCVM diagnosis is Liver Yang Rising. 

You aim to - Subdue LIV Yang: LIV-03, BL-18, GB-41, GB-20 

Benefit LIV Blood function: LIV-03, SP-06, BL-18 

Benefit LIV Qi function: LIV-13, GB-34, SP-06 

LIV-03: Discus compositum; BL-18: Hepar compositum 

GB-41: Injeel-Chol; GB-20: Cerebrum compositum 

SP-06: Aesculus compositum; LIV-13: Nux moschata-Injeel 

GB-34: Placenta compositum 

The second option is to make a homeopathic diagnosis, and then look according to the chosen 

remedy into the tables. For example: Nux vomica - ST-41; SP-09 left leg; LIV-02; LIV-13; BL- 

65 

The third option is to go by a well known empirically proven formula, 

For example: K-9 Hip Dysplasia 

GB-29/30: Zeel, Traumeel 

BL-54: Zeel, Traumeel 

Trigger pts: Spascupreel 

GB-34: Zeel, Placenta comp. 

BL-11: Colocynthis-Homaccord 

ST-36: Coenzyme comp + Ubichinon comp 

BL-40: Neuralgo-Rheum-Heel 

LIV-03: Hepar comp, Coenzyme comp + Ubichinon comp 

LIV-08: Hepeel, Lycopodium-Injeel 

SP-10: Zeel, Traumeel, Circulo-Injeel, Discus comp. 

Circle-the-dragon: Traumeel+Zeel 

The practitioner can also work according to the five elements concept. 

Treatment using the Sheng Cycle: 

In Deficiency condition - Tonify the Parent 

In Excess condition - Sedate the Child 

Treatment using the Ko Cycle: 

In Excess condition - Tonify the Grandparent 

In Deficiency condition - Sedate the Grandparent 

And Treatment using Sheng + Ko cycles: 

In Excess - Sedate the Child and Tonify the Grandparent 

In Deficiency - Tonify the Parent and Sedate the Grandparent 

Or one can use The 4 (8) Needles Technique for Deficiency: 

1) Tonify the Parent point of the affected element 

2) Tonify the Horary point of the parent element 

3) Sedate the Grandparent point of the affected element 

4) Sedate the Horary point of the Grandparent element 

33


Or one can use The 4 (8) Needles Technique for Excess: 

1) Sedate the Child point of the affected element 

2) Sedate the Horary point of the Son element 

3) Tonify the Grandparent point of the affected element 

4) Tonify the Horary point of the Grandparent element 

How to Rx according to Sheng or Ko cycles? 

A Tonification protocol for of a specific process on one acupoint: 

1) Select a specific remedy for the Process at hand (pin-point the Process) 

2) Select a tonification remedy accordingly 

3) Mix the 2 remedies at the same syringe 

4) Select the proper acupoint to be injected 

5) Inject 

A Sedation protocol for a specific process on one acupoint: 

1) Select a specific remedy for the Process at hand (pin-point the Process) 

2) Select a sedative remedy accordingly 

3) Mix the 2 remedies at the same syringe 

4) Select the proper acupoint to be injected 

5) Inject 

Needless to say we can combine the two treatments when working with Sheng plus Ko cycles. 

Regarding the above mentioned protocols we should now ask: 

1) “What is a specific remedy for the Process at hand (pin-point the Process)?” 

For every Zang Fu imbalance we have a specific remedy to be used: 

Liver conditions - Hepar compositum 

Gallbladder conditions - Chelidonium-Homaccord 

Kidney problems - Berberis-Homaccord 

Urinary Bladder issues - Cantharis compositum 

Lung diseases - Euphorbium compositum 

Large intestine conditions - Mucosa compositum 

Spleen maladies - Momordica compositum 

Stomach issues - Nux vomica-Homaccord 

Heart conditions - Cactus compositum 

Small Intestines diseases - Veratrum-Homaccord 

Triple Heater conditions - Hormeel 

Pericardium maladies - Apis-Homaccord 

(Note: this is the basic list, just “the tip of the ice-berg”, and more accurate and specific remedies 

can be found in the different veterinary guides provided by the different companies.) 

2) “What is a sedative or a tonifying remedy?” 

Tonification in acute cases – Coenzyme compositum 

Tonification in chronic cases – Ubichinon compoisitum 

Sedation in acute cases – Lymphomyosot 

Sedation in chronic cases - Galium-Heel 

34


Case example using the Sheng and Ko cycles: 

Q: What is the TCVM diagnosis? 

A: KID Chronic Deficiency 

Therapeutic Plan: Tonify Metal point and Sedate Earth point 

= Tonify KID-07, Sedate KID-03 

Q: What is the specific remedy for the specific process imbalanced (KID)? 

A: Berberis-Homaccord 

Q: Is it acute or chronic; accordingly what remedies should be given 

for tonification and sedation? 

A: It is a chronic condition= Ubichinon for tonification, 

Galium-Heel for sedation 

Treatment Plan: Inject a mixture of Berberis-Homaccord + Ubichinon into 

KID-07 for tonification; 

inject a mixture of Berberis-Homaccord + Galium-Heel into KID-03 

for sedation 

Case example using the 4(8) Needles Technique: 

4 Needles Technique protocol for Liver Excess (chronic): 

Sedate LIV- 02 (Fire pt of Wood element) - Hepar comp. 

Sedate HT - 08 (Fire pt of Fire element) - Galium-Heel 

Tonify LIV - 04 (Metal pt of Wood element) - Hepar comp. 

Tonify LU - 08 (Metal pt of Metal Element) - Ubichinon comp 

4 Needles Technique protocol for Spleen Deficiency (chronic): 

Tonify SP - 02 (Fire pt of Earth element) - Momordica comp. 

Tonify HT - 08 (Fire pt of Fire element) - Ubichinon comp. 

Sedate SP - 01 (Wood pt of Earth element) - Chelidonium- 

Homaccord QP 

Sedate LIV – 01 (Wood pt of Wood element) - Galium-Heel 

Veterinary homeosiniatry provides the clinician with an advanced tool to be used when needed; 

all in order to expand our abilities to provide the best healthcare possible. The modern veterinary 

homeopathic companies supply us with much data as well as remedies allowing an easier 

decision process for selection of the proper homeopathic remedy to be used in the clinical case at 

hand. By selection of the proper acupuncture point to be injected we improve our chances for 

clinical success. 

If time will permit us, I would like to speak on a closely related issue – HOMOTOXICOLOGY. 

Germany, the year is 1928, for sure a hard time in Germany, economically as well as politically. 

The young German physician, Dr. Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg, is just graduating out of a human 

medicine college at Bonn University, and he opens his own private clinic, and not just this, but in 

the capital of the country, Berlin. But even more than this, he begins practicing his own medical 

method – Homotoxicology. He is making the following declaration: “I am writing and 

performing something that is quite important to medicine. It will take a long time until it will be 

fully recognized.” 

35


He began talking about the influence of environmental pollutants on his patients’ health, and 

keep it mind – the year is just 1928, years before we began our environmental awareness. 

During the first years he was preparing (with his family) all the remedies needed for his practice, 

but more and more German physicians began using his concept. In order to meet the increasing 

demands he established in 1936 a family pharmaceutical company by the name “Heel” in order 

to supply the needs. (Heel is an acronym of four Latin words: herba est ex luce, or, plants come 

from light). How such a young physician (25 years old) facing an unstable period of time in his 

country could find a peaceful mind, the courage to establish his own medical concept, fully 

develop it in his own clinic at the center of the country, attract so many admirers, and to establish 

a pharmaceutical company to support his own agenda is inspiring. As it turned out, the young 

Hans-Heinrich Reckeweg was a member in a family devoted to medicine. His father suffered a 

serious kidney disease, and was cured by a homeopath. The family now began to study 

homeopathy and to practice it. 

In homeopathy there is a great awareness for external influences as part of the daily routine 

activities, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. So, no wonder that the young 

Reckeweg could think and developed his own thinking about the influences of environmental 

pollutants on his patients and enjoy his family’s support for his ideas. 

Reckeweg claimed that many human and animal diseases seemed to be caused by exposure to 

toxins, both of external and internal nature (exogenous toxins as viruses, bacteria, fungi, heat, 

cold, dampness, dryness, heavy metals, fumes etc or endogenous toxins as emotions, different 

metabolites as free radicals, urea, etc). He termed this principle Homotoxicology, i.e., the study 

of toxins on humans. In veterinary medicine we might call it – Zootoxicology. The presence of 

such toxins was undeniable in view of the increasingly polluted environment and widespread 

damaging lifestyle choices. Homotoxicology is a branch of medicine that seeks to identify the 

toxins in the body, and then aids the natural defense mechanisms in clearing the toxins out of the 

body, thereby rendering the fluids, the matrix (connective tissue), and cells free of toxic debris. 

Dr. Reckeweg’s theory says that “the organism is a flow-system attempting to maintain the 

equilibrium of this flow. The biological flow can be disturbed by substances (toxins) that tend to 

damage the organism. The organism attempts to defend itself against this threat: this battle of the 

organism against toxins is the fundamental definition of a disease in homotoxicology. Diseases 

are the expressions of the organism’s battle against toxins, its attempt to counteract and expel 

them, or the expression of an organism’s efforts to compensate for toxic damage which it has 

sustained”. Thus, we might say Homotoxicosis = Disease. 

The disease goes through a certain evolution and pathogenesis – in the first phase (out of six), the 

toxins are excreted through physiological orifices by increasing production of normal body fluids 

(tears, saliva, mucus, sweat, urine, diarrhea, sneezing, etc). This first phase is named “The 

Excretions Phase”. This is almost a normal-natural situation known to all of us; manifestations of 

increased physiological excretion mechanisms, as for example when someone is puffing a 

cigarette smoke in our face (an external toxin), or when we have a deep emotion (an internal 

toxin) , and we begin tearing or coughing. 

36


The second phase, “The Inflammation Phase”, is the response by the body after its unsuccessful 

attempt to expel toxins in the first phase. The organism is adding the inflammatory system 

locally or systemically to fight the toxins. For example: rhinitis, laryngitis, colitis, etc. This phase 

is marked by exudative inflammation. So far the fight centered in the body fluids, so these two 

phases have a common name – Humoral Phases. In these clinical situations the intracellular 

systems are not disturbed. 

When the toxins can not be “burned out”, they must be stocked in the connective tissue and 

adipose tissue (the matrix). At first the toxins are deposited in the mesh of the extracellular 

matrix, as in the formation of cysts, mucous membrane polyps, prostate gland hypertrophy, 

lipomas, warts, kidney, bladder or gallstones, etc. The organism initialises attempts to excrete 

these toxins again and again, which causes symptoms to flare up. This third phase is named 

“Deposition Phase”. The toxins are not integrated into the structural components of the matrix 

and simple excretion of the toxins is still possible. Up to this stage of the disease’s evolution the 

treatment is easier and its outcome is good to very good. In homotoxicology we mark the good 

prognosis by putting an imaginary boundary between these phases to the next phases, and we 

name it “The Biological Division”; further on, a spontaneous endogenic excretion of the toxins is 

impeded. 

As the toxins become an integral part of the matrix, along with changes in its structural and 

functional components, the body moves to the next, fourth stage, “The Impregnation Phase”. 

This time the toxins become an integral part of the matrix, they cause structural and functional 

changes in the matrix, more clinical signs are seen, and primordial damages to the cells in the 

organ occur. In this phase the disease may remain latent and later give rise to a locus minoris 

resistentiae, a site of diminished resistance; e.g. chronic rheumatoid arthritis, COPD, autoimmune 

diseases, asthma, IBD, etc. Since in the third and the fourth phases the toxins are 

deposited in the matrix, the combined name for these two stages is “The Matrix Phases”. 

The body attempts to maintain life as long as possible, but next the toxins might penetrate the 

cells themselves, and in these cellular phases the cells are increasingly destroyed. The defense 

system is no longer able to excrete the toxins out of the cells, or out of the matrix by virtue of its 

own strength, and we name this inability “Regulation Rigidity”. 

The fifth and the sixth phases are the “Cellular Phases”. These phases are much more difficult to 

influence. The fifth phase is “The Degeneration Phase”, with serious damage and destruction of 

large cell groups, their enzymatic functions and energy production systems. It is followed by the 

last, the sixth phase in this evolutionary scale of diseases, “The Dedifferentiation Phase”, or “The 

Neoplastic Phase”. Diseases of this phase are characterized by the development of 

undifferentiated, non-specialized cell forms. Malignant diseases stand at the end of this phase. 

Each one of us should try to locate any animal presented to us on this six-phase table as part as 

our diagnostic effort, in order to be able to select the proper regime of anti-homotoxic drugs, to 

allow us to give a prognosis for each case, and be able to evaluate our therapeutic success or 

failure. 

Reckeweg noticed that a disease can start in one tissue (dermatitis in the skin), and later develop 

to another tissue (asthma in the lungs). This shift is called vicariation. Vicarius comes from 

37


Latin, vicarius=substitute. The disease might shift as well from one phase to another, and back 

and forth. Progressive vicariation is an aggravation of the total clinical signs, and regressive 

vicariation refers to an improvement of the clinical signs. We can evaluate our success or failure 

by locating our patient on this scale and see if the clinical signs are improving or deteriorating. 

By using this scheme one can see that the development of dermatitis into asthma is considered to 

be a negative process, as the disease goes deeper into the animal to an impregnation phase. On 

the other hand, when we treat asthma, the occurrence of skin problems is a positive sign and 

should not be suppressed. These temporary signs are expected and the owner should be notified 

in advance that these clinical signs are needed for the healing process. The healing process itself 

is going from vital organs towards body parts of less importance; from the inside towards the 

outside,from the top to the bottom, and in reverse chronological order (i.e. the clinical signs that 

appeared last, disappear first). 

What are the medical/therapeutic objectives of anti-homotoxic therapy? 

1) Prevention of illness, which can be achieved by toxins avoidance (e.g. a change in the 

environmental conditions, or change in the nutrition plan provided for the animal). 

2) Symptoms management, by reversion of symptoms (regressive vicariation) and 

supporting forces of spontaneous healing. When performing a symptomatic approach, a 

veterinarian can use the western diagnosis of his/her choice for the right remedy. The therapeutic 

indexes of homotoxicology books can easily help an inexperienced veterinarian in making the 

choice of the proper remedy. 

3) Detoxification by induction of excretion and toxins elimination thru activation of 

excretory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, kidney, gastro-intestinal system, lymphatic 

system, skin, respiratory system and mucus membranes. Here we are going to use drainage 

remedies. 

4) Regeneration of damaged tissue by strengthening organic function, cellular function 

activation, and immunomodulation, by giving an animal an organ preparation with enzymatic 

catalysts and a properly selected nosode to clear toxins that might be present in deep tissues. 

The therapeutic effort must aim to activate and support the body’s endogenous defense 

mechanisms. This should be done without compounding the problems that are caused by toxins 

already present (antibiotics, hormones etc). For example: when we give 1,000 mg of 

acetylsalicylic acid, mol wt 180.2 ≈ 5.5 nmol or 10 20 molecules, this means that each of 10 14 

animal cells are impacted by a million molecules of the active ingredient. Homotoxicology 

works with the weak stimuli that are characteristic of homeopathic therapy, as explained by Drs. 

Rudolf Arndt and Hugo Schultz: “The strongest stimuli by a given drug in a too-large-quantity 

(an over-dose) will suspend life’s functions, a strong stimulus might inhibit the bio-system, a 

moderately strong stimulus will accelerate life functions, but a weak stimulus will stimulate life 

functions”. 

38


Let us evaluate a common situation – bloody diarrhea due to a Parvovirus infection in a young 

dog. 

First step: Symptomatic remedy - symptoms management by reversion of symptoms 

(regressive vicariation) and supporting forces of spontaneous healing. Look for particulars, e.g., 

bloody diarrhea: in the veterinary guide we shall find - Diarrheel S or Veratrum-Homaccord ad 

us. vet. Since it is acute situation, we shall go for the injectable remedy - Veratrum-Homaccord, 

and inject it once every 15 minutes for two hrs. 

Second step: Drainage remedy by detoxification/ excretion induction; homotoxin 

elimination is done by activating excretory organs (LIV/GB, KID/BL, GI, lymphatics, 

skin/mucous membranes, respiratory system). Our options are: Systemic drainage for viral 

infections (e.g. Engystol), or Specific Tissue drainage (e.g. Mucosa compositum) or Noncompositum 

drains (e.g. acute situation – Lymphomyosot). 

Third step: Organ preparation/ catalyst/ adjunctive allopathic medicine and Regeneration; 

strengthening organic function and activating cellular function. Our options are: Mucosa 

compositum, Hepar compositum, Coenzyme compositum, Colon suis-Injeel, Funiculus 

umbilicalis suis-Injeel. 

Fourth Step: Nosode/Injeel preparation for Immunomodulation; 

viral/bacterial/vaccine/tissue nosode. Our options are: Gastritis-Nosode-Injeel, Duodenitis- 

Nosode-Injeel, Psorinoheel. Add remedies to be given at home, client education and re-evaluate 

in a few days. 

Another example – K-9 Hip Dysplasia 

1. Symptomatic remedy: Traumeel + Zeel 

2. Drainage remedy: Galium-Heel 

3. Organ preparation/ catalyst/adj allopathic medicine: Cartilago suis-Injeel + 

optional Funiculus umbilicalis suis-Injeel + Ubichinon compositum 

4. Nosode/Injeel preparation: Medorrhinum-Injeel 

It might be the first exposure of some of you to the world of Homeosiniatry and 

Homotoxicology, keep track on these two issues, as more and more of our clients are going to 

ask us to employ these medical methods for the benefits of their animals. 

39



40


TREATMENT OF A SCHNAUZER 

WITH SICK-SINUS SYNDROME 

Michelle C. Schraeder, DVM, FAAVA 

Mountain Veterinary Hospital 

Bellingham, WA, USA 

Abstract 

Acupuncture and Chinese Herbal Medicine was used exclusively to successfully treat Sick-Sinus 

Syndrome in a Miniature Schnauzer. 

History 

An eleven year old, spayed female Miniature Schnauzer had a one year history of spells where 

the dog either would sit and stretch her neck back and hold her front legs out, or would have all 

four legs stiffen and fall over. These episodes would wax and wane in severity. Two months 

prior to referral for acupuncture the spells had gotten worse with a ten day cycle of ten to twenty 

episodes a day. When better the dog had few spells for the next ten days. This cycle would 

seem to repeat every three weeks. The referring veterinarian noted a severe arrhythmia with long 

pauses between beats and had concluded the spells were due to Sick-Sinus Syndrome, a 

condition noted in Miniature Schnauzers 1 . Propantheline bromide was tried for a few months, 

which helped only slightly. The owner eventually stopped giving the medication and decided 

against trying treatment with a pacemaker, opting instead to try alternative medicine. 

Clinical Signs/Diagnostics/Diagnosis – Conventional (Western) 

On initial examination the heart rhythm was bradycardic (about 60 BPM) with long pauses of no 

beats (sinus arrest or block) then some missed ones (probable premature supraventricular 

contractions). One pause was almost five seconds while the dog just stood there. No heart 

murmurs were ausculted; respirations were fine. The dog was slightly overweight. The rest of 

physical was not remarkable. The owner had been giving “Liver/Gall Bladder Formula”; a 

supplement made up of many various western herbs. 

Blood work from six months prior only showed an elevated Alkaline Phosphatase (266), which 

was in the normal range four months later. No ECG had been run. Diagnosis had been made by 

auscultation matching a condition known to occur in Miniature Schnauzers. 

Clinical Signs/Diagnosis – TCM (Eastern) 

The tongue was purple, pale and moist. Pulses were deep, irregular and wiry. The skin was 

slightly dry and toe nails were normal. No Back Shu points were sensitive. GB 25 (Mu Point 

for KID, located at the end of the last rib) was sensitive. The dog tended to be aggressive and 

defended the house, but was fine otherwise with people. 

An Eight Principles/TCM Diagnosis of Blood and Qi Stasis of the Heart was made based on the 

tongue being purple, pulse being wiry and irregular, house defending, and heart signs. This 

stasis was also causing qualities of Qi and Blood Deficiency (paleness and slow pulse) to 

41


develop. Sick-Sinus Syndrome has been mentioned as a possible clinical feature of Heart Blood 1 

and Qi 2 Deficiency. 

Conventional (Western) Treatment 

A multivitamin/mineral/omega fatty acid nutritional supplement was started. 

TCM (Eastern) Treatment 

The treatment principle was to benefit Heart Blood functions, to move and tonify Blood and Qi, 

and to resolve the Blood stasis that was causing the arrhythmia. Dry needling was done with .25 

x 30mm Seirin® needles inserted, at a depth of 1 cm in the back points and 2 to 5 mm in the leg 

and chest points, in an even needling technique. Acupuncture was performed for fifteen 

minutes. 

Points used were 3,4,5 : 

HT 7 (Shen Men) (Bilateral) (On the transverse crease of the carpal joint, in the depression 

lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris and the superficial digital flexor tendons). Nature: Source Point, 

Shu-Stream Point, Sedation Point, and Earth Point. 

It was used to nourish and regulate Heart Blood and Qi, calm the mind, and pacify the Heart. 

BL 15 (Xin Shu) (Bilateral) (1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of the 5 th 

thoracic vertebra, mid-way from the spinous process to the medial border of the scapula). 

Nature: Back-Shu Point of the Heart. 

It was used tonify the Heart, calm the mind, and invigorate Blood. 

BL 17 (Ge Shu) (Bilateral) (1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of the 7 th 

thoracic vertebra, in the depression caudal to the medial border of the scapula). Nature: 

Influential Point for Blood. 

It was used to nourish and invigorate Blood, and tonify Qi 

CV 17 (Tan Zhong) (On the ventral midline, at the level of the fourth intercostal space). 

Nature: Influential Point of Qi, Pericardium Mu Point, and Sea of Qi Point. 

It was used to tonify and regulate Qi, resolve any chest phlegm, and dispel stagnation of Qi in the 

chest. 

ST 36 (Zu San Li) (Bilateral), (3 cun below ST 35. distal to the tibial tuberosity and lateral to 

the cranial border of the tibia, in a depression approximately in the middle of the cranialis tibialis 

muscle). Nature: Master Point of the abdomen and gastrointestinal tract, He Sea Point and Earth 

Point on the Earth channel. 

It was used to benefit Spleen and Stomach, tonify Qi and Blood (and thus help cardiac rhythm), 

and strengthen the body. 

SP 6 (San Yin Jiao) (Bilateral) (3 cun above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the caudal 

border of the tibia, on the line drawn from the medial malleolus to SP 9). 

Nature: Master Point of the caudal abdomen and urogenital tract. 

It was used to strengthen Spleen, calm the mind by relationship to Heart, facilitate blood flow, 

move Liver Qi, and tonify Qi and Blood and Yin 

SP 10 (Xue Hai) (Bilateral) (When the stifle is flexed, the point 2 cun above the cranio-medial 

border of the patella, on the bulge of the cranial portion of the m. sartorius). Nature: Regulates 

blood. 

It was used to tonify Blood and remove stasis of Blood. 

The following point was added after the first treatment: 

42


PC 6 (Nei Guan) (Bilateral) (2 cun above the transverse crease of the carpus, between the 

tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi radialis). Nature: Master Point of 

Heart and Chest, Luo Connecting Point of Pericardium, and Master Point for Yin Wei Mai 

Meridian. 

It was used to open the chest, regulate Heart Qi and Blood, calm the mind, and move Blood to 

treat stagnation. . 

The dog was started on the Traditional Chinese Herbal formula Dan Shen Yin Wan (Plum 

Flower Brand, Mayway) at a dosage of one pill three times daily. This formula contains: 

Dan Shen (Salvia) which invigorates Blood and breaks up congealed Blood 6 

Tan Xiang (Santalum) which moves Qi and alleviates pain 

Sha Ren (Amomum) which moves Qi, strengthens ST, and transforms damp 

Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza) which tonifies Spleen and Qi, and harmonizes harsh herbs. 

This formula’s action is to invigorate the circulation of Blood and Qi, break Blood stasis, calm 

Shen, resolve chest oppression, and relieve pain 7,8 . 

Results 

After the first appointment the spells were the same, but at the second acupuncture treatment five 

days later the heart rate was increased and no big pauses were ausculted. Five days later at the 

third treatment the owner noted less episodes during walking. By the fourth treatment ten days 

later, the owner noted only one episode and the heart rate was normal. A Blood tonic, Shou Wu 

Pian, was added at one pill three times daily to address the Blood Deficiency manifesting as 

more flaky skin. At one month after initial treatment, there was only the occasional dropped beat 

(one per minute) so acupuncture treatment was continued once monthly over the next year. The 

following year the treatment interval was increased further to every other month or longer with 

no relapse of signs. Chinese Herbal therapy was also continued. 

Two and a half years after the initial presentation, the now fourteen year old dog started to have 

trouble with urinary accidents from a mild urinary tract infection, and vomiting associated with 

Cephalexin use, which both resolved with use of Baytril. A full Geriatric Panel showed an 

increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (449) and ALT (67), but the rest of the blood work was normal. 

At this time the dog was also starting to show some confusion, loss of hearing, and mild leg 

trembling and looked like it was aging in general appearance. The owner had stopped herbals 

during the vomiting episode for 10 days. One month afterwards, the dog returned for 

acupuncture for urinary and fecal incontinence, decreased appetite, and acting like the “heart 

thing” was reappearing. The heart rate was slower with some pauses, but not as bad as when 

initially seen. The tongue and pulse were similar to initial presentation. At this point KID 3 was 

being used instead of ST 36: 

KID 3 (Tai Xi) (Bilateral) (In the depression between the medial malleolus and the common 

calcanean tendon, level with the tip of the medial malleolus). 

Nature: Source Point, Earth Point, and Shu-Stream Point. 

It was used to tonify Kidney (especially Qi, Yin and Yang), benefit Qi, Blood and Essence, 

stabilize Kidney Qi, warm Cold, and strengthen lower back and knees. 

43


The heart rate and tongue normalized immediately after returning to weekly acupuncture 

treatments, but there were still arrhythmic standstills. Dan Shen Yin Wan was stopped and 

Sheng Mai San “The Great Pulse” (Mayway, Plum Flower) was started. This formula contains: 

Ren Shen (Ginseng) which tonifies Original Qi, Heart Qi, Lungs and Middle Burner 

Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon) which nourishes Yin and moistens Lungs 

Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra) which contains Lung Qi leakage, and stops sweating. 

The formula’s action is to tonify Qi and Yin (especially of Lungs, Heart and Stomach), moisten 

dryness, and stop sweating 9 . 

The dog did better on this new formula for two weeks, but then became weaker along with 

heavier breathing. She had lost a few kilograms over the previous few months. Chest 

radiographs showed normal lungs with heart enlargement. The heart was beating stronger at a 

normal rate with minimal arrhythmias now. At the end of the acupuncture session the dog had 

more energy, but died that night in her sleep at the age of 14.5 years. 

Discussion 

The Western diagnosis of Sick-Sinus Syndrome was made based on the clinical signs of episodic 

weakness and/or syncope, sinus bradycardia with either sinus arrest or block, and probable 

premature supraventricular contractions. The cardiac rhythm abnormalities were diagnosed 

based on auscultation only. An ECG would have been the one diagnostic test that would have 

been nice to confirm all this; the owner was never interested in referral to have one done. The 

cause of Sick-Sinus Syndrome is mostly either idiopathic or genetic, especially in female 

Miniature Schnauzers 1 . Clinical response to medical treatment, propantheline bromide, an anticholinergic 

drug, is often inconsistent 1 . A pacemaker is indicated for those who fail to respond to 

the drug (like this dog). With her response to the acupuncture and Chinese herbals, this dog 

avoided a pacemaker as her only other option left. Physiologically it makes sense that 

acupuncture would modify the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate and 

rhythm. My impression was that the herbal formula helped hold this effect over longer term. 

The Eastern diagnosis was Blood and Qi Stagnation of the Heart causing this case of Sick-Sinus 

Syndrome. Stagnant Blood obstructs the channels of the Heart disrupting the smooth flow of Qi 

and Blood and consequently Heart function, causing irregular beats 10 . The Stagnation caused 

some irritability or anxiety (house guarding aggression), a purple tongue, and a deep wiry and 

intermittent pulse. The pulse was slow from the relative Qi Deficiency, and the underlying 

paleness to the purple tongue was from the relative Qi and Blood Deficiency. The acupuncture 

points and Chinese Herbal formula Dan Shen Yin Wan were chosen to invigorate the circulation 

of Blood and Qi, break Blood stasis, tonify Qi and Blood, and open the Heart channel. 

At the end of this dog’s life, nearly three years later, she probably suffered more from Heart and 

Lung Qi Deficiency (Zhong Deficiency), and Kidney Qi Deficiency as her Original Qi and 

Essence ran out. 

This case of Sick-Sinus Syndrome was thus exclusively treated with Traditional Chinese 

Medicine (acupuncture and Chinese Herbal Medicine). When first presented with this case, I 

wondered how well it would progress. My success with this dog’s more unusual problem was 

44


reaffirming that is worthwhile to try acupuncture in unusual cases. This case reaffirmed my 

original exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine as a viable medical option. 

References 

1. Tilley L, Smith Jr F. The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline. Baltimore, MD: 

Williams & Wilkins, 1997: p299. 

2. MacLean W, Lyttleton J. Clinical Handbook of Internal Medicine: The Treatment of Disease 

with Traditional Chinese Medicine: Volume 1. Australia: University of Western Sydney, 1998: 

p810. 

3. Ying, Zhou Zhong and Jin Hui De. Clinical Manual of Chinese Herbal Medicine and 

Acupuncture. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1997: p125. 

4. IVAS Required Small Animal Points. IVAS US Course Notes, May 2002, Section 3.1.4. 

5. Lade A. Acupuncture Points: Images and Functions. Seattle, WA: Eastland Press, 1989. 

6. Allen G, Doudreaux M. Traditional Chinese Medicine: Desk Reference. Pp 108-159. 

7. Saltzman M & M. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica Study Guide. Saltzman, 1994. 

8. Fratkin JP. Chinese Herbal Patent Medicines: The Clinical Desk Reference. Boulder, CO: 

Shya Publications, 2001: p703. 

9. Yeung H. Handbook of Chinese Herbal Formulas. Rosemead, CA: Institute of Chinese 

Medicine, 1995: p67. 

10. Fratkin JP. Chinese Herbal Patent Medicines: The Clinical Desk Reference. Boulder, CO: 

Shya Publications, 2001: p1072. 

11. MacLean W, Lyttleton J. Clinical Handbook of Internal Medicine: The Treatment of Disease 

with Traditional Chinese Medicine: Volume 1. Australia: University of Western Sydney, 1998: 

p821. 

45



46


PANAX GINSENG (GERIVET®) AS A STIMULANT FOR 

GERIATRIC DOGS: A RANDOMIZED BLIND STUDY 

Anna Hielm-Björkman, DVM, Riitta-Mari Tulamo, DVM, PhD 

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FINLAND 

Introduction 

Panax Ginseng (also named Chinese or Korean ginseng) has been on the human market for 

thousands of years in Asia and also for decades in Europe and in the United States. For humans it 

is used as a stimulant, often by older people or in stressful life situations. It is the most-studied 

herb for ameliorating human mental alertness and physical performance. As there are very few 

clinical trials on the use of Ginseng as a stimulant for geriatric dogs, a randomized controlled 

clinical trial on the efficacy of Panax Ginseng, was performed. 

Materials And Methods 

80 normal dogs of different breeds (age 8.5-17 years) with at least three of our “geriatric dog 

symptoms” were chosen based on interviews and randomly allocated into two groups. For 8 

weeks one group was given 40 mg Ginseng extract (Panax ginseng, GPL Ginsana Products, 

Lugano, Switzerland) plus 693mg brewers’ yeast (Saccaromyces Cerevisiae) in tablet form and 

the other group merely brewers’ yeast tablets (depending on the weight of the dog the dogs 

ingested Ginseng extract 1.7-4.4 mg/kg/day and/or brewers’ yeast 26.25-115.33 mg/kg/day). 

Using a questionnaire with a descriptive scale and three visual analogue scales (VAS), the 

blinded owners evaluated the dogs twice before the trial, weekly for the 8 weeks of the trial and 

twice, one month apart, after the trial (follow-up). At 8, 12 and 16 weeks all owners also 

answered questions concerning what group their dogs likely had been in and willingness to 

continue medication. Clinical, neurological, haematological and urological exams were 

performed initially and the latter two also at 8 weeks. The changes from baseline to middle (4 

weeks) and the end of the treatment period in the variable scores were calculated for each dog 

and a Mann-Whitney test and an independent sample t-test were used to test for the differences 

in variable scores between the two groups. The Wilcoxon signed rank test and the paired samples 

t-test were used to test significant change in variables within the treatment group. P-values less 

than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical tests were performed using SPSS 11.0 for 

Windows. 

Results 

From start to 4 weeks, changes in six of the seven primary outcome measures (mental variables) 

between the ginseng and the control group were significant: Spryness (p=0.033), 

alertness/interested (p=0.006), less forgetful (p=0.028) and VAS of quality of life (p=0.001) and 

two other variables showed a similar trend (being less mentally tired: p=0.073, and VAS of 

alertness: p=0.055). During the same time two of the four secondary outcome measures were 

significant or showing a positive trend: VAS of locomotion (p=0.026) and walking in relation to 

the owner p=0.087. From start to end of treatment (0 to 8 weeks) the changes in four of the seven 

primary outcome measure (the mental variables) were significantly greater among the dogs in the 

47


ginseng group when compared to the dogs in the control group: alertness/interested (p=0.008), 

less forgetful (p=0.027), the VAS for alertness (p=0.041) and for quality of life (p=0.012). 

Differences between the two groups in the improvement of any of the secondary outcome 

measures (physical variables) were not statistically significant. However, at 8 weeks all the 

evaluated variables (mental and physical) had improved more in the Ginseng group compared 

with the control group. Deterioration could be seen in both groups after treatment ended. 

Furthermore, within the ginseng group, all primary and secondary outcome measures variables 

had significantly improved after 8 weeks compared to baseline: Spryness (p


CASE REPORT: GOLD IMPLANT IN MANED WOLF 

(CRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) IN BRAZIL 

Sader, P., Joaquim, J.G.F, Szabó, M. V. S., Luna, S. P. L 

São Paulo State University 

Dept. of Animal Surgery and Anesthesiology 

Zoo of Sorocaba 

Brazil 

paula.sader@uol.com.br 

Abstract 

The present article reports a case of chronic arthropathy in the Maned wolf, at the Sorocaba Zoo, 

in São Paulo, Brazil. Although described in literature as a common disease in dogs it was the 

first case diagnosed at the Sorocaba Zoo. This disorder in the Maned wolf probably has genetic 

or metabolic factors, endocrine and/or biomechanical etiology and it affects the animals in an 

acute and chronic form. Animals in the acute form show difficulty of locomotion, severe pain 

and inflammation. The chronic form is mainly characterized by atrophy of hind limb muscles, 

inability or difficulty to walk and paresis. Radiological diagnosis was confirmed by exam. 

Acupuncture treatment was used after many other therapies including steroidal antiinflammatory 

had been tried without success. The prognosis is reserved in pets and even worse 

in wild animals. However, the wolf had improved after acupuncture. 

1. Introduction 

In humans, chronic pain is poorly managed and affects an average of 30% of the population in 

European countries. A third of the people with chronic pain use alternative treatments and 13% 

of these use acupuncture (AP) (ABERGAVENNY, 2005). Although literature results claim the 

effectiveness of AP in treating back pain, poor quality randomized controlled studies indicates 

that acupuncture is not more effective than conventional treatments (KERMIT et al., 2005; 

RASHIQ, 2005). Improved knowledge of AP effect is essential to validating it, since 

acupuncture is difficult to test under double-blind and placebo-controlled conditions when 

discussing individual diseases and treatment (6–11). In this context, case reports are a first step 

for the understanding of AP effects. 

1.1 Pharmacopuncture 

The technique of pharmacopuncture consists of medicine injected into the acupuncture points 

with two purposes: to stimulate the acupoint and also to release the medicine’s pharmacological 

effect, when necessary. 

1.2 Back problem in animals 

Animals are also prone to low back pain, mainly dogs and horses. In dogs, lumbar arthropathy is 

a major cause of low back pain. This is an inflammatory disease with idiopathic cause that 

affects older animals and might be related to spinal column instability due to excess of 

movements, exercise, breed, size, food intake, traumatic events, infections and other causes. The 

chronic form is characterized by hind limb muscular atrophy and paresis and has poor prognosis 

49


(SHOEN, 2001). In wild canidae, this prognosis can be more difficult because our ability to 

recognize pain in domestic animals is limited based on the relative expression of pain in animals. 

Animals that were commonly hunted, such as the horse, or animals that are the predators, such as 

cats, “hide’ their pain if they feel threatened to avoid being seen as vulnerable (FOWLLER, 

1986). 

1.3 Wild animals in captivity 

The animal in captivity has its habitat modified and the space is highly reduced, especially in the 

case of the Maned Wolf. It is an animal of nomadic habits, walking long distances. With 

captivity its movements are restricted and this can be related to the pathophysiology of the back 

problem. Generally they are hostile animals, which make the clinical examination difficult since 

to examine the animal a physical restraint or even sedation is necessary. 

The Maned wolf (Mammalia, Carnivore, Canidae, Crysocyon brachyurus) is an animal with 

night habits; an inhabitant of fields and savannahs of the central-western region of Brazil and 

also Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina (Fig1). The natural habitat provides the Maned wolf with 

fruits, small mammals and birds. The animal is under threat extinction due to hunting and habitat 

destruction. For individuals in captivity the recommended pen size of enclosure is a 60 m² for 

each animal; in the Sorocaba Zoo this size is 400 m² for three individuals. 

Figure 1 

50


The male Maned Wolf of this article is called Lobão (Big Wolf) and has an estimated age of 16 

years. He was captured and placed at The Sorocaba Zoo (Sorocaba, São Paulo State) when he 

was 11 years old. For 5 years he has shown severe back pain with neurological signs. 

Radiographs showed osteophytes at T13-L1, L1-L-2, L2-L3, and reduction of the intervertebral 

space in L5-L6, L6-L7, with discrete calcification (Fig. 2 and 3). The animal was treated 

repeatedly with only corticosteroids (0.2 mg/Kg) and dietary changes (more palatines dietary 

with more meat and fruits). He was referred for acupuncture after several recurrences of severe 

low back pain, locomotion disability and severe hind limb muscle atrophy. 

Figure 2 Figure 3 

2. Objectives 

The aim of this work is to report AP rehabilitation effect in chronic lumbar arthropathy in a 

captive adult male Maned wolf. 

3. Material and Methods. 

Lobão was submitted to four acupuncture sessions. 

3.1 Restraint 

During the first session chemical 

restraint was used. The animal was 

contained physically by using a net in 

the proper enclosure, and afterwards 

was sedated with ketamine 

hydrochloride 5% (7 mg/Kg) and 

xylazine 2% (0.5 mg/Kg); after 10 

minutes he could be manipulated and 

taken to the veterinary medicine room. 

In the vet room he was intubated and 

anesthetized with isoflurane (Fig. 4). 

In subsequent sessions, only physical 

restraint was used, as shown in Figures 

51 

Figure 4


5, 6 and 7. Session intervals and acupoint stimulation technique were determined by clinical 

outcome. 


3.2 Acupuncture sessions and techniques 

Gold bead implant (GOLD): acupoints Bai Hui 

(at lumbosacral space), GV 4 (Mingmen, in 

between Bl23), BL 20 (Pishu, at the 12 th 

intercostal space), BL 21 (Weishu, in between 

T13 and L1), BL 23 (Shenshu, between L2-L3) 

and ST 36 (Zusanli, three tsun below the knee 

and lateral to the tibia crest) were implanted with 

one gold bead (two 24k gold filaments wrapped 

together in a cylinder shape 0.8mm X 50mm ). 

The implant was done with a gold bead inoculator Figure 7 

device, coupled to a 40x12 gauge hypodermic needle (Figure 8 and 9). 


52


Pharmacopuncture 

- Lidocaine (LyAP): the following acupoints were injected with lidocaine 1%, 0.2 ml per 

point, at SI 3 (Houxi, at metacarpal-phalangeal joint, of the fifth digit), Baihui, GV 4 (Mingmen), 

BL 20(Pishu), BL 21(Weishu), BL 23(Shenshu), GB 39(Xuanzhong, lateral side of the tibia, 

opposite SP 6), KID 03 (Taixi, in between the calcaneus bone and the calcanean tendon), LIV 3 

(Taichong, at the level of ST 43, at the second metatarsus) and BL 62 (Shenmai, below the 

external malleolus). 

- Lidocaine-glucose pharmacopuncture (LyGluAP): the following acupoints were 

injected with lidocaine 1%, plus glucose 50%, in a 1:1 ratio, at 0.2 ml per point; SI3 (Houxi), 

Baihui, GV 4 (Mingmen), BL 20 (Pishu), BL 21 (Weishu), BL23 (Shenshu), BL 24 (Qihaishu, 

located1.5 cun from midline lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of L3; in between 

L3-L4), BL 25 (Dachangshu, located 1.5 cun from midline lateral to the caudal border of the 

spinous process of L4; in between L4-L5 1 ), BL 27 (Xiaochangshu, located caudolateral to the 

spinous process of L7; in between L7-S 2 , midway between the spine and iliac crest), GB 39 

(Xuanzhong), KID 3 (Taixi), LIV 3 (Taichong), ST 36 (Zusanli) and BL 62 (Shenmai). 

- Lidocaine-B12 vitamin pharmacopuncture (LyB12AP): the following acupoints were 

injected with lidocaine 1%, plus B12 , in a 1:1 ratio, at 0.2 ml per point: SI 3 (Houxi), Baihui, 

GV 4 (Mingmen), BL 20 (Pishu), BL 21 (Weishu), BL 23 (Shenshu), BL 24 (Qihaishu), BL 25 

(Dachangshu), BL 27 (Xiaochangshu), GB 39 (Xuanzhong), KID 3 (Taixi), LIV 3 (Taichong), 

ST 36 (Zusanli) and BL 62 (Shenmai). 

3.4 Treatment protocol 

Week 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 

Technique Gold LyAP LyGluAP LyB12AP 

Table 1: Acupuncture Sessions 

4. Results 

The Gold treatment elicited a mild reaction. There was an improvement in appetite and 

locomotion in his enclosure, though the difficulty to stand still persisted. The LyAP therapy lead 

to worsening of the clinical signs, such as decreased appetite, less movement and greater 

disabilities in the movements; there was much difficulty when rising and putting the hind limbs 

into motion. The LyGluAP treatment brought analgesia and a great improvement in locomotion. 

At last, LyB12AP reinforced the improvement, allowing the animal to interact with others in the 

same pen, returning the animal to normal function. 

5. Discussion 

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming widespread. In the 

United Kingdom about one in 10 of the adult population consults a CAM practitioner every year. 

Persistent symptoms and adverse effects of conventional treatments are the main reasons for 

1 IVAS location for BL 25, Da chang shu or Large Intestine Shu, is 1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the 

spinous process of L5, thus, lateral to the L5-L6 junction. 

2 IVAS location for Xiao chang shu, Small Intestine Shu, is lateral to the 1 st sacral foramen, in the depression 

between the medial border of the dorsal iliac spine and the sacrum. According to IVAS the point located lateral to 

L7-S1 is known as Guan yuan shu, Origin Pass shu, or BL 26, and is indicated to tonify Kidney Qi and Yang. 

53


choosing CAM (THOMPSON & FEDER, 2005). Acupuncture is one of the best-known and 

accepted CAM treatment modalities. This is because of its therapeutic properties and low cost 

(THAM et al., 2005.). 

In humans, AP effectively relieves chronic low back pain (MANHEIMER et al., 2005). Evidence 

suggests that acupuncture is more effective than usual care and offers a cost-effective 

intervention (THOMAS et al., 2005). Indeed, AP treatment primarily focused on the back 

musculature shows more effectiveness in restoring the functional capacity (DAVIS & 

KOTOWSKI, 2005). 

Several AP techniques and methods are used to treat back pain in domestic animals, including 

dry needling, electroacupuncture, acupuncture using hypodermic needles, laser acupuncture and 

pharmacopuncture (KLIDE, 1992; JANSSENS, 1991; RIDGWAY, 1999). In horses with chronic 

back pain, dry needle AP, laser AP or pharmacopuncture are equally useful (KLIDE & 

MARTIN, 1989), while in dogs, electroacupuncture and dry needle are similarly useful 

(SCHOEN, 2001). The authors could not find reports of the use of gold wire implants for 

treatment of low back pain either in animals or in humans. On the other hand, some authors 

consider gold implants as the best choice for hip dysplasia in dogs (DURKES, 1990), although 

there is controversy about the use of this technique (BJORKMAN et al., 2001). The use of gold 

wire implants in the treatment of canine epilepsy has been shown to decrease the number of 

seizures and anticonvulsant dosages (KLIDE et al., 1987; ANITA et al., 1997). Gold bead 

implant in soft tissue is a safe acupuncture technique, with no adverse affects when applied by an 

experienced acupuncturist. The beads have an irregular surface and threads made to avoid 

implant migration or at least to minimize the risks. Attention must be paid to differentiate gold 

bead implant from permanent subcutaneous gold acupuncture needles, where fine gold needles 

are introduced through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue or into muscles. Usually these 

permanent gold needles are inserted in the lumbar paraspinal areas for osteoarthritis and back 

pains or in the abdominal wall for digestive system pathologies (SALEM et al., 2002). BAEK et 

al. (1992) reported a case where gold needles were erroneously inserted into the liver, pancreas 

and kidney without complications. 

The mechanisms of action associated with gold implant for chronic pain are the neutralization of 

the anions and local alkalosis that occurs in such situations. Alone, the body is not able to deal 

with this without collateral effects like bone and joint calcification due to the positive charge 

from the Ca +2 (calcium) released to the site of pain (Durkes, 2001). The gold implant technique 

in the connective tissue mimics systemic treatment with a gold-containing drug (DANSCHER, 

2002). In this case the result of the gold bead implant technique was not satisfactory, since our 

experience with dogs show symptom amelioration during the first 24 hours and lasting for 4 to 6 

months (pain free). Some theoretical explanation can be the fact that the animal, being of 

advanced age, could lead it by itself to neutralize the local pain with Ca +2 migration with 

consequent osteophyte formation and stabilization of the process. On the other hand, there 

wasn’t an opportunity for an accurate clinical examination, thus, the diagnosis was not exact. 

This animal had a chronic problem in the vertebral column as seen on radiographic examination. 

Because the diagnosis was based exclusively on radiographic findings it is not surprising that the 

results of the gold bead implant itself did not meet expectations. 

54


In our experience the use of AP in wild animals can be limited due to the need for restraint. In a 

conventional AP session, needles are left in place for an average of 30 minutes. It is well known 

that restraint is a major cause of distress in wild animals. In such cases, other acupoint 

stimulation techniques can be used, like pharmacopuncture, i.e. the injection of drugs into 

acupoints. This technique shortens the AP session while giving a prolonged stimulus to the 

acupoint, until total drug absorption. 

It was possible to verify some different clinical results with each technique: 

Gold Bead Implant: the animal continued to have difficulty to raise itself, but it moved more in 

the enclosure and its appetite was improved. The results had not been the desired ones; this may 

have occurred due to imprecision of the implanted points due to animal anatomy and restraint 

with suboptimal clinical diagnosis. Also using a technique like gold bead implantation, which 

“sedates” the points, is primarily indicated when an excess sign is clearly present such as pain. 

This animal showed deficient signs such as neurological signs. 

Injection of Lidocaine in the acupoints: the animal had worsening of clinical symptoms. The 

result was not satisfactory, indicating an extreme “sedation” of the points; therefore, probable 

error in the choice of injected drug. 

Injection of Glucose solution 50% associated with Lidocaine: the animal had great improvement 

in locomotion, without difficulty to rise, to urinate and to defecate. This result was above the 

expectations. 

Injection of solution of Vitamin B12 associated with Lidocaine: the animal continued to 

improve. It began running and interacting with the others in the enclosure. This result was 

considered excellent, taking into account the age of the animal. 

Using the five elements for diagnosis, this animal has some signs of Water deficiency – old age, 

back pain, bone problems, difficulty in standing. This situation led to Wood deficiency, with 

signs of dry tendons and ligaments, with subsequent development of Internal Wind leading to 

signs of imbalance and locomotion impairment. In the Ko Cycle we can also see signs of Water 

deficiency where Water does not control the element Fire, causing anxiety, dryness and irritation. 

In a Ko Cycle perspective, the animal shows signs of excess Liver Yang activity (due to the Yin 

deficiency – water is not supplying the Yin) overcontrolling the Earth, with clinical signs of lack 

of appetite, "selective palate" and some muscular atrophy in posterior limbs. 

Associating these signs with the Zang Fu theory, the animal shows a Kidney Yin, Spleen Yang 

and Liver Yin deficiency that lead to the use of points such as BL 23, KID 3 and GB 39, to 

nourish Kidney Yin and Yang and also the Essence. 

55

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2. BAEK, S.Y., LEE, M.G., CHOI, H.Y.,CHO, K.S., AUH, Y.H. Radiography, US and CT of 

acupuncture needles in the abdominal organs. J Comput Assist Tomogr., v.16(5), p.834-5, 1992. 

3. BJORKMAN, A.H., RAEKALLIO, M., KUUSELA, E., SAARTO, E., MARKKOLA, A., TULAMO, 

R.M. Double-blind evaluation of implants of gold wire at acupuncture points in the dog as a treatment for 

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4. CASIMIRO, L., L. BROSSEAU, S. MILNE, et al. 2004. Acupuncture and electroacupuncture 

for the treatment of RA (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library. Issue 2, Oxford: 

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5. DAVIS, K.G., KOTOWSKI, S.E. Preliminary evidence of the short-term effectiveness of 

alternative treatments for low back pain. Technol Health Care., v.3(6), p.453-62, 2005. 

6. DANSCHER, G. In vivo liberation of gold ions from gold implants. Autometallographic 

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7. DURKES, T.E. Gold bead implantation. International Society Certification Course, San 

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8. FOWLLER, M.E. Zoo & Wild animal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2 ed, 1986. 1127p. 

9. MANHEIMER, E., WHITE, A., BERMAN, B., FORYS, K., ERNST, E. Meta-Analysis: 

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p2, 1991. 

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15. LANGEVIN, H.M., D.L. CHURCHILL, J.R. FOX, et al. 2001. Biomechanical response 

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16. LANGEVIN, H.M. & J.A. YANDOW. 2002. Relationship of acupuncture points and 

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20. SCHOEN, A.M. Veterinarian Acupuncture: Ancient Art to Modern Medicine. Rio de 

Janeiro: Guanabara. 2 ed., 2001. 628p. 

21. SHERMAN, K.J., C.J. HOGEBOOM, D.C. CHERKIN & R.A. DEYO. 2002. Description 

and validation of a nonivasive acupuncture procedure. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 8: 11–19. 

22. STREITBERGER, K. & J. KLEINHENZ. 1998. Introducing a placebo needle into 

acupuncture research. Lancet 352: 364–365. 

23. TATE, A., MITCHELL, M., JOHNSON, J. The Dalmatian Club of America. Seizure Survey 

Update. Available at (http://www.thedca.org/seizure_97.html) 1997. 

24. THAM, L.M. LEE, H.P., LU, C. Cupping: from a biomechanical perspective J. of Biomech., 

v.25, 2005. 

25. THOMPSON, T., FEDER, G. Complementary therapies and the NHS. Brith. Med. J., v.331, 

p.856-857, 2005. 

26. THOMAS, K.J., MACPHERSON, H., RATCLIFFE, J., THORPE, L., BRAZIER, J., 

CAMPBELL, M., FITTER, M., ROMAN, M., WALTERS, S., NICHOLL, J.P. Longer term 

clinical and economic benefits of offering acupuncture care to patients with chronic low back 

pain. Health Technol Assess., v9(32), p.1-109, 2005. 

27. TUKMACHI, E. 2000. Acupuncture and rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 39: 1153– 

1154. 

57



58


PRE-TREATMENT WITH ELECTROACUPUNCTURE, 

MORPHINE AND CARPROFEN FOR POST-OPERATION 

ANALGESIA IN OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY IN DOGS: 

A COMPARATIVE STUDY 

Paes De Barros, M. S.; Restitutti, F.; Scognamillo-Szabó, M. V. R..* (DVM, MSc, PhD); 

Lima, A. M.; Mattos, M. C. C.; Luna, S. P. L. 

*Veterinary Faculty 

Federal University of Uberlândia 

Mato Grosso, Brazil 

Abstract 

The use of veterinary acupuncture to induce analgesia is increasing worldwide. 

Electroacupuncture (EAP) analgesic effect is achieved mainly by the activation of the 

endorphinergic system, while the physiologic functions are preserved. In this work the analgesic 

effect of EAP, morphine opioids and carprofen in bitches during and for 24h after 

ovariohysterectomy was compared. Eighteen bitches, divided in three groups in a single blind 

design, were submitted to ovariohysterectomy and 35 minutes before surgery treated as follows: 

1) Sham EAP until the end of surgery (C group, n=6); 2) 4 mg/kg of orally carprofen + sham 

EAP until the end of surgery (Carp group, n=6); 3) 0.5 mg/kg of subcutaneous morphine 

injection + sham EAP until the end of surgery (Mor group, n=6); and 4) EAP (5 Hz / 800 Hz) in 

ST 36, SP 6, GB 34, bilaterally, until the end of surgery (EAP group, n=6). Heart and respiratory 

rate, body temperature, salivation, mental status, vocalization, manipulation response, posture, 

pain degree (Von Frey technique and descriptive behavior scale) were measured before 

treatments and 60 minutes, 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery. All treatments showed similar 

analgesic effects but carprofen demanded less analgesic rescue: only one against four of the other 

two treatments. These data demonstrate that EAP, morphine opioids and carprofen can be 

recommended for analgesia in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy and that EAP and 

morphine opioid should be used at shorter intervals. Taking into account EAP absence of 

undesirable effects and its similarities to Mor-analgesia, it can be supposed that EAP provides 

safe and effective pain relief in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 

Introduction 

Acupuncture (AP) is an ancient and empirical therapeutic procedure used for the treatment or 

prevention of several diseases. It consists on the insertion of needles in specific cutaneous 

locations of the body, known as acupoints 1 . Although this technique is increasingly used for the 

treatment of pain and other conditions, the rational basis underlying its use remains unclear 2 . 

Electroacupuncture (EAP), the passing of electrical energy through acupoints, is an 

advantageous option for AP in animals as it induces analgesia with the participation of 

endogenous opioids 3 . These neuropeptides are well known by antinociception and other effects. 

Thus, EAP in animals can reduce post-operative pain, negate undesirable side-effects of 

analgesic drugs and decrease treatment costs 3 ; meanwhile no side effects are observed. 

59


The analgesic effect induced by EAP with low frequency (2Hz to 20Hz) stimulation releases βendorphin, 

endomorphin and enkephalin that couple to μ and δ receptors, respectively, while 

high frequency (>100Hz) stimulates dynorphin discharge and κ receptor activation. In order to 

maximize the analgesic effect, EAP alternating low and high frequency (dense disperse mode) is 

used. It is significantly more effective than pure low or high frequency EAP 3 . 

Analgesic effect of EAP it is well demonstrated in animals. Skarda and Muir (2003) showed that 

EAP and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg, IV) provide the same degree of rectal analgesia in horses 4 and 

is mediated by methionine-enkephlin and dynorphin 5 . Indeed, EAP is more effective than 

acupuncture for activating the spinal cord to release β-endorphins into the CSF of horses. Both 

AP and EAP provide cutaneous analgesia in horses without adverse cardiovascular and 

respiratory effects 6 . Use of EAP as an adjunct to standard anesthetic procedures is claimed to 

have analgesic effect, even though evidences are inconclusive 7 . EAP decreased maximum 

alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs without inducing adverse hemodynamic effects. 

However, this reduction was not considered clinically relevant 8 . 

Carprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with COX-2 selectivity 9 that is well tolerated 

by dogs even in long term administrations 10 . Carprofen is effective when given before or after 

surgery 11 . Pre-operative carprofen in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy provided 

satisfactory analgesia for 72 hours 12 . 

Morphine is an opioid analgesic prototype, still extracted from opium, commonly associated with 

acepromazine in pre-operative medication 13,14,15 . 

Objectives: 

To compare the effects of carprofen, morphine and electroacupuncture on the inspired and 

expired halothane fractions and associated cardiovascular variables in dogs undergoing 

ovariohysterectomy. 

To compare the analgesic effects of carprofen, morphine and electroacupuncture in the postoperative 

period in dogs that had undergone ovariohysterectomy. 

Material and Methods: 

The experiment consisted of a blind control test, where both anesthetist and post-operative pain 

evaluator did not know the treatment performed. 

1 – Animals: 

Twenty-four healthy female mongrel dogs (weight 10kg to 20kg) referred to the Veterinary 

Hospital for elective ovariohysterectomy were used. Ages ranged from 3 to 7 years. 

2 – Experimental Protocol 

Pre-operation: A catheter was inserted in the right cephalic vein in order to inject a tranquilizer 

(acepromazine, 0.5mg/kg) and lactate Ringer solution (10mL/kg/h). An occlusion cuff over the 

60


radial artery in the humeral region was applied for indirect sphygmomanometry, while a pulse 

oximeter was attached to a hairless skin area, where underlying pulse could be detected. 

Pre-Treatment: Ten minutes after acepromazine administration, animals were divided in groups 

and treated (item 3). 

Anesthetic induction and maintenance: Thirty five minutes after the beginning of treatment, 

bitches were submitted to an intravenous administration of thiopental sodium (12.5mg/kg). As 

soon as anesthetic state was achieved, endotracheal intubation was performed and anesthesia was 

maintained with halothane gas and an ovariohysterectomy carried out. 

Post-operation treatment: Each bitch was kept in the anesthetic recovery room for pain 

parameters evaluation (item 4) during the first 24 hours. Animals received an analgesic rescue, as 

long as they reached a score of 6 (six) in the pain scale (item 4). The analgesic rescue consisted 

in 0.5mg/kg of subcutaneous morphine injection. 

3 – Experimental Groups: 

Ten minutes after preanesthetic tranquilizer administration, animals were treated as follows: 

Control group (C, n= 6): Sham electroacupuncture, i.e., the insertion of acupuncture needles in 

sham points and connected to a turned off electroacupuncture stimulator. Needles were left in 

place until the end of surgery. Sham points were located 0.5cm lateral to each actual acupoint 

used in the electroacupuncture group. 

Carprofen group (Carp, n=6): Carprofen (4mg/kg) given orally + sham electroacupuncture. 

Morphine group (Mor, n=6): Morphine (0.5mg/kg) given subcutaneously + sham 

electroacupuncture. 

Electroacupuncture group (n=6): Bilateral acupoints ST 36, SP 06 and GB 34 were electrically 

stimulated until the end of surgery, alternating 5Hz and 800Hz. Connections of the electrodes 

were performed bilaterally for the same pair of points, i.e. ST36 with ST 36. 

4 – Outcomes measures: 

The following parameters were evaluated immediately before acepromazine and thiopental 

sodium administration and every 15 minutes during surgery: rectal temperature, respiratory rate 

(by observation of the thoracic movements), end tidal CO2 (capnogram made with a sample of 

gas taken at the end of an exhalation), arterial blood pressure (by indirect sphygmomanometry), 

oxygen hemoglobin saturation and pulse rate (by an oximeter), and bleeding time. Bleeding time 

was measured by the Duke method 23 and the results were expressed in seconds. A puncture was 

performed at in the internal surface of the ear with a tri-faced lancet and time taken for bleeding 

to cease was recorded using a filter paper and a stopwatch. Inspired and expired halothane 

fractions were evaluated every 15 minutes during surgery. 

During anesthetic recovery, subsequent aspects were assessed: delirium (by vocalization), 

involuntary movement, vomiting, time needed for extubation, ability to turn or lift the head, and 

ability to stand. 

In the first 24 hours, pain was evaluated according to a descriptive numeric scale (Table 1). 

Animals with score ≥ 6 received analgesic rescue. 

61


TABLE 1: Descriptive numeric scale* for pain evaluation in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy. 

Parameter Criteria Grade 

≤ 10% higher than pre-operation value 1 

11% to 30% higher than pre-operation value 2 

Heart Rate 

Respiratory Movements 

31% to 50% higher than pre-operation value 3 

50% higher than pre-operation value 4 

Normal 1 

Moderate abdominal movement 2 

Intense abdominal movement 3 

Normal 1 

Temperature Hyperthermia 2 

Normal 1 

Salivation Excessive 2 

Easy 1 

Mental Status 

Friendly 2 

Vocalization 

Rest 

Recumbency 

Manipulation 

Alert 3 

Aggressive 4 

Absent 1 

Stops in response to voice stimulus 2 

No response to voice stimulus 3 

Calm or sleepy 1 

Lightly excited 2 

Moderately excited 3 

Severely excited 4 

Lateral 1 

Sternal 2 

Moving 3 

Protecting affected area or in fetal position 4 

No response 1 

Minimal response, avoiding it 2 

Turning the head to affected area, minimal 3 

vocalization 

Trying to bite, intense vocalization 4 

* Adapted from BUBACK et al, 1996; MATHEWS et al, 1996; PIBAROT et al, 1997. 

Results 

Mean arterial pressure, inspired and expired halothane fractions, surgery duration, Von Frey test 

and bleeding time showed no differences between groups. All animals had a decrease in 

temperature during surgery (data not shown). 

C: Thirty minutes after the beginning of surgery, C animals showed higher respiratory 

rate, compared to Mor group (Fig 1). Heart rate decreased intensively 15 min after the beginning 

of surgery and partially recovery to pre-surgical values at 30 min (Fig 2). End tidal CO2 was 

higher in C than EAP animals at 15min and 30 min (Fig 3). Oxygen hemoglobin saturation 

decreased during surgery (Fig 4). Six analgesic rescues were needed for C group (Table 2). 

62


Carp: Respiratory rate decreased and remained low until 30 min, when compared to preoperation 

values (Fig 1). Before anesthetic induction, Carp treated animals showed higher heart 

rate compared to EAP and Mor groups (Fig 2). End tidal CO2 was higher in Carp than EAP 

animals at 30 min (Fig 3). Carp animals had an increase in oxygen hemoglobin saturation during 

surgery and showed higher values than C (30 min) (Fig 4). One analgesic rescue was needed for 

Carp group (Table 2).Carp animals showed lower grades than C group in the numeric descriptive 

scale for pain 2h, 6h, 24h and 10 days after surgery (Fig 6). 

Mor: While respiratory rate decreased and remained low until 30 min (Fig 1), there was 

an increase in heart rate in Mor treated animals, 15 min after the beginning of surgery (Fig 2). 

Bleeding time was lower in Mor when compared to C group (Fig 5). Two hours after surgery, 

Mor animals showed higher grades than C group in the numeric descriptive scale for pain. Six 

hours after surgery the numeric descriptive scale for pain was the same between Mor and C 

groups (Fig 6). Four analgesic rescues were needed for Mor group (Table 2). 

EAP: Respiratory rate decreased and remained low until 30 min, when compared to preoperation 

values (Fig 1). End tidal CO2 was higher at 30 min, when compared to 15 min. End 

tidal CO2 was lower in EAP animals at 15min and 30 min, compared to C animals (Fig 3). EAP 

animals showed higher oxygen hemoglobin saturation than Carp (15 min) and C (30 min) (Fig 

4). Two hours after surgery, EAP animals showed higher grades than C group in the numeric 

descriptive scale for pain. Six hours after surgery the numeric descriptive scale for pain was the 

same for EAP and C (Fig 6). Four analgesic rescues were needed for EAP group (Table 2). 

63

eaths/min 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

A 

AB 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 

beats/min 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

minutes 

C 

B 


C 

breaths/min 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

A 

breaths/min 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

a 

b 

ab b 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 

AB 

B 

minutes 

B 

Carp 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 

B minutes C 

minutes D 

minutes E 

Figure 1: Respiratory rate variation (mean + standr deviation) during ovariohysterectomy in bitches 

pre-treated with 4 mg/kg of carprofen (PO) (Carp, n=6), electroacupuncture (5 Hz / 800 Hz, EAP, n=6) 

until the end of surgery, 0.5 mg/kg of morphine (SC) (Mor, n=6) and in animals with no pre-treatment 

(C, n=6). A) Small letters express differences between groups in each moment (P

seconds 

100 

98 

96 

94 

ET CO2 

50 

40 

30 

15 30 

minutes 


C 

ET CO2 

50 

40 

30 

ET CO2 

50 

40 

30 

a 

ab 

ab 

b 

15 30 

minutes 

Carp 

65 

ET CO2 

50 

40 

30 

a 

a 

b 

ab 

A 

30 

15 30 

15 30 

15 30 

B minutes C 

minutes D 

minutes E 

Figure 3: End tidal CO2 variation (mean + standr deviation) during ovariohysterectomy in bitches pretreated 

with 4 mg/kg of carprofen (PO) (Carp, n=6), electroacupuncture (5 Hz / 800 Hz, EAP, n=6) until 

the end of surgery, 0.5 mg/kg of morphine (SC) (Mor, n=6) and in animals with no pre-treatment (C, 

n=6). A) Small letters express differences between groups in each moment (P

numeric scale 

6 

4 

2 

seconds 


120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

-45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 

minutes 

Figure 5: Bleeding time variation (mean + standr deviation) during ovariohysterectomy in bitches pretreated 

with 4 mg/kg of carprofen (PO) (Carp, n=6), electroacupuncture (5 Hz / 800 Hz, EAP, n=6) until 

the end of surgery, 0.5 mg/kg of morphine (SC) (Mor, n=6) and in animals with no pre-treatment (C, 

n=6). Small letters express differences between groups in each moment (P


TABLE 2: Number of analgesic rescues in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy. 

Group / 

Animal 

C 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Carp 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Mor 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

EAP 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1h 2h 6h 12h 24h 10 

day 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Discussion 

Since heart rate and respiratory variations occurred in the normal range for the species, their 

variations had no biological importance in this study. Because inhalation anesthetics lower the 

threshold for response to hypothermia interfering with temperature regulation1 6,17,18 , all groups 

showed decrease in temperature during the surgery. Primary and secondary hyperalgesia were 

not detected by Von Frey method, indicating that ovariohysterectomy does not induce these 

disturbances in dogs. 

The poor diffusion of acupuncture among western veterinary practitioners limits the application 

of analgesia techniques that provides efficacy with minimal or no undesirable collateral effects. 

Pain treatment not only avoids stress response to surgery but also gives an ethical approach to the 

relationship between pets and owners 19 . EAP has been proposed to be a low cost and practical 

method that allows effective pain management with minimal collateral effects. 

Considering the reduction of the post-operative grade in pain descriptive scale as an index for 

analgesia, Carp had the better analgesic effect. Mor and EAP showed the same analgesia degree. 

67 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

s


Our results corroborate with previous findings that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have 

better analgesic effect than opioids, with less sedative effect 20,21,22 EAP analgesic effect is 

activated mainly through the opioid system 3 , justifying similarities between EAP and Mor effects 

in post-operative pain. 

These data demonstrates that EAP, morphine opioids and carprofen can be recommended for 

analgesia in bitches submitted to ovariohysterectomy and that EAP and morphine opioid should 

be used at shorter intervals. Taking into account EAP absence of undesirable effects and its 

similarities to Mor analgesia, it can be supposed that EAP provides safe and effective pain relief 

in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. 

REFERENCES 

1. Ernst, E, White, A. Acupuncture: a scientific appraisal. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 

1999. 

2. Ralt, D. Intercellular communication, NO and the biology of Chinese medicine. Cell 

Commun Signal 2005; 3:1-6. 

3. Han, J-S Acupuncture and endorphins. Neuroscience Letters 361 (2004) 258–26. 

4. Skarda RT, Muir WW .Comparison of electroacupuncture and butorphanol on respiratory and 

cardiovascular effects and rectal pain threshold after controlled rectal distention in mares. Am J 

Vet Res. 2003 Feb;64(2):137-44. 

5. Skarda, RT, Teiwani, GA, Muir, WW. The effect of acupuncture and electroacupuncture using 

low (2Hz) , high (100Hz) and 2 and 100Hz alternating frequencies on cutaneous and rectal pain 

thresholds and immunoreactivity of methionine-enkephalin and dynorphin in venous plasma of 

horses: a comparative study. Proceedings of the 30 th International Congress on Veterinary 

Acupuncture, 8 th -11 th September, 2004, Oostende. 

6. Skarda RT, Tejwani GA, Muir WW 3rd.Cutaneous analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory 

effects, and beta-endorphin concentration in spinal fluid and plasma of horses after acupuncture 

and electroacupuncture. Am J Vet Res. 2002 Nov; 63(11):1584. 

7. Lee, H., Ernst, E. Acupuncture analgesia during surgery: a systematic review. Pain 114 

(2005) 511–517. 

8. Culp LB, Skarda RT, Muir WW 3rd.Comparisons of the effects of acupuncture, 

electroacupuncture, and transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation on the minimum alveolar 

concentration of isoflurane in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2005 Aug; 66(8):1364-70. 

9. Streppa HK, Jones CJ, Budsberg SC. Cyclooxygenase selectivity of non-steroidal antiinflammatory 

drugs in canine blood. Am J Vet Res. 2002 Jan; 63(1):91-4. 

10. Raekallio MR, Hielm-Bjorkman AK, Kejonen J, Salonen HM, Sankari SM. Evaluation of 

adverse effects of long-term orally administered carprofen in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 

Mar 15; 228(6):876-80. 

11. Bergmann HM, Nolte IJ, Kramer S. Effects of preoperative administration of carprofen on 

renal function and hemostasis in dogs undergoing surgery for fracture repair. Am J Vet Res. 

2005 Aug; 66(8):1356-63. 

68


12. Leece EA, Brearley JC, Harding EF. Comparison of carprofen and meloxicam for 72 hours 

following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2005 Jul; 32(4):184-92. 

13. Jones, L.M.; Booth, N.H.; McDonald, LE. Farmacologia e Terapêutica em Veterinária. Rio 

de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara Koogan, 1000p., 1987. 

14. Górniak, S. L. Hipnoanalgésicos e Neuroleptoanalgesia. In: SPINOSA, H. S., GÓRNIAK, S. 

L. e BERNARDI, M. M. Farmacologia Aplicada à Medicina Veterinária. Rio de Janeiro: 

Guanabara Koogan, 1996. P. 141-146. 

15. Resine, T.; Pasternak, G. Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists. In: HARDMAN, J. G.; 

LEMBERD, L. E.,MOLINOFF, P.B.; RUDDON, R. W. Goodman e Gilman’s The 

Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York. Mc Graw Hill, 9ed, 1996. P. 521-555. 

16. Rao S.S. Comparative study on the effects of pentobarbitone sodium, thiopentone sodium 

and ketamine diazepam on body temperature in rats. Indian Vet J 67:339-42, 1990. 

17. Stoen R., Sessler DI. The thermoregulatory threshold is inversely proportional to isoflurane 

concentration. Anesthesiology 72: 882-887, 1990. 

18. Cruz, M.L.; Luna, S. P. L.; Silva Junior, J. R.; Iamaguti, P.; Crocci, A.; Takahira, R. K. 

Efeitos do Flunixim, Ketoprofeno, Carprofeno, Buprenorfina e Placebo Para Analgesia Pósoperatória 

em Cães Submetidos à Osteossíntese de Fêmur. A Hora Veterinária, suplemento: 11- 

17, 1999. 

19. Schoen, A.M. Veterinary Acupuncture. Ancient Art to Modern Medicine. 2 ed., Cap. 24. St 

Louis, Mosby, 2001. 628p. 

20. Nolan, A., Reid, J. Comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of 

flunixim and papaveretum in the dog. J. Small Anim. Pract., 32:603-608, 1991. 

21. Lasceles, BDX., Cripps, P, Mirchandani, S, Waterman, A. Carprofen as an analgesic for 

postoperative pain in cats: dose titration and assessment of efficacy in comparison to pethidine 

hydrochloride. J. Small Anim. Pract.,12: 535-541, 1995. 

22. Pibarot, P., Dupuis, J., Grisneaux, E., Cuvelliez, S., Planté, J., Beauregard, G., Bonneau, N. 

H., Bouffard, J., Blais, D. Comparison of ketoprofen, oxymorphone, and butorphanol in the 

treatment of postoperative pain in dogs, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 211:438-444, 1997. 

23. Bush, B.M. Techniques. In: Interpretation of laboratory results for small animal clinicians. 

Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994. p.466-477. 

69



70


EFFECTS OF ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE ON THE AUTONOMIC 

NERVE SYSTEM; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 

OF THE CANINE AUTONOMIC NERVE SYSTEM STIMULATED 

BY ELECTRO-ACUPUNCTURE 

HARA, S., HANE, M and KIMURA, Y. 

Dept. of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University 

Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan 

shara@iwate-u.ac.jp 

Objectives 

The method for assessing the function of autonomic nerve systems by electrocardiography has 

been established in human medicine 1 , and frequently applied to determine the seriousness and 

prognosis of heart diseases, or to evaluate a stress imposed to subjects 5,7 . Application of this 

method to animal subjects has become popular in veterinary medicine also. Although it has been 

known that stimulation by acupuncture influences the autonomic nerve systems, the mechanism 

is still unclear. It has been reported that acupuncture stimulation can induce a decrease in heart 

rate, but it is unclear which autonomic nerve system mainly serves this phenomenon, the 

sympathetic nerve system or the parasympathetic nerve system 2,4,6 . 

In this study, the electrocardiographical method was applied to dogs stimulated by acupuncture 

to elucidate the mechanism of acupuncture stimulation causing the decrease in heart rate. 

Materials and methods 

Experiment 1: Five beagles were used in this experiment. A point between the points of GV-5 and 

GV-20 was stimulated for 15 min by electro-acupuncture (Fig.1) in a constant, burst or sweep mode 

(Fig. 2). The heart rate, respiration rate and root mean square (RMS) of activity were measured using 

both a dynamic air-pressure sensor system (M.I.Lab., Japan) 3 and an electrocardiographic system 

(Heart Rate Variability Analyzing System, G.M.S. Ltd., Japan). The heart rate variation factor (an 

index of the activity of a total autonomic nerve system), HF (an index of the activity of a 

parasympathetic nerve system) and LF/HF (an index of the activity of a sympathetic nerve system) 

were calculated from variation of the intervals of R waves. The respective measurements were carried 

out for five min, before electro-acupuncture stimulation (Pre), during electro-acupuncture stimulation 

(Acp), and from 5 to 10 min after electro-acupuncture stimulation (Post). The averages of the values 

measured in the respective three states were compared. 

Experiment 2: Four beagles were used in this experiment. After administrating atropine, they 

were stimulated by electro-acupuncture and subjected to the same measurements, as in 

Experiment 1. 

Results 

Experiment 1: In all modes (constant, burst and sweep) of electro-acupuncture stimulation, the 

heart rate was significantly decreased (Fig.3), and the HF and heart rate variation factor 

significantly increased, in the Acp and Post states, compared to those in the Pre state. There was 

no significant difference in heart rate, HF, LF/HF or heart rate variation factor among the three 

electro-acupuncture stimulation modes (Figs.4, 5). 

71


Experiment 2: Without administrating atropine, the heart rate was decreased and the HF was 

increased, by electro-acupuncture stimulation in the constant mode, as in Experiment 1. When 

administrating atropine, the heart rate was significantly increased, and the HF was markedly, and 

the heart rate variation factor was slightly decreased, irrespective of electro-acupuncture 

stimulation. 

Discussion and Conclusion 

When stimulating a point between the points of GV-5 and GV-20 by electro-acupuncture, a 

decreased heart rate and an increased HF were observed. In contrast, when administrating 

atropine, the heart rate was significantly increased, and the HF was markedly decreased. These 

results suggested that the parasympathetic nerve system could be mainly activated by electroacupuncture. 

It was found that electro-acupuncture in the constant and sweep modes could 

provide effective stimulation, compared to that in the burst mode. 

72

Figure 1 

Figure 2 


+ 

E-Acup Device 

A/D Converter 

Personal 

Computer:PC 

constant : 

burst : 

sweep : 

ー 

Heart rate Variability Analyzing System 

Heart rate・ HF・ LF/HF 

Heart rate Variability 

Mode 

constant 

burst 

sweep 

control 

GV-20 

Fig. 2 Stimulation Mode 

Volt(V) Volt V) 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

GV-5 

Dynamic Air 

pressure Sensor 

ECG 

Electrode 

Sling 

Fig.1. Experimental setup 

Frequency 

(Hz) 

73 

2 

2 

2‐ 6 

No 

Duration 

(min) 

15 

15 

15 

Transducer 

A/D Converter 

PC 

Dynamic Air pressure Sensor 

Respiration・ RMS

Figure 3 

Figure 4 


74

Figure 5 


75

References 


1. Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Barger, A. C., Choen, R. J. (1981) 

Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat 

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3. Hara, S., Kuno, H., Aizawa, S., Nakamura, M., Tomizawa, N., Okawai, H., Takashima, M. 

(2003) Non-invasive monitoring of the condition of horses stimulated by electro-acupuncture 

using a dynamic air-pressure sensor system. Twenty-ninth Annual International Congress on 

Veterinary Acupuncture, Proceeding: 281-288. 

4. Huang, S. T., Chen, G. Y., Lo, H. M., Lin, J. G., Lee, Y. S., Kuo, C. D. (2005) Increase in the 

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cardiac sympathetic nerve. Neurosci. lett., 227:165-168. 

7. Pagani, M., Malfatto, G., Pierini, S., Casati, R., Masu, A. M., Poli, M., Guzzetti, S., 

Lombardi, F., Cerutti, S., Malliani, A. (1988) Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in the 

assessment of autonomic diabetic neuropathy. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 23:143-153. 

76


ACUPUNCTURE AND CONVENTIONAL 

VETERINARY EMERGENCY MEDICINE 

Abbie Moos VMD, PhD, CVA 

Emergency Veterinary Hospital 

Springfield, Oregon, USA 

Introduction 

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is most commonly considered in the context of preventive 

care and health maintenance or in the treatment of chronic conditions. There is, however, a 

growing interest in the use of acupuncture in an emergency room setting and several interesting 

studies on acupuncture in the emergency room (ER) have recently been published 1,2 . While many 

of us have grown dissatisfied with the short comings of Western medicine in treating chronic 

conditions, there is little disputing that Western medicine is most effective in the face of an 

emergency. It is in part because Western medicine is so effective in this arena that 

complementary modalities are rarely considered. It has been my experience, however, that 

acupuncture in an emergency setting can be extremely beneficial to the patient and rewarding for 

the clinician. 

A recent study published in Medical Acupuncture 1 concluded that acupuncture is a viable option 

for treating patients presenting to the emergency room with musculoskeletal problems and 

associated pain. In this study, treatment varied depending on presenting signs and the outcome 

was evaluated by the physician or attending nurse. Following acupuncture treatment alone 10% 

of the cases reported 100% improvement. Overall, 74% of the patients experienced greater than 

40% improvement of symptoms and only 6% of the patients reported no improvement at all. The 

author concludes that the relief of symptoms was significant. With acupuncture treatment the 

patients were able to leave the ER “lucid, unclouded by narcotics or other sedating drugs.” In 

discussion, the author comments that “A further advantage is that acupuncture, in addition to 

providing relief of symptoms, also promotes healing… and can result in more rapid resolution of 

traumatic injury than treatment with pain medication and rest alone.” 

In a published case report 2 acupuncture was used in conjunction with standard medical 

management for emergency treatment of small bowel obstruction. Results from this study 

suggest that acupuncture shortened the course of hospitalization and reduced morbidity 

associated with this problem. Studies evaluating acupuncture treatment for severe headache pain, 

fractures, sprains and strains, toothaches, carpal tunnel syndrome and tennis elbow also reported 

favorable results 3,4 . In our experience with veterinary acupuncture in the ER we observe a similar 

beneficial response. Treated animals appear, in general, to be more comfortable, alert and 

interactive. They appear to respond better to conventional treatment, (often requiring less 

medication), to tolerate procedures better with less signs of distress and overall to improve more 

quickly. This is not only beneficial for the animals but also for the families who often comment 

that their pets appear unexpectedly comfortable during treatment with a more positive attitude. 

Our emergency hospital is a busy, after hours hospital in Springfield, Oregon. We have 4.5 fulltime 

veterinarians and about 20 technicians and assistants on staff. We are open overnight, 

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weekends and holidays. The hospital can house up to 35 animals at any time and the hospital will 

typically fill and empty on any given night and several times over a weekend; holiday weekends 

verge on chaos. The yearly caseload is about 7500. I have been practicing acupuncture in the 

hospital since completing IVAS certification in 1997 and over the years I have become 

increasingly impressed with the power of acupuncture in this setting. 

General Treatment Strategies 

Acupuncture treatment in this environment is strictly complimentary. All animals receive full 

western medical assessment, workup and treatment concurrently. Generally the goal of 

acupuncture therapy is to address the underlying imbalance or root cause of an animal’s illness 

or symptoms. In an emergency setting, however, the underlying imbalance and constitutional 

makeup are often masked by the presenting, some times life threatening symptoms. 

Consequently, acupuncture treatment is focused primarily on the emergent symptoms. 

Almost every animal that enters the ER is experiencing some level of fear, anxiety and pain. As 

part of initial triage performed at the time of presentation, the level of fear and anxiety and the 

type and degree of pain are evaluated. We have found that acupuncture treatment addressed at 

these parameters as early as possible following presentation has a dramatic impact on the 

animal’s well being as well as the response to subsequent treatment. 

In all cases, dry needling technique using Seirin® needles of varying sizes is employed. Needles 

are inserted as anatomically described below to the sensation of De Qi. Once inserted, needles 

are not manipulated. The duration of treatment varies, depending on the animal’s response and 

condition, lasting from 30 seconds to 20 minutes. 

Treatment Protocol for Different Emergencies 

1) Trauma: About 35-40% of the total caseload is related to trauma. The most common are car 

accidents. About 25% of all presenting cases and as high as 60% of all feline trauma cases are 

car related accidents. Other causes of trauma include: falling from pickup trucks (a common 

problem in rural America; particularly awful in Oregon due to a law requiring dogs be tied in if 

riding in an open pickup bed; thus, when animals do fall or jump out, unless they are on a short 

enough tether, they are dragged down the road or highway resulting in extremely severe 

injuries), dog and cat fights, close encounters with other animals (horses, cows, raccoon and 

deer), occasional gunshot wounds, unfortunate encounters with other moving vehicles including 

bicycles, lawn mowers, boats, golf carts, skate boards, reclining chairs, etc., The results of these 

accidents include a wide variety of injuries including any combination of musculoskeletal 

injuries, thoracic injuries, head trauma, abdominal injuries, hemorrhage, and cutaneous wounds- 

lacerations, abrasion, contusions etc. 

During the initial triage for trauma cases we evaluate the degree of anxiety and pain as well as 

the general medical condition and vital signs. All necessary actions are taken to stabilize the 

animal including O2 therapy, fluid therapy, analgesics, hemostasis, etc. Acupuncture needles are 

easily placed during this time. 

Acupuncture points considered: 

To calm the Shen, the following points are helpful: 

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An-shen: Classical point used to calm the Shen 

Da-feng-men: Classical point used to calm the Shen 

HT-7: to tonify the Heart and calm the Shen 

To treat generalized pain resulting from Blood and/or Qi stagnation, the following points are 

helpful: 

Er-jian: Classical point to treat pain associated with head trauma, headache and abdominal pain, 

Bai-hai: To treat pain associated with hind limbs, lumbosacral region and pelvis 

BL 20, 21: To treat abdominal pain 

BL 10: To treat pain associated with fear and apprehension; to help clear the head, help with 

headache and backache 

BL 17: To treat pain associated with blood stagnation and to clear the mind 

Additional points are used depending on the specific nature of the injuries. These can be added 

once the animal’s condition has started to stabilize and diagnostic procedures including deep 

palpation, manipulation and radiographs have been performed. 

Fractures, luxations, and soft tissue injuries are typically treated with local points on the 

affected meridians, proximal and distal to injury. If these points are too sensitive, or if injury is 

extensive, points are selected using the Chinese meridian name-sharing system as described by 

Dr Tan (4). In this system, Yin channels balance Yin channels and Yang channels balance Yang 

channels. The fore limb is balanced by the contralateral hind limb and vice versa. This system 

can be very effective in treating acute, painful injuries. 

Abdominal injuries: SP 06 and ST 36 are helpful in addition to BL 21. 

Thoracic injuries: Tian-tu (CV 22) can sooth chest pain. 

Hemorrhage: Tian-ping (GV 5) can stop internal hemorrhage. 

In most trauma cases, a single acupuncture treatment performed shortly after presentation can 

have profound effects on the injured animal’s response to subsequent treatment. Following 

acupuncture animals not only appear more comfortable and more relaxed but in general are 

easier to manage. 

2) GI emergencies: Approximately 20-30% of the cases seen involve gastrointestinal (GI) 

symptoms. These include gastritis, enteritis and colitis with vomiting and diarrhea, anorexia, 

constipation, gastric dilatation +/- torsion. When animals presenting with these symptoms are 

initially evaluated, the level of pain, anxiety and distress is evaluated and treated with 

acupuncture. 

Acupuncture points considered: 

An-shen, Da-feng-men, and HT 7 are used to calm the Shen, treat anxiety and distress. 

In addition PC 6 is useful to control emesis and can be particularly helpful in calming the Shen in 

excess Fire constitutions, i.e. hyperactive dogs and cats, which have a tendency for dietary 

indiscretions. 

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The following points are helpful in controlling abdominal pain due to Blood or Qi stagnation by 

promoting the flow of Qi and regulating GI function. 

CV 12: Stomach alarm point, helps decrease abdominal pain and regulates Stomach Qi. 

BL 20, 21: Spleen and Stomach Back-shu Association points can help strengthen Spleen and 

Stomach and regulate the Middle Jiao. 

Additional points are used depending on presenting symptoms: 

Vomiting: ST 36: regulates Stomach Qi; Sp 6: Calm the Shen and inhibit vomiting 

Diarrhea: GV 1: Local point to open the Yang meridians and regulate GI motility; ST 36 and LI 

10: Strengthens the Stomach Qi 

Anorexia: Shan-gen: Classical point to stimulate appetite in dogs and cats 

Constipation: GV 1: Local point to open Yang meridians and regulate GI motility 

Bloat: GB 34, ST 36: Earth points, regulate stomach Qi and control rebellious Qi 

In GI cases, acupuncture can have a dramatic effect on symptoms. After a single treatment, 

always performed in conjunction with standard emergency protocol, the symptoms of vomiting 

and diarrhea often resolve quite suddenly. Stool is sometimes produced in constipated animals 

before enemas can be administered. Inappetent animals will often eat about one hour following 

treatment. This can be dramatic in anorexic cats and should always be tried before placing a 

feeding tube! In addition, animals appear more comfortable and better tolerate hospital care and 

procedures. 

3) Additional cases: While a large number of cases seen are the result of traumatic events or are 

GI related, we of course see a wide variety of other conditions. Additional emergency cases that 

have responded favorably to acupuncture treatment include: geriatric vestibular disease, feline 

urinary tract obstruction, dystocias, intervertebral disc disease, seizures and toxic exposures. The 

treatment rationale is similar; initially treatment is directed towards alleviating fear and pain. 

Following this additional points are selected to address the specific symptoms. Response to 

treatment is often dramatic and can be very rewarding for all involved. 

Summary 

It is our impression that many animals receiving acupuncture treatment in the emergency room 

respond better to standard medical care. Following the placement of several needles to address 

pain, anxiety and the emergent symptoms, these animals often require less medication, appear to 

tolerate procedures better and often recover more quickly with a shorter hospital stay. Although 

its use is often limited to the treatment of chronic conditions and health maintenance, 

acupuncture can be very effective in an acute, critical setting. There have been several supporting 

reports published describing the beneficial effects of acupuncture in human emergency rooms. 

Further studies need to be designed to determine whether acupuncture treatment provided in the 

ER (human or veterinary) can shorten the course of hospitalization and reduce morbidity as 

suggested by these studies. Not only would patients benefit but a savings in cost could be 

significant. 

Point location for classical points 5 : 

An-shen: halfway between GB 20 and TH 17 

Da-feng-men: Cranial rim of ear bases, on midline (GV 24) 

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Er-jian: Convex surface of the ear at angular vein at ear tip 

Bai-hui: Between seventh lumbar and first sacral vertebrae 

Tian-ping: Between T13-L1 on midline (GV 05) 

Point location for transpositional points (IVAS): 

LI 10: Two cun distal to LI 11, between the m. extensor carpi radialis and common digital 

extensor. 

ST 36: Three cun distal to ST 35, distal to the tibial tuberosity and lateral to the cranial border of 

the tibia, in a depression approximately in the middle of the cranial tibialis muscle 

SP 06: Three cun directly above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the caudal border of the tibia, 

on the line drawn from the medial malleolus to SP 09 

HT 07: On the transverse crease of the carpal joint, in the depression lateral to the flexor carpi 

ulnaris and superficial digital flexor tendons 

BL 10: On the lateral side of the origin of the trapezius at the level of GV 15, between C1 and C2 

BL 17: 1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of the 7 th vertebra, in the 

depression caudal to the medial border of the scapula 

BL 20: 1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of the 12 th thoracic vertebra 

BL 21: 1.5 cun lateral to the caudal border of the spinous process of the 13 th thoracic vertebra 

GB 34: In the depression cranial and distal to the head of the fibula 

CV 12: Halfway between the umbilicus and the xyphoid process on the midline 

CV 22: At the cranial tip of the manubrium 

GV 01: In the depression between the anus and the tail 

References 

1. Grout, M. Medical acupuncture in the emergency department. Medical Acupuncture, 2002; 

14(1): 39-40. 

2. Grout, M. Case report: treatment of small bowel obstruction with acupuncture. Medical 

Acupuncture, 2001; 12(2): 11-12. 

3. Doheny, K. Getting a new point in the ER. TCM Press, TCMcentral.com, 2002 

4. Bell, L. Melbourne’s northern hospital embraces acupuncture. TCM Press, TCMcentral.com, 

2005 

5. Tan, RT, Bensinger JW, ed. Dr. Tan’s Strategy of Twelve Magical Points. San Diego, CA: self 

published, 2003. 

6. Xie, H. Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Volume 1: Fundamental Principles, Beijing, 

Jing Tang, 2002, p 577-581. 

81



82


BASICS IN LASER THERAPY AND LASER ACUPUNCTURE 

Dr. med. vet. Uwe Petermann (DVM) 

49326 Melle, Germany 

druwepetermannmelle@t-online.de 

Summary 

The effect of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is documented by many scientific investigations. 

Although this therapy is proven as very effective it is not appreciated in American and European 

universities. In this paper the results of the most important investigations of LLLT are 

summarized and the finding of its method of action is reported. Also reported are the findings of 

long-standing personal experience in laser acupuncture is reported. The possibility of useful 

combination of laser therapy with laser acupuncture is shown in the following fields: COPD 

(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in horses, chronic back pain in horses, infected tendon 

sheath and joint inflammation in horses, purulent sinusitis in horses and dogs, degenerative joint 

diseases in horses and dogs, eye conditions in horses, gynaecology and many other fields. In 

every indication the acupuncture points used most frequently are introduced. 

Key words: Low level laser therapy (LLLT), laser acupuncture, veterinary medicine 

History 

When Shawlow and Townes (1958) published the construction plans for the laser and Maiman 

(1960) presented the first functional ruby-crystal laser to the scientific community, there was 

probably no inkling of the enormous range of applications and types that would develop from 

this invention. Mester was the first scientist who started in the late sixties with studies about laser 

irradiation in human tissue and showed significant increase in wound healing after LLLT. One 

can say that he is the father of LLLT. 

Areas of laser application in man and animals 

Today, lasers find an ever increasing new and varied range of applications all over the world. 

The spectrum extends from soft-lasers, for use in cosmetics, to different lasers that are used in 

many areas of medicine. So far, the most well-known have been surgical lasers, used for incision 

and cauterisation in endoscopic surgery and for the treatment of ablatio retinae in the eye. In 

cosmetic surgery, lasers are used therapeutically for the sclerosing of varicose veins, the removal 

of birthmarks and brush marks right through to the “vaporisation” of aging skin layers and 

collagen production in exhausted subcutaneous tissue. 

Therapy and acupuncture lasers 

This paper, however, will give a report of a completely different medical application of laser 

devices, so-called “Mid-lasers”. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) involves the local treatment of 

various tissues with so-called therapeutic lasers. These lasers are diode lasers with the great 

advantage of being very compact. The laser diodes are scarcely bigger than a match-head, so that 

the entire apparatus including the battery of a modern therapeutic laser can be housed in a device 

83


the size of a cigar. Thus, whether such a compact laser or a stand-alone device with a laser probe 

connected via cable is used, is actually a question of personal preference. These devices basically 

work with wavelengths in the infra-red spectrum (600-900 nm). Two types must be distinguished 

here. On one hand, there are continuous beam lasers, which continually emit laser light. The 

output of these devices lies between 30 and 200 mW. On the other hand we have impulse lasers 

that emit very short pulsed laser beams (200nsec each pulse) but with a very high intensity 

(90watt pulse peak power). The pulse frequency can be adapted to special resonance frequencies 

in different types of tissue. 

Light emission by continuous-wave- laser 

The first type of acupuncture laser is continuous wave lasers (cw-laser), which continually emit 

laser light (Fig. 1). The output of these devices lies between 30 and 200 mW. The laser light 

emission can be split into different frequencies to attain optimal resonance in different types of 

tissue. In continuous wave-laser, the Bahr, Nogier and other individual frequencies are 

modulated as a sinus wave on the basic laser beam. 

Figure 1: Cw-laser with 70mW power and integrated Bahr, Nogier, 

Meridian- Frequencies and special laser frequencies for the “Chakra” points 

Light emission by impulse-laser 

The second type of laser is the pulse laser, with which light pulses of very high intensity (peak 

pulse power of 30 to 100 Watts) but very short duration (200 nsec) are emitted (Fig. 2). Although 

the tissue penetration of laser light with these devices is very much higher, the short duration of 

the light beams means that no thermal or even coagulating effects occur in tissues, even at pulse 

frequencies of up to 10000 Hz. To this end, primarily the Bahr and Nogier frequency ranges are 

used. 

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The Bahr frequencies are: Fr.1 – 599.5Hz; Fr.2 – 1199Hz; Fr.3 – 2398Hz; Fr.4 – 4796Hz; Fr.5 – 

9592Hz; Fr.6 – 149.9Hz; Fr.7 – 299.8Hz. 

The Nogier Frequencies are: Fr.A´ - 292Hz; Fr.B´ - 584Hz; Fr.C´ - 1168Hz; Fr.D´ - 2336Hz; 

Fr.E´- 4672Hz; Fr.F´- 9344Hz; Fr.G - 146Hz. 

Figure 2: Impulse laser with 90W pulse peak power and integrated 

Bahr, Nogier, Meridian- Frequencies and special laser frequencies for 

the “Chakra” points; additionally shown, a laser shower with five 30W 

impulse laser diodes for area application. 

Acupuncture lasers are diode lasers 

A big advantage of the diode laser is its high level of efficiency. Whilst the Neodyne-YAG laser 

achieves 2-5% and the carbon dioxide laser 5-10% efficiency, that means that 90% and more of 

the energy is wasted in heat and not laser light. In contrast, diode lasers reach a level of 

efficiency of up to 55%. This also means that no costly cooling system need be installed, which 

would immediately reduce their ease of handling. It is for this reason that the diode laser has 

been adapted to form an industry standard device, by means of the optical coupling of hundreds 

of individual laser diodes. Lasers with an output of 2 kW have been produced, and 6 kW lasers 

are foreseen. 

Function of the diode laser 

With a diode laser, all the components can be accommodated in the smallest possible space, a 

fraction of a cubic millimetre. Semiconductor diodes are designed so that negatively charged, 

electron-rich and positively charged, low-electron layers are embedded in a crystal matrix. When 

an electric field is applied across the diode crystal, electrons move from the electron-rich N-layer 

to the electron-poor P-layer. In the laser active zone, only a few atom layers thick, photons are 

produced. The resonator is formed from two semiconductor layers which reflect the photons: a 

thin layer in which every newly produced photon is forced to travel back and forth in phase with 

the existing photons, between the two mirrored end surfaces of the diode. Only when enough 

photons are oscillating in phase is their collective energy sufficient to emerge through the front, 

semi-permeable mirror of the diode as a laser beam. 

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Results of investigations into the effective mechanisms of the therapeutic laser 

Physiological basis of laser effects 

Research by Popp which established that bio photons play a fundamental role in cell 

communication by means of so-called “ultra-weak cell radiation” is one of the most important 

pieces of primary research into laser effects. This involves coherent light; in other words, laser 

light. The DNA in the cell nucleus can be established as the source of the radiation. These 

emissions occur in the infra-red to ultra-violet spectra. It was possible to determine in animal 

tumours that with increasing malignancy, the tumour cells lose their mutual light contact that is 

important for controlled cell growth. It is assumed that the coherence of the light emissions is 

also reduced by other pathological processes, increasing disorder emerges and the resonance 

necessary for communication is lost. The use of laser treatment may be practical here in order to 

re-establish order. Warnke has specifically made exploratory studies of the infra-red laser. 

According to these studies, approximately 70% of the laser energy is reflected from the skin 

surface; 15-20% of the entrant energy is dissipated and lost by diffusion in the body tissues. Thus 

only 5-10% of the laser energy is absorbed. Absorption is by means of a so-called “antenna 

pigment”, the flavoprotein-metal-redox system (Fig. 3), which forms an important link in the 

respiratory chain within the mitochondria. Here, absorbed laser photons are transformed directly 

into cellular energy. This is particularly beneficial for unhealthy cells and cells in tissue modified 

by illness, which have a particularly high energy requirement to perform their functions. The 

laser may play a decisive role by providing the necessary energy. Equally, an intense energy 

pulse in the nerve cells of the acupuncture points can lead to hyper polarisation and thus to 

unblocking of irritations; whereby the demonstrable pain reduction can be attributed to the laser. 

The healing of wounds and repair of damaged ligaments are processes requiring high energy 

inputs. With laser light, the energy required for the breakdown of waste building blocks and the 

synthesis of new building blocks for wound closure can be provided more quickly and ligament 

or wound repair accelerated. Important investigations have been made by the pioneer of LLLT, 

E. Meister, on this topic, which demonstrated as early as 1969, that the proliferation of collagen 

threads and a marked increase in cell activity after 1-3 laser irradiation of wounds. The results 

justify the assumption that even in the area not directly irradiated healing is significantly 

improved due to the increased diffusion of bioactive substances. 

Figure 3: The flavoprotein-metal-redox system in the respiratory chain within the mitochondria. 

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More than 300 scientific publications on the effects of LLLT 

I personally have almost more than 300 scientific publications on the effects of LLLT. I would 

like to select some investigations as representative of the majority of investigated and confirmed 

laser therapeutic effects. These established, among other things, the following effects of clearly 

defined laser irradiation: vasodilatation with mast cell degranulation, activation of macrophages 

and lysozyme, increased circulation in occlusive arterial diseases, treatment of haemangioma, 

reduced blood pressure in hypertension, improved capillary circulation in micro-circulatory 

conditions, applications for wound healing disruptions, analgesia, for spondylosis related pain 

and after a certain time (several weeks of treatment) for curing spondylosis itself, skin-transplant 

surgery, for facial paralysis, regeneration of nerve lesions and inhibited nerve functioning. 

Further impressive research results are available in the areas of rheumatic therapy, lumbago, 

degenerative conditions of the joints, pain control in invasive procedures such as bone marrow 

operations, after disc prolapse, dentistry and orthodontics, and orthopaedics, immunology, for 

low sperm counts, prostate conditions, sports injuries, infected wounds, corneal ulcers and 

lesions, pain relief in herpes neuralgia (Moore et al.). 

A particularly interesting study by T. Karu shows by means of in vivo tests on human capillary 

blood that laser therapy can considerably increase the clearance of peroxide radicals as measured 

by chemoluminescence. Interestingly, the maximum increase in clearance coincided at the peak 

of symptoms (viral infection), it was reduced once again during convalescence, and was no 

longer observable after recovery. It was also established that the rate of increase was dependent 

on the pulse frequency of the laser radiation, the wavelength of the laser light used and the 

irradiation dosage. Several investigations confirm a relation between dosage and effect to the 

extent that too small irradiation dosages have no positive effect, but then with increasing dosages 

an increased effect up to a maximum can be achieved. If the dosage is increased further, the 

stimulating effect is reduced until the previous, non-irradiated condition is reached again. Further 

studies show that a negative, destructive effect cannot be demonstrated, even with prolonged 

irradiation (30 minutes). 

Despite these extensive studies, the optimal laser power to be used for therapy and the length of 

treatment can still not be clearly established, since there is naturally a considerable difference 

between the shaved skin of the laboratory rat and the hairy skin of a dog or horse. On the basis of 

my own experience, one can presume an optimal effect on surface structures in veterinary 

medicine for laser output of 50-100 mW (continuous beam) or 50 - 100 W peak pulse power 

(pulse lasers) over an irradiation time of approx. 20 - 40 sec. For deeper structures, articular 

cartilage, ligaments, fistulas, sinusitis, the treatment duration must be increased to approximately 

2-3 minutes per point. 

The foregoing summary of the current state of knowledge in LLL therapy shows unambiguously 

that the laser may be used effectively for the local treatment of traumatised tissue as well as for 

acupuncture treatment. Optimal treatment for individual patients thus involves local laser 

irradiation in combination with appropriate acupuncture points. 

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Fields of laser acupuncture 

Healing of wounds 

The most simple but nevertheless very effective indication for local laser therapy is the 

encouragement of wound healing after trauma or operations; in particular when a rapid resilience 

of the wound closure should be achieved or the wound is located in an area which is difficult to 

immobilise, such as joints. Even in many cases of infected wounds, where normally long-term 

drainage would be required after surgical intervention, per primam healing can often be expected 

after laser treatment and suture dehiscence avoided. With wounds with larger loss of skin surface 

or after the removal of larger areas of hyper granulation tissue, wound closure normally occurs 

very quickly and without complications. With fistula formation and disturbance to the wound 

demarcation and above all for deep wounds, laser treatment is to be highly recommended. There 

have even been cases of old scars in which the demarcation had clearly not been closed, opening 

again after 1-2 laser treatments, cleaning themselves and finally closing up again. Additional 

recommended acupuncture points: LIV 3, SP 2; and for demarcation: TH 5 and KID 3. 

Local inflammation 

Traumatic 

Local laser treatment proved effective in the following trauma-related inflammatory conditions: 

acute distortion, capsule tearing, pulled muscles and hematoma. The treatment is also very 

effective in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation of the pastern and of acute and 

chronic tendonitis. A markedly more rapid and complete reduction of accompanying tissue 

swelling and other symptoms of inflammation such as pain and heat also occurs. 

Additional to Low Level Laser Treatment (LLLT) two acupuncture points are very important: SP 

2 and GB 41. SP 2 is the Tonifying point of the “building energy channel”, Spleen, and so the 

“Master point of anabolic processes” in the body. GB 41 is the Prostaglandin point of ear 

acupuncture* and works against inflammation. 

Infectious 

Laser treatment is also exceptionally useful in infectious local inflammations. In many cases of 

phlegmonic processes, e.g. after the infection of wounds, in mastitis and even in acute to subacute 

thrombophlebitis, cure can be achieved when previous treatment with antibiotics has 

proved ineffective. Laser irradiation also has an outstanding effect on the maturation and 

demarcation of abscesses. This applies, for example, to hoof ulcers or infected inflammations of 

the hoof dermis which do not mature and diffusely spread into the rest of the hoof dermis and 

which are normally very difficult to manage. Purulent, acute and chronic sinusitis in dogs and 

even in horses can usually be effectively treated with laser irradiation, whereby in horses the 

affected tooth usually does not have to be extracted and the maxillary sinus does not have to be 

trepanned. Lastly, I would like to cite the highly effective option of treating infected joint and 

tendon sheath inflammations. At commensurate cost, in most cases excellent treatment success 

can be expected here. 

Acupuncture points one can combine with the LLLT in these cases are: TH 5, SP 4, GB 41 and 

KI 3. TH 5, is the Thymus point at the ear* and is used in two treatment aspects. On one hand it 

is used as a confluence point in every treatment of disturbing foci, because it sets tissue 

demarcation in motion. On the other hand it is used in combination by Midday – Midnight rule, 

88


as a Luo point with its partner Luo point SP 4, the Interferon point*, as “wake up points” for the 

immune system. GB 41, the Prostaglandin point is used, as the partner Confluence point to TH 5 

and works “anti-inflammatory” and “anti- rheumatic” by reduction of Prostaglandin E1. KID 3 is 

the most important point for using the body’s inheritance energy and is called in controlled 

acupuncture as the master point against “oscillation”. Here “oscillation” means every pathologic 

cell radiation which one finds e.g. in every inflammatory process in the body. 

Orthopaedics 

Laser treatment is used most frequently for spinal problems, all forms of lameness, acute as well 

as chronic, in horses and in dogs. But in all conceivable forms of disability with a variety of 

causes, in most cases laser treatment is strongly indicated. Very often, costly and unreliable 

operations can thereby be avoided, and even conditions not cured or even made worse by 

operating can subsequently be alleviated. 

Acupuncture points used most often are: LI 4 (Master point against pain), GB 41 (Prostaglandin 

point, Master point against rheumatic disease), GB 34 (Master point of muscles), BL 11 (Master 

point of bones), LIV 3 (Source point of the Liver), responsible for the muscle energy , SP 2 

(Spleen point of the ear* “Anabolic Master point” and for muscle and tendon repair) and other 

points, based on location of lameness (e.g. activating the Tendo-Muscular Meridian by treating 

the Ting point, the Tonification point and the affiliated Reunion point). 

Internal diseases 

With internal diseases you normally will not find only liver or only lung or only kidney disease 

as normal medicine mostly tells us. In every illness we find combinations of problems in 

different channels or, more clearly stated, function circles. But of course we can treat these 

western internal diseases as acute and chronic lung diseases, e.g., COPD, liver or bladder disease 

or acute or chronic or interstitial nephritis, etc., by laser acupuncture treatment. As in every 

especially chronic disease for me it is very important to look for disturbances in the body, like 

pollutions, and perturberative fields, like scars and affected teeth, in chronic internal illness as 

well. Helpful standard points for liver problems are the tonifying point LIV 8 and source point 

LIV 3. This is also the main problem in colic in horses where we can combine SI 3 as master 

point of spasm and tonifying point of the small intestine and LI 11 the tonifying point of large 

intestine and LI 4 the master point against pain and the source point. In chronic lung disease like 

COPD and asthma we find LU 7, the lung point of the ear; KID 7, the kidney point of the ear; 

Shu point BL 13, and Mu point of the upper part of Triple Heater, CV17 (Triple Heater is the 

Yang partner of Pericardium); and ST 40, the beta-mimetic point of the ear*. In kidney diseases 

we can treat as standard the tonifying point KID 7 that is the ear point of Kidney. This point 

combines the Yin and the Yang energy of the Kidney. When we have the primary problem with 

the only Yin aspect of the Kidney we can use the source point KID 3 and when the only Yang 

aspect shall be treated we use GV 3. All these Kidney points are also important when we see a 

deficiency in eastern Kidney as we know in most chronic illness and tooth problems and 

neurological disturbances. 

Gynaecological disorders and birth problems 

Gynaecological disorders are normally connected with Spleen and Kidney meridians. So we can 

treat points like SP 5, the ovarian ear point*; SP 6, the uterus ear point*; SP 7, the gestagen point 

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of the ear*. Also important is the Shu point of Spleen BL 20, and the Mu point LIV 13, which is 

the hypophysis or gonadotropin point of the ear*. With these few points we can treat most 

gynaecological problems from follicular atresia to behavioural problems in mares that mostly 

result from ovarian disorders. In birth problems we also have two very simple points that are 

doing a very good job. These are of course the uterus point* and sometimes in situation of 

spasms, SI 3. In cases of incorrect fetal positions BL 67 brings the fetus back into the correct 

position for birth. The last two points are also effective in cases of retained placenta. 

Neurology 

Principally, disability in dogs due to discopathy or trauma and in horses due to ataxia should be 

mentioned here. Both illnesses are very often curable, however, often at not inconsiderable cost. 

Acupuncture points in these cases are very individual. The leading point in every neurological 

disturbance is KID 4, the luo point of the kidney meridian, which is very good to combine with 

LI 6 the luo point of the large intestine, by the midday – midnight rule. 

Eye conditions 

With regard to eye conditions, it is principally treatment-resistant corneal injuries, corneal ulcers, 

corneal occlusion and also deep eye injuries which may be treated successfully. 

Acupuncture points are GB 41, ST 1, TH 23, BL 1 and GB 1. 

Local laser treatment as the ideal introduction to acupuncture 

If laser treatment of acupuncture points is used to target sympathetic vegetative and humoral 

control mechanisms, every local laser treatment can be further improved in their effectiveness. 

Acupuncture may be started relatively easily in the areas listed above, using a rather small 

number of highly effective acupuncture points. Any acupuncture therapy you can do with 

needles, you can do with laser in the same way without any traumatic effect and if you want, 

without touching the patient. The straightforward introduction and the possibility it offers of 

convincing oneself of the outstanding effectiveness of laser acupuncture in a considerable range 

of indicated conditions are strong factors motivating towards making the effort of learning more 

about this area. All colleagues who have taken this first step are astonished again and again by 

the really significant extension of therapeutic possibilities beyond the known and the hitherto 

accepted. 

*Every body acupuncture point has a corresponding point at the ear. There is no difference, if 

one treats the ear point e.g. the “Lung point” or the identical body point LU 7. Both points can be 

treated at the same time to intensify the treatment. 

90

References 


1. Basko I. A New Frontier: Laser Therapy. Calif Veterinarian. 1983; 10: 17. 

2. Benson B., et al. Treatment of chronic Back Pain in Horses Stimulation of Acupuncture 

Points with a Low Powered Infrared Laser. Veterinary Surgery, 1987; 16, 1, 106-110. 

3. Calderhead R.G. et al. A Study on the Possible Haemorrhagic Effect of Extended Infrared 

Diode Laser Irradiation on Encapsulated and Exposed Synovial Membrane Articular Tissue in 

the Rat. LLLT-Reports. 1992 ; 65-69. 

4. Dima F.V. et al. Response of Murine Mammary Adenocarcinoma to Photodynamic Therapy 

and Immunotherapy. LLLT-Reports, 1990; 153-160. 

5. Gärtner C. LLTP in Rheumatology. Laser Therapy, 1992; 4, 107-115. 

6. Ginsbach G. Laser Biostimulation in Plastic Surgery. Laser Therapy, 1993; 169- 173. 

7. Karu T.I. Photobiological Fundamentals of Low-Power Laser Therapy. IEEE Journal of 

Quantum Electronics. 1987; QE-23, 1703-1717. 

8. Karu T. et al. Suppression of human blood chemiluminescence by diode laser irradiation. 

Laser Therapy.1993; 5, 103-109. 

9. Kerns T. HeNe Lasers Show Promise in Treating Equine Injuries. Lasers & Applications. 

1986; Dec: 39. 

10. Klide, AM., Martin, BB. Methods of Stimulating Acupuncture Points for Treatment of 

Chronic Back Pain in Horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1989; 

10, 1375-1379. 

11. Maeda T. Morphological Demonstration of Low Reactive Laser Therapeutic Pain 

Attenuation Effect of GaAlAs Diode Laser. LLLT-Reports. 1989; 23-31. 

12. Maeno N. Effects of LLLT, Using Helium Neon Laser on Infectious Bovine 

Keratoconjunctivitis. LLLT-Reports. 1989; 79-82. 

13. McKibbin L. and Paraschak D. A Study of the Effects of Lasering on Chronic Bowed 

Tendons at Whitney Hall Farm Limited, Canada, January, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 

1983; 3: 55. 

14. Mester E. et al. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Laserstrahlen auf die 

Wundheilung. Z. Exper. Chirurgie.1969; 2, 94-101. 

15. Midamba E.D. Low Reactive-Level 830nm GaAlAs Diode Laser Therapy Successfully 

Accelerates Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves in Human. Laser Therapy.1993; 5, 125-129. 

16. Moore, K. C. et al. A double blind crossover trial of LLLT in the treatment of post-herpetic 

neuralgia, LLLT Reports. 1988; 7-9. 

17. Murakami F. Diode Low Reactive Level Laser Therapy and Stellate Ganglion Block 

Compared in the Treatment of Facial Palsy. Laser Therapy.1993; 131-135. 

18. Petermann, U. Behandlung von BWS- und LWS-Beschwerden beim Pferd mit 

Ohrakupunktur. collegium veterinarium.1989; 20/91-93. 

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19. Petermann, U. Lasertherapie in der Veterinärmedizin. Vet Impulse.1998; 24, 12-13. 

20. Petermann, U. Laserakupunktur bei infizierter Tendinitis des Pferdes. Prakt. Tierzart, 1999;1. 

21. Petermann, U. Acupuncture in Severe Chronic (Allergic) Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in 

Horses. Proc. of 31st International Congress on Veterinary Acupuncture, Park City, Utah, USA, 

2005; 105-113. 

22. Petermann, U. Acupuncture in Emergency Treatment, Proc. of 27 th IVAS 2001 World 

Congress, Ottawa, Canada, 2001; 45-56. 

23. Petermann, U. Laseracupuncture in Post-Operative Fields Veterinary Medicine, Proc. of 27th 

IVAS 2001 World Congress, Ottawa, Canada, 2001; 85-98. 

24. Rochkind S. et al. The in-vivo-nerve-respond to direct low-energy-laser irradiation. Acta 

Neurochir. 1988; 94, 74-77. 

25. Rochkind S. et al. Intraoperative Clinical Use of LLLT Following Surgical Treatment of the 

Tethered Spinal Cord. LLLT-Reports, 1991; 113-117. 

26. Skobelkin O.K. et al. Blood Microcirculation under Laser, Physio- and Reflexo- therapy in 

Patients with lesions in Vessels of Low Extremities. LLLT-Reports, 1990 ; 69-77. 

27. Trelles M.A. et al. LLLT for Knee Osteoarthrosis. LLLT-Reports, 1991; 149-153. 

28. Umeda Y. Blood Pressure controlled by Low Reactive Level Diode Laser Therapy. LLTP- 

Reports, 1990; 59-63. 

29. Wang L. et al. A Review of Clinical Applications of Low Level Laser Therapy in Veterinary 

Medicine. Laser Therapy.1989; 1(4): 183. 

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31. Warnke, U. Wie Licht-Energie zu Zell-Energie wird. Ärztliche Praxis Jahrg. 1987; 97, 3039- 

3040. 

32. Yamada H. et al. Low Level Laser Therapy in Horses. Laser Therapy,1989; 31-35. 

92


APPLIED PHOTONIC THERAPY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 

Brian C. McLaren, B.V.Sc., M.App.Sc. and Terry Wood, D.V.M. 

Presented by Terry “R” Wood, D.V.M. 

Mustang Veterinary Hospital, P.C. 

402 W SH 152 

Mustang, OK 73064 USA 

mustangvet@cox.net 

Abstract 

There can be no question that specific systemic physiological results occur when red light 

(660nm) is applied to the skin; it is now more a question of detailed mechanisms. 

Before gathering statistically significant clinical trial data, it is important to first enumerate the 

type of results observed in practice. Case histories are presented highlighting the use of photonic 

therapy in veterinary medicine. Over 1000 surgical procedures have been performed and 

documented, utilizing the principles of photonic therapy, and while hemostasis, pain and nausea 

relief, were the primary goals, the peri-operative death rate, the post-operative seroma, and postoperative 

infection rates were reduced to almost zero, and there was a noticeable increase in the 

healing rate. Scientifically applied photonic therapy, rather than supplanting conventional 

veterinary medicine, compliments and increases the veterinarian’s set of skills. This paper 

proposes a hypothesis of how 660 nm light applied to specific points on the skin, produces 

various physiological changes in animals. By using animals, there can be no placebo, hypnotic, 

or psychosomatic confounding effects. 

Introduction 

It will be helpful to take a brief look at the historical use of light as a healing modality. 

Throughout history, man has used the visible solar radiation as a method of healing. 14 The 

efficacy of phototherapy has long been known, even though it has taken some time to clarify the 

mechanism of action. Any retrospective view of the development of light therapy inevitably 

loses itself in the mists of primitive practice, from the earliest times when man worshipped the 

sun. In a 1500 BC Sanskrit document, the “God of the Sun” was worshipped as a divine 

physician by the Aryans in India. Through the histories of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and 

Romans, one finds references to the healing powers of light. Apollo, the “God of Healing” was 

also the “Sun God” or the “God of Light”. Hippocrates (460-370 BC) practiced heliotherapy and 

Galen (131-201 AD) routinely prescribed sunbaths for his patients. Henri de Mondeville (1260- 

1320 AD) used red light in the treatment of smallpox. John of Goddesden, physician to Edward 

II of England, in 1510 treated a prince with smallpox, using red dyes, red bedclothes, and red 

curtains (never drawn to bathe the person in diffuse red light), and cured him without a vestige of 

pock marks 20 . 

In 1900, a French doctor, Dr. Chantiniere reported that six hours of red light had an abortive 

effect on measles. He also noted the marked nervous phenomena in workmen employed in 

making photographic plates in rooms lit with red lanterns. In the Caucasian region of central 

Europe it was the custom to dress children in red garments in the case of eruptive disease, 

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especially measles 3 . In 1903 a Danish doctor, Niels Finsen, was awarded a Nobel Prize for 

treating tuberculosis and smallpox with red light to abolish suppuration and lessen scarring 4 . 

Standard practice today is to use blue light to treat kernicterus in neonates 8 . Rickets is treated 

through the photochemistry of sunlight. Photodynamic therapy is the use of fluorescent dyes 

combined with either ultra-violet light or infrared to treat skin diseases and some cancers 6,28 . 

Photo-immunology is the study of the effects of non-ionizing radiation on the immune system 25 . 

The use of lasers in surgery (as a light scalpel) is now common 4 . 

Isaac Newton first proposed that light traveled both in waves and as “silver bullets”. Einstein 

refined this theory, and called the discrete quanta of light energy, photons 12 . The electromagnetic 

frequency theory, a more scientifically accurate concept, describes light (electromagnetic 

radiation) as the variations in the electrical field strength propagated in a given 

direction, within a given medium, where the frequency and amplitude are the features of 

importance 12 . To understand the concept of electrical fields, it is appropriate to make use of 

common physical analogies such as the patterns formed by iron filings near a bar magnet. One 

may imagine equivalent lines of force surrounding an electric dipole, which is a separated pair of 

electric charges, of equal magnitude but opposite signs. The lines of force are known as the 

associated electric field. 

It must be stressed however that like photons, electric fields as such, do not exist as physical 

entities. They are mere concepts (methods of bookkeeping, if you like), to keep track of the 

forces of attraction and repulsion between like or unlike charged particles, depending on the size 

of the charge and the distance between them. All other descriptions are simplified paradigms, 

which are used to summarize, and perhaps predict, scientific data, with many articles incorrectly 

describing the interactions of light with tissue as being wavelength dependant, particularly those 

prior to 1990 2,16,17,23 . 

Photonic therapy is the use of the energy of light to produce a therapeutic effect, and may be 

defined as the application of monochromatic light to classical acupuncture points. Photonic 

Therapy is the correct name for what has been described as low-level laser therapy. This is 

because the name describes the generic cause of the stimulation, and not just one method of 

generating a form of light. Understanding the biological effects of light's action in tissue 

demonstrates unequivocally that there are disadvantages, but no clinical or biological 

advantages, in using a low level laser light compared to using a non-coherent light 13 . 

Understanding the phylogenetic evolution of the body’s electro-magnetic field sensory systems 

allows a rational explanation of the origin of acupuncture points, and how stimulation of 

cutaneous photoreceptors (acupuncture points) with light can result in changes in physiological 

parameters. 

Evidence Based Medicine 

The day following my introduction to photonic therapy in 2001, an otoplasty was performed and 

it didn’t bleed! It was difficult to accept that photonic therapy could do such a thing, but is soon 

became apparent that it was possible to do much more. Since then, numerous (uncounted) 

clinical cases have been treated and over 1000 routine surgeries have been performed. These 

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surgeries include spays, neuters, otoplasties, tumor removals, and onchyectomies, using photonic 

therapy to provide hemostasis, nausea control, and pain relief. Using photonic therapy prior to 

any surgery produces up to 65% reduction in bleeding time 24 . 

During and following these surgical cases, improved rates of healing and more satisfactory 

surgical results without seroma formation have been recorded. Seven dogs “died” during the 

surgical procedures (i.e. cessation of heart-beat, stopped breathing, lack of corneal reflex, and 

blood seepage), though all dogs were able to be successfully revived using photonic therapy 

methods. 

The essential component of a definition of science is the reproducibility of a given result under a 

given set of conditions. While randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials may be 

classed as the “gold standard” of scientific research, it is recognized that in some areas such as 

surgery, such trials were not always conducted prior to techniques being put into practice. With 

a discrete occurrence such as surgery, the internal validity can not be challenged, therefore it is 

only the size of the test population, and the variation between results, that governs the external 

validity, of how such results may apply to the population at large 29 . 

Case Histories 

Case History One. One of the first cases where photonic therapy was used, was an adult feline 

spay and declaw surgery. The surgery was performed routinely with the exception of treating the 

animal with 660 nm red light, on nominated areas pre- and post-operatively. When the cat was 

presented for suture removal in ten days, the owner demanded to know what had been done to 

her cat, as she has had several cats operated on previously, and none had recovered as well as 

this one. Cats recover from anesthetic more quickly and more smoothly after post-operative 

treatment with photonic therapy. Within a minute they are licking their nose, and are able to 

assume sternal recumbency within half an hour. 

Case History Two. Otoplasties normally bleed strongly and the cut portion of the ear tends to 

continue oozing, more than the animal’s cut ear, which seems to go “cold”. After photonic 

therapy the ear seems to stay at a normal temperature. When an ear is trimmed, the skin reflects 

away from the cut edge and has to be sutured back. Following photonic therapy pre-surgically, 

not only is there obviously far less bleeding, but wounds do not gape, and in the case of an 

otoplasty the skin does not reflect from the wound. This is the first time this information has 

been presented publicly, and unpublished data 14 suggests this is due to changes in the skin’s 

electrical potential at the site of the wound. 

Case History Three. A four year old male Dachshund presented with severe epaxial muscle pain 

at the thoraco-lumbar junction. The owner was quite concerned, as the pet had not been able to 

breathe easily or relax for 48 hours. About half way through the treatment with photonic 

therapy, the dog let out a huge sigh and lay down on the table in a totally relaxed position. The 

owner was amazed but pleased. Originally just using the light was not a totally comfortable 

position, so following the success of gaining pain relief and relaxation an injection of fluxinin 

meglumine (Banamine, Schering Plough Animal Health Corp., Union, U.J. 07083) was given, 

and the pet developed a one cm diameter area of scar tissue, subcutaneously in the shoulder. The 

reward for Western pharmacological treatment was an adverse reaction. 

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Case History Four. A five and one-half year old neutered male Schnauzer was presented for 

halitosis, gastro-intestinal upset, and vomiting since staying with the owner’s daughter for one 

week. The dog was used to eating a dry kibble but was fed canned food for the week. The 

physical examination was unremarkable, except for the presenting complaints. However, on 

palpation of an area along the back near the last rib, the pet fell onto his belly on the examination 

table. This reaction occurred each time the pet was palpated on that area. Photonic therapy was 

used on the standard points: KID 1, GV 20, LI 4, LI 11, BL 11, BL 23, GV 3, ST 36, GB 34, SP 

6, BL 40, BL 60, and tip of tail, as well as specific points associated with stomach problems: PC 

6, CV 12, and BL 21. On re-examination the pet did not collapse when palpated along the 

previously reactive areas. The owner, noticing the pet was better, kept asking what injection had 

been given, and was reluctant to believe that none had. 

Case History Five. A three year old male cocker spaniel/golden retriever presented with a 

severely swollen scrotum (post-neuter), and severe bruising all around the incision. The owners 

reported his urine was dark brown to black ever since the surgery had been performed by another 

veterinarian. The animal was underweight, and had a history of twelve liver shunts, of which 

eleven were surgically repaired when he was a puppy. He had been given a special diet and had 

been sickly his entire life. The owners did not wish to return to the original veterinarian. Due to 

the marginal liver function, the pet was not a good candidate for anesthetics, so photonic therapy 

was selected as the treatment of choice. Later the same day, the owners were called as the 

swelling was down, a lot of the bruising was gone and the pet was much more active. The pet 

was treated again the next day and sent home, eating well and gaining weight. 

Case History Six. Horses are extremely responsive to skin stimulation. Using a combination of 

reflex reactions allows the horse to indicate his problem. A large Quarter Horse gelding that the 

owner rode in the mountains of Colorado was presented for treatment. He had been diagnosed 

with an old injury of a bowed tendon in a front leg, and the owner had been advised to sell the 

horse as it was believed he wouldn’t be safe to ride. He was 100% sound after four treatments. 

LI 16, LI 11, BL 11, BL 13, center of shoulder, BL 23, GV 3(twice), ST 36, GB 34, BL 40, BL 

60 were the points used. This horse had a violent reflex reaction at the base of the jugular 

groove, ST 10, indicating teeth problems, and he had a very minimal reaction after the teeth were 

floated. In Western Medicine it was his previously injured tendon that was causing the 

lameness. Photonic therapy demonstrated it was pain in the shoulders and muscles, caused by 

the horse holding himself stiffly to protect his mouth that was the problem. The old “war injury” 

of the bowed tendon was co-incidental, and not the cause. 

Not a Panacea 

In the introduction and case histories mentioned, favorable results have been highlighted, but this 

method is not a total panacea, as one surgical death and one post-operative infection have also 

been experienced. 

Case History Seven. A four month old female Blue Tick Coonhound was run over by a car 

twenty minutes prior to being presented for treatment with one of the tires having passed over 

her abdomen. Symptoms included: white mucous membranes with no capillary refill time, a 

rapid-weak heartbeat, cold extremities and a pear-shaped abdomen. An IV catheter was inserted 

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and two liters of lactated Ringer’s Solution infused, but the bleeding was stopped with photonic 

therapy. The pet had fresh blood in the urine and stool, but this feature stopped over the next 

several hours and the pet became conscious and able to stand and walk. The owners were 

warned that so much damage had occurred it was very likely she could die by the third day. 

Unfortunately, while she continued to improve with the daily treatment, that is what happened. 

While this is a testimony of the power of the light to stop bleeding and fight shock, as evidenced 

by this pet “bleeding out” into her abdominal cavity, some damage is too severe to overcome, but 

it is believed the light treatment did help her to “die well”. 

Mechanism of Action 

With the skin being the largest sensory organ in the body, it may be demonstrated that in all 

species the skin contain numerous electromagnetic sensors, capable of responding to various 

stimuli, utilizing neural and extra-neural pathways. Cutaneous photoreceptors (acupuncture 

points) are not points at various depths as classically taught 1,27 , but are areas about the size of a 

twenty-five cent piece, and are in the superficial layer of the skin 7,10,18,30 . These areas also have 

distinct histological features with double the number of Malphigian, Pacinian and Ruffini’s 

corpuscles, Merkel disks and “bare” nerves 19 , and an increased electrical conductivity due to a 

range of factors, such as the skin being thinner, or an increased concentration of subcutaneous 

collagen (with strands to the fascia, pleura, and peritoneum). Built into the external pellicle of 

all species in both the plant and animal kingdoms are methods for electromagnetic sensing, with 

the eyes of the higher species being only one way for receiving and interpreting electromagnetic 

radiation 13 . 

Fish have eyes and “ears” but they feel their way underwater, while sharks have electromagnetic 

sensors in their snouts for sexual attraction and prey detection, as do the platypus and other 

monotremes. Polar bears will walk out onto the ice for miles, and then pound on the ice to get at 

seals underneath, which they can not see or hear but have detected them electro-magnetically. 

Snakes have infrared sensitive, scale covered pits around their mouths, similar to a primordial 

eye, but innervated by the trigeminal nerve, which in the snakes case leads to the optic centre. 

Moths have large antennae, and yet if is commonly proposed that they attract their mates by 

pheromones, diluted to millions of times in the air, and supposedly even working upwind. 

Electromagnetic signaling, being the method of all other intracellular communication, would 

seem to be a more logical answer. 

It matters little whether we are discussing simply the plasma membrane calcium-ATPase pump 

being voltage-gated, or the allosteric protein changing shape and therefore its absorption 

spectrum, we can now discuss all biochemical functions as a change in the electrical potential. 

We know we can change the shape and function of any cell by altering the pressure 21 or through 

the piezoelectric effect, the electrical potential 32 . 

The interaction of 660 nm light with the skin (and subcutaneous collagen) at specific areas 

causes specific, reproducible systemic effects in the body. Collagen is becoming progressively 

recognized as being of extreme electro-physiological significance. Collagen is made up of 

primarily three amino acids: proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine. It is made up of a triple helix 

of three left hand strands woven into a right hand “rope” 31 . It is bi-refringent, piezo-electric, and 

pyro-electric. This unique structure of electromagnetic energy is applied to it, or conversely as it 

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releases energy. It may be helpful to think of the collagen as a spring that can coil and uncoil in 

response to these stimuli. 

The interaction of light with metallic side chains of the porphyrins in the wall of the 

mitochondria directly stimulates cyclic-AMP production 9,26 , and causes nerve depolarization by 

opening sodium gates 9 . This impulse is then routed to the thalamus and hypothalamus, where 

the brain releases chemicals to travel to a specific area of the body via the blood stream. The 

relationship of various somatotopic maps in the brain (particularly in the thalamus and 

hypothalamus) as they relate to the anatomically identified nuclei is well known, as are the 

particular chemicals released from specific parts of the brain e.g. the middle or anterior pituitary, 

under the control of the hypothalamus. It is easily demonstrated that stimulation of specific areas 

of the skin cause the release of neuro-chemicals such as dopamine, nitric oxide, or the precursor 

of adreno-corticotrophic hormone and B-endorphin. 

Discussion 

In my practice, I utilize the McLaren Method of canine photonic therapy. Points treated preoperatively, 

while the pet is sedated, are: KI 1, LI 4, LI 11, BL 11, BL 20, BL 23, GV 3 (two 

times), ST 36, GB 34, SP 1, SP 6, BL 40, BL 60, tip of tail, GV 5, GV 6, CV 15, CV 12, and CV 

9. Points treated post-operatively are: GV 20, GV 26, the surgical scar “surround the dragon”, 

SP 1, BL 20, GV 5, GV 6, CV 15, CV 12, CV 9, and PC 6. These points are what I use to treat 

pain, nausea, and hemostasis. I have found I have better results when I do the entire formula, 

rather than one or two points for a specific problem. In ignorance, it was not known that 

acupuncture wasn’t supposed to work on a sedated or anesthetized animal. That myth has been 

disproved, as when the light is applied to surgical cases prior to or after they are sedated and or 

anesthetized, the same results are obtained. This demonstrates that the skin and subcutaneous 

collagen convey electrical messages when nerves do not. Numerous pets that have presented 

with symptoms of a cerebro-vascular accident have been treated, using photonic therapy. Any 

bleeding or intra-cranial pressure is able to be controlled and reduced virtually immediately. 

A partial list of maladies that have been treated in small animals include hip dysplasia, facial 

paralysis, irritable bowel disorders, cervical and thoraco-lumbar intervertebral disc disease, nonspecific 

vomiting and diarrhea, “hit-by-cars” and other traumas, caesarian sections, progressive 

myelopathy, strained or torn anterior cruciate ligaments, parvoviral gastroenteritis, saddle 

thrombus due to feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cystitis, thrombo-ischemic accidents and 

strokes, and feline urinary syndrome. 

The skin is the largest organ in the body and has three main functions; protective, sensory, and 

thermoregulatory. The last two functions are controlled by the thalamus and hypothalamus. 

Stimulate the skin in a given pattern and you stimulate the various (somatosensory related) nuclei 

in the hypothalamus. Underlying the skin is the subcutaneous collagen (the largest protein type 

in the body) which happens to be both piezo- and pyroelectric. Touch the skin and it is the 

collagen which transduces the pressure into an electrical potential change to initiate the message 

transfer to the brain. 

In piezo- and pyroelectric crystals, pressure of heat causes distortion and causes a separation of 

electrical charges, which is not a one way reaction, but a continuum in both directions. In all 

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cases, tissue under tension is positively charged while it is negatively charged under 

compression. Therefore when you touch your arm with a finger the bottom of the depression 

produced is negative, while the skin stretched down on the sides of the “well” becomes 

positively charged, thus increasing the differential relationships. 

As light is nothing more than visible electromagnetic radiation, from Einstein’s equation 

(E=MC2) we can see that light has mass as well as velocity, and when incident on the skin, light 

produces a “pressure” 12 , as well as changing the electrical potential of the surrounding tissue and 

subcutaneous collagen, and thus the function of the thalamus and hypothalamus. 

We can measure with absolute accuracy our position on the earth’s surface, via geo-positioning 

satellites, using invisible, imaginary lines of latitude, and longitude (that do not exist any more 

than the equator exists). The Chinese concept of acupuncture used meridians in the same way to 

map the body with areas of similar conceptual (non-factual) function 27 . The mistake people 

make is they want to believe these meridians or channels actually exist. 

We have measured the electrical potential of the skin at the site of injury. Our preliminary 

results show up to a half volt increase in the electrical field potential at the site of injury in the 

untreated injured animals, compared to the treated animals. 

I can attest how photonic therapy and thinking in electrophysiological terms have revolutionized 

my practice. I learned early in surgery about the three T’s of Time, Trauma, and Technique. I 

would like to propose a fourth T, the Torch. The first practice I worked in following graduation 

“covered” all of their elective surgeries with an injection of penicillin procaine G. I have since 

learned that is not necessarily a wise practice. However, they were very successful in spite of 

themselves because time and trauma were minimized and technique was maximized. 

With over twenty-five years of continuous practice experience since graduation, to compare the 

results of using, or not using the torch, it is this change in experience that makes me now not 

perform any surgical procedure without using photonic therapy. The fact that bleeding and pain 

can be reduced, seromas prevented and post-operative infections reduced, as well as seeing a 

profound difference in the animals recovery, is strengthened by the fact that they are usually 

sedated when treated. Even if awake, animals don’t know they’re supposed to get better by 

having a 660 nm light shone on various points of their body. 

In a recent article written by a Harvard trained M.D., PhD., Board certified neurologist, it was 

reported he performed a retrospective study comparing time of recovery with varying levels of 

diagnostic imaging: office visit, office visit and X-Rays, pain relievers and muscle relaxants, 

MRI scans, and CAT scans, and surgery. He expected to find that higher levels of diagnostic 

imaging would result in quicker recovery. To his surprise, the patients that recovered the 

quickest received the lowest level of electromagnetic diagnostic imaging and treatment. 

In America, coronary heart disease affects some seven million people and causes one-point five 

million heart attacks and 500,000 deaths per year. Approximately 300,000 coronary artery 

bypass graft operations are performed at a cost of about $30,000 each or $9 billion total. Yet this 

surgery prevents premature deaths in only a few patients with the most serious heart disease 5 . 

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While conventional “allopathic” medicine is extremely effective in treating infectious diseases 

and traumatic injuries, it is often ill equipped to handle complex, multifaceted chronic 

conditions. Such complex conditions require equally multifaceted treatment approaches. 

Photonic therapy allows a much higher level of practice of medicine and surgery without a huge 

financial outlay. 

Studies report that some 42-67% of human patients seeking medical care either use or would like 

to try complimentary treatments if offered 11,15,22 . These same people want complimentary 

medicine for their pets. It is important to ensure the client knows they are part of the team, and 

the common goal is to get their pet well, and not just to dispense medication that may have 

dangerous side effects, but has a great retail mark-up. 

Conclusion 

There can be no question that specific, repeatable physiologic responses occur when red (660nm) 

light is applied to the skin of an animal. A proposal has been offered to explain the mechanism 

of action. An argument detailing the claim of evidence based medicine has been proposed. 

Specific, documented case histories have been shared. The results, both expected and 

unexpected, have been documented. 

The core message of this paper is that photonic therapy allows veterinarians a concrete way of 

fusing their conventional skills with a set of complimentary skills. Neither modality has all the 

answers, yet it helps practicing veterinarians render the highest quality service, while staying true 

to the first rule of medicine—“First, do no harm”. 

100

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Ultrastructural Changes in Soft Tissue (Endomysium) after LLLT Helium-Neon Laser 

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Effects of Light. New York, New York Academy of Sciencies, 453:105-113, 1985. 

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102


CANINE EAR ACUPUNCTURE MAPS OF ORTHOPAEDIC, 

ORGAN AND HEART MERIDIAN POINTS 

Dr. med. vet. Uwe Petermann, (DVM), Veterinary Acupuncturist, 

49326 Melle, Germany 

druwepetermannmelle@t-online.de 

www.akupunktur-arzt.de/petermann 

www.akupunkturtierarzt.de 

Summary 

In the first moment ear acupuncture seems to be very different to the well known body 

acupuncture. Initially, the modern style of ear acupuncture was based only on a scientific, 

western approach, while modern body acupuncture was first base on the traditional Chinese 

approach. Nowadays they come together in both diagnosis and treatment and together are 

building a bridge between TCM and western medicine. In the meantime we have more than 30 

years of experience with ear acupuncture in human and nearly 20 years of experience in animals. 

In this paper it is shown how to work easily with ear acupuncture, to treat orthopaedic diseases, 

internal diseases and much more. All the new maps of orthopaedic points (hip point, elbow point 

etc.), the organ points (liver point, lung point etc.) and all the pathways of the meridians on the 

dog’s ear that I have developed over the last year are introduced. 

Keywords: Ear acupuncture, dog 

Introduction 

It is our good fortune that acupuncture is for us today so easily accessible. Thanks largely due to 

Dr. Paul Nogier, whose huge contribution in the pioneering field of ear-acupuncture and RAC 

(VAS) Control Diagnosis, opened the door to a modern, scientific acupuncture. Further 

contributions have been made by the European Academy of Acupuncture (EAA) with Prof. Dr. 

Frank Bahr as its President. 

Without discarding traditional Acupuncture, the attempt was made to locate the exact ear 

acupuncture points for every organ, nerve, joint and vertebra, as well as every point of the body, 

including functional points. So we have in ear acupuncture points like the ACTH point, 

Endorphin point, Histaminic point, Prostaglandin point, or organ points, e.g. liver point, kidney 

point, supra renalis point, thalamic point, and so on. Amazingly, both methods, modern ear 

acupuncture and traditional body acupuncture, lead us to the same therapeutic points. 

The further we delve into both methods, modern ear acupuncture that is closer to western 

conventional medicine and body acupuncture that is developed by far eastern medicine, the more 

interesting it becomes. We see the many similarities and parallels which are so manifold. This 

should not be surprising since both methods describe the same conditions, though by a different 

means. Still today, for me and for many people with western education, the more simple method 

for a diagnosis and therapy is the western medicine approach, using modern ear acupuncture. The 

103


ear provides us with ear points for organ systems, e.g. kidneys, liver, thymus point, or locations 

of joints and vertebras 

Methodology of creating the orthopaedic ear chard 

The ear chart created here was developed with the help of the double laser technology under 

RAC/VAS check in 3 dogs. RAC and VAS are synonyms for a method of finding active 

acupuncture points by a vegetative reflex to the stimulation of the active point. This reflex one 

can feel on the pulse. It only happens when an active, that means imbalanced acupuncture point, 

is stimulated. RAC means “reflex auriculo-cardial”, because originally Nogier supposed that the 

change in the pulse was caused by a stronger heart contraction. VAS means “vaso-autonomic 

signal” because, as we know now, the reflex works by vegetative contraction of the arterialvenous 

shunts. With the double-laser-technique the joint points, the spinal column and the points 

for each tooth in the upper and lower jaw of all 3 dogs were treated with a 90watts pulsed laser, 

Frequency C, according to Nogier. (Multimed; company Reimers and Janssen, Berlin). At the 

same time the ear is diagnostically searched for RAC resonance with a 2 nd pulsed laser, also set 

with Frequency C. A corresponding point in the ear was clearly found for each point of the 

body. For the research two white Labrador females, 1 and 3 years old, and an 11 year old Terrier 

female were available. All points were marked on the ear of the first dog and at the same time 

drawn to an ear chart. The same method was used to determine the points on the two other dogs. 

The results were then compared. 

The RAC/VAS Rebounds at the ear were to be found very exactly and clearly. A complete 

correspondence of the determined ear locations could be seen. 

Figure 1: Ear Chard of the Joint and Vertebral Points; HWS= neck vertebras, 

BWS= thoracic vertebras, LWS= lumbar vertebras. 

104


Lameness and organ diagnostic by RAC 

Orthopaedic diagnostics for animals are more difficult than for humans, for the veterinary doctor 

has no information about place, severity level of the pain and above all, he has no information of 

which special movement causes the pain reaction in which place of the body. The veterinary 

merely can see on which foot/ limb the animal has the lameness. Further, he can try to provoke a 

pain or reaction e.g. by stretching, bending or palpating the limb. In this way, he can draw 

conclusions on the source of the lameness. Finally, the location of the source of lameness can be 

limited by radiographic diagnostics. Through this, the place for the local therapy is often 

incorrectly chosen. Controlled Acupuncture could offer valuable diagnostic assistance, if an ear 

chart with accurate orthopaedic point locations is available. So the ear-acupuncture-chart in 

veterinary medicine has not only therapeutic, but also an important diagnostic implications. 

Different authors created ear charts of some animal species in the past few years. The points of 

the ear located with electrical point detecting devices were in most cases found with well-known 

orthopaedic pain localizations or by laser provocation tests. We use ear acupuncture for 

diagnosis and for treatment. How can we find “active ear points”? First we find active ear points 

with electric point- finder. In body acupuncture we can find every body point by reduced electric 

skin resistance with help of an electric point-finder. Here we have no difference between “active” 

points, meaning acupuncture points that are not in balance, and “non-active” points, ones that are 

not out of balance and so must not be treated. At the ear only “active” points have reduced 

electric skin resistance and so can be determined by electric point finders. 

The second way to find “active” points is very much easier by RAC-control. Feeling the pulse 

(RAC-Control) is nearly indispensable as an instrument for locating the pathologic points of the 

ear (and for me as well as those on the body). The RAC (Reflex auriculo-cardial or VAS/ vasoautonomic 

signal), as already mentioned, is a genial discovery chanced upon by the French 

doctor of acupuncture, Paul Nogier, and is based on a vegetative micro stress reaction. With the 

help of RAC it is as if to have a detailed look into the body often with much more specificity; as 

with pictures explaining procedures. 

The procedure of lameness diagnostics by RAC- controlled ear acupuncture 

First, of course, a thorough clinical examination must be done. After that one has to look for 

active ear-points, which means looking for the affected joint. So, if there is a lameness of the 

right forelimb you irradiate the area of the ear that represents the forelimb with the laser 

frequency “C” and at a certain point you will get a clear RAC-rebound. You mark the point, 

compare it with the card and realize that you have the point of the shoulder joint, for example. So 

you not only have found out what joint is affected, you also have at the same time the main point 

for acupuncture treatment of the lameness. As next you look for the area of the vertebras also 

with laser frequency “C” and you find the connected blockade in the spinal column and in the 

same moment the master point of its treatment. 

The organ-points at the ear 

While transferring the orthopaedic points to the ear was very simple, finding out the organ points 

was very difficult and cannot be explained in this lecture. But also these points have been found 

in the 3 dogs and have been compared afterwards with very good correspondence. 

105


Figure 2: Ear Chart of the Organ Points 

Diagnostic and treatment by the body-points at the ear 

In internal diseases RAC controlled ear acupuncture again is a very helpful diagnostic system. 

We look with the laser frequency “B” in the area of the organs, the concha of the ear, for RAC– 

rebounds and we find, for example, the point of the kidney and the point of the lung. This is 

telling us there is a problem in the kidney connected with a lung problem, as we may find in 

allergic lung disease. Perhaps we also find the Thymus point and a point of a tooth and then we 

already not only have the organ points, but also the point associated with the main reason of the 

allergic disease of the lung; the disturbing focus point of the tooth. With the detected points we 

also have the master points of treatment in this patient. 

Transposition of body-points to the ear 

In the EAA during the last ten years the complete meridian system has been transposed to the ear 

from the body by RAC-control. Thus, we can treat every acupuncture point not only at its 

location on the body but also at its corresponding/ resonating location on the ear. 

The meridian points of the dog’s ear 

While working on my second book about ear acupuncture in horses and dogs I decided to try to 

transpose all the body points in horses and dogs to the ear. If I really had known what a lot of 

work was waiting for me to do this, I wouldn’t have done it. But now, after I have finished, I am 

glad to be able to present the complete ear meridian maps of all 14 channels. 

106


Figure 3: Example of a meridian pathway on the dog’s ear; the Heart meridian 

Again the two Labradors, now 5 and 7 years old, were taken as “test persons” for transposing the 

points. The method of finding the corresponding ear points from the body was known from 

human acupuncture. As already mentioned, irradiation of joints with the so called “orthopedic 

frequency” [“C”] according to Nogier activates the ear point of the radiated joint. So this cannot 

be a possibility to activate the ear projection of a body acupuncture point. In human medicine it 

was found, that you can irradiate a body acupuncture point with the frequency “5” according to 

Bahr to activate the corresponding ear point. 

This, of course, worked in horses and dogs in the same way. So I looked for all body acupuncture 

points by RAC control with the special meridian frequencies according to Reininger. Reininger 

discovered that each meridian is in resonance with a special laser frequency. Thus, when 

searching with the “liver” frequency“, I only get RAC rebounds on “liver” points. So I looked for 

all body points with the meridian laser frequencies. When I had found one point, I turned over to 

the frequency “5” and irradiated the point to activate its ear representation and looked with a 

second laser with frequency also set to “5” on the ear. In this way I found for each body 

acupuncture point its corresponding ear point and draw it down on the map. So we can now treat 

every body point as well in dogs on the ear. And of course we can treat every ear point with the 

idea of ear acupuncture for the body. For example, if presented to us is an uterus problem such as 

a pyometra (without an acute state with absolute indication of operation) we can treat the Uterus 

point, Sp6, the Ovarian point, Sp5, and in some cases the Hypophysis point for Gonadotropin 

107


regulation, Liv13, and we have the same effect as if we treat the ear points. But the huge 

advantage of ear acupuncture is in diagnostic. We only have to test a small area of the ear for 

RAC rebounds to come to a diagnosis as “Liver”, “Heart”, “Lung” or “shoulder”, “elbow, 

“carpus”. 

Ear-points, their identical body-points and corresponding flower remedies or 

homeopathic drugs 

Following is a list of ear points with their corresponding body points and their anatomical or 

functional areas of influence as determined by VAS/RAC investigation. In some cases there are 

also homeopathic, herbal or flower remedy correspondences also listed. These points normally 

support a special organ. The Liver point of the ear (identical with body point LIV 8) supports the 

liver. The Lung point of the ear (LU 7) supports and regulates the function of the lung. The 

uterus point of the ear (SP 6) supports the uterus. That means when the organ is ill, you just can 

give the point to treat the illness. This looks very simple and it is very simple indeed, but it 

works! When one gives the corresponding Flower Essence or the corresponding homeopathic 

drug they work in the same way as treating the point with a needle. Giving the flower remedy 

balances the point. 

�� LU 7 is identical with the lung point of the ear, LU7 is the resonance point of the inheritance 

nosode “Tuberculinum” 3 and the Californian Flower Essence, “Golden Ear Drops” 

�� LU 11 is identical with the larynx point of the ear 

�� LI 1 is identical with the front teeth points of the ear 

�� LI 1/1 beside LI 1, laterality point (Ginseng) 

�� LI 4 Thalamus point, important for pain reduction 

�� LI 20 Nose point, against sinusitis 

�� SP 2 Spleen point - left side, Pancreas point - right side; Californian Flower Essence 

“Alpine Lilly” works on this point 

�� SP 4 Interferon point, Echinacea 

�� SP 5 Ovarian point, Californian Flower Essence “Black Cohosh” 

�� SP 6 Uterus point, Californian Flower Essence “Angels Trumpet” 

�� HT 3 motoric heart point (for the heart muscle) 

�� HT 4 vegetative heart point, Californian Flower Essence “Hibiscus” 

�� HT9 Point against shock situation, Magnesium point, anti-depression point, Californian 

Flower Essence “St. Johns wort” 

�� SI 3 Plexus coeliacus (vegetative nerve plexus for the intestine), spasmolytic master point, 

Californian Flower Essence “Deerbrush” 

�� SI 1 Molar teeth 

�� BL 31 Uterus point (like SP 6) 

�� BL 40 Histamine-point, Californian Flower Essence “Morning Glory” 

�� BL 62 Physeal point (in the brain), California Flower Essence “Sunflower” 

�� KI 6 Diazepam point, Californian Flower Essence “Larkspur” 

�� PC 6 Stellate Ganglion, Californian Flower Essence “Quacking Grass” 

�� PC 9 Adrenalin point, right in gold 

�� TH 3 Cortisol point 

3 Inheritance nosodes are Tuberculinum, Psorinum, Medorrhinum and Syphyllinum. 

108


�� TH 4 Insulin point 

�� TH 5 Thymus point, Californian Flower Essence “Snap Dragon” 

�� GB 1 Eyes point, Californian Flower Essence “Baby Blue Eyes” 

�� GB 41 Prostaglandin E1 (PE1)-Point, Californian Flower Essence “Rabbitbrush” 

�� LIV 13 Hypophysis point (ACTH) 

�� LIV 3 Neural liver point, 

�� LIV 8 Liver parenchymal point, Californian Flower Essence “California Poppy” 

�� GV 8 Zero point, “the middle”, resonance point of the inheritance nosode “Psorinum” 

�� GV 12 Mercury resonance point (important for identification of Mercury pollution (chronic 

poisoning of the body) 

�� GV 17 Resonance point of the inheritance nosode, “Luesinum” 

Different options to get RAC rebounds 

For getting RAC rebounds on active points at the ear (and at the body as well) we have a lot of 

options. The best results we get with lasers especially when we have the right frequencies that are 

in resonance to the point, e.g., frequency “C” for orthopaedic points and Frequency “B” for organ 

points. Also we get very good results with electric fields. Here we use the so called 3 volt 

hammer. With its (+) pole we find the gold points, points in sufficiency, and with the (−) pole we 

find the silver points, points that are in heat. The body also reacts with RAC on Gold or Silver 

needles, an Ultracain® ampulla (anaesthetics) and other drugs, e.g., histamine, prostaglandin, ßmimetic 

drugs. The advantage of RAC is localisation of active acupuncture points quickly and 

effortlessly. RAC finds and distinguishes the most important points. RAC opens the way for 

diagnosis of lameness via the ear, diagnosis of internal diseases and prophylaxis by finding the 

affected or weakened organ(s) before illness occurs. 

What tools do we need for ear acupuncture in dogs? 

For humans special ear needles are available. These needles we can’t use for dogs. They are too 

big and fall out of the ear immediately. But we can use fine painless needles for body 

acupuncture, semi- permanent-needles, injection of local anaesthetics and injections of 

homeopathic drugs. A very special kind of long term treatment is setting Gold beads into ear 

acupuncture points. This is very simple and has the same effect as Gold bead acupuncture in 

body points. My personal favourite tool for ear acupuncture is the laser. With the laser we only 

need 20 sec of time to stimulate each point. 

Indications for ear-acupuncture in combination with local laser therapy 

The following list of indications for local laser therapy is derived from long years of personal 

experience involving real applications tested and found successful on countless patients. 

Healing of wounds 

Healing of wounds, local inflammation, traumatic, infectious; maturation and demarcation of 

abscesses is outstandingly supported by local laser treatment in combination with the ear point. 

Orthopaedics 

Another area of ear acupuncture is for all orthopaedic problems. Ear acupuncture is very good 

and easy to use in back problems. Laser treatment is used most frequently for spinal problems. 

All forms of lameness, acute and chronic, in dogs are indicated. Very often, costly and unreliable 

109


operations can thereby be avoided. Most commonly used acupuncture points are: Thalamus 

point (LI 4), Prostaglandin point (GB 41), Point against angriness (LIV 3), Anabolic point (SP 

2), Plexus Coeliacus (SI 3), Epiphysis point (BL 62). 

Neurology 

Principally, disability in dogs due to discopathy or trauma; due to ataxia and cauda equina 

syndrome should be mentioned here. These illnesses are very often curable, however often 

at not inconsiderable cost. Acupuncture points in these cases are very individual, because of 

the use of various local points, but again we find Plexus Coeliacus, Epiphysis, the local 

point of the spinal cord and the connected vertebra as active and valuable points to use. 

Another special point is the master point of the frequency “E” zone of the ear (the frequency 

for the spinal cord); this is KID 4. 

Internal diseases 

Liver problems, kidney problems, Hirudismus (dysfunction of the Hypophysis), metabolism 

disturbances, COPD, infections of different organs and organ systems and many other problems 

should be mentioned here. The points, very simple, are Kidney point, Liver point, Hypophysis 

point, Lung point, etc. One can combine the point thinking in western pattern as well as in a 

traditional Chinese medicine way. 

Eye conditions 

We can treat successfully former treatment-resistant corneal injuries, corneal ulcers and also in 

some cases deep eye injuries. Acupuncture points are Prostaglandin point (GB 41), Points of the 

Eye (ST 1, TH 23, BL 1 and GB 1), and LIV 8. 

Gynaecological conditions and birth problems 

Treatment of gynaecological problems in dogs is really a pleasure. The main points are the 

Ovarian point, Uterus point, Kidney point, Prolactin point (very close to Hypophysis or ACTH 

point, all LIV13) and the bladder point (BL 67). Also problems following castration, like 

incontinence, can be treated by these points. 

Ear acupuncture contra body acupuncture 

There is not any “contra” at all! Ear acupuncture and body acupuncture can now be used in the 

western thinking way and in the TCM way. Both ways are right! Both ways are very helpful in 

many illnesses. Very often one comes from thinking in the two different ways to the same 

treatment. But for me it seems to be much easier for beginners in acupuncture to start with the 

western idea of ear acupuncture and to learn later on step by step the TCM way. By this way one 

also learns the connections between these two approaches to illness and their treatments. 

110


LASERNEEDLE® APPLICATION IN THE “MEN-ANIMAL- 

BOND” RELATIONSHIP: PRESERVATION OR RECOVERY 

OF “MANIMAL HOMEOSTASIS®” BY MEANS OF 

A NON-INVASIVE LASER THERAPY 


Chrümigstrasse 18 

CH-3752 Wimmis Switzerland 

Phone: +41-33-657 16 16, Fax: +41-33-657 26 52 

Emails: roesti_vet.wimmis@bluewin.ch a.roesti@healthbalance.ch 

Key words: LASERneedle, 8 Laserdiodes, 685 nm, fiber-optic cables with 50 mW cw, 

Pets, Pet-owners, chronic diseases. 

There are many indications which cannot be treated adequately by classical medicine. 

Especially chronic problems, which are aetiologically most often coupled with the 

problems of the pet’s owner and other external factors, e.g. food, vaccination, environmental 

pollution, etc. By means of Acupuncture and Disturbancy-field diagnostic and therapy of 

the pet-owner, the pet is already on its way of recovering and healing. 

LASERneedle® is a fibre-optic cable which can be applied by means of special 

perforated tapes onto acupuncture points, scars, endoscopic fistulas, ulcers, gingivitis, etc. 

The treatment is computerised. All Nogier and Bahr frequencies can be programmed. Many 

indications are visualised. 

References 

1. LASERneedle Acupuncture GmbH Instruction manual, Blankenauerstr. 15, D-37688 

Beverungen. Tel. 0049 5273 365353, Fx. 0049 527 385523, eMail: info@laser-needle.de, 

www.laser-needle.de. 

2. Roesti A. (1997): Kontrollierte Akupunktur und komplementäre Heilmethoden in 

ganzheitlichem Zusammenhang. AMI Verlag, 35392 Giessen. ISBN 3-927971-09-X 

3. Bahr F. B. (1985): Wissenschaftliche Laserakupunktur und Laserreiztherapie. 

Eigenverlag München 

4. Strittmatter B. (1998): Das Störfeld in Diagnostik und Therapie. Hippokrates Verlag, 

Steiermärkerstr. 3-5, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-7773-1274-6 

5. Simunovic Z. (2003): Lasers in Medicine, Dentistery and Veterinarian Medicine. 

Vitagraf, Croatia. ISBN 953-6059-30-4. Vol. I, II, III 

6. Köhler B. (1997): Biophysikalische Informations-Therapie. Einführung in die 

Quantenmedizin. Gustav Fischer Ulm. ISBN 3-437-55220-1 

7. Bringmann W. (2000): Laser Therapie. Licht kann heilen. Eigenverlag 

111



112


HA HE HI HO HU� WHAT ARE YOU? 

HARMONY BETWEEN HEALER, HORSE, HOMO, HOUND 




Phone: +41-33-657 16 16, 

Fax: +41-33-657 26 52 


Key words: Harmony, Healer, Hippo, Homo, Hound. Vacuum, Water and Salt, Sonic law, 

Photons 

According to the new physics “Global Scaling” (www.globalscaling.de) stones, trees, 

plants, animals and human beings are nothing else but 99.999% totally vacuumized, 

logarithmically photon-emitting, logarithmically sound-emitting, salt-water bags with a soul 

and sometimes some spirit. 

An introduction into the “Global Scaling” theory will open many of the eyes of 

veterinarians and all other senses for more efficacy in daily treatments. 

References 

1. Raum and Zeit (2002): Free Energy - Global Scaling. At Last! A New Physics and 

Holistic Science. Special 1. Ehlers Verlag GmbH, D-Wolfratshausen. ISBN 3-934196-22-5. 

www.raum-energie-forschung.de 

2. Warnke U. (1997): Gehirn-Magie. Der Zauber unserer Gefühlswelt. Popular- Acad.- 

Verl.- Ges. Saarbrücken. ISBN 3-929929-05-8 

113



114


KUBOTA ZONE ACUPUNCTURE 

and THE CHART THAT IS ITS KEY 



146 Victoria Road, Suite A 

Asheville, NC 28801 

USA 

After more than 30 years of practice and study I have created Kubota Zone Acupuncture and the 

chart that is it's key. This form of acupuncture using single needle acupuncture techniques is 

extremely effective for pain control and healing. It also promotes cleaning and balance in the 

body. I have created this form of acupuncture and the color coded chart that is its explanation 

and serves as a guide by combining the science, the theories, and the techniques of Oriental and 

Western medicine. I have studied Japanese acupuncture, Chinese acupuncture, and have also 

made a study of western science and western medical knowledge. The centuries old form of 

Japanese acupuncture, Ishizaka Ryu, created by the Japanese acupuncturist Sotetsu Ishizaka, and 

Hua Tuo Jiaji, the ancient form of Chinese acupuncture, created by the Chinese acupuncturist 

Hua Tuo, have always been my main inspirations. I have also spent years studying and working 

with western medical doctors in their practice. These years of study and practice have enabled 

me to grow in my understanding of healing and the healing process. Kubota Zone Acupuncture 

and it's color coded chart are the result. 

In the view of Oriental medicine, Ishizaka Ryu Acupuncture, and Hua Tuo Jiaji acupuncture, the 

spine and spinal area are the most important areas in the body. The two meridian lines that run 

down the spine are considered the area of most importance in the body. They are the Governing 

Vessel and the Bladder Meridian. There are also more than 300 acupuncture points on the spinal 

area; these include meridian points, Hua Tuo Jiaji and new found points. Acupuncture, Yoga, 

and Taoism say that the main energy flow in the body is in the center of the body or median line. 

In the view of western medicine nerves start in the brain and go down the spinal cord. The brain 

and spinal nerves regulate the whole body. As we see, both western and oriental medicine agree 

in the importance of the spinal area. The energy flow of the body, blood circulation, and body 

fluid flow have to be in constant unobstructed motion. Many diseases and pains occur when there 

is a blockage of a flow. The main purpose of Kubota Zone Acupuncture is to remove blockages 

and restore optimum flow. The results are cleaning and balance. These blockages or indurations 

commonly occur at the crossing points of the gravity line and the spine. 

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These crossing points are: 

1. Cranio-Atlas 

2. Cervical-Thoracic 

3. Thoracic-Lumbar 

4. Lumbar-Sacrum 


It is also common to have indurations midway between each of these areas. The indurations in 

the spinal area are to receive the primary concentration of treatments. 

I believe that single needle acupuncture techniques help to control pain and promote healing in 

any living being that has a spine. If one is a trained doctor and a trained acupuncturist these 

techniques can be applied to a variety of species. Single needle acupuncture techniques are very 

helpful if the patient can not or will not be still. 

The application of Kubota Zone Acupuncture is different from other acupuncture procedures. In 

traditional Oriental acupuncture multiple needles are inserted at specific points on the body and 

left in place in an acupuncture point for a duration of time while the patient lies still. Kubota 

Zone Acupuncture uses one needle that is applied through a tube to many specific points on the 

body. The needle is inserted in and removed out repeatedly in a continuing motion. At no time is 

a needle inserted and left in place. This procedure is painless and does not require the patient to 

remain still. This procedure often produces a calming and quieting effect on the recipient. Pain 

relief usually occurs with in a short period of time and healing begins. 

I have created Kubota Zone Acupuncture and it's techniques to treat modern disease and help in 

the control of pain. The human and animal conditions are not the same as they were in earlier 

times. As pollution and the toxicities of the planet and all life on it increase, diseases have 

mutated and have become more advanced, more complex, wider, and deeper. My treatment 

protocols have been developed to advance the practice of acupuncture to adjust to the changing 

conditions. My form of acupuncture has procedures that use more acupuncture points and new 

acupuncture points. 

All conditions that are to be addressed begin with treatment of the Primary Zone or Zone One. 

After the main focus on Zone One which is used as a universal and constitutional treatment in 

Kubota Zone Acupuncture I proceed according to an individual's specific condition. The form of 

the chart that is the guide for Kubota Zone Acupuncture is based on the dental chart " Empirical 

Relationships Between Odontomas and Organs/Diseases " compiled and expanded by Dr. 

Thomas Rau, MD of Paracelsus Clinic, Lustmuhle, Switzerland, based on work by Kramer, Dr. 

Voll, Dr. Adler, Dr. Gleditsch, Hollmann et al. I am very grateful to these doctors for their 

corresponding work and in particular that this has helped me to translate my work into English. 

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THE CHART (pg 117) 

Zone 1 is the Primary Zone. 

It is located around the spinal area and the abdomen. The Primary Zone, which is colored in 

white on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure, is used as the major focus of 

all treatments. About 80% of the treatment time will be used at this zone. It is for strengthening 

of life energy and balancing of the whole body. The Primary Zone on the back is comprised of 

the Governing Vessel, which runs down the middle of the spine, Hua Tuo Jiaji, and the Bladder 

Meridians that are on both sides of the Governing Vessel. This is the most important area on the 

body. The Primary Zone in the front of the body is the abdomen. This requires about 5% of all 

treatment time. The techniques used to treat the Primary Zone are Yu Do Shi and Para spinal 

Ishizaka Shi. The procedures for these techniques will be explained in the techniques section. 

Zone 2 is the Cranial Zone. 

It is the head area which includes the brain, the pituitary, the hair, and the scalp. It is colored in 

turquoise on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. The Cranial Zone is used 

for diseases that are related to the brain, the pituitary, the hair, the scalp, and the head. 

Zone 3 is the Face & Cervical Zone. 

It is colored pale green on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. The Face & 

Cervical Zone is used for specific Sense Organs, Musculature, Joints, Endocrine Glands, Organs, 

Mental Diseases, Migraine, and Arterial concentration of all organs. Certain specific spinal chord 

segments are treated in this zone. 

Zone 4 is the Thoracic Zone. 

It is colored red on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. The Thoracic Zone 

is used for specific Organs, Endocrine Glands, Joints, Musculature, Sense Organs, Mood 

problems, Blood Density and Stagnation, Connective Tissue Diseases, Kidney Stones, Mammary 

Glands, and Crystallization of Body Fluids. Certain specific spinal chord segments are treated in 

this zone. 

Zone 5 is the Lumbar Zone. 

It is colored yellow on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. It is used for 

specific Organs, Endocrine Glands, Joints, Musculature, Sense Organs, Lymph, Sexual Organs, 

Vascular Tone, Blood Count, Defensive Mechanism, and Crystallization of Body Fluid. Certain 

specific spinal chord segments are treated in this zone. 

Zone 6 is the Sacrum Coccyx Zone. 

It is colored orange on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. It is used for 

specific Organs, Endocrine Glands, Joints, Musculature, Sense Organs, Mental Behavior, 

Hormone Metabolism, Kidney Stones, and Sciatica. Certain specific spinal chord segments are 

treated in this zone. 

Zone 7 is the Symptomatic Zone. 

It is colored blue on the chart on both the zone column and the human figure. It is used on the 

Upper and Lower Extremities, and the Trunk, for symptomatic treatments. 

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NEEDLING TECHNIQUES 

Kubota Zone Acupuncture has four needling techniques. These techniques range in the level of 

difficulty it requires to perform them. With study, practice, and diligence all four of these 

techniques can be mastered and used on a daily basis. All Kubota Zone Acupuncture needling 

techniques are performed in the Japanese style. The Japanese style uses a tube to hold, guide, and 

steady a hair thin needle that is painless when inserted. The techniques for needling in Kubota 

Zone Acupuncture have been adapted from Ishizaka Ryu Acupuncture. 

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119



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THE DEFINING TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF 

KUBOTA ZONE ACUPUNCTURE 

By Naoki Kubota, A.P., L. Ac., Dipl. Ac. 

English Text Translated and Edited by 

E. J. Potter Kubota 


146 Victoria Road, Suite A 

Asheville, NC 28801 

USA 

In this article I will discuss the defining technical aspects of Kubota Zone Acupuncture. They are 

the four right hand needling techniques, the three left hand techniques, standard procedure, and 

how to locate a specific point. These techniques are to be used in conjunction with my article 

“Kubota Zone Acupuncture and The Chart That Is It’s Key”. All techniques are performed with a 

single needle that is applied through a tube to many specific points on the body. The chart will be 

the guide for applying these techniques and the zones that are appropriate. 

The hand techniques of Kubota Zone Acupuncture are some what different than other forms of 

acupuncture. The left and right hand techniques will change according to different situations 

such as different parts of the body to be treated or different conditions. The right hand techniques 

are shown on the end column of the Kubota Zone Acupuncture chart. The four right hand 

techniques are Yu Do Shi, Ren Kan Shi, Sen Chi Shi,(1) and Ishizaka Shi. These techniques have 

been some what explained in “Kubota Zone Acupuncture and The Chart That Is It’s Key”, but I 

will be more specific here. A live demonstration will be given at my presentation which will 

clarify any questions that may arise from my written descriptions. 

Right Handed Techniques 

Technique One – Yu Do Shi (lead or guide): This one of the two primary healing modalities that 

distinguishes Kubota Zone Acupuncture from other forms of acupuncture. This technique is 

basic. Yu Do Shi is used in all treatment protocols and always used first. Yu Do Shi is painless 

and does not require the patient to remain still. A certain rhythm of motion should be attained 

while performing Yu Do Shi which produces a calming, quieting, and relaxing effect. This 

initiates pain control and healing. Yu Do Shi is at the very heart of Kubota Zone Acupuncture. It 

can be used to treat every complaint, injury, and condition. Yu Do Shi can be used daily in 

general practice. Yu Do Shi is the most simple and direct method and it is always acceptable as 

the technique of choice. Yu Do Shi has no side effects or drug interactions. The acupuncturist 

uses his left hand to determine a point that is to be treated while holding the tube, with the needle 

in it, in his right hand. Next he places the tube that is holding the needle which is in his right 

hand on the point to be treated. He holds the tube on the point with his left hand. He releases his 

right hand. Then with the right middle finger he lightly taps the bottom of the tube that is in place 

on the body to insure that the position of the point of the needle is next to the skin. Next with the 

same right index finger he performs a light tapping motion (3 to 5 taps) on the head of the needle 

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while it is still in the tube, and the tube is resting on the point on the body that is being treated. 

Then the tube is removed with the right hand. The needle that is being held by the left hand, and 

is still inserted on the point on the body that is being treated, is removed in a swift motion. This 

acupuncture technique is performed repeatedly over the area that is being treated. The 

acupuncturist should be able to achieve a certain rhythm of motion (in and out, in and out, in and 

out, in and out, in and out). In Yu Do Shi a Sharp brand name needle with a metal tube handle 60 

mm (plus handle 25 mm, total 85 mm) #2 in Japanese gages (0.18 mm) or # 38 in Chinese 

gauges is recommended. I use hexagon stainless steal insertion tube, 73 mm, from Ido No 

Nippon Sha. When I do Yu Do Shi with this needle and this metal tube the needle will go under 

the skin 12 mm every time. 

Technique Two – Ren Kan Shi (links or arc): This technique is used for parts of the body that 

have an arc shape such as the Scapula, Iliac Crests, and Occipital-Atlas. This technique is level 

two in difficulty. It is advisable to receive some training before attempting Ren Kan Shi. 

Although Ren Kan Shi is performed with the same hand techniques as Yu Do Shi, Ren Kan Shi 

is more difficult. In Ren Kan Shi Scapula and Iliac Crests areas are able to be treated with an 

increased depth of treatment. The medial border of the Scapula can be treated with a horizontal 

needle insertion technique in which the needle is inserted between the medial border of the 

Scapula and rib cage. In this technique one holds the tube, with the needle in it, angled sideways 

and presses against the point which is to be treated. The left hand holds the tube, with the needle 

in it, while the right hand taps the needle which is still in the tube. The left hand then holds the 

needle while the right hand removes the tube. The right hand holds the tube with the right little 

finger and the needle with the thumb and index finger. Then the needle is pushed deeper. Next 

the right hand removes the needle. The treatment sequence is completed. Move to another point 

and repeat the action. This is done over the whole area and there should be many points treated. 

There should be a certain rhythm of motion (in and out, in and out). This rhythm of motion 

stimulates the body, stops pain, and initiates the healing process. The same size needle and same 

size tube for Yu Do Shi can be used here. Iliac Crests Ren Kan Shi is intended for use on the 

Iliac Crests. It is a similar technique to Yu Do Shi but also has an increased depth of treatment. 

You hold the tube with the needle in it in a vertical position. The tube, with the needle in it, is 

pressed over the chosen point and the needle is tapped in. The tube is removed and the needle is 

held with both hands. The needle is gripped between the right index finger and the right thumb. 

This supports and strengthens the needle. Both hands are still holding the needle. The right hand 

then pushes the needle in about 2cm. After this procedure you withdraw the needle with a rapid 

movement. That completes the sequence. Occipital- Atlas Ren Kan Shi is used between the 

Occipital and the Atlas. You begin this technique at the GV16 on midline and continue to move 

toward TH 17 which is behind the ear. This needling technique is the same as the Yu Do Shi 

technique. It is given a separate name because it is used on a specific part of the body. 

This technique can be combined with technique three and technique four but the level of 

difficulty increases. The same size tube and needle that are used for Yu Do Shi are used for 

Occipital-Atlas Ren Kan Shi. 

Technique Three – Sen Chi Shi (transverse or horizontal): This technique is used for parts of the 

body that don’t have thick muscles such as the scalp, the wrists, the hands, the ankles, and the 

feet. This also includes the fingers, the toes, the knees, and the elbows. Sen Chi Shi should be 

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used on the face and the ears. Sen Chi Shi can be used in combination with other techniques and 

is level three in difficulty. This technique must not be performed without training, guidance, and 

practice. 

After selecting the appropriate point, hold the tube that has the needle in it in your left hand at a 

10 degree angle to the skin. Press the point to be treated with the tube and tap the needle with 

your right hand sending it between the skin and the bone. Remove the tube with right hand. Then 

use the right hand to push the needle under the skin. If performed correctly this is painless. After 

the needle is in place move it in and out in a rhythmic motion. The acupuncturist’s whole body 

should be relaxed and move like a wave on the water when performing this needling technique. 

When the needle is moved the acupuncturist’s whole body should move. This energy and 

movement should come from center of the body. This is almost like a dance. The needle is then 

removed swiftly. 

Technique Four – Ishizaka Shi (life energy needling): This is the most advanced technique. It is 

level four in difficulty. This technique is most characteristic of Ishzaka Ryu Acupuncture, an 

ancient and traditional form of Japanese acupuncture. Ishizaka Shi is the second primary healing 

modality of Kubota Zone Acupuncture. This requires the most time to accomplish. Training, 

study, practice, and diligence are needed to perform this very powerful acupuncture technique. I 

have spent the last thirty years of my life studying and researching this highly advanced and 

extremely effective form of acupuncture. This technique is used for direct insertion in to 

indurations around the spine (vertebral column). If performed correctly the indurations or 

blockages can be removed by this needling technique. These blockages are the cause of pain, 

lack of circulation, and disease. These indurations are formed by the build up of toxic substances 

that bind together and become hard. This can cause arthritis as well as a long list of complaints 

and diseases. These indurations can also be the result of damage through accident or injury, 

incorrect diet, unclean water, or other toxic substances; physical and emotional stress, 

exhaustion, depression, dehydration, and crystallization of body fluids. It is important to point 

out here that Ishizaka Shi is an ongoing form of treatment. After the blockages are cleared it is 

important to continue follow-up treatments over time to keep the flow of blood moving smoothly 

and unobstructed. Once there is a blockage in an area there is a tendency for it to reoccur. 

Indurations commonly occur around the spine and spinal area. 

To locate an induration one uses their left hand to examine around the spine looking for hard 

places under the skin. This takes practice. When a hard place is located by the left hand the right 

hand, which is holding tube and needle, places the tube with needle in it directly on the 

induration. There are three different Ishzaka Shi variations of ways to manipulate the needle after 

you have located an induration. The first two movements are much easier to learn and require 

much less training and practice. The movement that has the least amount of required skill is 

performed by placing the tube, with needle in it, over the induration. You then tap the needle 

directly into the induration. After removing the tube, move the needle in an up and down motion 

in a vertical plane Every time the needle moves down you increase the depth of insertion one 

millimeter. Each up and down motion should take about one second to accomplish. The second 

variation takes more practice. After locating the induration place the needle, which is in the tube, 

directly over the induration. Tap the needle into the induration. After removing the tube begin to 

move the needle back and forth. Every forward movement the needle should increase in depth 

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one mille meter. This back and forth movement, which is in a horizontal plane, should take about 

one second to complete. If these movements are performed correctly, the induration will soften. 

The last motion is a combination of the first two. It will take years of training to learn this most 

powerful acupuncture technique. Take the needle, which is in the tube, and place it over the 

induration which is to be treated. Aim the needle into the center of the induration. The right hand 

then taps with right index finger the top of the needle with a quick and strong motion. Remove 

the tube with the right hand. You hold the needle with both hands. Next place the needle against 

the index finger of the right hand. Grip the needle between the thumb of the right hand and right 

index finger. The full length of the needle should rest against the right index finger. The right 

middle finger should be placed against the right index finger to steady, support, and strengthen 

the right index finger and thumb which are gripping the needle. Curl the right third finger and the 

right little finger together so they can hold the tube. The left index finger and thumb are also 

supporting the needle at the tip. At this point, the index finger and thumb of both hands should be 

supporting the needle at the tip. Begin to move the center of your body, which is your point of 

gravity, in a wave like motion. Your body is an ocean and it is moving like the waves (back and 

forth, back and forth, back and forth). You move the trunk of your body and the motion goes to 

your arms, and then your fingers and into the needle. This movement makes a vertical circle 

motion in the needle. When this happens, you are using your Ki or Qi energy instead of muscle 

power. This is much more powerful energy than using muscles. If this technique is done 

correctly, it causes much less pain than a muscle powered needling. In truth, it is very soothing 

and relaxing. The patient becomes calm and sleepy. When the needle hits an induration, gently 

move the needle with the Ki or Qi and the induration will loosen and begin to break down. This 

whole procedure should be performed by a relaxed body. The size of the needle used in a 

treatment will vary with the depth and hardness of the induration. I use 60 mm length Japanese 

gage #2, #3, #4, #5, and #8. 

Left Handed Techniques 

There are three left hand techniques in Kubota Zone Acupuncture. They are not listed on the 

chart. The reason for this is that the hand techniques are interchangeable. Depending on the 

condition, the part of the body to be treated, and the right hand technique to be used, there are 

choices that can be made. A degree of flexibility is allowed and even encouraged. The left hand 

techniques will vary from treatment to treatment and patient to patient. 

Technique one: The thumb and index finger technique is the first technique. Most acupuncturists 

use this technique. This technique uses the thumb and index finger of the left hand to support the 

needle and is considered a standard technique of acupuncture. 

Technique two: This index and the middle finger technique is commonly used for Ishizaka Ryu 

Acupuncture and Kubota Zone Acupuncture. Place the tube, with the needle in it, between the 

left index and middle finger. This action will stabilize the tube and the needle. Tap the needle in 

with the right index finger and remove the tube. The needle will still be between the index and 

middle finger of the left hand and will be supported. 

Technique three: The thumb and index finger squeeze technique is technique number three. 

Locate the induration to be treated. After inserting the needle and removing the tube, hold the 

needle with the right hand and release the left hand. Then, with the left hand using the thumb and 

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index finger squeeze the skin on either side of the needle. Next use one of the right hand 

techniques to manipulate the needle. This left hand technique is use for deep needling and strong 

stimulation. 

Kubota Zone Acupuncture is used for cleaning and balancing the whole body. This is a highly 

effective system for stopping pain. Because it is so effective, some patients may experience a 

healing crisis. A healing crisis is the experiencing of the onset of unpleasant symptoms. These 

symptoms can include a flu-like feeling, such as aching of the body, a mild headache, or a slight 

fever. Some bruising or swelling at the acupuncture point sights can occur. Also, some patients 

can experience feelings of euphoria. When indurations are loosened, broken up, and released 

there can be a slight reaction. This is not a negative sign. This is, in fact, a sign of healing. These 

symptoms will pass and health will begin to be restored quickly. 

Finding the point 

Now, I will discuss how to find a point. I have divided the body on my chart into different zones 

in order to treat different conditions and their related areas. Please consult my chart to determine 

specific treatment options. While the treatment area will vary with the condition, the area of 

primary concentration of treatment will always be the Primary Zone. The Primary Zone consists 

of the spinal cord segments which are listed on my chart. The area around the spinal column 

innervated by the Primary Zone spinal segments should always be palpated for indurations. It is 

imperative that this area be examined and treated first. Never insert the needle directly into a 

nerve. Only insert the needle directly into the induration that is to be treated. The indurations that 

occur here are the main indurations that are to be removed and cleared. This spinal area, (which 

is shown on my chart as the Primary Zone), is the place where indurations occur that are to be 

considered the primary cause of pain, illness, and imbalance because they affect the health of the 

whole body. When examining the patient, always check the spinal area which is the Primary 

Zone first. If time is a factor in a treatment, the removal of blockages or indurations here will 

produce the most results. If there is an area of pain that is present in a specific location, it is to be 

treated second. The treatment of the Primary Zone using Yu Do Shi, Technique one, in Kubota 

Zone Acupuncture will always help in the removal of pain. It will be easier to locate the 

indurations around the spinal area which is the Primary Zone and there will be many points that 

can be treated. Do not be afraid to Yu Do Shi many times. The more points that are treated the 

better the results. The acupuncture of the spinal area will bring positive results, and restoration of 

unobstructed circulation will always be healing. If a cause of pain or illness is not immediately 

apparent, the treatment of the Primary Zone using Yu Do Shi is always advised. A practitioner of 

this technique in the Primary Zone will be able, with confidence, to know that healing has been 

initiated. If the source of pain is apparent, it is to be treated after Zone One. This is because Yu 

Do Shi, when performed on Zone One, produces a calming and quieting effect on the recipient. 

This procedure lets the patient become accustom to acupuncture and they will relax. The 

practitioner will then be able to go to the painful areas and treat them with fewer problems. 

Koketsu is the term use for an induration, blockage, or hard spot. Koketsu means hard nut in 

Japanese. This is similar to but not the same as the term “kori” in Shudo Den Mei’s book. “Kori” 

means hard muscle or muscle tension. Koketsu or hard spot is the term used to describe a much 

more advanced induration. These Koketsus, or hard deposits, are the areas that are to receive 

acupuncture. In order to find a Koketsu or induration you use your left hand. The first three 

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fingers of the left hand are put together. They are then placed on the area to be treated. Press the 

fingers down and move them back and forth over the area. There will be small hard deposits that 

can be found. These hard spots, or Koketsus, are the points to be treated. This takes patience and 

practice. Do not be afraid to trust your own intuition. If you feel that you have located a point, 

treat that point. In Kubota Zone Acupuncture there are many points that can be treated. It is 

better to treat multiple points in an area than to treat only one or two. If you find that a whole 

area is hard, acupuncture the whole area. It is possible for many hard spots or indurations to be 

grouped together. The more points that are acupunctured, the more the indurations will be 

loosened. If an area is causing pain there will be indurations present. There may be many points 

on a pain site that should be treated. There are indurations present in the muscles that do not 

cause pain. They cause as much damage as the ones that cause pain, but must be located by 

touch. If you feel a hard spot acupuncture it. 

Kudosho (2), or emptiness, signifies a more advanced condition. Kudosho is a weak or soft spot 

in the body. It shows the location of a Koketsu or an induration that is underneath the soft spot 

and is located deeper in the body. It is treated the same as a Koketsu or a hard spot. With 

multiple treatments, the induration that is under the soft spot will start to rise and will be 

recognizable. It takes a longer period of time to treat this condition and for improvement to be 

achieved. Practice and experience are needed to remove Kudosho. It is possible to have positive 

results, but it is not an immediate occurrence. As the induration which is under the hard spot 

starts to rise, the location of where the needle is to be placed will become more obvious. When 

the Kudosho or emptiness starts to become hard, this is a positive sign. This is a sign that the 

induration has loosened and is starting to make its way to the surface. Once the induration 

reveals itself, treatment will become easier. This is a time for patience and diligence. With 

continued treatment, the Koketsu, or induration, will come to the surface, soften, be loosened, 

and broken up. The area will be cleared; pain and blockage will stop and healing will begin as 

normal circulation is restored. 

The standard procedure in a treatment sequence begins on the back Primary Zone (Please consult 

the chart). The order of this sequencing must always be followed and this procedure must always 

be performed first. Use Yu Do Shi (Technique one) for this procedure. This procedure in this 

zone will produce a calming and quieting effect on the recipient. The patient’s body will relax. 

The treatment will proceed smoothly. 

Sequence One: This initial treatment is of the right Hua To Jiaji points (3). The sequence is 

preformed top to bottom. There are a total of 28 points in this line. 

Sequence Two: The left Hua To Jiaji points is the second treatment sight. The sequence is 

preformed top to bottom. There are 28 points in this line also. 

Sequence Three: The right BL meridian inner line is the third treatment site. The sequence is 

performed top to bottom. It is located one cun laterally from the Hua To Jiaji points. There are 28 

points in this line. 

Sequence Four: The left BL meridian inner line is the forth treatment site. The sequence is 

performed top to bottom. It is located one cun laterally from the Hua To Jiaji points. There are 28 

points in this line. 

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Sequence Five: This sequence is performed on the Zone One site located on the front of the 

body. Use Yu Do Shi (Technique one). This site is a circle. It is shown on the Zone Acupuncture 

chart. There are 12 points to be treated in this circle. The point locations resemble a clock face. It 

is helpful to envision a clock with the numbers on it. The treatment sequence begins at 7:00 and 

continues clockwise 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, and 6:00. 

After the initial standard procedure has been completed follow the Kubota Zone Acupuncture 

Chart to treat specific conditions. 

This article “THE DEFINING TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF KUBOTA ZONE 

ACUPUNCTURE” has been written to be combined with my article and chart “KUBOTA 

ZONE ACUPUNCTURE and THE CHART THAT IS IT’S KEY”. Together they form the basis 

of my life’s work so far. I am grateful for the opportunity to share this work in Boston, August 

26 th , 2006, to The International Veterinary Acupuncture Society. I will present the information 

gathered here and I will give a live detailed demonstration of my techniques and procedures. It is 

my goal to provide clarity and comprehension of my work. I believe if one follows my chart and 

articles in the treatment of condition or disease, pain will be lifted and healing will occur. It is 

my hope that my work will help living beings. Thank you for allowing me to contribute my 

presentation to the 32 nd Annual IVAS Congress. 

References 

Japanese Language: 

1. Ishizaka S, IV, L. Ac., Sin Kyu Myo Wa, Edited by Yanagiya S, L. Ac., Ido-No-Nippon-Sha, 

Tokyo, Japan, Chapter 28, Page 24, 1957 

2. Maachida E L.Ac., World of Ishizaka Ryu Acupuncture, Tokyo, Sanichi Shobo 1985. 

English Language: 

3. Shanghai College of Traditional Medicine, Acupuncture – A Comprehensive Text, Eastland 

Press, Chicago Illinois, 1981, Chapter 4 Common Points of the Back, Pages 217, 218, 219, 220. 

Suppliers 

1. The Supply Center, 6829 Canoga Ave, Suite 5, Canoga Park, CA 91303 U.S.A. 

To order: 1-800-549-5993 or www.thesupplycenter.com 

2. Ido- No- Nippon- Sha, Inc, 1-105 Hon-machi, Oppama, Yokosuka City, Kanagawa-Ken, 

Japan 237-0068, Tel.011-81-0120-2161-02 Fax.011-81-0468-65-2707 or www.idononippon.com 

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TREATMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS IN 

A REFERRAL PRACTICE: USING TCVM 

ACUPUNCTURE AND HERBAL THERAPY 

WITH CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE 

Cheryl Adams DVM, CVA 

Arboretum View Veterinary Specialists 

Downers Grove, Illinois, USA 

Email: cadams@avah.org 

Arboretum View Veterinary Animal Hospital (AVAH) is a three story 13, 000 square foot, 24 

hour general and specialty referral practice located in the suburbs of Illinois. There are four 

general practice doctors, six full and three part time day and evening emergency, critical care 

staff. Specialists include an Ophthalmologist, Internist, Criticalist, Oncologist, Radiologist, 

Dermatologist, three Surgeons and one Integrative Medicine/ Rehabilitation DVM. A virtual 

tour can be taken at www.avah.org. 

I joined the practice on October 1, 2002 as Director of Integrative Medicine and Rehabilitation. I 

graduated from Iowa State Veterinary Medical College in 1988, developed a special interest in 

Complimentary and Alternative therapies in 1990 and pursued additional continuing education 

and studies in alternative therapies. I completed the 2001 IVAS course and received certification 

October 1 st of 2002. Internship hours were completed at a rehabilitation facility, a Certificate 

course in Chinese Herbal Medicine at Wonderlake Illinois was completed August 2005. I am 

currently conducting stem cell clinical research in conjunction with Vet-Stem®. The following 

are cases that were admitted to AVAH with immune mediated diseases, worked up and treated 

with conventional medicine, then referred for an integrated approach with acupuncture and 

herbal therapies to achieve optimal outcome. 

Case 1 

“Marley” Leuck, a five year old M/N Golden Retriever, weight 68.5 pounds/31.13 kg, presented 

to the Emergency Room (ER) January 25, 2005 with a history of vaccination on January 17, with 

Imrab® 3 year rabies and Duramune 5® DA2PPV. On exam the temperature was 103.9°F, with 

mild erythema of ventral and dorsal lid margins, neck pain on palpation and flexion with normal 

range of motion (ROM). His gait was slow and painful with the neck held in ventroflexion. The 

popliteal and submandibular lymph nodes were firm, but not enlarged. On 24 January the 

referring veterinarian (RDVM) had taken radiographs of the cervical spine; no lesions were 

found and laboratory blood work showed a mature neutrophilia; 22,600 thousand/µl. The RDVM 

dispensed 20 mg prednisone at 40 mg tid and cimetidine 200 mg bid. The morning of the 25 th 

prior to presentation the owner had given one dose of Tylenol 3® (acetaminophen 300 mg, 

codeine phosphate 30 mg) PO. 

Differential diagnoses included meningitis, polyarthritis, discospondyilitis, intervertebral disc 

disease (IVDD), trauma, and neoplasia. With the owner’s consent Marley was anesthetized for 

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CSF and joint taps, blood for a CBC and chemistry panels were also drawn. IV Normosol® was 

started at 78ml/hour, Pepcid® (famotidine) 15 mg IV bid, hydromorphone at 3.0 mg SQ Q6 

hours, and prednisone 60 mg SQ bid. Marley was transferred to the Internal Medicine 

department for additional diagnostics including urinalysis (UA) via cystocentesis, blood cultures, 

tick titers, and radiographs. Urinalysis showed struvite crystals with no cystitis present, SG = 

1.043; chemistries indicated a mild hypokalemia; joint taps showed an elevated WBC consistent 

with inflammatory arthropathy, no infectious agents were found. CSF tap had mild elevation of 

WBC, 56% neutrophils, increased relative number of neutrophils without pleocytosis consistent 

with meningitis; counts may have been decreased because of current prednisone treatment. There 

were no significant findings (NSF) on radiographs of the abdomen and thorax. KCL, 25 meq/l 

was added to the fluids along with doxycycline at 10 mg/kg PO bid. 

During the evening of January 25, Marley began bleeding from his mouth and developing 

papules. On examination on the 26 th an erosion was located under the tongue and erythematous 

lesions had developed along the lips, pinna, lip margins, abdomen, and there was increased joint 

effusion and lameness. A Dermatology consult was done; lesions were consistent with immune 

mediated disease and biopsies were set to Pennsylvania State University Diagnostic Lab. 

Cephalexin was added orally at 1000 mg bid. Histopathology results indicated immune mediated 

erythema multiforme. Tick titers were negative; blood cultures grew a hemolytic 

Staphylococcus, coagulase negative, suspected contaminate. The allopathic diagnosis was 

immune mediated polysystemic disease. 

On January 27 an Integrative Medicine consultation was requested. Physical exam findings were 

as previously described along with a strong odor in the mouth, with bright red gums, indicating 

Stomach Heat. The tongue was thin and red with a thick yellow coating; pulses were thin, rapid, 

and wiry. Reactive points found: heat at GB 20, BL 18, 19 (GB and LIV association points), 

scleral injection OU, erythematous lesion at BL 1 (wind, heat point), mild heat from points along 

ST and SI meridians. The TCM diagnosis was toxic heat from external invading pathogen 

progressing to an internal pathogen. Treatment was performed with 1.0 cc Vitamin B 12, 0.1 cc 

at GV 16, GB 20 L/R, BL 60 L/R, BL 40 L/R. Dry needle acupuncture was also performed, with 

0.2 / 13 mm Vinco® needles. Acupoints used were LIV 3, 1, L/R, LI 11 L/R, LU 11 L/R ( Jingwell 

point, dispels wind heat), BL 1 L/R, TH 17 L/R, BL 23, 52 L/R, LIV 4 L/R, GV 14, 4. 

Recommendations included a hypoallergenic diet, continued acupuncture treatments, probiotics, 

vitamin C 3000 mg divided bid, Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), and Chinese herbs to detoxify 

and support the liver, or use of Milk Thistle if Chinese herbs were not acceptable. 

Within 2-3 hours of the initial acupuncture treatment the erythematous lesions began to improve. 

On exam on January 28 pet had been afebrile since the evening before, the erythema was 

significantly improved along with the erosion under the tongue. Marley was released on the 28 th 

on prednisone 20 mg tablets, 2 tablets in the am, and 2.5 tablets in the pm, famotidine 20 mg bid, 

doxycycline 100 mg 3 tablets bid. A hypoallergenic diet, SOD, probiotics, and 175 mg Milk 

Thistle bid were subsequently filled through another RDVM with a holistic practice. 

On recheck examination with the internist on January 30, Marley had developed facial nerve 

paralysis. Per communication with a Merial representative this is a documented sequela to rabies 

vaccination, resulting from demyelination; there is no recommended allopathic treatment and 

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disease can progress or resolve after several weeks to months. On January 31 examination for 

acupuncture Marley had no blink or palpebral reflexes, no movement of facial muscles including 

his ears and muzzle, decreased gag and swallow reflexes causing excess drooling and food to fall 

from his mouth. Artificial tears ointment was applied Q4-6 hours. Marley had severe generalized 

muscle atrophy, soft dark stools, minimal joint effusion, and the skin lesions were resolved. His 

tongue was pale with red edges, mild yellow coating and halitosis, with lots of saliva. Reactive 

points along the SP meridian, with mild heat at GB 20, LIV 1-3, and BL 18. The TCM diagnosis 

was SP Qi Deficiency with secondary LIV Heat. 

Acupuncture points included ST 2, 7 GB 14, 1, TH 17, LU 5, LIV 3, SI 19, CV 17, ST 36, 

GV20, 16, 14, SP 10. After the initial treatment his eyebrows were able to move. On February 2, 

2005, another treatment was given using points as above plus BL 1; the ears regained some 

movement as did the muzzle. At the third treatment partial movement of eyelids was achieved, 

the drooling stopped and Marley was able to hold food in his mouth. A total of 8 treatments were 

done with complete resolution of facial paralysis by March 9. Points were varied based on 

reactive points at each exam, BL18, 20, KI 3, GB2, 1, TH23, GV4 were also used. During that 

time prednisone was being tapered and doxycycline was finished. Because of persistent Liver 

Heat signs and elevated liver enzymes the owner opted to begin Long Dan Xie Gan Wan 60 

grams + Schisandra 40 grams, 1 teaspoon bid. 

Marley was seen for a recheck with Internal Medicine on March 27, 2005 after eating a can of 

food including the can. Ingestion of the can was secondary to increased appetite from prednisone 

. Medications at time of presentation included prednisone 30 mg sid, pepcid 20 mg bid, Milk 

Thistle 175 mg bid, Probiotics, and SOD dose unknown. Due to financial concerns, after 

radiographs and endoscopy the owner discontinued acupuncture. Post endoscopy the prednisone 

was decreased to 15 mg sid, pepcid was increased to 30 mg bid and Sucralfate 1 gram bid was 

added, all other medications remained the same. Repeat joint taps were done in April and were 

within normal limits. 

Marley was seen for follow up by the Integrative Medicine department on June 30, 2005 for 

pruritis, poor coat and a history of recent hot spots. The prednisone had been discontinued and 

muscle atrophy was improved, liver values were normal, and previous herbs had been finished 

several weeks earlier. Marley’s weight was 70 pounds/31.8 kg; he was mildly pruritic with poor 

coat. His RDVM had recently diagnosed hypothyroidism and started supplementation at 0.6 mg 

Soloxine® bid along with 25 mg Benadryl® (diphenhydramine HCL) tid. Marley’s tongue was 

slightly pale and thin with some Qi cracks in the center; pulses were thin and deep; deficient 

points at BL 20, 23, KI 6. TCM diagnosis was Yin Deficiency and Si Wu Xiao Feng Yin 50 

grams + 50 grams Qi Bao Mao Ran Dan was started at ¾ teaspoon bid. Owner was lost to follow 

up for financial reasons, but did call and reported improvement in the skin issues after starting 

the herbs. 

Case 2 

“Jessie” Hane, a 4.5 year old S/F chocolate lab, weight 80 pounds/36.36 kg, presented to ER on 

June 5, 2005 for vomiting and facial edema. Jessie had a history of vaccination with DHLPPC 

and Imrab 3® rabies on May 24, 2005; her weight was 82 pounds at that exam. On June 1st she 

was given a dose of Heartgard® and within hours began licking at her paws. She was treated as 

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an outpatient with injections of 3.6 cc Vetalog® (triamcinolone acetonide 2 mg/ml) 50 mg 

Benadryl®, 400 cc Normosol® SQ, 18 mg Pepcid® SQ and 10.5 mg Reglan® SQ by her 

RDVM with minimal response for four days. Abdominal radiographs on June 4 showed 

splenomegaly. She was referred to AVAH for progression of facial edema and vomiting on 

June 5. 

On presentation she was afebrile, with generalized hives, pruritis, lethargy, with mild facial 

edema and epidermal collarettes. She was hospitalized and placed on Normosol® at 60 ml per 

hour with 30 mg of Reglan® (metoclopramide) added to the fluids. An initial dose of 50 mg 

prednisone was given SQ, 12 hours later oral prednisone was started at 40 mg PO bid. Other 

medications included clemastine 2.68 mg bid PO, pepcid 17 mg IV bid, Cefazolin 780 mg IV tid. 

Diagnostics included radiographs, CBC, Chem 25, and a tick panel. No significant abnormalities 

were found. A consultation with the Dermatologist was done and skin biopsies were set to 

Pennsylvania State Diagnostic Lab. In the next few hours 80% of her body was covered in 

erythematous lesions, and her facial edema had progressed, she was unable to open her eyes, 

severe auricular edema developed, with vasculitis. Prothrombin Time (PT) was 14 seconds, and 

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) was 83, both within normal limits. 

An Integrative Medicine consultation was requested on June 6th. On physical exam Jessie had 

generalized purple papules on her body, severe angioedema of her face and ears, pulses were 

superficial, rapid, taut, and thin; her tongue was red to purple in color with moderate white 

coating. The CBC indicated a decrease in platelets and chemistries revealed a low albumin. The 

TCM diagnosis was external invading pathogen invading to the Ying Qi or plasma level. Yunnan 

Pai Yao was started with oral Red tablet followed in 30 minutes with 2 capsules tid. Acupuncture 

with Acuglide® ½ inch, 36 gauge needles at GB 20 L/R, LIV 3,(would not allow LIV 1 

retention) L/R, LI 4 L/R, BL 17, 20, 40 L/R, GB 2 L/R, SI1 9 L/R, ST 36, 40 L/R, TH 5 L/R. An 

oral dose of Thuja occidentalis 30C was given. 

On June 7th acupuncture was repeated, and Qing Ying Tang was added in the evening at one 

teaspoon twice daily. The internist added Simplicef® (cefpodoxime proxetil) 300 mg PO sid, 

Hetastarch® at 20 ml/hr for a low albumin of 1.7 g/dl, and changed prednisone to 50 mg PO bid. 

On June 8th the pet developed glucosuria, and had elevated blood glucose of 318 mg/dl. Insulin 

was started on June 9 at 1.1 units per kg as a constant rate infusion (CRI) added to fluids. No 

progression of edema or skin lesions was noted and Jessie seemed clinically more responsive. On 

June 9 the skin lesions were resolving, along with facial edema, and heat signs. Chemistries 

showed alkaline phosphatase of 709 iu/l (reference range/RR = 10-150); albumin – 1.5g/dl (RR = 

2.5-3.6); total protein of 3.3 g/dl( RR = 5.1-7.8); globulin – 1.8 g/dl ( RR = 2.8-4.5), blood 

glucose – 258 mg/dl (RR = 60-125). Acupuncture was repeated June 10. By June 11 the skin 

lesions had resolved with minimal facial edema; laboratory work showed mild glucosuria and no 

other significant findings. Jessie was released on Qing Ying Tang 1 teaspoon bid, prednisone 30 

mg bid, insulin 11 units SQ bid. 

On June 21 Jesse was rechecked by the Internal Medicine department. The prednisone had been 

tapered to 20 mg 1.5 sid , Qing Ying Tang had been decreased to ½ teaspoon bid, insulin dose 

had been gradually decreased and discontinued. Jessie’s skin lesions had resolved, she had 

muscle atrophy of the temporalis muscles and all four limbs, she was lethargic, and 

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organomegaly was palpable, with enlarged liver and spleen visible on radiographs. A consult 

with Integrative Medicine was requested along with any herbal recommendations. On exam 

mucous membranes and the tongue were both pale, the tongue was thick with moderate white 

coating; pulses were deep, thin, a little slippery and broad; thin muscle mass with deficiency 

points at BL 20, SP 10. The TCM diagnosis was SP Qi Deficiency with secondary Blood 

Deficiency. A course of Zuo Gui Wan 80 grams ½ teaspoon bid + 3 tablets Astragalus bid was 

begun; discontinued Qing Ying Tang and recommended recheck in 3 weeks. 

Recheck on July 18, 2005; organomegaly had resolved, the last dose of prednisone was given 

that day and the pet was back to normal activity levels. Pulses were deep, rapid and slippery; 

tongue was thin along edges, and slightly red, with red papilla along LIV area with blue center, 

and Qi cracks at the root, and moderate white coating. Reactive points included heat at GB 20, 

LIV 2, 3, deficient area BL 20. Because of mild damp heat signs the herbal formula was changed 

to Long Dan Xie Gan Wan 60 grams + 40 grams of Schisandra at ¾ teaspoon bid. At the recheck 

examination on August 8 2005 the tongue had a slightly blue center with Qi cracks; pulses were 

deep, moderate rate; mild deficiency points at SP 6, 9, 10 and ST 36. We began Si Wu Tang 70 

grams + 30 grams of Schisandra at ¾ teaspoon bid; the pet was kept on herbs for 3 months with 

no recheck. She was seen for annual exam and vaccine titers the following spring and no 

deficiency signs were present on physical examination or on tongue or pulse exam; diet was 

Innova. 

Case 3 

“Spooky” Jerosky, a 64 pound/29.1 kg, 9 year old Australian Shepherd, Labrador mix was 

presented to the Integrative Medicine department on June 17, 2004 for Dermal Mucinosis. She 

had a history of chronic gastrointestinal issues with episodes of borborygmus and anorexia since 

she was a year old and in 2000, at 3 years of age, she began developing skin problems. In 

September of 2003 a Coombs test, ANA, and Rheumatoid factor were all negative; skin biopsy 

diagnosis was Dermal Mucinosis. This disorder in a non-Shar Pei breed is typically associated 

with underlying metabolic disease such as hypothyroidism or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. A 

thyroid panel was normal; repeat immune panels were recommended at 3 month intervals to 

monitor for the ANA becoming positive, however, no repeat panels were done. The pet was 

referred to a dermatologist and treated with cyclosporine (Neoral®) 100 mg, 2 capsules sid for 2 

weeks, 1 sid for 2 weeks then 1 every other day for 2 weeks, with no improvement. 

Spooky was then treated with 20 mg prednisone sid, developed rage syndrome after 48 hours, 

and the prednisone was discontinued. Beginning in July of 2002, Clavamox® (amoxicillin 

300mg / clavulanic acid 75 mg) 375 mg bid or cephalexin 500 mg tid and 50 mg hydroxyzine 

HCl tid were used chronically. Response to antibiotics and antihistamines resulted in 70-80 % 

resolution of lesions. If antibiotics were stopped severe infections reoccurred within three weeks. 

A consultation with a second dermatologist was done February 2004 because of progression of 

the lesions. Additional biopsies were done and in addition to Dermal Mucinosis, pyoderma was 

diagnosed. Imuran® (azathioprine) was recommended. The owner opted to explore alternative 

treatments and declined treatment with azathioprine because of concerns about side effects. 

On presentation Spooky had a very fine coat that was easily epilated with hypotrichosis over her 

abdomen, face and extremities. The lesions consisted of sticky mucous pustules, and pyoderma 

with hyperemia, yellow discharge, and a strong odor. Lesions were located along the face, 

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ventral neck, abdomen, ventral thorax, and hind limbs. TCM locations included ST 2, 6, 8, 35- 

42, CV 3-12, 21-23, ST 25-ST 42, PC 1, LIV and SP points along both inner thighs, BL 39, 40. 

Large mucous pockets were present along the sides of her face and rear legs with the worst area 

at ST 41 (Jie Xi, Dispersing Brook), an important point for draining pathogenic Qi from the 

stomach channel. Her tongue was pale lavender to blue with multiple small central Qi cracks, 

reddish-purple papilla in the SP area, with moderate to thick white coating; the pulses were 

slippery. Her TCM diagnosis was SP Qi Deficiency with secondary Damp-Heat. 

Initial treatments included 125 mg N, N-dimethylglycine (DMG, methyl bonded amino acid 

which modulates immune function and increases oxygen utilization) bid, zinc sulfate 200 mg 1 

AM, ½ PM; Innova® diet was recommended for increased protein content and Spleen support, 

along with 50 grams Si Miao San (to eliminate damp and clear damp heat) and 50 grams of Qi 

Bao Mei Ran Dan/ Seven treasures for beautiful hair, at ¾ teaspoon twice daily. Acupuncture 

points used included: BL 40, 20, 23 L/R (all bilateral), ST 36, 40 L/R, LI 11 L/R GV14, 4. The 

points used were varied based on reactive points at each exam. Additional points used included 

KI 3, CV 12, ST 25, 41, SP9, 10, BL 17, 18, TH 17. Treatments were done weekly and points 

were varied based on tongue, pulse findings and reactive points at each exam. After four weekly 

treatments the dermatitis on her face had resolved, most of her hair had grown in and the mucous 

sacs were decreased by 50%. The mucous pustules along her hind legs had decreased and the 

size of her hocks had decreased by 60%. 

By the eighth weekly acupuncture treatment, approximately two months after the initial 

treatment, her chest and face were clear and 80 % of the pustules on the legs had resolved. When 

the weather changed and rain increased dampness, she had an outbreak on her face, which 

responded to 375 mg Clavamox® bid, and increasing the herbal formula to one teaspoon bid. 

Eventually the percentage of Si Miao San was increased to 70 grams + 30 grams Qi Bao Mei 

Ran Dan; one teaspoon tid when the weather is damp and decreased to ¾ bid when weather is 

dry. The alopecia and hypotrichosis resolved 100% and the last antibiotics were used January of 

2005. At examination in March 2005, her tongue color was pink, with a thin coating; pulses were 

middle to deep, moderate rate, extinguishable with moderate effort. Spooky has been managed 

with the herbal formula mentioned above and acupuncture as needed. 

Case 4 

“Frederick” Kastner, a 9 year 10 month old, intact male, 55 pound/25 kg Standard Poodle 

presented to the ER on January 31 st 2005 post exploratory laparotomy. Frederick had a history of 

an episode of chronic vomiting in November 2004 which responded to Tagamet® (cimetidine), 

but he continued to have periodic bouts of vomiting at night. On Friday January, 29 2005 he 

presented to the RDVM with lethargy. Laboratory work indicated decreased albumin and total 

protein with mild elevations in ALP, ALT, total bilirubin and cholesterol. A barium series was 

also performed. The RDVM was suspicious of a foreign body and a laparotomy was done 

Saturday January 30. The prostate was enlarged and a biopsy was taken. Post surgically he was 

maintained on IV fluids, Baytril®, amoxicillin, Reglan®, and Torbugesic®; dosages were not 

provided. Abdominal radiographs on January 31 were suspicious for bloat; the RDVM 

recommended euthanasia and Frederick was transferred to AVAH for 24 hour care. 

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Blood work on January 31 showed Na+ - 114 mmol/l (reference range/RR = 141-156); K+ - 3.5 

mmol/l ( RR= 4.0-5-6); Cl – 121 mmol/l (RR= 105-115); HCt - 50% ( RR=37-55); Hb - 17.0 

g/dl (RR= 12-18); ALP - 451 iu/l (RR = 5-55) ; TP - 5.0 g/dl (RR = 5.1-7.7); ALT – 273 iu/l 

(RR = 5-60); ALB - 2.0 g/dl ( RR = 2.5-3.6); T Bili - 1.5 mg/dl ( RR = 0.0 – 0.1); CHOL – 334 

mg/dl ( RR = 112-328). Results of a urinalysis were: blood +++; SG - 1.033; RBC and WBC – 

too numerous to count (TNTC); 1-5 Epi cells/hpf; 2+ cocci; protein - ++; Bilirubin - ++. 

Additional radiographs of the abdomen were taken and reviewed with the surgeon; ileus and gas 

distention were present but no obvious dilatation or torsion. 

Treatment included Normosol R® with an initial bolus of 500 cc’s, followed by Normosol R® 

with 20 meq/liter of KCL at 55 ml/hour. Additional medications included ampicillin 22 mg/kg 

IV tid, Baytril® (enrofloxacin) 5 mg/kg IV bid, famotidine 0.5 mg/kg IV bid, and buprenorphine 

0.005 mg/kg IV bid. Repeat laboratory work in the evening showed WBC elevated at 26,120 

thousand/µl (RR = 5.7-16.3 thousand/µl), HCT - 43.8 % (RR = 37-55%), platelets were low at 

73,000 thousand/µl (RR =164,000-510,000 thousand/µl); the decrease was confirmed with a 

blood smear. ALB had decreased to 1.1g/dl (RR = 2.5-3.6 g/dl) with icteric serum and 

Hetastarch® was started at 20ml/kg/day = 21 mls/hour. Frederick continued to vomit, his urine 

became more icteric and his liver values continued to increase. February 1, 2005 abnormal 

laboratory values were: ALKP – 817 u/l (RR = 10-150 u/l); ALT – 249 u/l (RR = 5-60); T. Bili - 

2.2 mg/d (RR = 0.0-0.4)l. A peritoneal lavage was done; results indicated inflammation with 

RBC’s, nondegenerative neutrophils, and no bacteria. Leptospirosis titers were submitted, and an 

ACTH stimulation test was recommended by the internist to screen for atypical Addison’s; 

cortisol response was slightly below normal but not supportive of Addison’s; Prothrombin Time 

and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PT/PTT) were within normal limits. Abdominal ultrasound 

showed free air and fluid consistent with suspicions for localized inflammation and possible 

infection; biopsy and culture of the prostate were submitted. A physiological dose of prednisone 

was given IV at 0.25mg/kg. 

Fred continued to have a firm painful abdomen on palpation, was incontinent and continued to 

vomit and on February 2 Fred was transferred to the Internal Medicine department. The prostatic 

biopsy came back consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia; increasing liver values needed 

biopsy to further define the hepatopathy. Because of Fred’s clinical status recovery from surgery 

was recommended before any further diagnostic work up. Release was recommended since he 

was not eating in the hospital. A 75 mcg Fentanyl® patch was placed and Fred was released on 

Zentonil® (SAMe/ S-Adenosylmethionine) 200 mg 2 tablets sid, Baytril® 136 mg sid, 

Clavamox® 375 mg bid, Pepcid® 10 mg, 1.5 tablets bid. 

On recheck examination with Internal Medicine February 8, 2005, Fred continued to be 

inappetent at home, his weight was 47.3 pounds/21.5 kg (weight at discharge was 54.5 

pounds/24.7 kg), and he was less painful in his abdomen. Final Leptospirosis results were 

negative, and the biopsy from the lesion in the abdomen came back as focal peritonitis, with 

negative culture results. Sutures were removed from the previous surgery, endogenous ACTH 

levels were submitted, and prednisone was started at 20 mg sid for 34 days then 10 mg per day. 

CBC and chemistry was submitted; abnormal values were: ALP – 4172 iu/l ( RR = 10-150); 

ALT – 327 iu/l ( RR= 5-60); AST – 611 iu/l ( 5-55); GGT – 77 iu/l ( RR = 0-14); T Bili - 6.8 

mg/dl ( RR = 0.0-0.4); ALB - 2.3 g/dl ( RR = 2.5-3.6); a CBC was within normal limits. A repeat 

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ultrasound was done; microhepatica and prostatomegally were present, however, needle biopsy 

of the liver was not recommended because of poor body condition and risk of anesthesia. Total 

parenteral nutrition (TPN) was recommended, but declined. Medications on February 15 

included Prednisone 15 mg bid, Cyproheptadine 8 mg bid, Milk thistle 250 mg bid, SAMe 

225mg bid, famotidine 20mg bid, Clavamox® 375 mg bid, plus Baytril® 136 mg sid. 

Fred presented to the ER on February 18, 2005 with paraphimosis. The penis was replaced, 

yellow discharge was removed from the prepuce then infused with 50% dextrose to help reduce 

swelling and prevent repeat prolapse. Weight on exam was 42.1 pounds/ 19.13 kg. Fred had 

repeated episodes of paraphimosis and prolapse at home, he was no longer vomiting, but was not 

eating and owners were syringe feeding. 

Frederick was referred to the Integrative Medicine department on March 01, 2005. Fred was 

underweight at 45.5 pounds, with palpable enlargement of the prostate in the caudal abdomen, 

paraphimosis was present, the penis was swollen and painful, significant perineal swelling was 

present along with icterus. TCM exam findings included: tongue – pale blue in the center and red 

along the liver area; pulses were deep, thin, rapid and slightly slippery. Reactive points included 

LIV 3, 5, GB 26, 27, heat at GB 20, BL 18, 19, and swelling at CV 1. The TCM diagnosis was 

Damp-Heat trapped in the lower jiao, and Liver Heat. 

Initial treatment 1.0 cc vitamin B12, 0.1 cc aquapuncture at GB 20 L/R, BL 60 L/R, GB 26 L/R, 

PC 6 L/R. Dry needle acupuncture for 8 minutes with 13 mm 38 gauge Vinco® needles at CV 1, 

17, GV 14, 2, LU 5 L/R, BL 18,20,23,40 L/R, ST 36, 40 L/R. Herbal treatment was Schisandra 

Powder (A Time To Heal), at ¾ teaspoon bid. At a recheck visit with the internist on March 4 th 

the prostate was non painful, normal size and the paraphimosis had resolved, although the penis 

was still slightly swollen distal to the bulbis glandis. Fred’s weight was 45.8 pounds/20.81 kg. 

Fred was having urinary accidents in the house and dribbling urine after urination. A second 

acupuncture treatment was done March 4. On physical exam the swelling below the rectum was 

significantly reduced. Treatment performed with dry needles for 8 minutes at the points above 

plus SP 6 bilaterally. Aquapuncture points were as before plus LIV 3. 

Additional dry needle treatments were done every 1-2 weeks until May 9, 2005. Treatments 

consisted of the points listed above; point selection was varied based on tongue, pulse and 

reactive points. By the third treatment on March 9, the dribbling and urinary accidents had 

resolved. On the March 21 st appointment the pulses were still rapid, with mild icterus present and 

Long Dan Xie Gan Wan was recommended. On March 24, the internist drew blood, the liver 

values were still elevated, and gave consent to begin the additional herb to try and lower the 

elevated liver values. Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, (Mayway Herbals) 6 teapills bid, were added to 

the current treatment. By treatment on May 5 th , the icterus and bilirubinuria had resolved, 

Fredrick would no longer sit still during his treatments and his weight was 56 pounds/25.45 kg. 

Lab work on May 5 th showed essentially normal liver values. 

Case 5 

“Phoebe” Knapik, a 2 year old Schipperke, F/S, weighing 17.2 pounds/7.81 kg, was presented to 

the surgery department on October 8, 2004 for suspected hip pain and mobility problems. She 

had been placed on Rimadyl® (carprofen) and Cosequin® (glucosamine HCl and chondroitin 

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sulfate) by her RDVM; doses not provided. The Rimadyl® had been discontinued after Phoebe 

developed hemorrhagic diarrhea. On exam Phoebe had 90 degree hyperextention of both carpi 

and was walking on her metacarpal pads. Partial cranial cruciate ligament tears were present 

bilaterally with effusion present joint cultures were negative in the carpal and stifle joints. 

Diagnostics included joint taps with cytology and culture, ANA, Rheumatoid factor, radiographs, 

CBC, chemistry panel, and tick serology. The tick titers, ANA, Rheumatoid Factor and joint 

cultures were all negative. There was mild effusion present in the carpal joint spaces on 

radiographs but no degenerative changes. The cytology consisted of a suppurative inflammation 

consistent with immune-mediated arthritis; the diagnosis was non-erosive immune-mediated 

polyarthritis. Treatment prescribed was prednisone 10 mg tablets, 1.25 tablets sid for two weeks 

after which joint taps were repeated. Inflammation was still present so prednisone was continued 

at 10 mg tablet, 1.25 sid; Simplicef® (cefpodoxime proxetil) 100 mg ½ tablet sid, and 

azathioprine 50 mg ¼ tablet sid were added. Phoebe was to be scheduled for arthrodesis once the 

inflammation was resolved. 

Phoebe presented to the Integrative Medicine department on November 29, 2004 for 

rehabilitation. SOD (super oxide dismutase) 400 mg 3 tablets sid, and Omega 3 FA 180 mg 

EPA/DHA 1 capsule bid were added to her medications. Underwater treadmill and swimming 

were started for weight loss and to help build muscle. Joint taps and cytology were repeated on 

February 2, 2005, and indicated inflammation was under control and medications were tapered. 

After discussion with the surgery department Prolotherapy was offered to the owner as an option 

prior to arthrodesis. Prolotherapy is injection of acupuncture points around a specific joint. 

Points can be injected with Adequan® and Vitamin B 12, Lidocaine +/- B 12, or homeopathic 

preparations such as Traumeel®. 

On March 2, 2005 the first of 6 weekly treatments was done with 0.4 cc Adequan® mixed with 

0.5 cc vitamin B 12 in a 1.0 cc syringe, was used to treat the right carpus. A second syringe with 

and 0.5 cc lidocaine 2% + 0.5 cc vitamin B 12 mixed in a 1.0 cc syringe was used to treat points 

on the left front leg. All points were treated bilaterally, each was injected with 0.05- 0.1 cc, and 

included TH 4, 5 , HT 7, LI 4 , LU 7, 8, 9, PC 7, SI 4, 5, 6 . Custom fiberglass splints were made 

for Phoebe and swimming and underwater treadmill therapy were continued. Because of over 

activity the left front leg had episodes of swelling and the splint had to remain off periodically. 

By April 19, 2005 Phoebe began holding herself up off her metacarpal pads periodically. By 

June Phoebe was walking on the right front foot with a 21 degree hyperextention. 

Once the swelling was better controlled in the left carpus, adjustments were made to her splint, 

but the left side never improved more then 20 degrees from the initial 90 degrees of 

hyperextention, so Phoebe continued to wear her splint on the left front leg. A second course of 6 

Prolotherapy treatments with Adequan® 0.4 + 0.5 vitamin B 12 was done on the left carpus, 

November 2005 through January 2006. Treatment could not be done weekly because of the 

owner’s schedule, and only minor improvement was seen. Phoebe was scheduled for treatment 

with autogenous stem cells on April 19, 2006. The cells will were injected into the left carpal 

joint, and into Prolotherapy points. 

Post injection all effusion resolved in her left carpal joint and she was significantly more 

comfortable on manipulation of the joint. There was no change in the hyperextension. Because of 

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low stem cell count with the initial harvest, a second fat harvest was done. There was a 

significant increase in the stem cell count in her fat resulting in enough cells for three separate 

injections, and the left carpus was injected a second time in the acupoints listed previously on 

June 8, 2006. Ligaplex (Standard Process), 1 capsule twice daily and 500 mg ester C bid were 

added to her supplements. Phoebe continues to wear her splint on the left front leg; the goal is to 

decrease her hyperextension and get her walking without the splint on the left front leg. 

References Available On Request 

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USE OF ISHIZAKI, HWATO AND OTHER POINTS 

FOR LUMBAR AND SACRAL PAIN 


El Cajon Valley Veterinary Hospital 

El Cajon, California, USA 

Ishizaka Style Acupuncture 

Japanese Style Acupuncture (as opposed to Chinese Style Acupuncture) 

Japanese style acupuncture differs from Chinese style acupuncture in several ways. First, 

palpation is the most important diagnostic tool. This includes feeling the pulse, abdomen and 

skin textures of acupuncture points and meridian pathways. Palpation dictates which points are 

chosen for treatment, rather than points chosen according to disease or theory. 

Second, using only one needle at a time. An insertion or guide tube is usually used to allow 

rapid, gentle tapping and insertion of the needle, which is then withdrawn before going to the 

treating the next point. These needles are thinner than those used in Chinese style acupuncture. 

Third, confirmation of an immediate and noticeable change on that which was used as a 

diagnostic tool: pain or tension of a palpated point, or pulse. For example, with abdominal 

points this would be a response to needling of distal points and with back points this would be 

from direct, local needling. 

Brief History of Ishizaka Style Acupuncture 

In the late 1700’s Sotetshu Ishizaka, was a Japanese acupuncturist and the official physician for 

the eighth Shogun. It was during this time that he was exposed to the first anatomical texts and 

charts of human dissection, which clearly depicted the central nervous system. Since autopsies 

and human dissection were forbidden at that time in Japan, this expose to the human anatomy 

was of great interest. He was impressed with the central nervous system, especially the 

emergence of the spinal nerves through the intervertebral spaces and their distribution. After 

studying these texts, Ishizaka became convinced that the balancing the central nervous system 

was essential for health. Combining this new knowledge with years of research and clinical 

experience in traditional Japanese acupuncture, he developed a new style of acupuncture known 

as Ishizaka style acupuncture. 

Technique of Ishizaka Style Acupuncture 

Ishizaka used the Japanese method of needling: one needle at a time, rapid insertion facilitated 

by an insertion guide tube and then remove and go to the next point. He would treat points 

associated with intervertebral spaces, just lateral to the midline of the spine (Governing Vessel - 

GV), starting with the first cervical vertebrae and ending with the last lumbar vertebrae. These 

points are located between the GV and Huatou Jiaji points. When an experienced practitioner is 

performing this technique is appears to have a gentle rhythm. He would then turn his patient 

over and do a similar needling technique to points on the abdomen. After this standard treatment 

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was performed, he would then apply a symptomatic treatment to any area that was having a 

problem. 

Applying Ishizaka Style Acupuncture in Veterinary Medicine 

Jake Paul Fratkin, O.M.D. first proposed this method for use in veterinary acupuncture in 1999, 

at the 25 th Annual International Congress of Veterinary Acupuncture in Lexington, Kentucky, 

U.S.A. He recommended that it be used as a general treatment in all veterinary cases, regardless 

of the complaint. Like Ishizaka, he feels that is provides an overall beneficial effect on general 

health and well-being, and can be used as a root treatment prior to attending to the main 

complaint. He feels that it can be useful in cases where the complaints/symptoms are vague or ill 

defined. Below is his recommendation on the veterinary use of Ishizaka style acupuncture. 

The intervertebral spaces along the GV are palpated with sufficient pressure to elicit a painful 

reaction or to detect a palpable tension that is different from that of other intervertebral spaces. 

This is started at the first cervical vertebrae and continued down the spine to the sacrum. When a 

sensitive spot is perceived, one takes a needle and inserts it into the Ishizaka point (between the 

GV and Huatou Jiaji point). When you find a sensitive intervertebral space, treat one side then 

the other. Each sensitive intervertebral space is treated bilaterally. This is continued all the way 

down the spine to the sacrum. After this process is completed, you then go back and check to 

see if any of the intervertebral spaces are still showing sensitivity or tension. If so, then a needle 

can be placed into the same area on the midline (GV) and left for 3-5 minutes. 

Fratkin recommends the use of 40 mm length, #3 gauge (0.20 mm) needles for horses and large 

dogs. For cats and small dogs 30 mm length will be adequate. He recommends using the 

insertion guide tube to allow for rapid insertion through the skin (about 1 mm). The insertion 

guide tube is then removed. Care must be used when removing this tube so that you do not catch 

the top of the handle and pull the needle out. This is not a problem with needles that have a 

smooth handle, but is a problem with handles that have a “knob” on top such as Huatou type 

needles. The needle is then inserted straight down until resistance is met. These are superficial 

points and in horses may only be 10-15 mm deep. There is no turning or twisting of the needle. 

The needle is then manipulated in an up and downward motion (“hen pecking”) for 2-3 seconds, 

removed, and the hole covered with a finger. 

Fratkin also mentions the fact that treatment of “kori” lateral to the spine can reinforce this 

treatment. Kori is the Japanese name for indurations or hardenings. Once again, using the single 

needle technique, the needle is inserted into the “kori”, no deeper than halfway, rotated and 

removed. This relaxes myofascial tension. 

Ed Boldt was the first veterinarian to study under Jake Fratkin and apply this technique to 

veterinary acupuncture cases. He utilizes solid needles, but performs the “hen-pecking” 

technique in the treatment of all Ishizaka points and associated GV points and kori. He states 

that sometimes he will find these points deeper than the 10-15 mm Fratkin mentions. 

I use a combination of “hen pecking” and Aquapuncture to treat all of my points. The materials 

used are 25 gauge x 1.5 inch hypodermic needles and Vitamin B12 injectable solution. I also 

find some points deeper than 10-15 mm in the horse. In my experience, in horses especially, is 

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seems that they do not object to the needling of these points as much as those of the inner 

Bladder (BL) meridian. This might be due to the fact that their treatment does not elicit the 

muscle spasms and contractions exhibited when sensitive BL meridian points are treated. 

In my treatment of the caudal lumbar, I not only find and treat kori adjacent to the intervertebral 

spaces, but the kori next to the dorsal spinous processes as well. I also treat the most cranial 

sensitive Ishizaka, GV and kori points first then proceed caudally. Many times, treatment of the 

most cranial points will calm many of the caudal points, thus you will not have to treat as many 

points. 

Chinese Style Acupuncture: Huatuo Jiaji Points 

These points are located one cun lateral to the midline in the depressions of the intercostals or 

intervertebral spaces of the spine. These start with the first thoracic and end with the last lumbar 

vertebrae. They are used primarily as local points for back pain. They have similar properties as 

the Association points they are located near, but with much less effect. They can be used to 

support the functions of the nearby Association point. 

I have found that the use of these points are similar to Ishizaka points in that they tend to help 

eliminate pain and tension in the areas they are located. I treat them the same way I treat the 

Ishizaka points, with a combination of “hen-pecking” and Aquapuncture with Vitamin B 12 

injectable solution. As in the treatment of Ishizaka points, patients do not seem to object as 

much to the treatment of these points as they do inner BL meridian points. The most cranial 

sensitive points are treated first. 

Outer Lumbar Area Points 

This group of points, listed below, tends to affect the area craniomedial to them. This can be 

related to direction of the pathway the spinal nerves take when they emerge from the spine and 

where they finally emerge from underneath the iliocostalis lumborum. This pathway tends to 

parallel the direction of the last rib as it extends laterally from its attachment to the vertebrae. 

Some of these points are located on the outer Bladder meridian (BL 52 for example), and others 

are not listed as being on any meridian. Some of these “non-meridian” points are located lateral 

to the outer Bladder meridian. To determine which points are to be treated, you palpate for 

tenderness, treat, recheck and treat again if needed. Using the same “hen-pecking” and 

Aquapuncture with vitamin B 12 injection, I always treat the most cranial sensitive point first. 

XUEFU (Blood’s Residence, M-BW-19, Old IVAS OVARY POINT) 

This point is located on a vertical line from the 2 nd -3 rd lumbar area to the caudal aspect of the last 

rib, one cun lateral to Bladder 52 (BL 52). Another way to locate this point is to locate the dorsal 

aspect of the whorl in the upper flank and move cranially into the large depression approximately 

one cun caudal to the last rib at that level. *NOTE: Since the whorl height can vary, be sure to 

stay one cun lateral to BL 52. 

This point is used in the detection and treatment of any ovarian problem, as well as any related 

muscle soreness in the caudal back and upper flank, hormonal or behavioral problems. Do not 

be mistaken; this point can be sensitive even if there are no ovaries present. It is NOT just for 

mares, geldings and stallions can have sensitivity here related to lumbar problems only. 

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Outer Bladder Meridian points (BL 50, 51, and 52) 

These points are associated with BL 21, 22, and 23, respectively. Many times if you are able to 

treat these first, the sensitive points/areas lateral to them will be calmed as well. Sometimes they 

are too sensitive to treat and you have to go more laterally to the next depression and treat there. 

Gallbladder – Dorsal Tuber Coxae (GB-DTC - IVAS designated point) 

This point is located in the depression just medial to the most dorsal aspect of the tuber coxae 

(coxal tuber), on a line drawn at a 90-degree angle to the dorsal midline and extending to the 

most dorsal aspect of the tuber coxae (coxal tuber). Some authors list this as GB 27. It is 

considered to be a local point on the Dai-Mai or “Belt” meridian. Sensitivity at this point might 

be indicative of a chiropractic problem of the pelvis or a hind limb problem, with some giving 

special consideration to the hock area. I also find this a good point to help alleviate pain in the 

caudal lumbar region. 

Other Gallbladder points: 

GB 25 – in the depression midway on a verticle line from the caudal border of the costochondral 

junction of the 18 th rib to the ventral border of the iliocostal muscles. 

GB 27 – in the depression just cranial to the midportion of the cranial border of the tuber coxae. 

Some authors list this as SP 13 or SP 14. 

GB 28 – in the depression just ventral to the ventral border of the tuber coxae. 

Iliac Point (cho-kotsu-ten/chang gu dian) 

Shudo Denmei first described this point in the Journal of Japanese and Moxibustion, in 1975. It 

is a human point located at the intersection of the iliac crest with a vertical line drawn on the 

medial border of the scapula. The intersection is near the lateral margin of the attachment of the 

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erector spinae (longissiumus dorsi) muscle to the iliac crest 1 . The Iliac point is not found in one 

specific location. Sometimes it is lateral to the intersection of the medial scapular line, but more 

often it is medial to the intersection. The one defining characteristic of the Iliac point is that it is 

on the margin of the iliac crest. 

This variability of location on a line along the border of the iliac crest differentiates it from other 

points that are located very close to this point. These two closest are M-BW-23 (yo gi/yao yi), 

which is 3 units lateral to the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra, and N-UE-19 (lower 

back pain – yao tong) which is 2 units lateral to the point between the processes of the 4 th and 5 th 

lumbar vertebrae; half a unit lateral to BL 25. Sometimes, the location of this point moves 

medially and corresponds to BL 25 or BL 26. Denmei say that this usually occurs after this point 

is treated a few times. 

To palpate this point (in humans), find the margin of the attachment of the erector spinae 

(longissimus dorsi) to the iliac crest. Probe the insertion of these muscles by pressing along the 

iliac crest as if you were trying to probe underneath it. Pushing straight down does not always 

get results; you have to push down and under. The key is to move you finger tip back and forth 

in a cross-fiber motion, while you are pressing along the margin of the iliac crest. Areas of 

tension and/or sensitivity can be better detected with this style of palpation. 

Denmei says that the depth of this point can vary between patients and that the depth in humans 

has varied from 10 to 60 mm. The needle is inserted diagonally (same as your palpation of this 

point) and downward till a strong resistance can be felt with the tip of the needle or the arrival of 

Qi. It will feel like the muscle is grabbing the needle. The patient may not feel it at first, but a 

few moments later the sensation will come to the area. He says that if you try and needle and do 

not find the point, remove and try again, but no more than 3 times or you can cause the patient to 

be sore the next day. 

In humans, this point is indicated for myofascial back pain, especially back pain accompanying 

flexion or extension of the spine, chronic lower back pain, and back pain in bedridden patients, 

sacroiliac disorders, inguinal pain, and fatigue in the legs. 

Iliac-Sacral point 

This is a term I have recently introduced to describe the palpation and treatment of the remainder 

of what is called the Iliac crest in humans (tuber sacrale in animals) and the lateral border of the 

sacrum (bilaterally). This is the point at which the gluteal muscles attach to the Iliac crest and 

sacrum. I palpate these areas in a fashion similar to Denmei, looking for areas of tension and 

sensitivity. 

TREATMENT OF LUMBAR AND SACRAL PAIN – Kevin May 

In general, perform my examination from the outside to inside and my treatment from the inside 

to outside. 

1 Finding Effective Acupuncture Points, Shudo Denmei, Eastland Press, Seattle, pg. 88-91. 

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Examination 

First I palpate this area one point at a time starting with the outer meridians and points (outer 

Bladder meridian, Xuefu, GB-DTC, other points around the tuber coxae such as GB 27, 28). 

Next, I palpated the inner Bladder meridian points, followed by the Hwato points and finally the 

Ishizaka points. 

The next step is where I have adapted the Japanese style of acupuncture examination to the rest of the 

tuber sacrale and sacrum. I continue to examine the lateral and caudal aspects of the tuber sacrale and 

the lateral border of the sacrum looking for both areas of sensitivity and tension (kori). 

I feel that if the major sensitivity is in the Bladder meridian points and minimal to no sensitivity is in 

the Hwato or Ishizaka points, then you have a problem along the meridian somewhere (local bruising 

to distal limb problem). If the Hwato or Ishizaka points are just as sensitive as the Bladder meridian 

points, then I feel that the lumbar spine and its associated soft tissue structures are involved and may 

even be the primary problem. If the Hwato and Ishizaka points are more sensitive or the only ones that 

are sensitive, then I feel you have a primary problem in the lumbar spine. 

Treatment 

If there is sensitivity in the Hwato and Ishizaka points, that is where I start my treatment. I treat 

the most cranial point first and after that point is cleared, I check to see if the other points are still 

sensitive. Many times I find that many sensitive points have cleared – especially the Bladder 

meridian points, so I don’t treat them. I find that in cases where the Bladder points are very 

sensitive and the patient is reluctant to allow needling of these points, that you can treat the 

Ishizaka and Hwato points easier and get good results. I continue to find and treat any of the 

Ishizaka points, Ilial (tuber sacrale) and sacral points. After they are cleared, I check to find and 

treat any remaining areas of tension/hardening (kori). 

Outer lumber points such as Xuefu and GB-DTC and then examined and treated if still showing 

some sensitivity. 

After this treatment, there is usually no more sensitivity or tension in the lumbo-sacral area. If 

there are any remaining areas of tension/hardening (kori) in the lumbar and gluteal muscles then 

direct needling is used. If you treated this point first, you might find that the patient would 

object and you might not be able to do it. The advantage to this approach is that the patient will 

usually not object and allow the treatment of this area. 

Last, you can then treat distal meridian points to prolong the effect of your treatment. 

Chiropractic considerations 

Symptoms that may indicate that chiropractic is indicated are: 

• When there is pain on one side more than the other. 

• When the pain is located more at one end of the sacrum 

• When the pain is associated with the spine or sacroiliac joint 

I find that many times a chiropractic or osteopathic problem exists along with this condition and 

if addressed, you get better results. 

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HEMO-ACUPUNCTURE: MODERN APPLICATIONS 

IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 

Dr. Sagiv Ben-Yakir Bsc (Biology), DVM(in honor), MRCVS, CVA (IVAS), 

CVHomotox(Baden-Baden, Germany) 

Hod-Hasharon Veterinary Medicine Clinic 

Hod-Hasharon, Israel 

In the last few years there is a tendency in many parts of the international veterinary acupuncture 

community to work up a therapeutic plan using a Deficiency pattern. It means that most of the 

clinicians easily find the Excess (more painful back shu points, more easily detected changes in 

the pulses etc), and then – by using the Ko Cycle find what Element/Zang Fu is deficient, and 

treat accordingly. Many of these clinicians are citing from the Nei Jing: “ The normal doctor 

treats thousands of symptoms (by using local and symptomatic treatment), the good doctor 

treats the underlying Excess, but the superior doctor treats the underlying Deficiency”. 

However, when one is dealing with Blood Stasis/Stagnation one should keep in mind other 

citations from the same book: 

• “If there is a stagnation it should be resolved by bloodletting before acupuncture and/or 

moxibustion.” 

• “If stagnant blood is not moved, new blood can not be engendered.” 

• “Disease will not develop into a critical condition if the Blood keeps flowing.” 

What are the TCM theories and mechanisms behind the necessities and the effects of 

Bloodletting? 

* Direct effects: 

• Frees the flow of Qi 

• Resolves Blood Stasis 

• Clears Vacuity and Replete Heat 

• Clears Blood-Heat 

• Releases toxicity 

* Indirect effects: 

• Supplements Qi 

• Nourishes and regenerate Blood 

• Extinguishes Wind 

• Calms the Shen 

• Promotes sleep 

History and Clinical Signs of Blood Stasis: 

• History of external injury 

• History of reproductive problems 

• History of psycho-emotional disorder 

• Enduring disease 

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• Variable energy level, tiredness better with activity or movement, depression, moodiness, 

sighing 

• Localized sharp and constant stabbing pain 

• Pain worse at night 

• Pain’s arc 

• Itching with discolored skin patches; lesions might be chronic and raised, and/or ulcerated; 

coat is withered and yellowish; nails withered and/or falling off; peeling of abdominal skin 

• Leg tremors, numbness or hemiplegia 

• Purplish/blue lips 

• Bloody stool/urine with bleeding of dark purple/brown/black clotted blood 

• Pulse – choppy, regularly interrupted, deep or fine 

• Tongue – purple spots/patches on tongue up to dark, brownish or engorged red tongue 

• Purple blood vessels in the eye’s sclera, bluish eyelids 

• SP 10 and/or ST 27 Painful with pressure 

Contra-indications for bloodletting therapy: 

• Coagulopathy or animal on anti-coagulant therapy 

• Anemia and/or low blood pressure 

• Last stages of malignant tumor 

• Pregnant animal 

• Bleeding in estrus time 

What points do we bleed? 

1) Local & painful points 

2) Distal & proximal points of the affected meridian 

3) Ting points for specific problems according to the affected Zang Fu Organ/meridian 

4) Reactive LIV pts (LIV 02/03/14), BL 18, GB 34 to move Qi & Blood 

5) Reactive HT pts to benefit HT function of controlling Blood 

6) Empirical points – BL 17, SP 10, SP 08 

7) Points around the ears (for head issues) 

8) GV 14 for pink eye, conjunctivitis, retinal atrophy 

9) GB 21, TH 15 for stiff neck/shoulders 

10) LI 15, TH 14 for head or skin disorders 

11) Between shoulder blades for chronic gastritis and respiratory issues, such as asthma and 

bronchitis 

12) Inguinal area - urogenital issues or mastitis 

What are the tools to be used? 

Medical leeches (Hirudo medicinalis). 

Why? 

Medical leeches are the best equipped creature on our globe to locate a point in Excess, 

especially a point with Blood Stasis/Stagnation, due to the fact that their existence is about 

locating this point in Excess. Additional benefits will be that we can work our way back in the 

Ko cycle, and use the leeches as a diagnostic tool for finding the Zang-Fu Organ or meridian in 

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DEFICIENCY, and treat these points later. Also, due to the bacteriostatic and anesthetic abilities 

of the medical leeches, we can apply them to an acupoint or a tissue to be treated that is infected 

and heavily contaminated, and also to a very painful area. 

Historical Use of Medical Leeches 

The use of medical leeches (veterinary hirudotherapy) is one of the oldest recorded veterinary 

medical treatments. The use of leeches in veterinary medicine dates as far back as a few 

thousand years when they were used for bloodletting in ancient Egypt. Judging by the frescoes 

found in the Pharaohs’ tombs the leeches were used as long ago as 1500-1300 BC (BCE) on cats 

and other domesticated animals. All ancient civilizations practiced bloodletting by leeches. In 

ancient Greece, bloodletting was practiced according to the humoral theory, which proposed that 

when the four humors in the living body were in balance, good health was guaranteed. In China, 

Zhang Zhong Jing (168-188 AD (CE)) found that leeches could dissolve blood stasis and 

mentioned it in his famous book of medicine “Golden Chamber of Jade Palaces Channels”. 

Classical Jewish sources such as The Bible and Talmud describe leeches and their medicinal 

uses. In the Middle Ages when religion was strictly against phlebotomy the healers used leeches 

widely to cure numerous diseases. Hirudotherapy was practiced actively during the 18 th and 19 th 

centuries. In the 1830’s up to 30 million leeches a year were applied in Russia alone. In 1833, 

bloodletting became so popular in Europe, that the commercial trade in leeches became a major 

industry. France, suffering a deficiency, had to import 41.5 million leeches each year, and the 

medicinal leech almost became extinct in Europe due to the extremely high demand for them. 

When the numbers became insufficient, the French and Germans started the practice of leech 

farming. The routine practice led patients to refer to their physicians as “leeches”(see current or 

old editions of Oxford Dictionary etc). 

In the 20 th century there was a marked decline in the use of medical leeches. Towards the end of 

the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century a medical shift began for again using 

medical leeches. On June 28, 2004 the FDA (Federal Drug Administration of the USA) cleared 

medicinal leeches for marketing as a medical tool. “Nature” from Nov 4, 2004 claims that 80% 

of Britain’s 62 plastic-surgery units have used leeches post-operatively in the past five years. 

Leeches (Hirudinea) are slippery hermaphroditic bloodsucking worms with segmented bodies. 

They belong to the same large classification of worms as earthworms and certain oceanic worms 

(Annelids). Leeches can be found in freshwater lakes, ponds, or rivers and have a body size 

ranging from 0.2 in (5 mm) to nearly 18 in (45 cm). Leeches consume the blood of a wide 

variety of animal hosts, ranging from fish to humans. There are over 650 known species of 

leeches, but the leech most commonly used is the European Medical Leech (Hirudo 

medicinalis). The leech has two characteristic suckers at both ends that attach jointly to the tissue 

while feeding. The mouth has three sharp jaws that leave a Y-shaped bite with some 100 tiny 

teeth on each jaw. A leech is an efficient bloodsucker. When attached, it can suck 5 ml of blood, 

an amount that is six to ten times its body weight, usually within 10 to 30 minutes. After its 

blood meal the leech falls from the tissue. 

As the worm bites, it injects a complex cocktail of proteins into the host through its saliva, which 

are responsible for the therapeutic effects as well. The saliva contains Hirudin, a potent 

anticoagulant that consists of 65 amino acids. Hirudin inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to 

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fibrin by inhibiting thrombin & preventing blood from clotting. Hirudin also inhibits platelets 

aggregation. Hirudin works in conjunction with a vasodilator, one that increases the diameter of 

blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle of the blood vessels, to widen the diameter of the 

vessel and increase the flow of blood. The leech’s vasodilator is a histamine-like substance. The 

effectiveness of this therapy is not simply due to enhanced blood flow, but also because bleeding 

from a bite may continue as long as 10 hours, thus relieving tissue congestion mainly due to 

venous insufficiency. In these areas arterial flow is maintained but venous return is severely 

compromised until collateral circulation reestablishes sufficient venous return; usually within 

four to five days. 

The frequency of the therapeutic sessions can vary from once a day for a few consecutive days 

to once every couple of weeks. There are at least two other documented molecules (destabilase 

& hyaluronidase) that help break apart fibrin fibers and local connective tissue and, thus, 

facilitate continual blood oozing from the leech’s wound. An added benefit is that leech saliva 

contains a local morphine-like analgesic substance, allowing a painless attachment and feeding. 

Because of the saliva's effects, an animal bitten by a leech may not even be aware of it until 

afterwards. Leech’s saliva contains also natural bacteriostatic component, as well as some 

regenerating and immunomodulatory substances. The saliva contains at least one antiinflammatory 

molecule called leech-derived tryptase inhibitor. 

What are the classical/western uses of medical leeches? 

Medicinal leeches were used for bloodletting, and have been applied to congested or inflamed 

parts of the animal body for over 3,500 years. They were used for engorged blood vessels as in 

acute equine laminitis, canine aural hematoma, swollen testicles, laryngitis, canine prolapsed 

rectum or bovine prolapsed uterus and inflamed vulva. Today leeches are used in reconstructive 

surgery on swollen faces, limbs and digits following successful arterial re-vascularization but 

limited venous repair. Leeches are also used in the treatment of such disorders as inflammation 

and peripheral venous and arterial diseases as in cat’s saddle thrombus. Leeches are also used to 

treat inflammatory and traumatic processes such as keratitis, chorioretinitis, periorbital 

hematoma, subretinal hemorrhage, glaucoma and cataract. Hirudotherapy is being used to treat 

inflammatory diseases of the ear, nose and throat such as acute and chronic otitis, sinusitis, aural 

hematoma, and laryngitis, and to treat clinical forms of dermatitis and dermatosis (e.g. eczema, 

paronychia, acral lick dermatitis etc). Leeches can be used to treat acute and chronic 

inflammatory immune-associated oral mucosa and periodontal lesions, as in FIV positive cats 

with severe stomatitis and gingivitis; diseases of the salivary glands, such as sialadenitis and 

sialoadenosis. Furthermore, leeches are used to treat inflammatory conditions of the urogenital 

tract as endometritis, dysfunction and injuries of the genital organs in postoperative 

rehabilitation, etc. Leeches are used to rehabilitate animals with postpartum pyo-septic 

complications. Hirudotherapy was also found to be effective in healing intractable and nongranulating 

wounds or ulcers, especially in elderly and immunocompromised animals. Leeching 

has been used as well for treating cats with polycythemia vera, or to reduce scrotal edema postcastration 

procedure in adult dogs. Recent studies suggest that leeches can lessen the pain of 

osteoarthritis and restore lost mobility, as in canine hip dysplasia cases or knee osteoarthritis. 

Keep in mind that osteoarthritis is more than a disease of a joint’s wear and tear; it is also a 

vascular disorder. Small clots can occur in the blood vessels supplying bone and the joint, and 

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starve the tissue for oxygen. Chemicals that thin the blood and break clots apart could ease an 

animal’s misery as well as assisting in regeneration. 

Once leech therapy is chosen the clinician can contact one of many companies now spread all 

over the country to place an order for Hirudo medicinalis. The leeches usually come in two 

containers with lids, one nesting inside the other, storing 20 or 50 leeches. The inner container, 

which has small holes and houses the leeches is submerged in the outer container that is filled 

with non-chlorinated water. Some companies will add some salts or gels for better housing of the 

leeches. Other clean, suitable containers with lids can also be used to store leeches in nonchlorinated 

water after they arrive. No more than 50 leeches should be placed in a 2-gallon 

container. A tight-fitting lid is a necessity when housing the leeches to avoid escaping of the 

leeches. Lid perforations for air venting are advised, but they must be very small (such as the 

size of a 20 or 22 gauge needle). Unfed leeches are thin, slippery, and very fast and can squeeze 

through small cracks (even air holes) punched in the container lid. Leeches should be kept cool, 

42 F to 45 F (5 C to 7 C), and not exposed to heat above 68 F (20 C), or direct sunlight. Leeches 

can be kept for up to three months in appropriate conditions as mentioned before in an un-fed 

condition. Change of suitable water is needed once a week on a routine schedule. Another way 

to obtain medical leeches can be done by establishing working conditions with a local human 

medical hospital that performs hirudotherapy, and obtain from them small numbers of leeches to 

ease the cost. 

Procedure of Using Medical Leeches 

Before applying the leeches, the area to be treated should be cleansed with clean non-chlorinated 

water. Remove any traces of povidone-iodine (Betadine) or any other skin preps, as well as flea 

spray. These traces of solutions on the skin may discourage the leech from attaching. Leeches 

should be applied in adequate numbers to the general area of maximal congestion or other 

treated area/tissue. One or two leeches may be sufficient to treat an area of 5 square cm. A larger 

area may require 3-4 leeches depending on initial clinical response. First, move the container of 

leeches close to the patient. Wearing non-sterile gloves, take a long pair of non-toothed forceps 

in one hand and carefully lift the lid of the container. Be prepared to see some leeches clinging 

to the sides and even the lid of the container. It will be easier at first to try to catch the leeches 

that are swimming. Remember, the ones on the sides adhere with the suction cup on their tail 

and are more difficult to detach. Try to quickly but gently grasp a leech and remove it from the 

container. It is helpful to have someone assist you. Leeches are very elastic and slippery and this 

combination makes them difficult to carry. The head (or biting end) of the animal can be 

recognized by its searching movements, while the tail end is used mostly as a sucker for 

attachment. One can use the barrel of a 5 ml syringe to transport a leech from the container, and 

apply it to the treatment site. After removing the plunger from a 5 cc plastic syringe place the 

leech inside the barrel. Over the site invert the barrel, placing the open end on the site, where 

you want the leech to attach steering its head to the area to be treated. Usually attachment occurs 

quickly; however, if the leech is reluctant to bite, make a small needle prick on the skin to 

produce a tiny droplet of blood, or try another leech. If persistent resistance to feeding occurs it 

is often indicative of poor arterial supply (bad sign for the treated tissue) or the presence of some 

residual materials (such as flea spray) on the animal’s skin. For use in an animal’s mouth to treat 

stomatitis or similar conditions, we do a short isoflurane anesthetic regime. Once feeding 

commences, remove the syringe. You will see the leech’s body moving in a rhythmic, pulsating 

motion when it has begun sucking. To prevent leech wandering, form a barrier by cutting a 1 cm 

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hole in the middle of a dampened gauze square and locate the hole in close contact with the area 

to be treated. Alternatively, we can use a transparent, non-permeable dressing material with a 

hole cut into it. The leech will usually stay in the same place until feeding ends, which is about 

10 to 30 minutes. During feeding and after the leech detaches, it may attempt to wander away 

from the site. Frequent inspection of the site should enable the clinician to reposition the leech or 

remove it just as it detaches. It is important not to disturb the leeches during feeding as this could 

result in premature detachment and regurgitation of the leech stomach contents into the bite 

wound. The bite will continue to ooze an average of three to six hours. After detachment place 

the used leeches in a container with the treated animal’s name on it and the date of use for future 

therapeutic sessions on the same patient with the same leeches. 

The major therapeutic effect of leech application occurs during the post-bite period, and depends 

greatly on the care given to the bite wounds. Each bite must be encouraged to bleed by the gentle 

removal of any locally forming clot at regular intervals with a sterile gauze pad. Because the site 

is uncovered it is imperative that universal precautions be maintained. The most effective means 

of accomplishing this is to confine the bleeding to one area using leak-proof padding. Place pads 

around and under the treated area and be prepared to change them frequently. Locate the treated 

animal in a quiet environment in the clinic in a cage that allows you to watch and treat the 

animal easily. Remember, weigh the leeches after the treatment to help you to assess the 

patient’s blood loss, as well as weighing the gauzes used during and after the procedure. The 

treated animals usually do not care much about the use of leeches since the procedure is a nonpainful 

one. 

Used leeches should not be returned to the un-fed leech container, because leeches may feed off 

of each other. They can be saved for re-use on the same patient, although they may not be ready 

for another blood meal for a month or so. Leeches that are saved for re-use must be kept in a 

container labeled with the patient’s information and date of use. Do not dispose any live leeches 

into any sinks due to possible environmental contamination. Some clinicians dispose of the 

leeches after a single use. The leeches should be disposed of by placing them in a container of 

8% alcohol to narcotize them, then into 70% alcohol for five minutes to kill them, then be 

disposed just as other infectious waste. In our clinic we keep them for three months for possible 

future use on the same patient, and if this not done we put “these hard-working animals” in a 

huge tank in which they can grow old to live out their entire twenty years. 

Cautions For Use of Medical Leeches 

Hirudo medicinalis has an obligatory symbiotic relationship with a bacterium Aeromonas 

hydrophila (Pseudomonas hirudinis), the only species of bacteria which lives in its gut. This 

bacteria is important for the normal physiology of the leech due to its secretion of enzymes 

needed by the leech for its digestion process (e.g. breakdown of hemoglobin). The bacteria also 

secretes antibiotics to prevent other bacteria growth, as well as production of needed vitamins 

(such as B vitamins) to the leech. The bacteria is not present in the mouth parts of the leeches, 

but deep in its gut. Nevertheless, if we disturb the leeches during feeding, this could result in 

regurgitation of the leech stomach contents with bacteria into the bite wound. If such event 

happens the animal should be given antibiotics such as new quinolones for three days. Some 

veterinarians are giving the leech itself an antibiotic prior to the therapy. This can be done by 

putting the worm in a small canister full with water to the rim, and to this rim we apply a semi- 

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permeable membrane. We attach to the membrane another small canister with the antibiotic 

diluted in small amount of blood, or just non-chlorinated water with 500 mg Arginine in it. The 

leech will suck the small amount of solution with the antibiotic. One might also consider giving 

a prophylactic antibiotic to a severely immuno-compromised patient. 

There is also an increased risk of infection because the wounds are left open and undressed. This 

can be avoided by following the advice given earlier. An anemic animal should be evaluated 

carefully as a possible candidate, and requires frequent hemoglobin monitoring especially if they 

are receiving a prolonged course of treatment over a few days (they may require blood 

transfusions). Since each medical leech is taking 5 ml of blood in its meal, one can calculate in 

advance the pros and cons for using this therapy, especially in small animals weighing less than 

10 kg. Used leeches are not to be re-used on another patient because of the risk of transmitting 

diseases. 

Families are often repulsed by the idea of veterinary hirudotherapy. Good client education is 

needed. Explain to the family that leeches have become an accepted medical treatment all over 

the country for the last few years, approved by the FDA, and with proven history of success. 

Consider allowing the family to watch one medical leech before the therapy begins if they wish. 

Stress to the family that the saliva of the leech contains a natural anesthetic and that its action 

won’t be painful. 

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152


DEVELOPING ACUPUPUNCTURE 

AND HOLISTIC MEDICINE IN CHILE: 

CASE PRESENTATIONS FROM SOUTH AMERICA 

Dr. Maria del Carmen Barba, DVM, CVA 

Santiago, Chile 

Holistic Veterinary Medicine is growing fast in the Western world. It has proved its efficacy in 

resolving much pathology faster and better than Western medicine. It can even deal with drug 

adverse reactions and surgical complications. Also, Holistic medicine is the best way to improve 

welfare and life expectancies in our patients. 

In South America, Holistic medicine is just arising. In veterinary medicine there are only few 

well formed professional practitioners. Homeopathy and Physical Therapy is well developed in 

Argentina and Acupuncture in Brazil. In Chile, more and more people want an integrative 

approach for their pet’s health. Although veterinarians were skeptics some years ago, they are 

accepting, even recommending holistic therapies for their patients. Many of them want to learn 

more and get training in holistic medicine. The reason for this is because of the good results they 

have seen on their chronic, even terminal patients, who have been treated with holistic therapy. 

Since 2001 acupuncture and holistic therapy has been offered in Santiago, Chile. Most of the 

patients have presented for treatment of chronic or acute disc disease; single or multiple discs, 

with or without surgery (even for Grade II type disc, although most common are Grade III type 

disc). Approximately 95% of them recover fully or with only slight sequelae (especially those 

with surgery). Other neurologic cases have been peripheral neuropathies, vestibular syndrome, 

epilepsy, sleep apnea, seizures, spina bifida and wobbler’s syndrome (cervical instability). 

Patients with hip dysplasia are another large group that have presented for therapy. Most of them 

have concurrent spinal arthrosis and lumbosacral instability. Pain management with acupuncture 

is great for these patients; all regaining functional recovery in just three sessions. Bone healing 

for delayed union/ non union patients, trigger point dysfunction, immune-mediated arthritis, 

hypertophic osteodystropy, elbow dysplasia and infectious spondylitis (due to Brucella canis) 

have had excellent results with acupuncture. 

Case Presentations 

One of the best case examples is Cerebrito (The Brain); a 2 year old male Chihuahua, who had 

been suffering demodectic mange for eight months with no response to conventional medicine. 

He was depressed, bald, thin and had a fetid skin odor. Cerebrito was a water constitution; shy 

and chilly. One acupuncture session weekly, during two months did the miracle. His TCM 

Diagnosis was Jing Deficiency, and Toxic Heat and Phlegm. Therapy Principles: Tonify the 

Kidney Jing, Spleen Qi, Blood and Immune system, dispel Phlegm and Heat. 

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Dry needles (Korean hand needles) were placed in GV 4, BL 23, KID 3, Bai Hui (lumbar), BL 

20, SP 6, BL 12, GV 14, BL 40, ST 36, BL 17, BL 18, and LI4. 

In addition, Cerebrito was placed on Cell Protector (GNC 4 ) ¼ caps daily; Omega 3 Fatty Acid, 

10 drops daily; and Calendula and Echinacea mother tincture, 2 drops BID. Bach Flower 

Essences 5 used: Olive, Crab Apple, Gorse, Star of Bethlehem, Mimulus, Larch, Vervain and 

California’s Self Heal. At last, we get some Compositium A (Seven Forest 6 ) and he was given ½ 

caps daily for 6 months. Cerebrito started gaining weight, his hair grew in and he was accepted 

by the other dogs at home. He even had many puppies, not one with demodectic mange. Can Jing 

Deficiency be healed? 

Mapi is a 45 day old Mini Schnauzer, female, Fire constitution. Her owner asked for help and a 

treatment that would give her an opportunity, because Mapi was diagnosed with mega 

esophagus. Again, Jing deficiency was diagnosed in Mapi; also Spleen Qi deficiency and 

countercurrent Stomach Qi. Dry needles were placed at GV 4, BL 23, BL 20, PC 6, CV 12, KID 

3 and SP 6 for just 5 minutes! She received one session daily for 5 days, and 3 more every other 

day. Also she was on Gelsemium D12 and Phosphorus D12 7 , and Flower Essences (Star of 

Bethlehem, Olive, Wild Rose, Horbeam, and Walnut) 8 . After the first treatment she stared 

improving, her vomiting episodes began to decrease and she steadily gained weight. She still has 

a little enlarged area of her esophagus and has to eat moist food on elevated dishes but continues 

to do well. 

Johnny is a 12 year old, male, German Shepherd Dog, Wood constitution. His clinical history 

includes allergic episodes, hip dysplasia and blood clotting disorders 9 . He was not able to walk 

and bear weight for a month due to L4-L5 Type II disc disease. His pulses were wiry and taut. 

TCM diagnosis: Kidney and Liver Blood deficiency with Cold-Damp Bi Syndrome Stagnation. I 

started with opening the Du Mai (SI 3, BL62, GV4, GV9, GV14, Bai Hui, Wei jian). 

Electroacupuncture was done over GV points. Soon, points over Bladder meridian and Kidney 

points were stimulated. Homeopathic remedies Conium, Hypericum and Discus Intervertebralis 

were used. In addition, he was on Glucosamine HCl + Chondroitin sulfate and MSM. His Blood 

was tonified with Floradix® (Salus Haus, Germany), a blend of herbs, flowers, roots and algae, 

rich in Complex B and Iron. He recovered in just five sessions. 

4 Cell Protector (GNC; General Nutrition Center) is a blend of vitamins and antioxidant agents 

5 This blend of Flowers essences was given from the beginning, its expected effect was emotional 

balancing (Star of Bethlehem, Mimulus , Larch), stimulate immune system (Gorse, California’s 

Self Heal, Crab Apple), reducing skin inflammation (Vervain), tonify Kidneys (Olive) 

6 Compositium A (Seven Forest, Oregon). Main Chinese remedies are Antler and Astragalus. 

This formula is indicated to tonify Qi and Blood, vitalize Blood and clean toxins. 

7 Gelsemium and Phosphorus are homeopathic remedies indicated for muscle weakness. 

8 Wild Rose and Horbeam improve muscle strength; Olive and Star of Bethlehem deal with 

congenital disorders, and nervous system repair, Tonify Kidneys. Walnut relieves nausea and 

vomiting. 

9 Johnny’s clotting disorders were diagnosed in puppy-hood as haemophilic, no one diagnostic 

test was available at time I saw him. Anyway, it was evidenced as his gums would bleed while 

chewing a raw hide bone. 

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Argos is another German Shepherd Dog, 4 months old, diagnosed with hypertrophic 

osteodystrophy, mild hip dysplasia and knee instability. TCM treatment addressed Kidney Yin 

and Blood Tonification. General and local points used were: BL 23, BL 52, GV 4, GV 14, Bai 

Hui (lumbar), BL 20, BL 18, BL 17, BL 11, BL 40, BL 60, ST 36, GB 34, LIV 3, KID 3, KID 7, 

LI 11, LI 15, SI 10, and GB 21. Electroacupuncture was placed on BL 11 – SI 10, GB 21 – LI 

11, BL 40 - GB 34, BL 23 – BL 40, GV 4 – GV14, GB 34 – BL 11. Pulsed Magnetic Field was 

also placed before acupuncture session (100 Hz – 30 minutes; 50 Hz – 30 minutes). 

Homeopathic Total Bone 12X, Calc fl 12X, Magnesium, Soy Lecithin and Floradix® (a blend of 

herbs for blood tonification) and MSM was used as well. Six sessions over three months was 

enough to give Argos a better quality of life and bone support. 

Lovey is a 4 year old female, Chilean fox terrier (similar to a rat terrier); Fire constitution. She 

presented with a history of acute onset of whole body shaking, hypermetric gait and head tilt. 

According to the neurologist she was diagnosed with vestibular syndrome, possibly a vascular 

accident in cerebellum. He gave her Valium® (diazepam) and dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, single 

dose), and he encouraged me to treat her holistically as well, since conventional medicine does 

not have any good therapy in such cases. According to TCM diagnosis Lovey had Internal Wind, 

so I needled GV 20, GV 16, GV 14 and GB 20. I also gave her Bach Flower essences (Star of 

Bethlehem, Scleranthus, Wild Oat, Cherry Plum and Elm). She was put in a cage at night as she 

was not able to stand firmly or lie down. Next morning her signs were reduced until they had 

almost disappeared. Light head shaking and slight ataxia were seen. A couple of days later she 

was fine, absolutely normal. Unfortunately, I didn’t take a video of her when she was on her 

worse moment, as I never imagine such a fast resolution and recovery. The video was filmed 12 

hrs after acupuncture was done. 

Panda is a 5 year old Argentinean Dogo; Earth Constitution. She was diagnosed with hip and 

elbow dysplasia and arthrosis, which was treated with Glucosamine HCl, Chondroitin sulfate and 

fish oil for 18 months. In November, 2005 she suddenly developed problems walking and 

bearing weight with the hind limbs. Spinal radiographs were taken revealing severe spinal 

arthrosis, spondylosis deformans and several disc herniations. Bad prognosis! Pulsed magnetic 

fields and acupuncture were chosen. Magnets were placed over her spine for an hour daily in 

alternating frequencies (100 Hz and 50 Hz). TCM diagnosis was Bony Bi, and then points for 

Kidney and Bones, Spleen and Phlegm were stimulated with dry needles, EA and moxabustion. 

Points such as SI 3 (Du Mai opening point), GV 4, Bai Hui (lumbar), BL 23, BL 20, BL 17, BL 

25, BL 54, BL 40, BL 60, BL 62, KID 3, KID 6, GB 29, GB 30, GB 34, GB 39, ST 36, ST 40, 

SP 6 and Wei jian were used during the various treatments. EA was used between BL11 – BL 

54; BL 23 – BL 40. The Homeopathic combination given was Discus Intervertebralis 12X, 

Medulla Spinal 12X, Cartilage 12X, Conium 12X, Hypericum 12X, Calc carb 12X. She 

continues with above nutraceutical prescription plus MSM. 

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156


ACUPUNCTURE FOR EMOTIONAL 

AND COGNITIVE ISSUES IN GERIATRIC DOGS 

Susan M. Kelly, DVM, CVA 

Spruce Mountain Veterinary Acupuncture 

West Halifax, Vermont USA 

One of the fundamental concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is that physical and 

mental health are inseparable. Early Chinese physicians “keenly understood that the spirit, mind, 

and body are fully integrated and do not exist as separate entities in a living being.” 1 

Therefore, imbalance in a Zang-Fu Organ results in a corresponding emotional imbalance, and 

emotional imbalance results in Organ imbalance 2 . The overall association of emotions and 

Organs is familiar to all students of TCM: The Liver is associated with anger, the Heart with 

joy, the Spleen with rumination, the Lungs with sorrow, and the Kidneys with fear. The patient’s 

Five Element constitution is very often predictive of his coping mechanism for chronic illness or 

pain – The Wood individual typically becomes grumpy and aggressive, while the Metal 

individual becomes ever more withdrawn and disengaged, and so on. However, there are other 

aspects of physical-emotional interdependency that may come to light as well. For example, 

chronic Liver Qi stagnation is closely associated with depression, 3 and Kidney Yin deficiency is 

associated with anxiety, especially at night 4 . 

As holistic practitioners, we should focus our intent on mental and emotional wellness as well as 

physical wellness with every patient that we treat. In my opinion, this is nowhere more 

important than in the care of geriatrics. While this paper focuses on dogs, the principles are 

equally applicable to other species. 

Fully 40% of my canine patients are geriatric and have identifiable emotional and/or cognitive 

imbalances. The most common presenting complaints, in western terms, are degenerative joint 

disease, chronic back pain (due to chronic intervertebral disk disease, spondylosis, or muscle 

tension secondary to hip and stifle problems) and neurogenic weakness (e.g., degenerative 

myelopathy-type syndromes). Only upon questioning do the caregivers describe behavioral 

changes that reveal the emotional consequences of the dogs’ physical imbalance. Many dogs 

experiencing chronic pain or progressive weakness develop withdrawal, insecurity, aggression or 

increased neediness. In addition, cognitive dysfunction is common in these individuals, and the 

resulting confusion or disorientation may exacerbate their emotional imbalance. 

The most frequent comment from caregivers is that their dog seems depressed. This stands to 

reason because the smooth flow of Qi is necessary for a healthy emotional state. The Chinese 

term for depression is Yin Yu. Yu means both “depression” and “stagnation,” illustrating the 

intertwined nature of these conditions. 5 “If…the circulation of Qi is obstructed, Qi becomes 

restrained giving rise to emotional frustration, depression or repressed anger.” 6 It is further 

considered that “Blood itself is the residence of mood.” 7 Thus, treatments that nourish and move 

Blood and Qi will improve the patient’s emotional state. 

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In TCM terms, these patients often have Bony Bi and/or Wei Syndrome as well as Zang-Fu 

Organ imbalances. While acupuncture will alleviate pain and improve strength and mobility, it 

will not return these dogs to the physical youthfulness of a two-year-old. However, it is quite 

possible for acupuncture to clarify their mind, re-ignite their positive emotions, and inspire them 

to the emotional youthfulness they have left behind after months of chronic pain. This is a 

profound gift for both the patient and all who care about his well-being. 

The following cases illustrate a couple of treatment strategies and typical results. The 

practitioner can extend these concepts to other TCM diagnoses. 

Case 1: 

Tansae is a 10 year old spayed Bernese Mountain Dog. At nine years of age, she began 

developing conscious proprioception deficits in her hind limbs, progressing over the next several 

months to hindquarter weakness and ataxia. Tansae’s caregiver was told the neurologic deficits 

resembled degenerative myelopathy and was advised of the progressive nature of the disease but 

declined referral to a neurologist for work-up. Tansae was fitted with a custom-made cart and 

referred to me for acupuncture. When I met her, Tansae was outgoing and friendly, moving 

enthusiastically in her cart. However, as soon as she was taken out of her cart, she hobbled 

anxiously onto her dog bed, and appeared very nervous when moved briefly away from the bed. 

Her deficits did resemble degenerative myelopathy, although other causes of lower motor neuron 

deficits were possible. 

Her caregiver reported that her loss of mobility at home had made Tansae very reclusive and 

insecure. Living with two Tibetan Mastiffs, she tried to spend all her time under the dining room 

table. Even when outdoors in her cart, she wanted only to get back into the house to tuck herself 

under the table. This was despite a lack of any aggressive actions by the other dogs. She had 

previously been very gregarious, loving and nurturing – a classic Fire and Earth personality. 

Her main problems were Yin deficiency (evident as weight loss); Phlegm Obstructing the Dai 

Mai (Substantial Phlegm was also present); and Deficiency and Stagnation of Blood and Qi. 

While acupuncture was needed to address her weakness and the flow of Blood and Qi in the 

lower jiao, Tansae also needed to regain confidence and joy. 

At Tansae’s first treatment, Seirin® needles were placed for 11 minutes at GV 14, GV 20, BL 

20, BL 23, BL 40L, BL 60L, HT 7L, ST 36L and SP 6R. In addition to other actions useful to 

this patient, HT 7, GV 14 and GV 20 calm the Shen and clarify the mind. HT 7 (Shen Men, 

Spirit’s Gate) is a Source point that, as a fore limb Shao Yin point, benefits the Kidney meridian 

(hind limb Shao Yin). GV 14 (Da Zhui, Big Vertebra) is a Sea of Qi point that strongly 

nourishes and moves Qi, as well as nourishing Yin. GV 20 (Bai Hui, Hundred Meetings) is a 

Sea of Marrow point that benefits Liver Qi function and thus can alleviate depression. 

Five days later, her caregiver called to report that Tansae was getting up on her own and walking 

around the house more than usual, and was inclined to go farther on walks in her cart. 

Unfortunately, Tansae’s second acupuncture treatment was delayed by three weeks due to a 

death in the family. When she returned, Tansae’s weakness had progressed considerably, 

resulting in frequent hindquarter collapse when not in her cart. This made her very insecure; 

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Tansae rarely left her hiding place under the dining room table. Seirin® needles were placed at 

GV 14, BL 15, HT 7L, ST 36L, ST 40L and LIV 3R. Hua Xia® needles were placed at BL 23 

and BL 40. Electroacupuncture (EA) was applied for 5 minutes from BL 23L to BL 40L on 

dense-disperse (F1 = 100 Hz, F2 = 3 Hz). (The left hind limb had become much weaker than the 

right hind.) Needles were removed after 15 minutes. While EA must be used with great caution, 

if at all, in patients with neurologic deficits, Tansae’s rapid deterioration called for more 

aggressive intervention than dry needling alone. Ancillary therapy included Du Huo Ji Sheng 

Wan, Cell Advance® (antioxidant formula), melatonin and fish oil capsules. At this treatment, 

BL 15 (Xin Shu, Heart’s Hollow), Back-Shu point for Heart, helped calm the Shen. ST 40 (Feng 

Long, Abundant Flourishing) was valuable as the Influential Point for Phlegm and also for 

calming the Shen. 

One week later, Tansae’s caregiver reported that her mobility was unchanged but she was more 

confident, less anxious to hide under the table, “brighter and happier-looking.” Seirin® needles 

were placed at BL 14, BL 15, HT 7R, ST 36L, ST 40L, SP 6R and LIV 3R. Hua Xia® needles 

were placed at BL 23 and BL 40. EA was applied for 10 minutes on dense-disperse from BL 

23L to BL 40L. Needles were removed after 15 minutes. 

The following week, Tansae’s caregiver reported a moderate improvement in mobility and much 

less anxiety. Over the next few months, Tansae plateaued in terms of strength, but her Shen 

continued to improve. As of this writing, though she is showing a very gradual decline in 

strength, she has a positive outlook. She no longer wants to be under the table. Instead, she 

barks to demand her cart, which gives her mobility indoors as well as out and enables her to 

socialize with the other dogs and family members. 

This case illustrates the ability of acupuncture to greatly improve quality of life in the face of a 

progressive, debilitating disease. The specific points selected were not as consequential as the 

intent to use points that benefited the Shen as well as addressing the physical imbalance. 

Tansae’s Yin deficiency produced Blood deficiency (resulting in Stagnation). This was 

manifested emotionally as anxiety and depression. Points that calmed the Shen while enriching 

Yin and nourishing and moving Blood and Qi enabled her to regain confidence and joy. 

Case 2: 

Biko was a 14 year old Labrador Retriever when he was referred for acupuncture. The 

presenting complaint was hindquarter pain, stiffness and weakness. He had begun showing 

slight weakness two years previously, but the problem was non-progressive until shortly before 

referral. At presentation, Biko had extensive hindquarter muscle atrophy, bilateral hind limb 

weakness, and decreased range of motion in the left hip joint. When queried about his 

personality, his caregiver described him as a “mother hen” who was watchful over the other dogs 

in the household and was quite prone to worrying. He was very much an Earth personality. In 

the two months prior to referral, Biko developed signs of cognitive dysfunction - occasionally 

standing and staring at a wall or looking disoriented when called, unsure which way to go to get 

back into the house. 

History and physical exam led to a diagnosis of Kidney Yin and Jing deficiency, with Bony Bi 

Syndrome progressing to Wei Syndrome and Empty Heat. Failure of Kidney Yin to “mist up” 

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and cool the Heart results in Heart Heat, and this can manifest as cognitive dysfunction. 8 

Further, Yin deficiency leads to Heart Blood deficiency, again resulting in Shen disturbance. 9 

The first priority was to alleviate pain, which was achieved in the first three acupuncture 

treatments by selecting points to nourish and move Blood and Qi, tonify Yin and benefit the 

Kidneys. By the fourth appointment, Biko had ceased panting at night (evidence of improved 

Yin and diminished Heat) and was much stronger and more mobile (improved Blood and Qi). 

However, cognitive dysfunction was progressing and Biko was becoming insecure when left 

alone. Therefore, hand needles (very small thin needles, 0.18 x 8 mm) were inserted at Tibetan 

Bai Hui, which is comprised of GV 20 plus the four points located 1 cun rostral, caudal and 

lateral to GV 20, i.e., five needles in all. In addition, hand needles were placed at Four Gates (LI 

4 and LIV 3). Tibetan Bai Hui functions as a more intense form of GV 20, which calms the Shen 

and clarifies the mind. Four Gates moves Stagnation and clears Heat. But my intent in using 

this combination employs a different paradigm: the intent of Tibetan Bai Hui in this instance is 

to open the crown to celestial Qi, which is clear and illuminating. The intent of Four Gates is to 

open the mind’s connection with the Earth, for grounding. The combination of illuminating and 

grounding is very powerful for clarifying thought and emotions. It has a cleansing effect on both 

mind and body. 

At his next appointment, Biko’s caregiver reported a complete recovery of mental functioning. 

She had taken Biko camping, and despite the change of routine and environment he was clearheaded 

and happy. In fact, realizing his physical limitations, he descended a long, steep hill by 

methodically zigzagging down the slope – a technique he’d never thought of previously. 

To maintain physical strength and mobility, Biko required acupuncture about once a month for 

the next several months. Every third or fourth treatment, Tibetan Bai Hui and Four Gates would 

be incorporated to maintain normal cognitive function. This strategy remained successful until 

Biko succumbed to an unrelated GI disorder nine months after I met him. 

Cognitive dysfunction developed rapidly in this case, and was progressing faster than his 

physical disability. It might have become the limiting factor in his quality of life, if untreated. 

Acupuncture directed at cognitive function was therefore a critical component of Biko’s therapy. 

This is particularly true in geriatric dogs who develop fearfulness (manifested in this case by 

insecurity when left alone), because fear depletes Kidney Qi and Essence, 10 exacerbating a key 

deficiency already present in geriatrics. 

Early intervention to address cognitive dysfunction can be far more effective than later 

intervention. For example, a 12 year old golden retriever receiving acupuncture every 3-4 weeks 

for Bony Bi Syndrome began waking during the night, “standing and staring into space,” 

appearing disoriented. A single treatment employing Tibetan Bai Hui resolved this symptom, 

and it has not recurred in over a year. 

Tibetan Bai Hui combined with Four Gates is helpful in other circumstances as well. A two year 

old Vizsla presented for lameness and failure to gain weight had a resolution of lameness after 

two treatments, but continued to be “hyperactive” and “unable to focus” during field trials. After 

one treatment using Tibetan Bai Hui and Four Gates, his caregiver reported that he was 

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remarkably calm and focused and remained so for at least two weeks. Tibetan Bai Hui was 

employed without Four Gates at subsequent visits in order to maintain calmness and mental 

clarity. 

Another important aspect of geriatric care is the involvement of caregivers in daily home 

therapy, ranging from simple forms of therapeutic massage to acupressure and energy work 

using Qi from the hands. A dog who has suffered chronic pain may be rather guarded about 

allowing these interventions by the caregiver, and here again acupuncture can be of benefit. 

Selecting points to reduce the dog’s anxiety may make him more open to working with the 

caregiver. The value of this work cannot be overstated, as these dogs and their caregivers have 

often lost the ability to share past favorite activities. Therapy done by the caregiver not only 

benefits the dog physically, but enriches the lives of dog and human by giving them new positive 

experiences to share. 

I have also used acupuncture to help a dog gain the confidence to use a cart, when mobility 

declined to the point where this was necessary. Nourishing Liver Blood and Gallbladder Qi is 

particularly valuable in this circumstance – “weak Gall-Bladder energy may result in timidity or 

lack of courage.” 11 SP 6, BL 18, BL 19, LIV 2 and LIV 3 are among the points that benefit 

Gallbladder Qi and Liver Blood functions. 

In conclusion, acupuncture is a powerful tool for benefiting the emotional state and cognitive 

function of geriatric patients. Even dogs with advanced degenerative changes can have dramatic 

improvements in physical comfort and a complete rejuvenation in state of mind. Improving the 

Shen benefits the patient and all who interact with him. Very often, as dogs experience pain 

relief, they regain their sense of joy and playfulness. Who can say how much of this is a 

celebration of pain relief and how much is a direct improvement in Shen? Whatever the balance, 

it brings joy to the practitioner as well, to witness such a transformation! 

161

References 


1. Kendall, DE. Dao of Chinese Medicine: Understanding an Ancient Healing Art. Hong 

Kong: Oxford University Press, 2002: p. 111. 

2. Maciocia, G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Text for 

Acupuncturists and Herbalists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1989: p. 68. 

3. Ibid.: p. 79. 

4. Maciocia, G. Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide. Edinburgh: 

Churchill Livingstone, 2004: p. 384. 

5. Ibid.: p. 381. 



7. Kendall, DE. Dao of Chinese Medicine: Understanding an Ancient Healing Art. Hong 

Kong: Oxford University Press, 2002: p. 122. 

8. Wynn, SG, Marsden, S, Manual of Natural Veterinary Medicine: Science and Tradition. St. 

Louis: Mosby: p. 14. 

9. Ibid.: pp. 58-60 



11. Ibid.: p. 283. 

162


TRADITIONAL ORIENTAL MEDICINE AND CANCER 

IN SMALL ANIMALS 

K. Hwa Choi, DVM, Ph.D, Certified Veterinary Acupuncturist (CVA), OMD, LAc., 

MS in Traditional Oriental Medicine (MSTOM), Dipl. NCCAOM, Dipl. Oriental Medicine 

Asst. Professor, Head of Integrative Medicine Service 

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine 

University of Minnesota, 1352 Boyd Avenue 

St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 USA 

Abstract 

Acupuncture and medicinal herbs have been applied for cancer treatments as a prophylactic 

and therapeutic medical modality in China and Korea for a number of years. The etiological 

factors of cancer are: innate defected gene (constitution), and acquired chromosomal mutation 

due to physical stimuli, emotional stimuli, invasion of six pathogenic factors and toxic 

materials such as radiation, and chemical factors. However in Traditional Oriental Medicine 

(TOM), Qi deficiency could be the predisposing underlying condition in any cancer patient. 

The pathogenesis of cancer in TOM can be categorized as Qi stagnation, Toxic Heat/Fire, 

Phlegm accumulation, Yin/Yang deficiency or Blood stasis. These patterns can be manifested 

as a single or in mixed patterns. Treatment or prevention of cancer in TOM is conducted based 

on the pattern discrimination of each patient. 

Integrative Medicine Service at the University of Minnesota receives between 10 to 20 new 

small animal cancer cases annually. The common cancer cases received are lymphosarcoma, 

hepatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, thyroid cancer, mast cell 

carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, oral carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma and osteosarcoma. The 

veterinary medical center at the University of Minnesota provides three treatment options for 

cancer patients including conventional Western therapy, Traditional Oriental Medicine 

therapy, or both. We have found that patients receiving both conventional and TOM therapies 

had better outcome in survival rate, duration of remission, and quality of life. 

Introduction: Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM) perspective of cancer 

Dogs and cats get many different types of cancer with high mortality rates, and many of these 

cancers are also seen in humans. Cancer is generated from the imbalance of the regulation of 

cell growth. The cells multiply beyond the death rate generating carcinoma or sarcoma. Risk 

factors for cancer include innate defected gene(s), and acquired chromosomal mutation due to 

microbes (including tumor virus, parasites, fungus or bacteria), chemicals, heavy metals, 

radiation, ultraviolet radiation, inappropriate diet, and emotional stress. However, the etiology 

and pathogenesis of cancer are not clearly elucidated yet. Three major treatment options in 

conventional therapy presently exist including chemotherapy, radiation and surgical 

therapies. These therapies can be chosen based on the classification of cancer and have been 

attributed with prolonging the duration of remission and improving quality of life in many 

animal and human cancer patients. Success of cancer treatment in animals and humans alike 

depends on not only the treatment of primary tumor but also on the prevention of metastasis. 

163


In addition, early detection of cancer is imperative to having a good prognosis. Therefore 

when animals show warning signs of cancer including an abnormal swelling that persists or 

continues to grow, a non-healing sore, weight loss, bleeding or abnormal discharge from 

opening sites of body, lethargy, behavior changes, difficulty breathing, abnormal urination or 

defecation they should be check by clinicians. 

Although distinctive terminology of cancer is not found in the documentation of TOM, cancer 

or formation of tumors is not just a modern ailment in oriental medicine. Tumor in TOM is 

described as a hard mass or an irregular form of phlegm accumulation in the organs or skin. 

This description would exclude blood cancer or leukemia. The word Liu that means tumor 

was found on oracle bones in the Yin dynasty (BC 1700 – 1100) and has been cited in several 

TOM books. Although there was no medical terminology like cancer and no clear distinction 

between malignant and benign tumors in ancient TOM, certain medical symptoms such as 

jing, ga, jeok, chui, and ilgeok present similar symptoms/signs, and might be categorized into 

a modern cancer or tumor. In addition, several patterns similar to modern cancer can be found 

in the record such as Ru Yan (breast cancer), Shen Yan (kidney cancer), Fan Hua (skin 

cancer), Fan Wei (stomach cancer), and Can Chun (oral carcinoma). Dr. Hur Jun, a famous 

Korean TOM physician, described the definition and treatment of cancer including dietary 

and medicinal herb therapies in the Dong Eui Bo Gam (1500). He also explained and 

distinguished the tumor depending on location, and its characters. 

In TOM oncology, Qi and Blood deficiency are regarded as primary predisposing conditions 

for cancer. The treatment of cancer in TOM is based on the principle of Fu Zheng Pei Ben 14 

in China and Korea. Boosting Zheng Qi is the primary consideration to eliminate pathogenic 

influence in the theory of Fu Zheng Pei Ben. Medicinal herb therapy, dietary therapy and 

acupuncture treatment are the main therapeutic modalities used to achieve Fu Zheng Pei Ben. 

In addition, pattern discrimination of each individual is the fundamental diagnostic step in 

TOM. Pathogenesis and treatment should be addressed based on the pattern discrimination. In 

medicinal herb therapy, herbs for boosting Qi would be the indispensable herbs. “Bu Zhong 

Yi Qi Tang” is one example. In addition, herbs selected based on individual pattern(s) should 

be added to the prescription. Many herb formulas have been investigated not only for 

alleviating side effects from conventional therapy but also for treating cancers 14,21 . 

Acupuncture has been used as a complementary therapy for cancer, especially for cancer 

related pain or for side effects generated from chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery. 

Several reports showed that pain or side effects generated from conventional therapy could be 

alleviated by acupuncture 10,20 . 

The Integrative Medicine Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 

provides medicinal herbal therapy, dietary therapy, Tui-na and acupuncture as 

complementary or as an alternative treatment option for cancer patients. Integrated medical 

therapy both using conventional and oriental medicine would be a better option for achieving 

good prognosis for cancer patients. 

Etiology of Cancer in Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM) 

The etiology of cancer in TOM are: external and internal factors, imbalance of Yin/Yang, 

imbalance of Zang-Fu, and weak constitution (Qi and blood deficiency). 

164


1. External and internal factors: Six evil (pathogenic) Qi including Wind, Cold, Dampness, 

Dryness, Heat/Fire and Summer-Heat are the primary pathogens. Microorganisms triggering 

tumor are categorized as toxic heat. Long-term exposure to chemicals and heavy metals are 

becoming more common hazardous factors for triggering cancer, and no TOM category of these 

external pathogens has been recorded. Because of its characteristics, chemicals or heavy metals 

could be categorized into toxic heat. Internal conditions either from the innate constitution or an 

adopted constitution can be the primary cause for cancer or can be exaggerated by external 

pathogen(s). Prolonged emotional stress and inappropriate diet are common triggers for cancer. 

2. Imbalance of Yin/Yang and Zang-Fu organs: The imbalance of Yin/Yang or Zang-Fu organs 

might affect the neuroendocrine system as well as the immune system. Therefore, a persistent 

imbalanced condition would eventually cause cancer. 

3. Weak constitution (Qi/Blood deficiency): Qi, Blood or combined Qi and Blood deficiencies 

could be the primary cause of cancer. Prolonged deficiency of Qi, Blood or both would weaken 

individual immune system. Deficiency of Qi or Blood can eventually lead to the stagnation of Qi 

and Blood that could generate a tumor. 

Seven Basic Strategies for Treatment of Cancer in TOM 

1. Boost Zheng Qi/Blood 

2. Keep balance 

3. Reduce stagnation 

4. Soften hard lumps and dissipate aggregation 

5. Dispel Phlegm and facilitate water metabolism 

6. Eliminate internal heat and toxins 

7. Manage signs and symptoms 

General Pattern Discrimination of Cancer in TOM 

Pattern discrimination of TOM is a very unique and a powerful diagnostic tool. Pattern 

discrimination of cancer in TOM can be categorized largely into 4 groups including; 

1. Toxic-Heat/Fire 

2. Phlegm-Heat accumulation; or Phlegm-Damp-Heat accumulation 

3. Qi/Blood stasis 

4. Depletion of Yin/Yang or Essence 

Therapeutic Methods for Cancer in TOM 

I. Acupuncture and Cancer 

1) Primary principle of acupuncture for cancer patients. 

Acupuncture has been applied as a complementary therapy for cancer patients to alleviate 

cancer symptoms or side effects generated from conventional therapies. However, it is still 

debated whether acupuncture can control the cancer related pain and minimize the side effects 

from chemotherapy or radiation therapy 7,9 . Several clinical studies have shown the effect of 

acupuncture for the gastrointestinal discomfort induced by chemotherapy and surgical 

anesthesia 11 . Studies showed that acupuncture significantly alleviated emesis and pain for 

165


patients receiving chemotherapy 3 , and post-chemotherapy lethargy 15 . Electro-acupuncture has 

also demonstrated a benefit for acute vomiting due to chemotherapy 8 . A few studies showed 

that acupuncture could control general pain and inhibit the growth of cancerous tumor cells. 

Acupuncture could also activate immune functions by increasing blood cell count and 

enhancing lymphocyte and NK cell activity 16,17,18 . Today, acupuncture has gradually become 

accepted as a complementary therapy for alleviating side effect from conventional cancer 

therapies. However, acupuncture therapy is still holding back accepting as an alternative 

therapy for cancer treatment. 

2) Signs and symptoms that can be managed by acupuncture 

A. Pain generated by cancer 10 

B. Immunosuppression related to cancer 16 

C. Gastrointestinal discomfort due to chemotherapy; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea 4 

D. General symptoms due to conventional therapy; lethargy, insomnia, anorexia, and 

dyspnea 3 

E. Side effects due to radiation therapy; xerostomia 22 

II. Medicinal herbs and cancer 

1). Primary principle of medicinal herbs for cancer treatment. Medicinal herbs have been 

accepted as a prime therapy for cancer in ancient TOM. Today, medicinal herb therapy is 

frequently considered an integrative modality with conventional therapies. In general the five 

primary principles for using medicinal herbs for cancer are (1) tonification of Qi and Blood, (2) 

elimination of Toxic Heat, (3) relieve stagnation of Qi, Blood and Phlegm, (4) Nourish Yin and 

(5) Nourish Yang. 

A. Tonification of Qi and Blood: Tonification of Zheng Qi is the basic approach in TOM 

treatment principle for cancer. The herb for tonification of Qi should increase immune 

surveillance function by stimulating NK cell activity, Th/Tc cell ratio, synthesis of cytokines 

to restrict tumor cell growth, and regulate cancer cell growth cycle 13 . Medicinal herbs to 

tonify Zheng Qi include Huang Qi, Ren Shen, Dang Sheng, Bai zhu, Fu ling, Shan Yao, Yi Yi 

Ren, Bian Dou, Chang Zhu, and Chen Pi 1,2,21 . 

B. Elimination of Toxic-Heat: Toxic heat has been known as a major cause of cancer, therefore 

the elimination of toxic heat is a crucial approach to treat cancer. The herbs to eliminate toxic 

heat can regulate cAMP level, DNA/RNA synthesis of tumor cells, and suppress the mutation 

and growth of cancer. Many herbs in this group can stimulate not only immune functions but 

also have antibiotic, antitoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties 1,12 . The herbs used for 

elimination of Toxic-Heat include Bai Mao Gen, Bai Hua Se Se Cao, Yu Xin Cao, Ban Zhi Lian, 

Qing Dai, Da Huang, Bai Yin, Bai Tou Weng, and Qi Ye Yi Zhi Hua 1 . 

C. Relieve stagnation of Qi, Blood, and Phlegm: Stagnation of Qi, Blood, or Phlegm leads to 

the generation of hard masses, tumors or bleeding. Herbs in this group have a primary effect 

on shrinking and dissolving tumors. These herbs also can alleviate pain from tumor, control 

metastasis, invigorate blood circulation, and boost immune functions. Common herbs for this 

group are San Lung, E Zhu, San Qi, Dang Gui, Dan Shen, Chuan Xiong, Ji Xue Teng, Ru 

Xiang, Mu Yao, Mu Dan Pi, and Chi Shao 1 . 

166


D. Nourish Yin: Yin deficiency is a common phenomenon in late stage cancer. Most cancer 

patients who have received chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery could also develop 

Yin deficiency. The reduction of cooling function due to Yin deficiency may increase empty 

heat (false heat) in the body resulting in a deficiency of body fluid. Nourishing Yin can 

regenerate body fluid, restore organ function and support Yin (especially Kidney Yin). It can 

be used as a complementary therapy to regulate the growth of tumor cells and to maintain the 

homeostatic state of the body. The herbs for nourishing Yin include Sha Shen, Tian Dong, 

Mai Dong, Sheng Di, Shu Di, Huang Jing, Yuan Shen, Gu Qi Zi, Tian Hua Fen, Nu Zen Zi, 

and Bai He 1 . 

E. Nourish Yang: The major role of Yang is to support the immune system, endocrine 

system, and to nourish bone and marrow. Nourishing Yang can be used in late stage lung, 

stomach, liver, breast, or prostate cancer where hormonal dysfunctions may be the primary 

concern. Nourishing Yang can also be combined with nourishing Yin therapy to alleviate side 

effects from chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Nourishing Yang herbs can increase antibody 

production, regulate macrophage, increase T-cell function, suppress the mutation of tumor 

cells, promote the proliferation of bone marrow, and regulate the neuro-endocrine system. 

Nourishing Yang herbs are Dong Chong Xia Cao, Yin Yang Huo (Xian Lin Bi), Xian Mao, 

Suo yang, Rou Cong Rong, Ba Ji Tian, Bu Gu Zi, Gou Ji, and Tu Si Zi 1 . 

III. The Application of Traditional Oriental Medicine to Treat Side Effects from Conventional 

Therapy 

Three conventional therapies for treating cancer are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. All 

three conventional therapies have been known to be very heroic and often generate several 

side effects from mild to severe. Acupuncture and medicinal herbs have been applied to treat 

or alleviate the side effects from conventional therapy. Many studies show medicinal herbs 

and acupuncture can alleviate these side effects to a certain extent 4,5,8 . 

A. Surgery: Surgical therapy is often used for localized and encapsulated cancer patients. Side 

effects of surgery include gastrointestinal dysfunction, dehydration and weakening of the 

function of body. These side effects are due to the deficiency of Qi and Blood in Spleen, Kidney 

and Lung that lead to Wei Qi deficiency. Therefore, tonification of Wei Qi by nourishing the 

Spleen, Kidney and Lung are imperative. Acupuncture is known to alleviate side effects such as 

post-surgical brachial plexopathy. Acupuncture also boosts the immune system and reduces the 

duration of healing from surgery. Medicinal herbs have also been used pre- and post-surgery to 

manage side effects for cancer patients. 

B. Radiation: Radiation therapy can be used for localized cancer or with other therapy including 

chemotherapy or surgery. Because radiation therapy provides extreme heat, it can induce 

dryness, thirst, loss of appetite, heat sensations and radiation burns. Radiation therapy can 

generate the deficiency of Qi and Blood, Yin, or produce Toxic-Heat in the radiated area and in 

blood. Acupuncture 19 and herbal medicine 1 have been employed to tonify Qi and Blood, nourish 

Yin, eliminate Toxic-Heat and alleviate pain and burns. 

C. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy can be used when metastasis of a tumor is suspected or confirmed. 

Side effects due to chemotherapy include: gastrointestinal discomfort and dysfunction, hair loss, lowered 

white and red blood cell counts, a weakened immune system, extreme lethargy, emotional depression, 

167


sores/rashes, or peripheral neuropathy. The pathogenesis of side effects from chemotherapy in TOM is 

deficiency of Qi and Blood in the Spleen, Kidney, or Lung; Liver Blood deficiency; Kidney Yin 

deficiency; Stomach Yin deficiency; Toxic-Heat accumulation; Blood stasis; and Liver Qi stagnation. 

Acupuncture and herbal medicine can alleviate or prevent gastrointestinal discomforts 6,7,9 , tonify and 

balance the Zang Fu-organs, relieve Blood stasis and nourish Yin. In TOM, the side effects of 

chemotherapy may be categorized into Qi deficiency, Yin deficiency, and Toxic-Heat. Therefore, the 

medicinal herbs for treating side effects of chemotherapy would be combination of the herbs for boosting 

Qi, nourishing Yin, and clearing Toxic-Heat, and eliminating toxin. 

Cancer cases 

1. Nasal Adenocarcinoma 

a. Introduction: Signs and symptoms of Bi Yuan in TOM are similar to nasal 

adenocarcinoma in manifestation. This includes incessant turbid nasal discharge, mass in 

the nostril, nose bleeding, wheezing, reverse sneezing, lethargy, and loss of appetite. The 

Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic described that pain in the forehead and turbid 

discharge from the nose are due to the transference of heat from Gall Bladder to the brain. 

Wang Bing, a doctor in the Tang Dynasty, wrote that Bi Yuan is caused by turbid bile and 

excessive flowing of Foot Yangming and Foot Taiyang channels. 

b. Etiology: Constitution, six external evil Qi (also known as the External Pathogenic 

Factors), emotional stress, chronic rhinitis, nasal polyp, diet, and microbes. 

c. TOM pattern discrimination: 

1). Deficiency of Lung Qi 

2). Liver Fire and Gall Bladder Heat 

3). Lung Yin (with Kidney Yin) deficiency 

4). Lung Phlegm-Heat 

5). Stagnation of Qi/Blood 

d. Signs/symptoms: Nose bleeding, nasal discharge, dyspnea, labored breathing, anorexia, 

lethargy 

f. Conventional therapy: Radiation therapy and piroxicam are commonly used as 

conventional therapies. Curative-intent radiation therapy and Palliative radiation 

therapy have been used for treating nasal tumors. The side effects of radiation 

therapy are inflammation and irritation of the radiated sites including mucositis, loss 

of tear production in the eyes, and local hair loss. Piroxicam is non-steroidal antiinflammatory 

drug and may stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. Side 

effects of Piroxicam are vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding. 

g. Therapeutic principles in TOM: Tonify Qi, clear Lung Phlegm-Heat, eliminate Gall 

Bladder Heat, nourish Lung Yin as well as Kidney Yin, and invigorate Blood. 

2. Stomach cancer 

168


a. Introduction: Stomach carcinoma in the dog is not common, but we often admit these 

cases. Stomach cancer in TOM is noted as Fan Wei, Wei Fan, and Yan Wei in Dong 

Yui Bo Gam, written by Hur Jun. Precious Works on Hygeine, complied by Mr. Dong 

Xuan, explained the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of stomach 

cancer. Medicinal herbs for stomach cancer have shown a positive effect to alleviate 

cancer related pain and treat tumors. 

b. Etiology: Irregular or excessive food intake, over intake of raw and cold food, 

emotional stress, infection with Helicobacter pylori, unrelieved exogenous pathogens, 

overuse of diaphoresis that leads to the impairment of Yang Qi of the Stomach. 


1) Stagnation of Qi or Blood in Jueyin and Yangming channels 

2) Retention of Cold-Dampness due to Spleen Yang deficiency 

3) Stomach Yin deficiency 

4) Phlegm-Heat accumulation in the middle jiao 

d. Signs/symptoms: Poor appetite, lassitude, emaciation, stomachache, vomiting, nausea, 

indigestion, belching, acid regurgitation, bloating, internal bleeding, and diarrhea. 

e. Conventional therapy: Surgery for removal of the tumor with chemotherapy and 

radiation therapy to control metastasis of cancer is commonly used. 

f. Therapeutic principles: Tonify Qi, Invigorate Blood, nourish Yin/Yang, eliminate 

Dampness, Phlegm and Toxic-Heat. 

3. Lymphosarcoma (NHL) 

a. Introduction: Lymphoma is the most common cancer of canine hematopoietic tumors. 

Malignant lymphoma or tumors in the lymphoid cells are known lymphosarcoma. There 

are two types of lymphoma including B-cell and T-cell lymphoma. The exact origin of 

lymphoma in dogs is still unknown. Any breed can get lymphoma, but the most 

commonly affected breeds are boxers, golden retrievers, and bullmastiffs. The common 

medical signs are: enlargement of lymph node(s), lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, 

diarrhea, shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, abnormal urination and thirst. TOM 

patterns such as Shi fu (stone flat abscesses), Shi rong (loss of luxuriance), E he 

(malignant kernel), Tan he (phlegm kernel), Fei ji (lung accumulation), and Ji ju 

(accumulations and gatherings) are similar to the clinical signs and symptoms of 

lymphoma. 

b. Etiology: There are two types of risk factors: external pathogens and internal 

pathogens. External pathogens may be microbes (tumor virus, fungus and parasite), 

chemicals, radiation, heavy metals or prolonged administration of immunosuppressant 

drugs. Internal risk factors may be age, breed, and innate defected genetic predisposition. 

169



1). Phlegm accumulation with Dampness and Blood stasis 

2). Spleen-Stomach deficiency with Qi/Blood stagnation 

3). Qi and Yin deficiency 

4). Exuberant Toxic-Heat 

5). Qi/Blood depletion. 

d. Signs/symptoms: Unexplained fever, lethargy, and weight loss, panting, painless 

swelling in the lymph nodes in the neck, axillary region, groin, or stomach, skin rash or 

itchy skin, or pain in the chest, abdomen. 

e. Conventional therapy: Treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) depends on the 

histologic types and stages. Chemotherapy is the main treatment for lymphoma in small 

animals. Several chemotherapy protocols exist and can be modified depending on 

individuals. Potential side effects from chemotherapy are gastrointestinal discomfort 

including anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and low WBC or RBC counts. 

f. Therapeutic principles in TOM: Boosting Zheng Qi is the basic principle for 

lymphoma. Therapeutic principles are determined based on the pattern discriminations. 

Principles include: dissolve Phlegm, eliminate Dampness, clear Heat (or Toxic–Heat), 

make smooth flow of Qi/Blood, tonify Spleen/Kidney and nourish Yin/Yang. If patients 

receive conventional therapy as well, treating or alleviating the side effects is also 

considered. Acupuncture and herbal medicine are chosen to treat the underlying 

condition as well as the symptoms, either from cancer or from conventional therapy. 

Discussion 

A holistic approach including acupuncture, medicinal herbal therapy, dietary therapy, meditation, 

Qigong, breathing exercise and Tui-na has been used for cancer therapy in China, Korea and 

Japan in humans. Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM) has been gradually accepted as a 

complimentary therapy for cancer patients to improve the patients’ quality of life, to reduce the 

rate of metastasis or to prolong the duration of remission and even to eliminate tumors by 

Western physician. Today, TOM in China, Korea and Japan has been integrated with 

conventional medicine for diagnosis and therapy. Many studies report that the integration of 

conventional therapy and TOM therapy is the future medicine that promises to provide a better 

prognosis in cancer treatment. In addition, TOM strategy in diet and in lifestyle may be well 

suited to prevent the development of cancer through healthy living. The generation of cancer and 

prognosis after cancer therapy depend on an individual’s immune system, or Zheng Qi. 

Therefore chemotherapy, which suppresses the immune system, would be considered to combine 

with TOM therapy for strengthening the immune system. Immunotherapy or immunotargeted 

therapy might bring more options in the near future. Clinical evidence shows that acupuncture, 

medicinal herbs, dietary therapy and Tui-na can improve the quality of life, prolong the duration 

of remission, and even eliminate tumor cells. 

Cancer in dogs and cats has high mortality and is still regarded as an incurable disease. Most 

studies on the effect of TOM in cancer treatment have been focused in human patients. Since the 

etiology and pathogenesis of small animal cancer in TOM are similar to human patterns and 

170


development, TOM oncology in small animals will be an imperative research area to be 

investigated. 

The Integrative Medicine service in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of 

Minnesota has provided acupuncture, medicinal herb therapy, oriental medicine dietary therapy 

and Tui-na for small animal cancer patients. In conclusion, the combination of TOM and 

conventional therapies provides a better prognosis for small animal cancer patients. 

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172


VACCINATION IN HORSES, FARM ANIMALS AND PETS: 

IMMUNE STIMULATION, INTOXICATION OR PREVENTION 

OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES? 




Phone: +41-33-657 16 16, 

Fax: +41-33-657 26 52 


Key words: Vaccines, Adjuvant, Conservative (Preservatives), Antigens, Antibodies, 

Immunoglobulins, Placentation, Colostrum, Immunity, Autoimmune sickness, Allergies, 

Anaphylaxis, Idiosyncrasy, Acupuncture, Phytotherapy, Homeopathy, Laser, other immune 

inducing options 

Nowadays, on the stony path of complementary medicine the vaccination is not any 

more the yellow of the egg. A short introduction of the function of the immune system 

leads me to practical aspects of vaccination. The different placental and colostral 

immunization pathways of the animals are also a milestone in transmitting maternal 

antibodies. There are already many opponents in human medicine as well in veterinary 

medicine. As far as I am concerned I want to inform you about the problems of 

different vaccines in our animals. I want to show you the toxicity of the different 

adjuvants, conservatives, oils and antibiotics. After presenting overviews or surveys of the 

different vaccines I can give you specifically the antidotes preventing much harm to the 

patients. Therapeutically I am able to show you the most important immune stimulating 

acupuncture points, herbs, essences, homeopathic remedies with the appropriate potency, 

explaining also low and high potencies vice versa, as well as auto-immune stimulating 

options (blood, milk, urine). Laserpuncture treatment will complete my topic. 

References 

1. Graf, F. (1985): Die Impfentscheidungen. Ansichten, Überlegungen und Informationen 

vor jeglicher Impfung. Eigenverlag, Lütjenburger Strasse 3, D-24306, Plön. 

2. Graf, F. (1987): Nicht impfen – was dann ? Eigenverlag, Lütjenburger Strasse 3, D- 

24306 Plön 

3. Buchwald, G. (1977): Impfen, das Geschäft mit der Angst. Knaur Verlag, München. 

4. Delarue, F. + S. (1998): Impfungen – der unglaubliche Irrtum. Hirthammer Verlag, 

München. 

5. Grätz, J. F. (1994): Sind Impfungen sinnvoll ? Hirthammer Verlag, München. 

173


6. Gruber, B., Heimann, R., Klein. P., Jenni, V., Spring, B., Turneisen, A., Villiger, C., 

Weber, Th., Wegmüller, R. (2000): Impfen. Routine oder Imdividualisation. Eine 

Standortbestimmung zur Impfproblematik aus hausärztlicher. Sicht. Arbeitsgruppe für 

differenzierte Impfungen, Postfach, CH 3000 Bern 

7. AEGIS IMPULS. Ein Forum für Impfprobleme und neue Wege in der Gesundheit, 

Medizin und Gesellschaft. AEGIS Schweiz, Udelbodenstrasse 43, CH-6014 Littau. E-Mail: 

info@aegis-schweiz.ch www.aegis-schweiz.ch 

8. Sörri, H., Stünzi, H. (1969): Pathophysiologie der Haustiere. Paul Parey, Berlin, 

Hamburg. 

9. Demut, D., C. (2003/2004): Tierarzneimittelkompendium der Schweiz. Institut für 

Veterinärpharmakologie, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zürich. ++41 (0)1 635 87 71. 

10. Maciocia, Giovanni. (1993): The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, 

New York. ISBN 0-443-03980-1 





13. Cheng Xinnong (1987): Cinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Foreign Language Press. 

Beijing. ISBN 0-8351-2109-7 

14. Bahr F. B. (1985): Wissenschaftliche Laserakupunktur und Laserreiztherapie. Eigenverlag, 

München. 

15. Simunovic, Z. (2003): Lasers in Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinarian Medicine. Vitagraf, 

Croatia. ISBN 953-6059-30-4. Vol. I, II, III. 

174


NATURAL CROOKEDNESS OF HORSES: 

RELEVANCE IN EQUITATION AND ACUPUNCTURE 


Friedrich Ebert Str. 45 

68535 Edingen Neckarhausen 

Germany 

Laterality in horses is revealed by asymmetries in the movement or weight-bearing patterns and 

in behavioural preference of sides. The functional asymmetry can lead to bodily asymmetries, 

like differences in foot conformation and muscles. The connection between laterality, bodily 

asymmetry and natural crookedness as well as the relation to acupuncture was described on the 

IVAS Congress in Park City last year. 

Introduction 

Great horsemen have spoken for centuries about the natural difficulty that most horse have, 

working on one lead or diagonal. This natural inclination to laterality is also called natural 

crookedness in classical equitation and has been linked to handedness in people centuries ago. 

To overcome the natural crookedness by making the horse equally strong and supple on both 

sides of the body is a central issue in equitation and is directly connected to soundness and 

fitness for the utility of the horse. The influence of rider and environmental factors on the 

lateralization and natural crookedness, thus on the health of horses, is very important. 

To examine the prevalence of behavioural asymmetries and sensory and motor biases in 

performance horses may be beneficial to prevent wastage through injury and to design individual 

training plans, thus, improving competitive success. The identification of sidedness and level of 

lateralization may also allow trainers and veterinarians to select horses more carefully for 

dressage, jumping, racing or other work. 

Review: Influence of natural crookedness on structure 

and function, relation to acupuncture 

The natural crookedness of a horse will show in the preference of putting 

one foreleg forward and the other one back under the body when standing 

or eating from the ground. Correspondingly one hind leg is put back, the 

other hind leg is put forward under the body. This results in a curve of the 

longitudinal axis and in a lateral shift of the hind quarters in relation to the 

shoulders. (Example: Right Sided Horse, see image at right.) The Belgium 

blacksmith E. Perreaux (1) described the correlation between crookedness 

and abrasion of the hoofs and called it “Diagonal syndrome”. The diagonal 

pair of legs that is placed in front of its ideal position is the bearing 

diagonal. The diagonal pair of legs placed behind its ideal position is the 

propulsive diagonal. The front hoof of the propulsive diagonal is placed 

and moves behind its ideal position, the toe is overloaded and suffers 

strong abrasion; the heels are spared and straight accordingly. The front 

175


hoof of the bearing diagonal moves and is placed in front of its ideal position, the heels are 

overloaded, flat, under slung. The hind hoof of the propulsive diagonal moves and is placed 

behind its ideal position and inside (shift of the hind quarter). The toe and outer wall are 

overloaded, shorter and straighter, the toe pointing inward. The hind hoof of the bearing diagonal 

moves and is placed in front of and slightly outside its ideal position. The heels and inner wall 

are overloaded. 

On the forelegs the Ting-Points of Yang-Channels are dorsal on the coronary groove of the hoof; 

the Ting-Points of the Yin-Channels are palmar. On the hind limbs the Ting-Points of the Yang- 

Channels are above the toes and outer wall, those of the Yin-Channels above the inner wall and 

heels/balls. There is conformity of the Ting point sequence and pathway of channels with the 

abrasion of the hooves and the load on muscles according to the laterality of the horses (2), (see 

image below, Example of Right Sided Horse, front right-hind left = red = propulsive/Yang 

Diagonal; front left-hind right = blue = bearing /Yin Diagonal). 

Most of the extensors have Yang, most of the flexors Yin character. On the limbs of the 

propulsive diagonal higher strain is put on the muscles that extend the limbs, the extensors. On 

176


the limbs of the bearing diagonal higher strain is put on muscles that carry the trunk and flex the 

joints, the flexors. For a horse with a marked natural crookedness this can mean: 

On the limbs of the propulsive diagonal there is an overload in the Yang area, 

of both the hoof and the muscles. 

On the limbs of the bearing diagonal there is an overload in the Yin area; of 

both the hoof and the muscles. 

The more pronounced the asymmetry, the higher the imbalance of the hooves 

and that of extensors and flexors. 

The more pronounced the asymmetry, the higher the imbalance of Yin and Yang and 

the disturbance of the regular Qi flow in the channels. 

Depending on their relation to the joints, muscles and hoof parts concerned with the respective 

channels are often disturbed. Or the reverse: Depending on their relation to disturbed/ deficient 

channels, joints, muscles and hoof parts are affected. 

Data about lateralization of horses 

Laterality is the generic term for morphological, functional and sensory signs of symmetry and 

asymmetry of organs that occur in pairs. This includes phenomena such as hemispheric 

dominance, handedness, eyed-ness, eared-ness, etc. Bodily asymmetries are directly connected to 

brain lateralization. Thus natural crookedness can be seen as bodily manifestation of 

lateralization. There are few studies about lateralization of horses. The basic patterns of 

lateralization found in many studies about lateralization in fishes, rodents like mice and rats, 

chicken, humans and primates may also be present in horses. 

Given the wide range of selection pressure in evolution, lateralization seems to be an advantage 

on both individual and social levels. And predation plays an important role affecting 

lateralization. Very early in vertebrate evolution is the use of the right eye to fixate objects. On 

an individual level, lateralization results in enhanced skill performance and faster reaction times 

in more lateralised individuals. Deuel and Lawrence 3 observed horses selecting the left lead 

nearly twice as often as the right whereby velocities and stride lengths were greater for the left 

lead than the right. “Selecting the right forelimb as the trailing forelimb may have allowed horses 

to use it to withstand the greater stresses and caused them preferentially to gallop with the left 

forelimb leading.” An advantage on a social level is: if all members of a group of flight animals 

have the same bias to turn when they see a predator, the integrity of the group will be maintained 

during escape avoidance. 

It seems that most mammals (70-80%) show a left hemispheric dominance. This will concern the 

motor and sensory control of the right side of the body with the consequence of right sidedness 

of hand and eye, while the right hemisphere of the brain will respond to affective and emotional 

information. But both hemispheres will often interact via activation or inhibition (4). Most 

authors of riding instructions referred the natural crookedness of horses to laterality, like 

handedness in people. But there are several explanations in older books, i.e. the foetus position in 

the womb. The findings in recent research of J. Murphy and S. Arkins (Department of Life 

Sciences, University of Limerick; personal communication J. Murphy) suggest that lateralization 

in the horse is determined in utero as has been shown in humans. 

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Drevemo, Fredericson, Hjerten, McMiken 5 noted certain differences between left and right 

diagonal and contralateral pair of limbs in trotting Standardbred colts, suggesting that laterality 

in horses may be inherited. The result of the study of HMS Davies and KM Watson 6 suggests 

that direct mechanical effects of conformation and environment were less important than the 

individual`s level of skill (or the degree of laterality in their movements). 

J. Murphy, A. Sutherland, S. Arkins 7 suppose the primary cause of idiosyncratic motor laterality 

of horses may be genetically predetermined, influenced by environmental factors. Their findings 

indicate trends of motor laterality associated with the sex of the horse. H. Randle and E. 

Elworthy (Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, PL48AA, 

U.K.; personal communication J. Murphy) state the occurrence of sidedness could not be 

explained by horse gender, age, breed or colour, or most importantly by rider sidedness. Horse 

sidedness was related to the direction of the facial hair whorl. The findings of J. Murphy and S. 

Arkins (sf. the above) also suggest that assessing the direction of facial hair whorl rotation may 

be an indicator of lateralised motor behaviour trends in the horse. P.D. McGreevy and L.J. 

Rogers 8 found no significant main effect of sex, but a significant effect of age on lateralised 

motor biases. The strength of preference increases with age. 

P.D.Mc Greevy and L.J.Rogers 8 observed Thoroughbred horses when they were at pasture, and 

the position of the forelimb in relation to one other was recorded. There was a population bias 

skewed to standing with the left forelimb advanced over the right (the distribution of horses that 

stood with one foreleg in advance of the other was 52 significantly left, 13 significantly right, 41 

being non-significant). 

Perreaux 1 recorded on close to 400 horses, 71% of the horses over 1,65m at withers (66% of the 

observed horses) had the mane falling to the right side and 72% fitted the diagonal asymmetry 

pattern. He considered as a rule the mane falling on the side of the smaller fore foot. 

In the studies mentioned different factors or indicators of lateralization were observed, but 

seldom some and never all possible indicators where observed in one study or put in a context. 

Thus it is hard to compare the determined numbers. 

Equestrian knowledge 

The term natural crookedness is especially used in the 

classical European riding instructions. It denotes the 

crookedness of the horse body that shows in the 

curvature of the longitudinal axis, different stages of 

development in the muscles and the dexterity of the 

sides. A horse with a right sided asymmetry is curved to 

the right side, i.e. its concave side is to the right of the 

vertebral column and is also called “hollow side”. The 

left, convex side is also called “forced side”. For a 

horse with a left sided asymmetry the reverse is true. 

For example Waldemar Seunig 9 defined natural 

crookedness as follows (see image at right): 

“Crookedness is produced by one hind leg evading the 

uncomfortable job of even loading by not advancing 

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straight ahead under the body of the horse but somewhat to one side.” He still referred the 

natural crookedness to handedness of people. Or Dreyhausen 10 said: “…most horses have a 

tendency to walk asymmetrically from right backward to left forward, i.e. they bend the right 

hind leg more than the left one but do not step sufficiently forward and push the load away with 

the less bent, stiff (left) hind leg. This brings the horses right hip forward, the left one stays back, 

resulting in an asymmetrical position of the horses pelvis; the vertebral column and the neck are 

more or less curved convexly to the left…If the horse was pulled together more or less forcefully 

it becomes clear that it will try to avoid this demand exceeding its capacity especially by making 

use of its natural predisposition to asymmetry, the more so as it is treated unfairly.” 

Those statements point to the problematic areas concerned in a horse and it also proves that 

faulty or misunderstood riding practice will increase problems. The horse will learn to avoid a 

stressful or unfair training by making use of its natural asymmetry. And it will learn to use those 

skills always in its daily training. In this case the learned skills of the horse (that are a 

consequence of the crookedness) in addition with the riders mistakes are acting as a daily 

stressor. 

Depending on its individual weakness, imbalance or skill a horse will: 

- evade with the hind quarters, affecting the lumbosacral or iliosacral area, 

- tilt the poll or drop and lateral shift the lower jaw affecting the poll and 

temporomandibular joint 

- move against the rein on the outer side and fall heavily on the corresponding shoulder 

affecting the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae. 

Consequently a crooked horse shows first signs of disease or weakness in the areas concerned. 

For example a right-sided horse with underlying deficiency of bladder may evade with the right 

hind and shows first signs of overexertion in the lumbosacral region on the left side. Or if the 

evading of hind legs is not corrected in daily training, the lumbosacral region is affected and the 

bladder meridian is hurt. 

Acupuncture diagnosis and therapy 

Acupuncture and Manual Medicine are the means of choice in the prophylaxis, diagnosis and 

treatment of disorders in context with laterality. The “Ting-point diagnosis on basis of the 

hoof” 11 “will give excellent support for diagnosis. For example, an underlying deficiency of a 

Yang channel will be more apparent on the hoof of the corresponding (overloaded) Yang 

diagonal. Consequently this point can be used for treatment. Additionally, Vertebral Subluxation 

Complexes should be treated with Manual Medicine. However, it is important to balance or 

build up Qi and to remove the stressor. Thus the manner of riding has to be put under review, but 

care must be taken not to blame the rider. 

Conclusion 

To identify the level of lateralization and the sidedness of a horse, all signs of crookedness must 

be considered and put in context. The laterality of a horse, exaggerated by breeding, rearing and 

environmental factors, creates general imbalance. An untrained or bad rider must be seen as a 

main stressor acting on the imbalance. Disease may manifest in a weak or weakened structure of 

the horse. 

179

References 


1. Perreaux, E: Observations of asymmetrical horses; The Farriers Journal; N96- 06/2002. 

p.10-24. 

2. Steinmetz, M: Die Bedeutung der natürlichen Schiefe des Pferdes mit Bezug zur Akupunktur; 

Zeitschrift für Ganzheitliche Tiermedizin, 4/2004. 

3. Deuel NR, Lawrence LM: Laterality in the gallop gait of horses. J.Biomech. 1987. 

4. Denenberg, VH: The origins of brain lateralization in animals. In:Rogers, LJ, Andrew, J.: 

Comparative Vertebrate Lateralization. Cambridge University Press 2002; p.276. 

5. Drevemo, Fredericson, Hjerten, McMiken: Early development of gait asymmetries introtting 

standardbred colts: Equine Vet. Journal, 1987, May, 19 (3): 189-91. 

6. Davies, HMS, Watson, KM: Third metacarpal bone laterality asymmetry and midshaft 

dimensions in thoroughbred racehorses. Australian Veterinary Journal 83, No 4, April 2005p. 25- 

27. 

7. Murphy, J, Sutherland, A, Arkins, S: Idiosyncratic motor laterality in the horse. Applied 

Animal Behaviour Science 91 (2005) 297-310. 

8. McGreevy, PD, Rogers, LJ: Motor and sensory laterality in thoroughbred horses. 

AppliedAnimal behaviour Science 92 (2005) 337-352. 

9. Seunig,W; Training the young horse; in:Seunig,W: Horsemanship; London, 

J.A.Allen,1941,1956; p.121. 

10. v.Dreyhausen: Geraderichten. In Schirg, B.: Die Reitkunst im Spiegel ihrer Meister.Georg 

Olms Verlag 1987, p. 401. 

11. Thoresen, AS, “Background for my lectures”, Tierärztliches Zentrum für Akupunktur/ 

TCVM in Idstein Februar 2004, p. 22. 

180


MASTITIS-ENDOMETRITIS-AGALACTIA-COMPLEX 

IN FARM ANIMALS: A PRACTICAL OVERVIEW FOR 

CLASSICAL VETERINARIANS AND ACUPUNCTURISTS 




Phone: +41-33-657 16 16, 

Fax: +41-33-657 26 52 


Key words: MMA-Syndromes, Cow, Sow, Immune System, Heavy Metal and 

Environmental Pollution, Classical and Complementary Healing Methods 

In dairy and pig breeding farms the MMA-complex is the utmost important problem. The 

Uterus is one of the Six Extraordinary Yang Organs (1, p. 123) (Uterus, Brain, 

Marrow, Bones, Blood Vessels, Gall Bladder). They store Kidney-, Marrow- or Blood- 

Yin-Essence. They do not excrete, but have the shape of a Yang organ and are 

functionally directly or indirectly related to the Kidneys. The uterus is the most 

important of the six Extraordinary Yang Organs. The uterus is, through the Extra 

Meridian Chong Mai (Cardinal Point SP 4, Gongsun), closely related to the stomach. 

Summary of the pathogenesis will be presented. 

The Udder has resonance with TH 8 (Sanyangluo, connecting all three Yang Meridians 

of the front limb) and is in farm animals (cow, sow, goat, ewe) the utmost important 

organ. On the other hand the Thymus, the immune modulating gland, has resonance with 

TH 5 (Waiguan, Cardinal- and Luo point, Master point against Rheumatism, coupled with 

Zulinqi GB 41), Cardinal Point of the Extra Vessel Yang Wei Mai, and lays very close 

to TH 8. Summary of the pathogenesis will be represented. 

In sows the MMA-Complex is very well known (E. coli sepsis/ endometritis/ mastitis). But the 

question is why a sepsis after farrowing occurs ? Why does chronic mastitis in dairy cows 

arise? Why do we have antibiotic resistance? May there not exist heavy metal and 

environmental pollution (mercury, formaldehyde, cadmium, ammonia, dioxin, kerosene? 

Therapy: How can we help classically and additively (complementary)? How can we 

specifically and unspecifically stimulate the immune system ? 

1) Segmental SHU-MU technique 

2) Ting-Tonify Rule (Liver, Kidney, Spleen) 

3) Homeopathy 

4) Phytotherapy 

5) Flower Essences 

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6) Special points of overriding importance: 

Hypophysis (GV 16, Fengfu – oxytocin) 

Thalamus (LI 4, Hegu – Dolantin) 

Cortisone (TH 3, Zhongzhu) 

ACTH (LIV 13, Zhangmen) 

7) Mobilisation-Chelation-Elimination of environmental pollution and subsequently 

substitution of oligoelements and high doses of vitamins 

8) Autogenous milk / blood nosode according to Korsakof or Autosanguis step therapy 

9) Neural- and Mesotherapy 

10) Fortifying the middle of the body 

Axis: GV 4, Mingmen – zinc �� CV 8, Shenque – EFA’s 

11) LASER Therapy – Immunological Frequency 9592 Hz 

12) Music and Sound Therapy 

13) Tonifying the Master point for environmental pollution: 

CV 5, Shimen; omega-2, vitamins E, B1, B3, B6 

References 

1. Maciocia, Giovanni. (1993): The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, 

New York. ISBN 0-443-03980-1 

2. Hafez E. S. E (1974): Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 

ISBN 0-8121-0295-9 





5. Cheng Xinnong (1987): Cinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Foreign Language Press. 

Beijing. ISBN 0-8351-2109-7 

6. Bahr F. B. (1985): Wissenschaftliche Laserakupunktur und Laserreiztherapie. 

Eigenverlag München 

7. Simunovic Z. (2003): Lasers in Medicine, Dentistry and Veterinarian Medicine. Vitagraf, 

Croatia. ISBN 953-6059-30-4. Vol. I, II, III. 

182


TCVM DERMATOLOGY PATTERNS 

Sagiv Ben-Yakir BSC, DVM(in honor), MRCVS, CVA(IVAS), 

CVHomotox’(Baden-Baden,Germany) 

“ORSHINA” – The Israeli Veterinary Institute for Holistic Medicine 

Heart governs Blood and Spirit, and it opens to the tongue [Keep in mind that tongue diagnosis 

in skin conditions is a most valuable tool]. If the Heart is okay it means normal skin color, moist, 

and soft; if Heart is abnormal it means skin changes, as in Heart Deficiency – skin is lusterless, 

dull, pale, and in case of emotional problems, such as Heart Fire, transported by blood vessels to 

skin, causing diseases as pemphigus, urticaria, mouth ulcers, etc. 

Clinical manifestations: inflamed or red skin, local burning sensation, erythema, erosions, blood 

crusts, pus, nodules, tongue ulcers, psychological issues, when severe→ pain, moderate→ itch. 

Lung is responsible for Dispersing and Descending of Qi (D&D). If the Lung is okay there is 

normal nutrition to skin; skin is dense, able to fight EPF; if abnormal there are chronic infections, 

dryness or dampness, etc. Lung opens into the nose. Wei Qi will be dispersed by Lung activity. 

Lung is the most exterior Yin organ, and as such is exposed to EPF, most especially Wind. If 

Lung Deficiency there is abnormal nutrition, thus, dry skin, rough skin as well as the fur. Also 

Wei Qi is in problem, as well if Body Fluids are not moved Phlegm also results in the skin. Lung 

opens to nose → problems at this area. 

Clinical manifestations: wheals, papules, erythema, dry &scaly skin, scratch marks, dry nose & 

throat or dry cough. Diseases as atopic dermatitis, urticaria, acne 

Spleen is the root of Postnatal Qi, and important to Blood and Qi production, governs 

Transforming and Transporting (T&T). In the case of Spleen problem dampness can accumulate. 

Gastrointestinal problems such as poor nutrition, diarrhea, vomiting, and poor appetite occur 

with Spleen Deficiency. Spleen opens to the mouth. If Spleen is okay (enough SP Qi) Qi and 

Blood and Body Fluids are transported to all of the body including the skin; if not, the skin is 

malnourished. The Spleen hates Dampness; if the Spleen is Deficient, T&T is decreased, water 

accumulates in the Spleen leading to chronic eczema, pemphigus. 

Clinical manifestations: papular vesicles, vesicles, exudation, w/poor appetite, loose stools, 

perioral dermatitis, mouth ulcers. 

Liver has an important role in storing and governing the smooth flow of Blood and Blood 

volume provides nutrition to the skin. If Liver Blood is deficient Internal Wind is generated and 

travels into empty Blood Vessels, dries up the Body Fluids resulting in dry itchy skin. The Liver 

opens into the eyes; it blooms in the nails. Emotional issues can be related to Liver Qi 

Stagnation. Problems around the eyes, genitalia, hypochondrial areas and nails can all be 

indicative of problems with the Liver and its function. If the Liver is deficient the nails are soft, 

dry, dull, deformed. 

183


Clinical manifestations: papules, lichenification, pigmentation, dry skin and scales, red eyes, 

itching. 

Kidney is the root of Prenatal Qi → the animal’s constitution; it stores the Essence, governs 

growth, controls reproduction, and governs Water. It provides the bloom in the hair; opens to the 

ears, anal and genital areas/ rules the lower orifices. If Kidney Essence (pre and post) is okay the 

hair is shiny; if deficient there is alopecia. Normal Kidney function the skin moisture is okay; if 

Kidney is abnormal the skin is edematous or dry. 

Clinical manifestations: hair loss, cold and dark skin, retarded development, black macules, 

premature senility, weak lower back, urinary and reproductive problems. 

Diagnostic steps: 

Looking – where is the lesion, how is the lesion (skin, coat, nails), tongue 

Smelling – e.g. strong and foul=Heat 

Asking – temperature modalities/ preferences, digestion, thirst, urination, defecation, sleep, 

emotional state, degree of pain/pruritis 

Palpating – pulse, skin 

Types of lesions and TCVM affiliations: 

Macules – Circumscribed changes in skin color/texture up to 1.0 cm diameter without 

elevation or depression, above this size called patches 

Red color = Heat; deep red = Fire; Purplish-red = intense Heat or Blood Stasis due to Heat 

Red macules that blanch on pressure = Heat in Qi level; if color stays = Xue level 

More numbers = more Heat intensity 

Increased numbers in time = more new Heat 

If macules rapidly become confluent = Heat into Ying level w/consumption of Qi and Blood 

Face and Head macules = Wind-Heat, 

Abdomen/lower legs = Damp-Heat 

If macules are itchy = Wind involved 

If macules are scaly = Dryness 

If macules are red and moist = EPF on outer levels = easier to treat 

If macules are dark-red = EPF invade deeper, harder to treat 

Smooth white macules with clearly defined margins without scales = Qi Stagnation or 

disharmony Qi/Blood, might burn & red after sun exposure 

White macules due to Summer Heat-Damp occur in summer, round white/grayish-white or 

patches, shiny surface and itch; secondary scale is caused by scratching 

Black macules = extreme Heat Toxins 

Small black macules on cheeks and forehead, behind ears, forearms and umbilical region = 

Kidney Yin Deficiency 

Papules – Circumscribed solid palpable elevation, less than 1.0 cm in diameter; may be pointed, 

rounded or umbilicated; if greater than 1.0 cm = plaques 

Red = Heat; Purple-red = exuberant Heat or Heat causing Blood Stasis 

If papule + macule, both red or bloody exudate = Blood-Heat 

Papule + vesicles or clear exudates = Damp-Heat 

184


Papule + pustules = Heat-Toxins 

Hard and itchy papules = Wind-Heat 

Flat-topped, hard, purple papules = Blood Stasis in meridians 

Most cases LU, SP, ST involved as in feline facial acne = Heat in LU+ST 

Nodules - Round/oval circumscribed palpable solid lesions, larger than 1.0 cm in diameter + 

depth (not as with papules). Partially located below skin at any level. 

Stage 1: palpable, slightly elevated and movable with red skin = Qi Stagnation and Blood 

Stasis 

Stage 2: skin color turns to be deeper in color = chronic, keep in mind also the blockage in 

meridians 

Nodules that are firm and mobile = Phlegm-Fire; skin initially has no color, painless; as they 

enlarge – become soft, immobile, skin turns deep red, slight pain, and later might discharge pus 

and become ulcerated 

Nodules due to Cold-Damp on legs, increase in numbers, become red, rupture with thin yellow 

pus; (as Cold causes stagnation, heat will eventually be generated thus Cold-Damp can become 

Heat-Damp) 

If Wind-Damp it might itch (due to Wind) 

Pustules - Circumscribed elevations varying in size, containing visible pus collection. May be 

primary lesion, or secondary to papules or vesicles; may be infected or sterile. Caused by 

external or internal factors 

Internal Heat that accumulates for a long time produces Toxins; Heat-Toxins putrefy the flesh to 

form pus 

Damp-Heat may contain pale-yellow fluid, may occur in clusters 

If Pustules in Ying + Xue levels = appear erythematous above; pinkish fluid that after 

rupturing form dry purulent blood crusts. 

EPF attacking the Exterior → pustules with Heat-Toxins with sticky pus 

Secondary pustules post-vesicles (Damp-Toxins) leave eroded surface and exudation takes 

longer 

Vesicles and bullae – Small circumscribed elevations with fluid and thin walls; 

< 0.5 cm=vesicle, >0.5 cm=bullae. Vesicles can develop to pustules or bullae. 

They may contain serum, lymphatic fluid or blood and the color changes accordingly. In 

animals due to the thin wall, they can break easily, leaving eroded surface. 

Vesicles/Bullae arise as result of accumulation of Dampness in skin and flesh 

Wind-Damp accumulates in skin = vesicles with clear fluid, slightly red, usually very itchy 

Damp-Heat = small and densely filled with fluid, thin walls and shiny. If red around (areola) = 

Heat predominant, if no redness or pale = Dampness is predominant 

Vesicles due to Water and Dampness flowing to Exterior = large with clear fluid, gradually 

become turbid 

Cold-Damp congealed and stagnation = vesicles contain white fluid 

Bullae with clear fluid = Spleen Deficiency and exuberant Dampness; as in pemphigus. Lesions 

are pale red or yellowish-white, mild pain 

If vesicles/bullae are bloody = Heat Toxin into Ying + Xue levels 

185


Wheal – Circumscribed compressible elevated edematous lesion resulting from fluid 

infiltrating the dermis (dermal edema); transient, disappear in hrs; urticaria; from few mm 

up to 10-12 cm diameter. 

If due to Wind-Heat = red or pink; exacerbated by heat, alleviated by cold 

If due to Wind-Cold = pale white or porcelain white; exacerbated by cold, alleviated by heat 

If due to Blood-Heat = bright red linear wheals produced by scratching. 

Emotions transform into Fire, resulting in Blood-Heat, generating Wind; this leads to 

itching and damaged blood vessels 

Blood Stasis = dull red wheals in areas under constant pressure 

Accumulated Heat in ST or LI = red wheals; acute onset, abdominal distension, constipation, 

chest discomfort 

Qi Deficiency or Blood Deficiency = pale red or flesh-colored wheals appear for years, increase 

w/fatigue 

Cysts – Spherical/elliptical lesion with epithelial-lined cavity containing fluid or semi-solid 

substance; elastic. Caused by congealed Phlegm and Body Fluid retention; or Blood Stasis 

with Damp-Heat. 

Tumor – Intradermal or subcutaneous masses > 1 cm; different shapes and consistencies; benign 

or malignant; may rupture or ulcerate. Result from Blood Stasis, Phlegm Stag’ or turbid Qi 

retained in tissue. May go unto Zang-Fu organs, Blood & Qi & become life-threatening 

Scales – Keratin accumulation from the thickened horny layer of the skin in a form of 

detached fragments or flakes. 

Dry, white scale is caused by Wind-Dryness due t Blood Deficiency 

Fine, barn-like (overlapping) scale results from Wind-Damp invasion 

Greasy and yellow = Dampness accumulation in skin 

The color of skin under scales helps in identification: red = Blood-Heat; pinkish = Blood- 

Dryness 

Erosions – Develop post-epidermis detachment after vesicles, pustules, macules rupture or 

epidermal rupture of papules or small nodules, leaving a wet base exposed. Do not penetrate 

the dermis; heal without scarring. 

Erosion + exudate = Spleen Dampness 

If exudate is yellow = exuberance of Dampness + Heat 

Erosion due to maceration between toes or inguinal area = Damp-Heat transforming into Toxins 

Fissures – Epidermal linear clefts, extending into dermis; usually at mouth corner, 

perianal region, etc. 

Due to Cold-Dryness, or prolonged Yin and Body Fluids damaged 

Fissures + bleeding = Blood-Heat and Wind-Dryness 

Lichenification – Thickened epidermis with accentuated skin markings; leather-like 

appearance, proliferation of keratinized cells and hyperplasia of horny layer + 

inflammatory cells infiltrating into dermis 

Caused by Cold-Damp, or Dampness 

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If frequent scratching – Yin and Body Fluids Deficient; Blood deficiency as well 

Skin crusts – Dried exudate (serum, blood, pus) on skin surface 

Purulent = Heat Toxins 

Bloody crusts = Blood-Heat 

Orange-yellow serous = exuberance of Dampness + Heat 

Skin ulcers – Circumscribed skin loss into dermis or even to subcutaneous layer; 

heals with scarring. 

Main causes – Exuberant Heat putrefying flesh or failure of Vital Qi reconstructive 

abilities 

Maceration - Skin looks like it has soaked in water for long time; indication of Damp-Toxins 

invading the skin or Damp-Heat pouring down 

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188


AVIAN ACUPUNCTURE 

Richard A. Schafer, D.V.M, MS 

All Creatures Acupuncture 

Corpus Christi, Texas 

Goal 

The goal of this presentation is to allow you to approach acupuncture in the avian patient in a 

systematic and logical manner 

The Avian 

If we assume that the practice of medicine began on man, then we, as veterinarians, are trained to 

practice medicine on non-traditional species. Much of how we approach western veterinary 

medicine is derived from what we have learned from western human medicine. We consider 

differences in anatomy and physiology and apply what we have learned from our experiences 

and the experiences of others to the species in question. We have to make some assumptions 

when breaking new ground and then learn if those assumptions are true or false. 

Very few western pharmaceuticals are approved for use in the avian or exotic patient. To use a 

drug for an avian patient we must extrapolate from data in the human or other animal species. So 

too must we extrapolate from what we know to be true in animal models that have been 

researched to species that have not been researched. 

Acupuncture points must be selected based on anatomy and innervation as it relates to function. 

These points will vary with the species being treated. As in western medicine, a proper diagnosis 

must be made before a logical course of action can be undertaken. I prefer the Eight Principle 

approach to arrive at a Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medical [TCVM] diagnosis. 

I must emphasize that I use all the western technology that I can to arrive at a western diagnosis. 

I use both eastern and western medicine to complement each other and to best serve the needs of 

the patient. 

The Avian Patient 

Too frequently we over simplify and generalize in statements we make about birds. In Texas 

there are over 540 different species. It is a mistake to equate a hummingbird with a parrot or an 

ostrich. The variations in size, habitat, and diet will determine how an individual is restrained 

and treated. Any veterinarian that treats pet birds, parrots, budgies, canaries, and finches, will be 

asked to aid “rescued” wild birds or work with rehabilitators in any number of species from 

waterfowl to raptors and everything in-between. Just as in western medicine, we must consider 

the differences in anatomy, metabolism, and diet when trying to treat each individual animal. 

Whether or not a pharmaceutical, soft tissue or orthopedic procedure is going to be effective 

depends on whether the patient is a pelican, parrot, or raptor. We have to look at each species 

and each individual separately. This is true in western medicine, Five Elements, and Eight 

Principles. 

189


Let us consider an Amazon parrot. This bird has the qualities that we associate with Yang in 

TCVM. The heart rate is fast, the metabolic rate is high, and the body temperature is high. The 

air sac system makes him light for his size and he tends to be outgoing and loud. Most illnesses 

in parrots are due to an alteration of the Yang, frequently seen as signs of the External 

Pathogenic Factors, Wind Cold or Cold Damp. Early or acute disease tends to be exterior 

whereas chronic or severe diseases will be interior. Since birds tend to mask disease symptoms 

until they are advanced, inexperienced owners do not realize their birds are sick until the illness 

is advanced. As in Western Medicine, the prognosis is better if the illness is treated early. 

Acupuncture in the avian requires an experienced handler in addition to the acupuncturist. Birds 

that are used to being handled experience little stress with restraint whereas for others restraint 

can be very traumatic and in a worse case scenario can lead to death even in an apparently 

healthy bird. 

Birds respond well to treatment if treated early in the disease and the Yang is not depleted. I find 

the avian patients require treatment of fewer points to achieve similar effects than do their 

mammalian counterparts. 

It is possible to place acupuncture needles in birds, but I have found it to be impractical in my 

hands. In very small birds, 50 grams or less, I will use a Japanese technique of short little thrusts 

with a Seirin 25ga15mm needle and then immediately withdraw it and move on to the next point. 

In larger birds, I prefer to use Aquapuncture with vitamin B12, 1000micrograms/ml. I’ll use a 

25ga or 27ga hypodermic needle and inject .01 to .1 ml into the acupoints. When using a 

hypodermic needle, care should be taken to avoid damaging by laceration important structures 

such as tendons, ligaments, blood vessels and/or nerves. Vitamin B12 is red in color, is water 

soluble and any excess is excreted through the kidneys. Advise the client that the red in the 

urates is B12 or they will think it is blood. 

Implants of gold beads, gold wire, stainless steel wire, and suture material have been used in 

birds for behavior modification, epilepsy, and arthritis. There is little information as to the 

efficacy of these procedures. 

Moxa is rarely used in birds because the smell of burning feathers is not acceptable to pet bird 

owners and the Yang heat is too strong for most avian conditions. 

Electro stimulation is also rarely used in pet birds because of the intensity of the stimulation and 

the impracticality of attaching wires to needles in a restrained bird. 

I have also used a CEFCO lacer on avian patients. I have used it for generalized applications 

such as skin lesions, eye lesions, sinusitis, bone healing, and when I want to stimulate a general 

area rather than a specific point. On most average size birds, I feel the single point probe has a 

tendency to cover too much area and therefore too many points. 

Acupuncture Point Selection 

There are many points in the avian that have similar effects to equivalent points in the mammal 

and I use them equally in both species. Because most parrot sized birds are restrained by 

190


toweling and controlling the beak, access to points other than those on the extremities or the 

chest and abdomen are difficult. For this reason, most of the points that I select will be those that 

are easily accessible. I will try to refine my TCM diagnosis so that I can use points that are 

multifunctional and thereby utilize a fewer number of points. In some instances I will 

concentrate on the most serious health issue. Sometimes I will have to treat what the client 

perceives as the most immediate concern. I will choose points for that problem and address other 

health issues at another session. I feel that it is possible to inflict harm by using too many points 

especially in a debilitated patient. 

The frequency of treatment will vary with the condition being treated, the health of the patient 

and the schedule of the client. I used to believe birds should be treated on a schedule similar to 

what I would use in dogs and cats, twice a week to once every seven to ten days. My experience 

with treating birds at the Texas State Aquarium on a two-week cycle has modified my thinking. 

I have found in chronic cases one treatment every two weeks works very well. This frequency of 

treatment may be helpful in treating pet birds that don’t travel well or are stressed by the 

treatment. 

There is an in depth discussion of avian acupuncture points, their location, characteristics, 

actions, indications, innervations and some clinical notes as well as point locations depicted on 

an illustration of a parrot in the first edition of Veterinary Acupuncture in a chapter by Michael 

Partington D.V.M. and in a chapter in the second edition by David McCluggage D.V.M. Anyone 

who is interested in practicing acupuncture on birds should consult these references. Dr. 

McCluggage also has an extensive section on the use of Chinese herbs in the avian patient his 

chapter. 

Dr. McCluggage lists fifty-two bird points in his chapter. There are indications for each but there 

are some that are used more frequently than others and some that are better choices for certain 

conditions. I would like to list for you those points that I use most frequently and the conditions 

for which I use them. These points are chosen for their empirical actions and to achieve the 

treatment principle arrived at using an Eight Principle TCM diagnosis. Those using a Five 

Element approach could logically choose a different point prescription and get equivalent results. 

The most frequent imbalances that I treat are due to Wind Heat or Wind Cold. This leads to a 

Yang excess, deficiency, or a Yin deficiency. As the condition progresses the result is a Qi or 

Blood stagnation or deficiency. 

I use the master points ST36 and SP 6 in almost every point prescription because these points do 

so much to balance Yin and Yang, Qi and Blood, Interior and Exterior. 

I will try to list the points starting with those that I use most frequently and why I use them. 

ST 36 Master Point for the GI tract, Tonification point 

Use: 

For any GI disorders 

General Tonification for any weak condition 

Regulates endocrine and metabolic diseases 

191


Paralysis of the pelvic limb 

Tonification point for Yang 

With SP6 to tonify Qi and Blood 

SP 6 Master Point for lower abdomen and urogenital system 

Use: 

Disorders of the Liver, Kidney and /or Spleen channels or organs. 

Tonification point for Yin 

Used for all hormonal and reproductive disorders 

Gastrointestinal disorders 

Allergic and immune mediated diseases 

Endocrine disorders 

Dermatological disorders 

Pelvic limb disorders. 

To clear the Heat and to tonify the Wei Qi against attacks of Wind and Cold and any Lung 

pathology I’ll add LI 4 and LI 11. 

LI 4 Master point for face and mouth 

Use: 

Releases exterior; benefits the Lung 

Tonifies Wei Qi 

Clears heat 

Ocular disorders 

Epistaxis, nasal congestion 

Beak disorders 

Stomach and intestinal disorders 

Facial swelling, sinusitis 

LI 11 Tonification point 

Use: 

Clears Heat, cools blood 

Dispels Wind, rashes, pruritis 

Intestinal disorders 

Pharyngitis 

Local point for elbow and shoulder 

If there is either substantial or insubstantial Phlegm then ST 40 will be added. These five points 

are frequently the only points I’ll use in the first session for most respiratory, GI, dermatological, 

or endocrine diseases. Point selection may be modified at future sessions based on response to 

therapy. 

192


ST 40 

Use: 

Strongest point for resolving Phelgm 

Dizziness, epilepsy 

For any injury that involves trauma to the muscles and tendons i.e. fractures, ptosis, slipped 

hocks, dislocated toes, etc. I’ll use GB 34 and local and distal points. 

GB 34 Influential point for tendons and sinews 

Use: 

All tendon problems 

Seizures 

Jaundice 

Stifle pain or pathology 

If I feel like I need additional help for URI infections I’ll add LU 7. 

LU 7 Master point for head and neck 

Use: 

Expels Wind, releases exterior 

Sneezing, nasal discharge 

Tracheal cough 

Sore throat 

Constipation 

For ocular disorders I’ll use the local points BL1, BL 2, ST 1, ST 2, GB1, and the distal point 

LIV 3. 

BL 1 

Use: 

Eye disorders 

Redness, swelling, lacrimation 

Night blindness 

KCS 

BL 2 

Use: 

Eye disorders 

Glaucoma 

Motion sickness 

ST 1 

Use: 

Eye disorders 

Facial paralysis 

193

ST 2 

Use: 

Eye disorders 

Facial paralysis 

GB 1 

Use: 

Eye disorders 


LIV 3 

Use: 

All Liver and Gallbladder disorders 

Diarrhea worse with emotional changes 

Eye disorders 

Seizures 

The TCM diagnosis for epilepsy is Internal Wind invading the channels and Liver Wind due to 

Liver Yang rising. The treatment principle involves clearing Liver Wind and nourishing the Yin. 

The first points I would select are LI 4 and LIV 3 together known as External Four Gates. I 

would also use GV 20 and GB 20 for the initial treatment. 

GV 20 

Use: 

Seizures 

All shen disturbances 

Stroke 

Prolapses 

GB 20 

Use: 

All Wind disorders 

Seizures 

Five senses organ disorders 

Pruritis 

If more help is needed with controlling the Shen then I would add HT 7 and PC 6. 

HT 7 

Use: 

All types of shen disturbances 

Seizures 

Emotional disturbances 

Insomnia 

Arrhythmias 

194


PC 6 Master point for chest and cranial abdomen 

Use: 

Calms the Shen 

Nausea 

Cardiac disorders; regulates heartbeat 

Crop binding is more a syndrome of achalasia than binding. I feel it is analogous to 

megaesophagus in the dog. In TCVM it is the result of Stomach Fire rising causing rebellious 

Stomach Qi. The Treatment Principle is to reduce the Stomach Fire and Tonify the Spleen Qi. By 

Tonifying the Spleen Qi we aid the Spleen function of Transportation and Transformation. The 

points I would choose include, SP 6, ST 36, ST 44, and PC 6. 

ST 44 

Use: 

Clears stomach heat 

In my experience, bumble foot and poxviruses respond better to acupuncture than to western 

medicine. Both these conditions in TCVM are stagnations of Qi and Blood resulting in Phelgm. 

The treatment principle is to move and tonify Qi and Blood and resolve the Phelgm. The points I 

would select are: ST 36 and SP 6 to tonify Qi and Blood, ST 40 to resolve Phelgm, and the 

extraordinary point Bafeng. 

Bafeng 

Use: 

Painful obstruction syndrome of the feet 

Chinese herbs for the Avian 

Herbs are beneficial in the avian as in any other species. The problem is the same as in other 

species. To be effective, you have to get the herbs into the patient. The avian is very skeptical of 

new foods. Those birds that readily accept new foods may be candidates for herbs, those that 

have to be dosed with western medications may benefit by adding the herbs to the medications, 

and those that have to be tube fed are easily dosed with herbs. The patient that is traumatized by 

handling and refuses to ingest the herbs voluntarily may have more harm done by the traumatic 

experience than the beneficial response to the herbs. Be selective in choosing the patient before 

prescribing herbs to birds. 

Feather Picking 

Does TVCM have a solution for feather picking? This often asked question does not have a 

simple answer. There are numerous causes of feather picking. Those that can be addressed by 

western medicine include parasite infestation, bacterial or viral folliculitis, atopy and a few less 

frequent causes such as nerve impingement, trauma and post surgical healing. These causes can 

be cured with western medicine or a combination of western medicine and TCVM. The true 

idiopathic feather pickers are a different story. I don’t know of any reported cases of feather 

picking in wild birds. I assign idiopathic feather pickers to the same category as equine cribbers 

or human drug addicts. As such you can help with acupuncture and herbs and changing the 

195


stressors that invite the addictive behavior. It is rare that a long time cure is effected because as 

soon as a situation is perceived as a stressor and the first feather is picked you are back at the 

beginning. As long as the client understands the pitfalls and limitations of the treatment and the 

addictive nature of the behavior, you will be able to help the patient. 

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References 


1. McCluggage, D. IVAS Veterinary Acupuncture Course Notes. Ninth edition 2000-present, 

USA, section 6.1. 

2. Taylor-Limehouse, P. IVAS Veterinary Acupuncture Course Notes. Ninth edition 2000present, 

USA, section 3.3. 

3. Skoien, J. IVAS Veterinary Acupuncture Course Notes. Ninth edition, 2000- present, USA, 

section 4.4. 

4. Bryan, J. IVAS Veterinary Acupuncture Course Notes. Ninth edition, 2000- present, USA, 

section 12.16. 

5. Partington, M. IVAS Veterinary Course Notes, Seventh edition, 1998-USA. 

6. Partington, M. Avian Acupuncture. In: Schoen, A, ed. Veterinary Acupuncture: Ancient Art 

to Modern Medicine. Goleta, American Veterinary publications, 1994, p291-314. 

7. McCluggage, D. Acupuncture for the Avian Patient. In: Schoen, A, ed. Veterinary 

Acupuncture: Ancient Art to Modern Medicine. Second edition, St. Louis, Mosby, 2001, p307- 

332. 

8. Maciocia, G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, 1989. 

9. Maciocia, G. The Practice of Chinese Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, 1994 

10. Cheng Xinnong, Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Beijing, Foreign Language Press, 

1987. 

200


POSTER 

PRESENTATION 

FOR THE 

32 ND ANNUAL 

IVAS CONGRESS 

201


202


EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE ON PROXIMAL COLONIC 

MOTILITY IN CONSCIOUS DOGS 

Hee-Young Kim, DVM, Ph.D 

Department of Medical Science, 

Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, 

Kyung Hee University, 

1 Seochon-ri, Kiheung-eup, Youngin-shi, 

Kyungki-do 449-701, Korea 

Tel: +82-31-201-2193 

Fax: +82-31-204-4237 

CP: +82-19-260-0673 

Email: vet202001@yahoo.co.kr 

Hee-Young Kim 1 , Bu-Yong Son 1 , Dae-Hyun Hahm 1 , Insop Shim 2 , 

Kwang-Ho Pyun 2 , Hye-Jung Lee 1 , Tchi-Chou Nam 3 

1. Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon-ri, 

Kiheung-up, Yongin-shi, Kyunggi-do 449-701, Korea 

2. Department of Integrative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea 

3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea 

Abstract 

The effects of acupuncture were investigated on the proximal colonic motility in conscious dogs. Two 

stainless steel electrodes were implanted in the proximal colon in five healthy mongrel dogs. Manual 

acupuncture was applied without additional stimulation at the following acupoints: seven main points on 

the Large Intestine Meridian (LI01, LI02, LI03, LI04, LI05, LI06, LI11), ST25, BL25 or GV01. 

Acupuncture at the Large Intestine Meridian acupoints, ST25 and BL25 had no significant effects on the 

proximal colonic motility. However, acupuncture at GV01 depressed colonic motility by decreasing the 

total duration and the frequency of contractile states, which may contribute to the anti-diarrheal effects. 

KEY WORDS: colonic motility, electromyography, acupuncture, dog 

203

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