World Intellectual Property Report 2011

cHAPteR 4
Harnessing public research for innovation
– the role of intellectual property
TAble oF ConTenTS
4.1
The evolving role of universities
and PROs in national innovation systems 140
4.1.1 Public R&D is key, in particular for basic research 140
4.1.2 Public R&D stimulates private R&D and innovation 141
4.1.3 Fostering the impact of publicly-funded research on innovation 143
4.2
Public research institutions’ IP comes of age 144
4.2.1 Developing policy frameworks for technology transfer 144
4.2.2 Measuring the increase in university and PRO patenting 146
4.2.3 University and PRO licensing growing but from low levels 153
4.3
Assessment of impacts and challenges in high-income countries 156
4.3.1 Direction of impacts 156
4.3.2 Impacts and experiences in high-income countries 159
4.4
IP-based technology transfer
and the case of low- and middle-income countries 168
4.4.1 Impacts of high-income technology transfer legislation on low- and middle-income countries 169
4.4.2 Challenges to home-grown technology transfer in low- and middle-income countries 170
4.5
New university policies act as safeguards 172
4.6
Conclusions and directions for future research 174
References 176
Data annex 179
Methodological annex 181
Acronyms 183
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