Edited by Mary Rose de Valladares M.R.S. Enterprises, LLC ...

Edited by
Mary Rose de Valladares
M.R.S. Enterprises, LLC
Bethesda, MD USA

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
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75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in November 1974
within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co­operation and Development (OECD) to implement
an international energy programme.
It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co­operation among twenty­six* of the OECD’s thirty
member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are:
• to maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions;
• to promote rational energy policies in a global context through co­operative relations with non­member coun­
tries, industry and international organisations;
• to operate a permanent information system on the international oil market;
• to improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing alternative energy sources and
• to assist in the integration of environmental and energy policies.
* IEA member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States. The
European Commission also takes part in the work of the IEA.
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO­OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on
30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co­operation and Development (OECD) shall promote
policies designed:
• to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in
economy;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in member as well as non­member countries in the process of
economic development; and
• to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non­discriminatory basis in accordance with
international obligations.
The original member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became members subsequently
through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969),
Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21 st
December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), the Republic of Korea (12th De­
cember 1996) and Slovakia (28th September 2000). The Commission of the European Communities takes part
in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2006
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to:
IEA Hydrogen Implementing Agreement Secretariat
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Suite 2500
Bethesda, MD 20814
Tel. +1 301 634 7423
E­mail: mvalladares@ieahia.org
www.ieahia.org

Introduction
Annexes
i Members
ii Chairmen & Meetings Record
iii Report of the Chairmen
vi Transition and Convergence 2005
x Current & Completed Annexes
1 Task 16
5 Task 17
11 Task 18
16 Task 19
22 Task 20
29 Task 21
Member Updates & Reports
38 Australia Update
41 Canada Update
44 Denmark Update
48 Finland Report
56 France Update
59 Italy Update
63 Japan Update
69 Korea Report
79 Lithuania Update
82 New Zealand Report
84 Norway Update
87 Spain Update
92 Sweden Update
96 Switzerland Update
99 United Kingdom Update
103 United States Update

MEMBERS REPRESENTATIVE
Australia Dr. John Wright
Canada Mr. Nick Beck (Chairman)
Denmark Mr. Jan Jensen
European
Commision
Dr. Stathis Peteves
Finland Dr. Heikki Kotila
France Dr. Paul Lucchese
Iceland Ms. Agusta Loftsdottir
Italy Dr. Agostino Iacobazzi
Japan Dr. Yoshiteru Sato (Co Vice­Chair)
Korea Dr. Jae Sung Lee
Lithuania Dr. Jurgis Vilemas
The Netherlands Dr. Henk Barten
New Zealand Dr. Steven Pearce
Norway Ms. Line Amlund Hagen
Spain Dr. Antonio García­Conde (Co Vice­Chair)
Sweden Dr. Lars Vallander
Switzerland Dr. Gerhard Schriber
United Kingdom Dr. Ray Eaton
United States Mr. Patrick Davis

ii
Mr. J. P. Cotzen (CEC)
1977­1982
Dr. J.B. Taylor
(Canada)
1982­1985
Mr. A.K. Stuart
(Canada)
1985­1989
Dr. W. Raldow
(Sweden)
1989­1992
Dr. Gerhard Schriber
(Switzerland)
1992­1995
Mr. Neil Rossmeissl
(USA)
1995­2002
Mr. Trygve Riis
(Norway)
2002­2005
Chairman ExCo Meeting Place/Number Meeting Date
1. Paris 8 November 1977
2. Ispra 31 August ­ 1 September 1978
3. Upton, NY, USA 5­6 April 1979
4. Paris 31 October 1979
5. Montreal 24­25 April 1980
6. Paris 6 November 1980
7. Golden, CO, USA 16 June 1981
8. Paris 3 November 1981
9. Pasadena, CA, USA 18 June 1982
10. Brussels 28 October 1982
11. Lyon, France 24 May 1983
12. Washington, DC 27 October 1983
13. Toronto, Canada 19 July 1984
14. Paris 11 October 1984
15. Stockholm, Sweden 30 May 1985
16. Paris 14 October 1985
17. Vienna 23 July 1986
18. Washington, DC 18 November 1986
19. Brussels 12 May 1987
20. Paris 2 November 1987
21. Ottawa, Canada 16­18 May 1988
22. Berne, Switzerland 7­8 March 1989
23. Paris 14­15 November 1989
24. Rome 9­10 May 1990
25. Brussels 14­15 November 1990
26. Stuttgart, Germany 16 May 1991
27. Tsukuba, Japan 14 November 1991
28. Paris 19 June 1992
29. Washington, DC 29­30 March 1993
30. Rome 30 November ­ 1 December 1993
31. Stockholm, Sweden 2­3 June 1994
32. Istanbul, Turkey 17­18 November 1994
33. Ottawa, Canada 4­5 May 1995
34. Seville, Spain 21­24 November 1995
35. Diamond Bar, CA, USA 8­10 May 1996
36. Amsterdam, The Netherlands 12­15 November 1996
37. Oslo, Norway 3­6 June 1997
38. Kyoto, Japan 11­14 November 1997
39. 2­5 June 1998
40. Ispra, Italy 27­30 October 1998
41. Stockholm, Sweden 18­21 May 1999
42. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 26­29 October 1999
43. San Ramon, CA, USA 14­17 May 2000
44. Madrid, Spain 24­27 October 2000
45. The Hague, Netherlands 8­11 May 2001
46. Ottawa, Canada 17­20 March 2002
47. Budapest, Hungary
48. Lithuania 12­14 May 2003
49. Paris, France 6­8 October 2003
50. Vienna, Austria 1­2 April 2004
51. 11­13 October 2004
52. Utsira, Norway 10­12 May 2005
Mr. Nick Beck (Canada) 2005­current 53. Singapore 6­7 October 2005

TRYGVE RIIS
HIA Chairman
2002 ­ May 2005
Global interest in the HIA, hydrogen,
and the broader topic of energy
continued to grow as I served the last
four months of my term and prepared to
hand over the HIA chairmanship to Nick
Beck.
During this period, the ongoing
activities of our tasks, the HIA’s core
business, and our rapidly expanding
outreach activities were the main focus
of attention.
In addition, the completion of the
HIA’s reports on gaps and priorities in
hydrogen production and storage proved
an absorbing activity. The work was
undertaken at the request of the Paris
Secretariat in satisfaction of Mr. Claude
Mandil’s directive to the now sunset
Hydrogen Coordinating Group (HCG).
With the participation of the entire
ExCo, two papers were produced, one
in hydrogen production and the other in
storage. Along with Elisabet Fjermes­
tad­Hagen, I was closely involved in
preparation of the production analysis.
Dr. Gary Sandrock was primarily respon­
sible for the storage analysis. The cor­
responding authors of the papers were
Preben S.J. Vie and Oystein Ulleberg.
Now on the HIA website, the papers
were presented at the Renewable
Energy Working Party (REWP) meet­
ing in April by Vice­Chair Dr. Antonio
García­Conde and ExCo member Mr.
Ray Eaton.
The IEA is expected to publish the
papers in hard copy by early 2006. The
papers examine the state of the art in
hydrogen production and storage and
detail current, mid and long­term gaps
and priorities in hydrogen production
and storage research. They provide
the greater hydrogen community with a
clear picture of research needs on the
road to the hydrogen economy. They
also better equip the HIA to manage its
future R&D strategy.
In the spring of 2005, the HIA held
its second quarter HIA Executive Com­
mittee meeting on the island of Utsira,
home of the award winning Utsira wind­
hydrogen project. This gathering was
as much an event as a meeting. The
centerpiece of the event was, of course,
a tour of the Utsira wind­hydrogen
validation project. Utsira has enough
produce hydrogen in an electrolyzer
when there is excess wind energy avail­
able; and it can produce electricity via
fuel cell when the wind turbine slows or
stops.
The HIA took up the matter of an
ecutive Committee meeting. The HIA
iii
“...as I served the
last four months
of my term...the
ongoing activities
of our tasks, the
HIA’s core business,
and our rapidly
expanding outreach
activities were
the main focus
of attention.”

iv
“I am very proud
of the growth in the
HIA...my thanks go
to my colleagues
on the Executive
Committee, our
Operating Agents,
the IEA in Paris, and
the HIA Secretariat.”
had my full support as it will enhance
our capacity to realize our mission and
vision.
The broader issue of collaboration
on the global stage was a matter of
ongoing conversation. In my capacity
as a member of the EU Mirror Group
of the newly launched EU Technology
Platform, I served as an informal liaison
to the IEA HIA. I also served as the
International Partnership for a Hydro­
gen Economy (IPHE) Implementation
Liaison Committee (ILC). The Spring
2005 meeting of the IPHE ILC in Brazil
featured discussions about IEA HIA and
IPHE coordination and collaboration.
For me, the HIA chairmanship has
been a most rewarding experience. But
the time comes for change, and I was
the global hydrogen community. I have
Dr. Sato and Dr. Antonio García­Conde
as well as Mary­Rose de Valladares,
our very capable Manager, will take the
implementing agreement to the next
level. The end of my term as Chairman
also coincides with my departure from
the Executive Committee as Norway’s
member. Ms. Line Amlund­Hagen now
takes up that role, and I will devote
myself to climate change issues for the
Norwegian Research Council.
I am very proud of the growth in the
HIA, in its core R&D work, and the evo­
lution of its outreach initiative. My thanks
go to my colleagues on the Executive
Committee, our Operating Agents, the
IEA in Paris, and the HIA Secretariat. As
I undertake new work in an allied area,
I look forward to celebrating the future
progress of the HIA and the hydrogen
economy with the HIA.
NICK BECK
HIA Chairman
May 2005 Inauguration
My term as Chairman began on
the wind­swept hydrogen island, Utsira,
with an HIA in robust condition thanks
in large part to my predecessor, Trygve
Riis. No stranger to hydrogen, I have
been involved for 20 years with Natural
Resources Canada. As Canada’s HIA
member since 1991, I am no stranger to
the HIA, either. Consequently, I appreci­
ate the challenge of leading the HIA to
the next phase, but I also welcome the
opportunity and look forward to working
with my colleagues and friends in this
new capacity.
Coming into my new role as HIA
Chair mid­year, the HIA added two new
members, New Zealand and Korea, and
a new annex, Task 21 ­ Biohydrogen.
perature and high temperature produc­
tion of hydrogen continued. Existing
tasks continued to make progress. In
keeping with its strategic plan, the HIA is
well positioned for more growth in both
membership and work portfolio.
The HIA had a series of success­
ful outreach engagements, external to
the IEA, over the second six months of
2005. These engagements included
exhibits at three conferences and nearly
a dozen oral presentations devoted to
the overall HIA story.
As I began my chairmanship, the
need for hydrogen collaboration, espe­
cially with the IPHE, was intensifying.
As the potential for IPHE duplication and
overlap with HIA activities increased,

some 12 HIA members, Canada includ­
ed, are also IPHE members, and since
all of IPHE’s “non­HIA” members have
been invited to participate in the HIA, the
rationale for collaboration is compelling.
While the IPHE expressed clear, ongo­
ing interest in the HIA’s activities but had
collaboration proposal, the HIA took the
initiative.
Several members of the Execu­
tive Committee gathered in Ottawa in
November to develop the HIA­IPHE
collaboration proposal that was then
approved by the entire Executive Com­
mittee. The proposal suggests possible
IEA HIA­IPHE collaborative activity cat­
egories. In the area of R&D, HIA’s core
competence, the HIA could undertake
R&D activities contained in the IPHE
scoping papers. The two groups could
also undertake joint projects that lever­
aged their resources. Neither of these
activity categories would preclude IPHE
pursuit of a research topic of interest to
them but not to the HIA. The proposal
also acknowledges the clear potential
for IPHE­led activities. I will present this
proposal to the IPHE Implementation­Li­
aison Committee by invitation in Janu­
ary, 2006.
gapore in the fall of 2005, immediately
following the World Hydrogen Technol­
ogy Conference. By year’s end we had
developed a clear concept for the HIA
prize for projects and individuals, creat­
ing processes for nominating, selecting,
and ratifying HIA prize winners. Coin­
cidently, the IPHE decided to award a
prize but was not receptive to the idea
of awarding a “joint IPHE­HIA prize.”
Consequently, the HIA decided to defer
award of its prize for the present time.
The Implementing Agreement also
experienced another major change, this
one related to Secretariat support. For
the past decade, the HIA has been very
support for the Secretariat from the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). But
budget constraints required the U.S. to
September 30, 2006. This will of course
cess, encouraging greater self­reliance.
The HIA appreciates the generous past
support of the U.S. DOE and looks to
the future.
With a view to the future, I see that
Chair, promises many R&D, outreach,
and collaboration opportunities for the
HIA on the path to the hydrogen econ­
omy.
v
“No stranger to
hydrogen...I am
no stranger to the
HIA. I appreciate
the challenge of
leading the HIA to
the next phase, but
I also welcome the
opportunity and look
forward to working
with my colleagues
and friends in this
new capacity.”

vi
The HIA
experienced a
series of important
organizational
transitions:
• Change of
chairman
• Establishment of
• Shift in Secretariat
support
Mary­Rose de Valladares
IEA HIA Secretariat
IEA HIA
In 2005 the HIA continued to occupy
center stage in the global hydrogen
R&D community. While hydrogen R&D
interests converged on the implementing
agreement’s research activities, the HIA
also experienced a series of important
organizational transitions. At the same
time, the world’s attention converged on
the greater energy sector, laboring in the
early stage of a transformation signaled
by increasing energy prices and growing
energy supply uncertainty.
This article explores the twin themes
of transition and convergence as experi­
enced by the HIA in 2005. It also looks
at 2005 transitions and convergence in
the greater energy sector that impacted
the HIA.
THE HIA
2005 marked the completion of
leadership, the HIA inaugurated its IEA
strategic plan for the period 2004­2009
and with it the HIA’s Second Genera­
tion of Hydrogen R&D. Chairman Riis
released the HIA’s 25 th anniversary
report, In Pursuit of the Future, in a
Washington, D.C. press conference
at the National Press Club. He also
presided over the HIA’s analysis of gaps
and priorities in hydrogen production
and storage, as well as the consolidation
of this work in reports available free of
charge to the general public.
His tenure marked growth in both
the membership – from 12 members in
2002 to 19 members in 2005 – and the
R&D portfolio, which began with 17 ap­
proved annexes in 2002 and ended with
21 approved annexes in 2005.
Mr. Riis’ legacy includes improve­
which he achieved by championing an
increase in the Common Fund dues. He
decade, to prepare the implementing
agreement for expanded future opportu­
nities. Although the HIA Common Fund
dues remain modest by IEA implement­
ing agreement standards, the increase
will be of immediate use in 2006 when
tariat transitions to the HIA membership.
This important transition will take
place in 2006 as budget constraints now
prevent the U.S. Department of Energy
from continuing full HIA Secretariat
support. The HIA deeply appreciates
the past U.S. support, which was vital
to its operation and growth. However,
this is an appropriate stage in the HIA’s
evolution as a task­shared implementing
agreement for broader membership­
based Secretariat support.
With Mr. Riis’ mid­year departure,
HIA leadership transitioned to Nick
Beck, Manager of Natural Resources
Canada. Mr. Beck is a well­respected
and experienced member of the hydro­
gen community from Canada, a nation
that has long been a world leader in
hydrogen. Canada was also a founding
member of the HIA. Mr. Beck is the third
Canadian to hold this post, preceded by
Dr. J. B. Taylor from 1982­1985 and Mr.
A.K. Stuart from 1985­1989.
In December the HIA moved into the
Federation of Societies for Experimental
Biology (FASEB) campus near the U.S.
National Institute of Health in Bethesda,
Maryland, USA. The HIA now has an

at M.R.S. Enterprises, which man­
ages the Secretariat, and prior to that
in the U.S. DOE National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL). With this
move the HIA realized a key milestone
in its Strategic Plan. Our landlord,
FASEB, houses technical research
organizations, most of which are FASEB
members. With convenient access to
Washington, D.C. and three airports, the
FASEB facilities include meeting and
conference rooms as well as an auditori­
um. Founded in 1912, FASEB has been
in this location since 1949. As of 2005,
FASEB counts some 148 Nobel laure­
ates among its members, so the HIA is
in good company.
The world’s interest in hydrogen
converged in at least three meaningful
ways this year: 1) in continued expan­
sion of conference opportunities; 2) in
enhanced potential for collaboration
on hydrogen activities; and 3) in grow­
ing preoccupation with the question of
where the hydrogen will come from.
Conference Opportunities
Because outreach is one of the
three HIA goals for the period 2005­
2009, the implementing agreement
growth in conference opportunities. In
2005, the HIA enjoyed a full schedule
of oral and poster conference engage­
ments to present its activities, accom­
plishments, and plans. In addition, the
HIA exhibited at several conferences.
These conference opportunities included
two internal conferences, numerous
hydrogen conferences, and one renew­
able sustainability conference. These
are listed below:
Internal IEA
• Renewable Hydrogen presenta­
tion at the IEA Renewable Energy Work­
ing Party (REWP) conference – Winter
2005 in Paris, France
• Hydrogen Coordinating Group
presentations on Gaps and Priorities in
Production and Storage – June 2005 in
Paris, France
External
• Melbourne International Work­
shop for Hydrogen Technologies for a
Sustainable Future ­ Spring 2005
• U.S. DOE Program Review
poster – May 2005
• International Partnership for
a Hydrogen Economy (IPHE) Confer­
ence on Storage keynote ­ June 2005 in
Lucca, Italy
• IPHE International Conference
on Storage poster ­ June 2005 in Lucca,
Italy
• UNIDO International Centre for
Hydrogen Energy Technology (UNIDO­
ICHET) keynote and exhibit – July 2005
in Istanbul, Turkey
• IPHE Education Workshop
– August 2005 in Reykjavik, Iceland
• World Hydrogen Technology
Conference (WHTC) keynote and exhibit
– October 2005 in Singapore
• Austrian Hydrogen Conference
presentation – October 2005 in Graz,
Austria
• IPHE Renewable Hydrogen
Workshop presentation – October 2005
in Seville, Spain
• European Hydrogen Energy
Conference (EHEC) presentation and
exhibit – November 2005 in Zaragoza,
Spain
Collaboration
HIA participation in several Inter­
national Partnership for a Hydrogen
Economy (IPHE) events underscores
the mutual interest in collaboration. In
fact, HIA participation in the IPHE stor­
support as a co­sponsor. Apart from
these conference activities, the HIA took
another step toward cooperation with
vii
“...world interest
in hydrogen
coverged in three
meaningful ways:
• continued
expansion of
conference
opportunities
• enhanced potential
for collaboration on
hydrogen activities
• growing
preoccupation with
the question of
where the hydrogen
will come from.”
“Because outreach
is one of the three
HIA goals for the
period 2005­2009,
the implementing
agreement was
well positioned to
growth in conference
opportunities.”

viii
“The transition
to unexpectedly
higher priced oil,
coupled with the
geopolitics of the
fossil fuel industries,
spurred sobering
discussions among
government policy
makers about
the full range of
alternatives, their
level of technology
maturity, and their
safety and emissions
implications. These
alternatives...
included hydrogen.”
“The G8 heads
of government
addressed the
challenge of global
climate change,
clean energy
and sustainable
development at the
Gleneagles Summit
in July 2005.”
the IPHE by initiating a formal collabora­
tion proposal that will be presented in
2006.
Within the HIA, members are keenly
interested in progress on Task 18 Sub­
task B (Integrated Systems Evaluation)
hydrogen demonstration projects around
the world. The interest in these demon­
stration projects underscores the value
of collaboration in forging the path to the
hydrogen economy.
No mention of HIA collaboration can
be made without noting that Task 17,
(Solid & Liquid State Hydrogen Stor­
age Materials), is the world’s oldest and
largest R&D cooperation on hydrogen
storage.
At the IEA Secretariat in Paris,
the IEA’s Prospects for Hydrogen and
Fuel Cells was prepared by direction
of Claude Mandil to the now sunset
Hydrogen Coordination Group (HCG).
This report relied heavily on the HIA’s
Gaps and Priorities in Hydrogen Produc­
tion and Storage, a work that continues
to draw great interest in the hydrogen
community. The results of the HIA
report were presented to the Renewable
Energy Working Party (REWP) early in
the year and the HCG in June.
In addition to collaborating with the
Paris Secretariat, the HIA continued to
work with the IEA Advanced Fuel Cells
IA. Cooperation with other implement­
ing agreements is planned for 2006.
Where Will the H2 Come From?
The Hydrogen Resources Study got
underway in 2005 to consider the ques­
tion of where the hydrogen will come
from. The seminal study, led by Cathy­
Gregoire Padro, is using a prospective
approach featuring scenario analysis.
The study will take into account the as­
the IEA Secretariat’s Prospects for Hy­
drogen and Fuel Cells. The diversity of
hydrogen resources and their regional
distribution are expected to be compel­
ling factors in this analysis.
THE ENERGY SECTOR
Beyond the borders of hydrogen
R&D, the energy sector captured the
attention of an uneasy global audience.
The themes of transition and conver­
gence were pronounced in the energy
sector where the marketplace dynamics
of supply and demand resulted in record
high crude oil prices, brushing US$70/
barrel in August. Natural gas prices like­
wise escalated. The world responded
to the rise in oil prices and energy costs
with mounting concern. The global “pain
at the pump” extended to the industrial
sector with potential future implications
for productivity and consumption.
The transition to unexpectedly high­
er priced oil, coupled with the geopoli­
tics of the fossil fuel industries, spurred
sobering discussions among govern­
ment policy makers about the full range
of alternatives, their level of technology
maturity, and their safety and emissions
implications. These alternatives included
nuclear and coal, conventional but not
universally preferred energy sources,
and renewable energy, a modest but
growing contributor to the world energy
picture. They also included hydrogen.
With the spotlight on energy, heads
of government and international policy
makers took collective action, again with
an emphasis on collaboration.
The G8 heads of government ad­
dressed the challenge of global climate
change, clean energy and sustainable
development at the Gleneagles Summit
of the G8 nations in July 2005. They
asked the IEA to be a partner in this
dialogue in six broad areas:
� Alternative energy scenarios
and strategies
�
appliances, transport and
industry

� Clean fossil fuels
� Carbon capture and storage
� Renewable energy
� Enhanced international
co­operation
The G8 nations also asked the
World Bank to contribute to this initiative
in the following ways:
1) helping to build a consensus
among OECD countries and
developing countries on the
policies, instruments and
strategy for long­term climate
management (mitigation and
adaptation) in the Framework of
the UN Climate Convention
2) developing an investment
framework
assistance (for low carbon
climate and resilient economic
development)
The G8’s intent is to broker a part­
nership between the IEA and the World
Bank, combining the IEA’s capabilities
in policy, techno­economic analysis and
technology development with the Bank’s
The IEA Governing Board agreed
at its September meeting to support the
G8 initiative by advising on alternative
energy scenarios and strategies aimed
at a “clean, clever and competitive
energy future.” In October the Commit­
tee on Energy Research and Technol­
ogy (CERT) approved the IEA G8 Work
Plan. The IEA then extended a call for
action to all implementing agreements
interested in this G8 initiative. The HIA
responded positively to the call, offering
to contribute its analytic and outreach
capabilities.
As the G8 initiated partnership be­
tween the IEA and World Bank evolves,
the HIA is prepared to support this
vaulable new venture.
2005 was a year of important transi­
tions for the HIA. It was also a period in
which great outside interest converged
on the implementing agreement, partly
due to our activities and partly due to the
dynamic condition of the greater energy
sector.
The convergence of interest in
hydrogen and the greater energy sector
change. With its technical expertise
and leadership position in hydrogen
R&D, the HIA expects to play a key part
in the future transition to the hydrogen
economy.
ix
“The G8’s intent
is to broker a
partnership
between the IEA and
the World Bank...
as the G8 initiated
partnership between
the IEA and World
Bank evolves, the
HIA is prepared to
support this vaulable
new venture.”
“The HIA expects
to play a key
part in the future
transition to the
hydrogen economy.”

x
COMPLETED
Task 1 Thermochemical Production 1977­1988
Task 2 High Temperature Reactors 1977­1979
Task 3 Assessment of Potential Future Markets 1977­1980
Task 4 Electrolytic Production 1979­1988
Task 5 Solid Oxide Water Electrolysis 1979­1983
Task 6 Photocatalytic Water Electrolysis 1979­1988
Task 7 Storage, Conversion and Safety 1983­1992
Task 8 Technical and Economic Assessment of Hydrogen 1986­1990
Task 9 Hydrogen Production 1988­1993
Task 10 Photoproduction of Hydrogen 1995­1998
Task 11 Integrated Systems 1995­1998
Task 12 Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage 1995­2000
Task 13 Design and Optimization 1999­2001
Task 14 Photoelectrolytic Production 1999­2004
Task 15 Photobiological Production 1999­2004
CURRENT
Task 16 Hydrogen from Carbon­Containing Materials 2002­2005
Task 17 Solid and Liquid State Storage 2001­2006
Task 18 Integrated Systems Evaluation 2004­2006
Task 19 Hydrogen Safety 2004­2007
Task 20 Hydrogen From Waterphotolysis 2004­2007
Task 21 Biohydrogen 2005­2008
FUTURE
High Temperature Production of Hydrogen
Low Temperature Production of Hydrogen

Ms. Elisabet Fjermestad Hagen
Norsk Hydro ASA
Operating Agent for the
Norwegian Research Council
INTRODUCTION
IEA Hydrogen Implementing Agree­
ment Annex 16 concerns Hydrogen
from Carbon­Containing Materials.
The overall objective is to promote the
processes for hydrogen production from
fossil and biomass resources while
keeping CO 2 emissions at a minimum.
The activities are organised in three
Subtasks:
Hydrogen From Carbon­Containing Materials
A: Large­scale integrated hydrogen
production
B: Hydrogen from biomass
C: Small stationary reformers for
distributed hydrogen production
Subtask A is organised by the IEA
Greenhouse Gas Programme. Subtask
B and C are organised as work groups
involving energy companies, suppliers,
and institutes.
Annex 16 has members from a large
number of countries in Europe, the USA,
Japan and Singapore. Current member
details are listed in Appendix 1.
TASK DESCRIPTION,
ACTIVITIES AND
RESULTS IN 2005
The work in Subtasks A and C has
report for Subtask B is currently being
report for Task 16, together with recom­
mendations for follow­up activities, will
be submitted to the IEA HIA Executive
committee for its Spring 2006 meeting.
Subtask A is complete. An indus­
try­led project, Subtask A focused on
designing a precombustion decarboni­
sation (PCDC) power plant for demon­
stration purposes. It also investigated
the potential for cost reduction through
modularisation and standardisation of
proven plant components. The task was
divided into two stages.
results of all relevant studies and review
the process options on a common
technical and economic basis. The aim
was to examine each option with respect
to cost and technical risk and select a
small subset of preferred options. The
results from this comparison were used
to select a process scheme for a de­
tailed engineering study in the second
stage.
The engineering study was mainly
CCP (CO 2 Capture Project) is an inter­
national initiative that includes eight of
the world’s leading energy companies:
BP, Chevron Texaco, ENI, Hydro, En­
Cana, Shell, Statoil, and Suncor Energy.
The CCP’s objective is to develop new
low­cost technology options for CO 2
capture and storage. Jacobs Consul­
tancy, part of the international Jacobs
Engineering Group, was selected to
execute this study.
The study contains a detailed engi­
neering evaluation of a complete natural
plant based on air­blown autothermal re­
forming. The study also covers integra­
tion aspects, investigates cost reduction
potential through standardization and
repeat manufacturing, and provides a
detailed economic analysis, including
a sensitivity analysis for gas price and
availability. In addition, a market evalua­
tion has been performed to estimate the
“The work in
Subtasks A
and C has been
completed, and
reports have been
report for Subtask
B is currently being
prepared by its
1
Subtask reports and
report for Task 16
will be submitted
to the IEA HIA
Executive committee
for its Spring
2006 meeting.”

2
“The Subtask
B approach is
market­based. It
aims to identify
pathways...for
producing hydrogen
as an end product.
It also hopes to
contribute to more
realistic priority
setting relative
to research on
biomass resources.”
“It is also the
aim of Subtask
B members to
recommend issues
for follow­up...
for a possible new
task in IEA HIA.”
stations with CO 2 capture for the pe­
riod of 2005 to 2025. Potential savings
through standardization are obtained by
comparing the cost of a repetitive design
nents.
The Jacobs engineering study has
been submitted to the Executive Com­
mittee. The main results and conclu­
sions were presented at the October
2005 Executive Committee meeting in
Singapore.
results of the PCDC studies and a sum­
engineering study.
Subtask B had three (3) member
meetings in 2005 as well as contacts
Subtask B has nine (9) members from
seven (7) countries: France, Norway, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Singapore
and Denmark. Members are currently
The objective of Subtask B is to
evaluate the technical and economic po­
tential of different biomass­to­hydrogen
applications and establish R&D needs.
Biomass­to­hydrogen is a complex
area, where a number of pathways are
potentially relevant. These pathways
are generally considered in terms of re­
source availability and properties, appro­
priate process technologies, and end­
use. Adding to the complexity are other
variables: production scales related to
resource availability, costs related to
end­use, logistics, and feed preparation
related to feed properties.
The Subtask B approach is mar­
ket­based. It aims to identify pathways
that are useful for producing hydrogen
as an end product. It also hopes to
contribute to more realistic priority set­
ting relative to research on biomass
resources. Using a pragmatic, market­
driven approach, the intent is to search
for pathways employing renewable
energy sources that, although not cur­
rently feasible, could potentially be used
to improve the energy mix in terms of
GHG emissions, security and diversity of
energy supply, and local air pollution.
Subtask B does not target bioenergy
researchers and specialists. Instead, it
is oriented more towards policy makers
technology managers, business devel­
opers, and energy strategists in indus­
trial companies concerned with sourc­
ing/production and use of hydrogen.
Hydrogen from biomass can be used as
direct fuel, an energy carrier (e.g. blend­
ing with other H2 or natural gas) or a
carbon­free feedstock as an alternative
to current feedstocks.
The Subtask B report will review
available technologies for producing
hydrogen from biomass and assess ap­
plication potentials while analyzing gaps
and needs, especially for R&D. Techni­
cally, the focus is on thermo­chemical
solid fuels.
It is also the aim of Subtask B mem­
bers to recommend issues for follow­up,
which can be issues for a possible new
task in IEA HIA.
The work in Subtask C has
Executive Group of IEA HIA. A proposal
for a new Task has been developed by
the Subtask C members with invitations
to potential participants in a possible
new Task.
The objective of Subtask C has
markets and make recommendations for
the design of small reformers by analys­
ing the technology status and market
requirements. The Subtask members
represent a wide spectrum of players in­
cluding technology providers, academic
researchers, and technology users.
The work has been focused on
commercial and pre­commercial small­
scale reforming technology (time frame
of 5­10 years), rather than on future
technologies that are presently basic re­
search and might only become commer­
cial in the long term (beyond 20 years).

Subtask C had two meetings, including
a seminar in 2005. At this concluding
seminar, 40 participants were taking part
in the presentations and discussions.
Some main results highlighted in the
• Market issues and customer
requirements
• Capacities for the hydrogen
refuelling stations
• CO 2 handling
Market Issues and Customer
Requirements
drogen stakeholders were:
• Reliability and durability
• Production capacity
• Footprint and height
• Automatic and remote monitoring
• Variable­load that follows the de­
mand pattern
• Decrease of the start­up and shut­
down times
• Service, training and maintenance
• Hydrogen purity 99,95% and CO <
1 ppmv
• Costs
• CO 2 capture
The evaluation of cost compared to tar­
get cost in the US and Japan shows that
the current production cost is too high.
cantly to meet cost targets.
Capacities for H 2 Refuelling
Stations
The typical size of small­scale
is considered to be between 100 and
300 Nm 3 H 2 /hr. This size is considered
suitable for early stages of the hydrogen
economy (i.e. 2015), in line with the
gen vehicles. Currently this market
comprises a number of demonstration
projects in Japan, Europe and the U.S.
Several suppliers, including the
Subtask members, claim that the 700
Nm3/h capacity is technically feasible.
Nevertheless, the market demand up to
capacities of 100­300 Nm 3 /h since there
will be very few vehicles to refuel. The
maximum capacity until 2020 is consid­
ered to be 500 Nm 3 /h.
3

4
CO 2 Handling
3
On­site CO 2 capture is costly
and will add complexity to the design
and operation of a reformer. If CO 2
emissions are taxed, the on­site re­
forming option versus other hydrogen
production and distribution alternatives
will become less attractive. Therefore,
site reforming may be regarded as an
intermediate solution that would facilitate
the build­up of a hydrogen infrastruc­
ture and the use of hydrogen­powered
vehicles. A sustainable long­term solu­
tion may involve central reforming with
CO 2 capture and a hydrogen pipeline
of cost­effective technologies for CO 2
handling in small­scale reforming may
be regarded as a necessity that will al­
low the technology to maintain a strong
market position in the long term. In the
short and medium term the requirement
for CO 2 handling is not expected for on­
site reforming. The reformer technology
can be used for renewable feedstock
from biomass sources, thus eliminating
the need for CO 2 handling locally.
APPENDIX 1
Operating Agent:
Elisabet Fjermestad Hagen, Hydro, Nor­
way. Other members of the Subtasks
are as follows:
Subtask leader is the IEA GHG Pro­
gramme
Members: GHG Programme together
with the CCP companies: BP, Texaco,
ENI, Hydro, EnCana, Shell, Statoil, and
Suncor
Subtask leader is Philippe Girard,
CIRAD, France
BTG The Netherlands
I­Tech Belgium
IFE Norway
Paul Sherrer Insti­
tute, PSI
Switzerland
Gaz de France France
Enel Italy
Singapore
EGJ Udvikling Denmark
GTI USA
Subtask leader is Anne Marit Han­
sen, Hydro, Norway
Organization Country
Haldor Topsøe Denmark
Gastec The Netherlands
IFE Norway
Gaz de France France
BP UK
Intelligent Energy UK
Mahler Germany
NTU – iESE Singapore
Engineering
Advancement
Association of Japan
Japan
Osaka Gas Japan
Gas Natural Spain
Swedish Gas
Technology
Centre
Sweden

Solid & Liquid State Hydrogen Storage Materials
Dr. Gary Sandrock
Private Consultant
Davis, CA, USA
Operating Agent for the
U.S. Department of Energy
ORIGINS & OVERVIEW
Task 17 is oriented toward hydrogen
storage, a key problem in the imple­
mentation of H 2 fuel and the creation of
the hydrogen economy. In particular,
it focuses on predominantly solid­state
hydrogen storage materials such as
metal hydride absorbents and high
surface area absorbents. It was derived
from earlier Task 12 (Metal Hydrides and
Carbon for Hydrogen Storage), which
was completed in 2000 and summarized
in the Final Report available at the IEA
Hydrogen Implementing Agreement
website (http://www.ieahia.org). Task 17
was begun in June 2001 and is sched­
uled to expire at the end of May 2006.
The thirteen national participants are
Australia, Canada, the European Com­
mission, Finland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania,
Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
the United Kingdom and the United
States. This report summarizes the
constitution of the Task as of the end
of 2005, its targets, and its technical
projects. A more complete and techni­
cally detailed Annual Report can be
found at the Task’s website (http://hyd­
park.ca.sandia.gov/ieaframe.html). As
Task 17 moves toward its end, plans are
being made to forge a new IEA HIA An­
nex that will involve more countries and
operate in close communication with
H­storage activities contained within the
International Partnership for the Hydro­
gen Economy (IPHE).
& PROJECT TYPES
The Task is oriented toward the
development of new reversible hydrogen
storage media with increased gravi­
metric and volumetric capacity, along
with the development of fundamental
understandings of those materials so as
ress. The main application of interest is
onboard vehicular H­storage (Target 1,
below), although stationary storage is
also in the Task’s R&D thinking (Target
2, below). The vehicular storage work
assumes a PEM fuel cell or internal
combustion engine as the source of
propulsion, thus setting the maximum
temperature available from waste heat.
for the required enthalpy for H 2 liberation
from the storage media. The stationary
storage work is oriented toward low cost
H 2 destined for fuel cell use. Thus, the
three targets resulting from the above
philosophies can be stated as follows:
1. Develop a reversible hydrogen
storage medium with > 5 wt.% H 2 re­
coverable at < 80˚C and 1 bar absolute
pressure, with charging and discharging
rates suitable for practical use in a fuel
cell or internal combustion engine H 2 ­fu­
eled vehicle.
2. Develop a low­cost, revers­
ible hydrogen storage medium that can
be rapidly charged and discharged at
near­ambient temperatures, is tolerant
to impurities in the H 2 used, and dis­
charges hydrogen of ultra high purity for
use directly in a PEM fuel cell.
3. Develop the fundamental and
engineering understanding of hydrogen
storage by advanced storage media that
have the capability of meeting Targets 1
5
“Task 17 is
oriented toward the
development of new
reversible hydrogen
storage media with
increased gravimetric
and volumetric
capacity, along with
the development
of fundamental
understandings of
those materials.”
“The main
application of
interest is onboard
vehicular H­storage.”

6
“Task 17
consists of 36
R&D projects led
by project leaders
from participating
countries
often involving
international
collaborations
of participating
individuals and
institutions.”
“The projects can
be divided into
three categories,
by media: Hydride
(H), Carbon (C) and
combined Hydride
+ Carbon (HC). “
and 2.
The types of H­storage media of
interest to the Task include the following:
A. Hydrides (especially transition
and non­transition metal
complexes)
B. Carbon (nanotubes, graphite
other forms of nanoporous
carbon, etc.)
C. Other nanoporous materials
D. Rechargeable organic liquids and
solids
E. Rechargeable inorganic liquids
and solids
Most of the Task activities focus on
the areas of hydrides, carbon, or com­
binations of the two. Projects are of
several different types, including experi­
mental, engineering, theoretical, and
modeling.
Task 17 consists of a series of 36 R&D
projects led by project leaders from
participating countries. Most involve
international collaborations among
participating individuals and institu­
tions. The projects can be divided into
three categories, by media: Hydride (H),
Carbon (C) and combined Hydride +
Carbon (HC). The HC projects include a
few R&D topics that are neither hydride
nor carbon­based, strictly speaking.
The following is a list of the active proj­
ects as we entered 2006:
•Proj. H­1. IEA/DOE/SNL on­line hydride
databases (G. Sandrock [USA])
•Proj. H­3. Development of sodium bo­
rohydride production process (S. Suda
[Japan])
•Proj. H­4. Synthesis of novel hydrides
with Al­H bonding and characterization
of reaction mechanism (E. Akiba [Ja­
pan])
•Proj. H­5. Research of new X­TM­Y
alloys (X=Ca, Mg, Li; TM=transition met­
als; Y=metals) (N. Kuriyama [Japan])
•Proj. H­6. Nonconventional hydrides
with low H­H separations (V. Yartys
[Norway])
•Proj. H­7. Storage of hydrogen in metal
hydrides based on transition metal
hydrogen complexes (D. Noréus [Swe­
den])
•Proj. H­8. Destabilization of metal hy­
dride complexes and theoretical model­
ing (K. Yvon [Switzerland])
•Proj. H­10. Catalytically modified
hydriding properties of novel complex
hydrides (K. Gross [USA])
•Proj. H­11. Solid state spectroscopic
and diffraction studies of TM­doped
sodium aluminum hydride (C. Jensen
[USA])
•Proj. H­13. Hydrogen storage for fuel
cell vehicle based on NaAlH 4 (D. Mosher
[USA])
•Proj. H­14. Development of nanostruc­
tured Li­based complex hydrides (S.
Orimo [Japan])
•Proj. H­15. Complex hydride com­
pounds with enhanced hydrogen stor­
age capacity (D. Mosher [USA])
•Proj. H­16. Structure and thermody­
namic properties of complex hydrides
(A. Züttel [Switzerland])
•Proj. H­17. Combined metal hydride
and composite tanks hydrogen storage
(M. Gasik [Finland])
•Proj. H­18. Development of hydrogen
storage systems with metallic alloys for
fuel cell vehicles (M. Conte [Italy])
•Proj. H­19. Lightweight intermetallics
for hydrogen storage (J­C. Zhao [USA])
•Proj. H­20. Development of metal
hydrides for space flight applications (V.
Yartys [Norway])
•Proj. H­21. Mg­Li­N­H hydrogen stor­
age material development (W. Luo
[USA])
•Proj. H­22. Effect of extrinsic gaseous
impurities on cyclic recharge behavior of
hydrides and thermal aging effects (D.
Chandra [USA]) [new addition during
2004]
•Proj. H­23. Modified complex hydrides
(R. Zidan [USA])

NATIONAL PARTICIPATION
Following are the 13 participating countries, 39 official Experts, their organizations and contact ad­
dresses.
7

8
•Proj. C­1. Hydrogen storage in
carbon­based materials (R. Chahine
[Canada] and M. Heben [USA])
•Proj. C­8. Enhancing the hydrogen
(G. Walker [UK])
•Proj. C­9. Hydrogen storage in
carbon nanostructures (M.T. Martínez,
[Spain])
•Proj. C­10. Nanostructured carbons
for hydrogen storage (N. Gallego [USA])
•Proj. HC­1. H­storage in nano­
structural carbon­related materials and
hydrides (H. Fujii [Japan])
•Proj. HC­3. Structural characteriza­
tion of hydrogen storage materials (B.
Hauback [Norway])
•Proj. HC­6. Hydrogen storage me­
dia for vehicular and stationary storage
applications (D. Bookt [UK])
•Proj. HC­7. Development and char­
acterization of advanced materials for
hydrogen storage (M.A. Imam [USA])
•Proj. HC­8. Engineering properties
of new storage materials (D. Dedrick
[USA])
•Proj. HC­9. Hydrogen in hydrides,
carbon and zeolites (D.K. Ross [UK])
•Proj. HC­10. Compositional and
structural investigation and evaluation
of hydriding/dehydriding properties of
catalyzed magnesium alanate films
fabricated by physical vapor deposition
technologies (D. Milcius [Lithuania])
•Proj. HC­11. Hydrogen storage in
microspheres (M. Lang [Norway])
•Proj. HC­12. Electronic design and
mechanochemical synthesis of new
hydrogen storage materials (Z.X. Guo
[UK])
•Proj. HC­13. Relationship between
structure and hydrogen absorption char­
acteristics (E. Gray [Australia])
•Proj. HC­14. Hydrogen storage in
nanostructured materials, molecular
compounds and metals (A. Albinati and
R. Cantelli [Italy])
•Proj. HC­15. Performance charac­
terisation of solid­state hydrogen stor­
age materials (C. Filiou [EC])
PROGRESS DURING
2005
We have summarized 2005 activi­
ties and progress made with the many
projects in an addendum to this ab­
breviated Annual Report. Two forms
of supplemental information are avail­
able from our website (http://hydpark.
ca.sandia.gov/ieaframe.html) for those
wishing to know more details of recent
Task 17 progress:
1. A collection of one­page 2005
Progress Reports for most of the proj­
ects listed above.
2. An extensive list of more than 800
publications, presentations, and patents
resulting from Task 17 activities for the
period of 2001­2005. Virtually all of the
publications are available in the open
literature.
This information can be downloaded
Work continued on a broad front,
ing project activities during 2005. Task
17 targets were not fully met, but good,
practical, and fundamental progress
was made. Task 17 Experts provided a
storage publications and presentations
in the area of hydrides and carbon.
IEA/DOE/SNL HYDRIDE
INFORMATION CENTER
A series of hydride databases was
created in 1995 under Task 12 and
continues, with periodic updating, under
Task 17 (http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov).
These widely used databases are free
and open to the public. They contain
extensive information on hydriding
materials, properties, and applications.
Access to the original sources of all the
data is provided by an extensive Refer­
ence database. The hydride databases
are in need of substantial updating.

EXPERTS’ WORKSHOPS
HELD DURING 2005
(AND PLANNED FOR
2006)
Two Experts’ Workshops were held
during 2005.
USA ­ 13­17 February 2005
A comprehensive Experts’ Workshop
was held on the Isle of Palms,
Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Our
host was the Savannah River National
Laboratory, Aiken, South Carolina.
There were 39 participants. All projects
were presented and reviewed and
a session on safety was held. One
principal purpose of our Workshops
is to provide the environment to
create international collaborations
and alliances; this was admirably
accomplished at Charleston.
Photo courtesy O. Miyashita
Japan ­ 23­27 October 2005
The second Experts’ Workshop of
2005 was held at the MERIT Research
Center in the Tateshina Highlands,
Chino, Nagano, Japan. Our host was
Expert Seijirau Suda, President of
MERIT (Materials and Energy Research
Institute of Tokyo). There were 46
participants. Virtually all projects were
presented and the safety session was
continued. It was agreed by almost
all Experts that Task 17 produced
good progress and extraordinary
collaborations, so a new Task should
be proposed to fill the gap following its
expiration.
UK ­ 4 May 2006 – (planned)
Final Workshop of Task 17 (G. San­
drock) and the planning Workshop for
new Task 22 (B. Hauback) will be held
on Lake Windermere, Northwest Eng­
land, UK. Our host will be Expert Keith
9
“One principal
purpose of our
Workshops is
to provide the
environment to
create international
collaborations
and alliances.”

10
“During 2004
and 2005 Task
17 participated in
the IEA Hydrogen
Coordinating Group
review of Hydrogen
Storage Gaps
and Priorities.”
“Task 17 will
expire on 31 May
2006; Plans are
being made to
establish a new
hydrogen storage
materials Task 22”
Ross of the University of Salford and his
UK colleagues. Attendance from IEA
HIA and IPHE countries is expected to
be high. A joint IEA HIA / IPHE Work­
Both IEA HIA and IPHE believe there
gisms that can result from the close
collaboration of the two groups. There
are a number of countries that are mem­
bers of both IEA HIA and IPHE: Aus­
tralia, Canada, European Commission,
France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
New Zealand, Norway, the UK and the
US. IEA HIA only countries include Den­
mark, Finland, Lithuania, the Nether­
lands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland,
whereas IPHE only countries include
Brazil, China, Germany, India and Rus­
sia. A joint workshop would allow better
collaborations among scientists from
all aforementioned countries, with the
potential for more rapid solutions to the
storage problems that lie on the road to
the hydrogen economy.
Technology Conference was held in
Lucca, Italy from 19­22 June 2005.
The IEA HIA co­sponsored this event,
providing funding at the invitation of the
IPHE. More than 140 participants from
26 nations were in attendance. Task 17
Experts played key roles in the organi­
zation of the conference and served as
invited speakers, poster presenters, and
session chairs. It was during this Oper­
ating Agent’s Invited Plenary Talk that a
permanent collaboration between IPHE
and IEA HIA was proposed. For 2006
and probably beyond, that interaction
may take the form of joint workshops at
the working scientist and engineer level.
Downloadable copies of many of the IEA
presentations made at Lucca are avail­
able on the IPHE website (http://www.
iphe.net/IPHEWorkshops.htm).
GAPS AND PRIORITIES
REPORT
During 2004 and 2005 Task 17
participated in the IEA Hydrogen Coor­
dinating Group review of Hydrogen Stor­
age Gaps and Priorities. This resulting
report is expected to be published in
hard copy by IEA in early 2006.
The discrete hydrogen production
and storage analyses of gaps and priori­
ties have already been published on the
HIA website.
NEW STORAGE
MATERIALS TASK 22
Task 17 will expire on 31 May 2006;
a Final Report will be published some­
time thereafter. Plans are being made
to establish a new hydrogen storage
materials Task 22 under the IEA HIA.
The new Operating Agent will be Prof.
Dr. Bjørn Hauback of the Institute of
Energy Technology, Kjeller, Norway
(bjorn@ife.no). Those from IEA HIA
countries who are interested in joining
the Task may contact Dr. Hauback.

Dr. Susan Schoenung
Longitude 122 West, Inc.
Operating Agent for U.S.
Department of Energy
SUMMARY
The overall goal of Task 18 is to
provide information about hydrogen
integration into society around the world.
information, data, and analysis to the
Task members and the hydrogen com­
munity in general, 2) to use modeling
and analysis tools to evaluate hydrogen
demonstration projects in participating
countries, 3) to participate in the ExCo­
sponsored Hydrogen Resources study,
“Where Will the Hydrogen Come From?”
and 4) to continue efforts to prepare
case studies of hydrogen projects
around the world with a focus on les­
sons learned.
In 2005 Task 18 completed the sec­
ond year of a three­year effort. Task 18
is expanding on earlier work in Tasks 11
Integrated Systems Evaluation
and 13 to make use of models devel­
oped and to analyze the performance
and lessons learned from demonstration
systems in participating member coun­
tries.
TASK DESCRIPTION
Task 18 has two major subtasks:
• Subtask A: “Information Base”
Development
• Subtask B: Demonstration Proj
ect Evaluation
The leader for Subtask A is Mr. Jean
Dubé of Services Mij, Inc. of Canada.
The leader for Subtask B is Dr. Øystein
Ulleberg of IFE, Norway. The Task is
scheduled to operate through December
31, 2006. Extensions are possible by
consent of the members.
There are presently 14 member
countries in Task 18, an increase from
12 in 2004. Table 1 lists the members
Several others have expressed an inter­
est in Task 18 if it is extended beyond
2006. The potential new members are
New Zealand, Germany, Singapore, and
Australia.
In 2005 Task 18
completed the
second year of a
three year effort...
Task 18 has two
major subtasks:
•Subtask A:
“Information Base”
development
•Subtask B:
Demonstration
Project Evaluation
Country Expert Subtask Member
11

12
Task 19 members
met twice in 2005:
•Tokyo, Japan,
from March 29
­ April 2, 2005
•Icelandic New
Energy in Iceland
in September
Case Studies
Completed:
•Fuel Cell
Innovative Remote
Energy System for
Telecom (FIRST)
•Ecological
City Transport
System (ECTOS)
Subtask A has an overall objective
to provide the hydrogen community with
data and analysis in the form of inven­
tory databases and/or compiled sum­
maries regarding the developing use of
hydrogen. Subtask A activities include
the following:
• Structure and database scope
• Data collection
means
• Meetings
• Reports
• Website(s)
Subtask A has also provided input to
the ExCo­sponsored study of hydrogen
resources, “Where Will the Hydrogen
Come From?” This study is led by
Cathy Grégoire Padró of Los Alamos
National Laboratory.
The overall objective of Subtask B
is to use modeling and analysis tools to
evaluate hydrogen demonstration proj­
ects or guide their design and assess­
ment, and also to validate models and
assumptions.
The method used in Subtask B is to
gather data on hydrogen projects and
exercise modeling and analysis capabili­
ties to evaluate demonstration projects
or guide the design of them. Par­
ticipants, in collaboration with industry,
Projects are evaluated by applying the
analysis tools such as those developed
in Task 11 and Task 13. Industry­led
demonstration projects provide data for
further validation of the existing models.
Experts provide expertise in hydrogen
process analysis and simulation.
Member countries have brought
data from demonstration projects in their
countries for review and assessment.
The projects must demonstrate inte­
grated systems of a non­trivial nature,
i.e. they must consist of multiple hydro­
gen components or subsystems catego­
rized as production, storage, or utiliza­
tion. In general the projects are based
on a matrix whereby the hydrogen is
produced either from renewables (RE)
or fossil fuel (natural gas) and is used
either in an electric power production
application (grid), a transportation fuel
application, or a combination of the two.
Other applications are possible; pipe­
lines and desalination applications have
been suggested. The project portfolio
under evaluation in Subtask B is shown
in Table 2.
ACTIVITIES AND
RESULTS IN 2005
Task 18 members met twice in
2005. The spring meeting was held in
Tokyo, Japan, from March 29 – April
2, 2005. It was hosted by the National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST) and the Engi­
neering Advancement Association of Ja­
pan. Twelve member countries with 20
representatives attended. Participants
visited Expo 2005 in Aichi and also Ta­
kasago Thermal Engineering, where the
Regenerative Fuel Cell system is being
developed. The fall meeting was held
at Icelandic New Energy in Iceland in
September. Thirteen member countries,
including 18 representatives, attended.
Participants visited the ECTOS refuel­
ing station and bus maintenance facility.
Dr. Schoenung presented a poster on
Task 18 at the DOE Annual Hydrogen
Peer Review in Arlington, Virginia in May
2005.
Subtask A
A comprehensive mid­term report
on the activities of Subtask A has been
completed and published. It describes
progress in all activity areas of Subtask
A. Data gathering and analysis are cur­
rently underway in the following areas:
• National documents assessed
by topic: technology, policy, environ­
ment, economics, society, and/or

CATAGORY RENEWABLES BASED FOSSIL FUEL BASED
Refueling stations/vehicles Iceland ­ ECTOS project Sweden ­ Malmö buses
Grid­connected power systems Japan – Takasago reversible fuel cell
institutions. Also summaries of all case
studies have been added.
• Component supplier / national
organizations information base
• Demonstration projects / les­
sons learned
Experts are making active use of the
Subtask A website and the special­pur­
pose sub­websites.
Special Study on Hydrogen
Resources
With regards to the Study on Hy­
drogen Resources, contributions were
received from the following Subtask A
Participants: Canada, Denmark, France,
Italy, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands,
and the United States. Comments were
also received from the European rep­
resentative. A 16­page comment table
has been posted on a sub­website for
consultation by all Task 18 Participants.
UK – Hydrogen and Renewables
Integration project
Combination of vehicles and power US – DTE Power Park US – Las Vegas Energy Station
Stand­alone systems Spain – Telecom UK – Unst PURE
Infrastructure / pipelines New Zealand – Totara Valley Denmark – pipeline conversion
Residential / building heat & power Italy – Hydrogen from the Sun Denmark – boiler conversion
Subtask B
The status of project evaluations
is shown in Table 3. The focus in 2005
has been on gathering detailed opera­
tional and technical data from the inte­
grated hydrogen storage system in Ja­
pan and the hydrogen refueling station
in Iceland, and to model these systems
in detail. Site visits to Takasago and
Reykjavik / ECTOS helped maximize
information retrieval.
Operational data for the electro­
lyzer system in place at the Reykjavik
demonstration has been gathered; the
nents of the balance of the plant have
been analyzed; and the overall system
performance has been evaluated. This
operational data will now be compared
to a technical model developed within
Subtask B.
Characteristics for the PEM­electro­
Country Projects Location Evaluation Status
1 Spain PVMH­telecom showcase (RE) Madrid Done
2 Japan Regenerative PEM FC­power system (GRID) Atsugi In Work
3 Sweden Hydrogen Filling Station (GRID/Electrolysis) Malmo Almost Done
4 Iceland Hydrogen Filling Station (GRID/Electrolysis)
Hydrogen Filling Station (GRID/Electrolysis)
Hydrogen Energy/ReFuelingStation (NG)
France – EPACOP project
13

14
Public website
for Annex 18:
http://www.
port­h2.com/
IEA­Annex­18/
lyzer/metal hydride/PEM fuel cell dem­
onstration plant in Takasago (see Figure
1) have been made available, along with
technical data and system performance
data in terms of electrical and thermal
tem simulation model of the entire plant
based on empirical current­voltage char­
acteristics and a simple one­dimensional
metal hydride model have been veri­
integrated into a PV/H2­system simula­
tor developed at IFE, Norway. The next
step is to run a few simulations in order
to evaluate how suitable this concept
(originally a grid­connected load­leveling
concept) is for various RE­applications.
Detailed technical data from the NG/
H 2 ­refuelling station in Malmö (Sweden)
have also been extracted in 2005. This
fuel consumption, and emissions of
NG/H2­mixtures for internal combustion
engines. A sensitivity study is currently
being performed to guide the design of
expanded service network for a larger
PEM Electrolyzer Unit
No 1
(5Nm 3 /h)
Case Studies:
PEM Electrolyzer Unit
No 2
(3Nm 3 /h)
The following case studies were
completed by Dr. Thomas Schucan, with
cooperation from Subtask B members:
• Fuel Cell Innovative Remote
Energy System for Telecom (FIRST)
• Ecological City Transport Sys­
tem (ECTOS)
Two new studies were initiated:
• Hydrogen and Renewables
Integration (HARI) project in the UK
• Fuel Cells Comparative Experi­
mentation in Small Buildings (EPACOP)
project in France
Completed case studies are
posted on the HIA and Annex 18 public
websites. At the direction of the ExCo,
no additional case studies are planned
at this time.

Websites
A public website for Annex 18
has been established. The URL is
www.port­h2.com/IEA­Annex­18/.
The site also now has links spe­
bers should contact Jean Dubé at
mijinc@globetrotter.net for general
access. Members of Subtask B must
contact Øystein Ulleberg for access to
the Subtask B Project Room.
FUTURE WORK
The next expert meeting is sched­
uled to be held in Vancouver, Canada
from March 6­9, 2006 at the site of the
by the National Research Council and
Natural Resources Canada. A model­
ing workshop, headed by Dr. Ulleberg
of IFE, and based on the HYDROGEMS
modeling code will follow the meeting.
The UK consortium has agreed to
host an Expert’s meeting in late 2006.
The University of Loughborough (HARI
project) has expressed a willingness to
and host one day of the meeting. It
is expected that the remainder of the
meeting will be held in Glasgow at the
University of Strathclyde.
The most immediate technical ob­
jectives are to:
1) Continue to populate the nation­
al studies and competencies database.
2) Review the Hydrogen Resource
Study.
3) Complete the internal analysis
and reports on the ECTOS, Malmö, and
AIST projects.
tion and HARI studies.
5) Incorporate the DTE Power
Park study.
6) Complete the HARI and EPA­
COP Case Studies.
7) Prepare and publish papers for
8) Develop a proposal for the Task
extension.
The major programmatic objective
for 2006 is to develop a proposal for
Task extension, including the addition of
new members. Other objectives are to
keep the public website up to date and
to foster cooperation with other Tasks,
both within the HIA and other IEA agree­
ments.
If the Task is extended beyond
2006, the members would like to include
the following projects for assessment
under Subtask B, as indicated in Tables
2 and 3 above:
• Italy – “Hydrogen from the Sun”
• US – DTE Power Park
• New Zealand – Totara Valley
project, which is similar to HARI
and would make a very good
comparative study
• Germany – refueling station
(TBD)
Also, if the Task is extended, the
material gathered under Subtask
A needs to be analyzed for lessons
learned and made available to ExCo
members and the public.
The major challenge for Task 18 has
been timely contributions by members
commitments. Also, some members
have had trouble with travel coverage
for meetings.
REFERENCES
Subtask A ­ Information Base Devel­
opment: Mid­term Report
Case studies:
• Fuel Cell innovative Remote
Energy System for Telecom (FIRST)
• Ecological City Transport Sys­
tem (ECTOS) Submitted to WHEC 2006
• A Comparative Study of Refuel­
ing Station Experience
• Modeling and Evalution of Hy­
drogen Demonstration Systems
• Malmo Hydrogen and CNG
Hydrogen Filling Station
15
The major
programmatic
objective for 2006:
Develop a proposal
for Task extension,
including addition
of new members

16
“The Goals
• Survey and
analyze effective
risk management
techniques, testing
methodologies,
and test data
• Contribute to
the development
of fundemental
knowledge of
hydrogen safety
• Develop targeted
information
products”
“Quantitative Risk
Assessment (QRA)
can effectively
substitute for the
lack of hydrogen
system operating
expereience in the
public domain.”
William Hoagland
W. Hoagland & Associates
Operating Agent for
National Resources Canada &
U.S. Department of Energy
OVERVIEW
Hydrogen Safety
The goals of the Hydrogen Safety
Task are to:
• Survey and analyze effective
risk management techniques, testing
methodologies, and test data
• Contribute to the development
of fundamental knowledge on hydrogen,
• Develop targeted information
products that will facilitate the acceler­
ated adoption of hydrogen systems
are to:
• Survey risk assessment meth­
odologies based on case studies pro­
vided by collaborative partners
• Survey available test data,
develop recommendations on modeling
and testing methodologies, and share
future test plans around which collabora­
tive testing programs can be conducted,
thereby avoiding duplication of work
among collaborative partners
• Collect information on the ef­
fects of component or system failures of
hydrogen systems
• Use the results obtained to de­
velop targeted information packages for
selected hydrogen energy stakeholder
groups
INTRODUCTION
Acceptability of new systems is tra­
ditionally measured against regulations,
industry and company practices, and the
judgment of design and maintenance
engineers. However, contemporary
practice also incorporates systematic
methods to balance risk measurement
and risk criteria with costs. Managerial
decision­making is increasingly reliant
on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
for attainment and maintenance of ac­
ceptable levels of safety, reliability, and
environmental protection in the most
effective manner. QRA is being applied
more frequently to individual projects
and may eventually be requested by
regulators to assist in acceptance and
permitting decisions. A quantitative
analysis methodology, QRA can effec­
tively substitute for the lack of hydrogen
system operating experience in the
public rather than industrial domain.
TASK DESCRIPTION
This task, approved by the Execu­
tive Committee in October 2004, aims at
reduction of the barriers to widespread
adoption of hydrogen energy systems.
The work is carried out within three
subtasks:
Subtask Leader: Canada
(Andrei Tchouvelev, A.V.Tchouvelev &
Associates)
Purpose: To conduct a survey of
quantitative risk assessment (QRA)
methodologies and comparative
assessments of hydrogen systems
with conventional fuels, and to develop
recommendations for modeling and
testing methodologies around which
collaborative testing programs can be
conducted.

Subtask Leader: The Netherlands
(Nico Versloot, TNO Defence, Security
and Safety)
Purpose: To conduct a collaborative
testing program that evaluates the
effects of equipment or system failures
under a range of real life scenarios,
environments, and mitigation measures.
Subtask Leader: U.S.A. (Bruce
Purpose: To disseminate results
of the task through the development
of targeted information packages for
selected stakeholder groups.
ACTIVITIES AND
RESULTS IN 2005
Two Experts Meetings were con­
ducted in 2005:
1. Experts Meeting ­ March 6­7,
2005, Paris, France
2. Experts Meeting ­ September
6­7, 2005, Pisa, Italy
This task was approved by the
Executive Committee of the IEA Hy­
drogen Implementing Agreement in
October 2004. The task currently has
slower than anticipated, due to the fact
that only two National Commitment
months after the Executive Committee
to achieve the required level of expert
effort. However, an additional six com­
mitment letters were received during
the last half of 2005 and progress has
picked up considerably.
SUBTASK A ­ RISK
MANAGEMENT:
Subtask A Risk Management consists of
three activities:
• Survey of existing risk assess­
ment methodologies for relevant case
studies
• Comparative risk assessment of
hydrogen systems with hydrocarbon fuel
systems.
• Probabilistic risk and conse­
quence analysis
Activity A. 1: Survey of existing
risk assessment methodologies
for relevant case studies
(Leader – Norway, Angunn
Engebø, DNV)
pared in December 2005 and is cur­
rently being reviewed and discussed
by DNV and Subtask A leadership. It
will be released for the review of IEA
experts in February 2006 and detailed
discussion at the Task 19 meeting in
March 2006 in Long Beach, CA, USA.
The survey includes: nomenclature
regulations; codes and standards on risk
assessment; discussion on risk assess­
ment methodology; review of methods
used in available studies; and summary
of results.
A total of seven example projects
quantitative approaches – have been re­
ceived and reviewed. The assessment
methods followed a representative set of
standards and guidelines.
were:
1. The selection and application of
risk acceptance criteria for the example
risk assessment and are also adapted
to most company guidelines and author­
ity regulations. There were no adapta­
tions to the acceptance criteria in order
operation of hydrogen facilities. In the
context of this survey, the acceptance
criteria are a suitable tool for commu­
17
Activity A.1
“The surveys include:
nomenclature
discussion of
available regulations;
codes and standards
on risk assessment;
discussion on
risk assessment
methodology; review
of methods used in
available studies;
and summary
of results.”

18
Activity A.2
“...benchmark
comparisons of
hydrogen systems
with conventional
publicly acceptable
features aim to
facilitate public
acceptance of
hydrogen refueling
options.”
nication of safety aspects to the public.
The use of equivalence risk criteria, e.g.
benchmarking the risk of using a hydro­
gen refuelling station against the risk im­
posed by a conventional petrol station,
is a good approach in this context.
2. The review shows that speci­
hydrogen risks in question is as high for
the qualitative assessments as for the
quantitative assessments.
3. An important development task
is to develop a best practice for ignition
probability modelling. The Dutch Guide­
line for Quantitative Risk Assessment
and the Joint Industry Project Time De­
pendant Ignition Intensity Model propose
models for establishing time dependant
ignition probabilities. These models
should be used as input to establishing
a best practice for ignition probability
modelling for hydrogen.
4. Although the assessment of
consequences from ignited hydrogen
releases uses well­established con­
sequence calculation models, these
models need to be applied correctly in
hydrogen: lower radiant heat and higher
propensity for explosions and detona­
tions than other fuels such as methane
both quantitative cases included in the
survey.
5. The two quantitative cases ap­
ply the Hydrocarbon Release Database
collected and maintained by UK Health
and Safety Executive as the basis for
establishing hydrogen release frequen­
cies. The Hydrogen Incident Accident
Database initiative is therefore very
important in order to establish a high
quality basis for estimating hydrogen
release frequencies.
6. State­of­the­art risk analysis
within the oil and gas industry may be
the importance of the safety barriers
in a technical system. It is important
that risk analysis of hydrogen facilities
barriers. The IEC­standard “61508
Functional Safety of electrical/electronic/
programmable electronic safety­related
systems” has formed the basis for en­
hanced focus on the ability of safety sys­
tems to perform their safety functions.
In a best practice for risk analysis it is
the safety integrity level of the most
important safety barriers for hydrogen
facilities.
7. Many hydrogen production,
storage, and/or refuelling stations will
have a wide interface between public
users and the technical system. To as­
sure public acceptance of the system, it
is important that public risk perception
is included in both the risk analysis and
the risk communication. The Canadian
Q850 Risk Management Guideline for
Decision­Makers contains sections on
how to consider and include risk percep­
tion and risk communication in a risk
analysis. These aspects are particularly
important for technical systems that
interface closely with public users and
third parties. Implementation of these
aspects should be considered as a best
practice for risk analysis.
8. The case studies focused on
technical or operational considerations.
The importance of human factors and
safety culture for the risk level is not
explicitly considered in the case studies.
Activity A. 2: Comparative
risk assessment of hydrogen
systems with hydrocarbon fuel
systems (Leader – Netherlands,
Nico Versloot, TNO Defence,
Security and Safety)
The team is working on the compila­
tion of the report (following the approved
Table of Contents) that will include com­
parative analysis of a variety of studies
submitted by the partners.

Examples of potential studies are
given below:
• Comparative QRA of hydrogen
and CNG refueling technologies – CT­
FCA, Canada
• Risk assessment of a hydrogen
refueling station – Chevron, USA
• Risk assessment of LPG refuel­
ing stations – TNO, Netherlands
• Risk assessment of a hydrogen
refueling station – RIVM, Netherlands
• Safety study of hydrogen supply
stations – JPEC, Japan
• QRA of a hydrogen energy sta­
tion – DNV, Norway
These benchmark comparisons of
hydrogen systems with conventional
publicly acceptable features aim to
facilitate public acceptance of hydrogen
refueling options.
Activity A. 3: Probabilistic risk
and consequence analysis
(Leader – Canada, Robert Hay,
TISEC)
The leadership team for this Activity
includes experts from Norway (Angunn
Engebo, DNV), Canada (Pierre Benard,
HRI and Joe Wong, Powertech Labs),
and France (Henri Paillere, CEA). This
activity aims to collect and analyze data
on the following topics:
• Available databases on compo­
nent failures
• Accident progression analysis
(fault and event trees)
• R&D modeling and experimental
studies related to:
1. Understanding hydrogen prop
erties: releases, dispersion and
results of ignition, turbulence,
overpressure and thermal prop
erties and effects
2. Enhancement of consequence
analysis: correlation of proper
ties to consequences
3. Assisting ongoing C&S develop
ment: clearance (safety) dis
tances and hazardous locations
The team has developed a Table of
Contents for the future report that will
summarize the above analysis and will
be released at the conclusion of Task
19.
Subtask B ­ Testing and
Experimental Program
During 2005 this task was still in
the planning stages since the identi­
will necessarily be an outgrowth of the
Risk Management activities in Subtask
A. Most risk analysis methodologies
use reference data to validate model­
ing and calculations of risk probabilities
and consequences. Because the use of
hydrogen on a large scale is relatively
new, it is uncertain whether there exist
validate the calculations performed for
the methodologies highlighted in Sub­
task A. Thus, Subtask A will identify the
tive conclusions regarding the adequacy
of existing or proposed regulations
(e.g. considering safety distances). In
addition, new applications and equip­
ment have been suggested for hydrogen
operating under more extreme condi­
tions than applications and equipment
used for conventional fuels. The safety
measures incorporated into these new
applications and equipment should be
tested and analyzed. This will also lead
to new accident scenarios addressed by
Subtask A.
Subtask B will focus on both
testing and experimental data, i.e. test­
ing data as collected by checking the
performance of applications and equip­
ment, and experimental data as col­
lected by experiments with hydrogen
release, ignition, fire, explosions, and
preventive and protective measures.
Therefore, testing data is more equip­
ment specific, whereas experimental
data is more hydrogen specific. The
experimental data in particular could
give new insight into controlling (the size
of) hazardous areas. The smaller the
area, the less equipment will remain in
a hazardous area, resulting in less strict
Activity A. 3
“The team has
developed a Table
of Contents for the
future report”
19
Subtask B ­
Testing and
Experimental
Program
“...will focus on
both testing and
experimental data,
i.e. testing data as
collected by checking
the performance
of applications
and equipment,
and experimental
data as collected
by experiments
with hydrogen
release, ignition,
and preventive
and protective
measures.”

20
“A uniformly safe
infrastructure
is a necessary
component of a
worldwide hydrogen
economy.”
“Subtask C will
look at relevant
audiences and
package the
information
deveoped under
or contributed
to Task 19 in the
most appropriate
form for each.”
mitigating measures for the equipment.
The following activities will be conducted
under Subtask B:
• Activity B. 1: Survey
on existing testing and
experimental data
A survey will be carried out to col­
lect testing and experimental data
as much as possible. The data will
be related to the specific applica­
tion and/or equipment, use, testing
conditions, testing methodologies,
instrumentation, and so on. It is
foreseen that this data will be col­
lected in a dedicated database
(working title: HYTEX: HYdrogen
Tests and EXperiments Database).
The setup of such a database has
been discussed. Currently, the
European Network HySafe has
drawn up the basis for a database
like HYTEX. Since some of the
European HySafe partners are also
members of IEA Task 19, it will be
discussed if this setup can be useful
for Task 19 as well.
• Activity B. 2: Survey
on ongoing or planned test
projects
A survey will be carried out to give
an overview of ongoing or planned
testing and experimental programs
and projects. This will also include
an overview of testing laboratories
and facilities existing worldwide. It
is foreseen that this data will be
collected in a dedicated database
(working title: HYPRO: HYdrogen
performed, ongoing or planned
PROjects). Again, use could be
made of a similar (basic) setup as
has been done by the European
HySafe network. This will be dis­
cussed further with the IEA Task 19
partners.
• Activity B. 3: Analyzing
existing data in relation to risk
management
In this activity the results of Subtask
A will be linked to Subtask B. Lack
of data arising from analyzing
methodologies in Subtask A can be
compared to the existing data. If
data is not available, this could give
rise to new recommendations on
testing and experimental programs
if not already covered by ongoing
or planned testing projects. To a
certain extent the data could also be
checked on its relevance and com­
pleteness.
Subtask C ­ Development of
Targeted Information Packages
for Stakeholder Groups
A uniformly safe infrastructure is a
necessary component of a worldwide
hydrogen economy. Added to this is
the required perception by the general
public that this infrastructure is safe.
Achieving both of these will involve
extensive communication of safety­relat­
ed information among all participants in
the hydrogen economy.
Sharing of safety information benefits
all members of the hydrogen economy
and is an ideal role for international col­
laborative efforts. As results of the IEA
Task 19 collaboration become available,
Subtask C will develop various infor­
mation packages that target individual
audiences because different audiences
have different information needs. A
code official’s information needs with
respect to approving a proposed hydro­
gen refueling station are different from
the corresponding needs of the builder
of the proposed station, which are differ­
ent from the insurance firm underwriting
the installation, which differ again from a
member of the general public who lives
in the neighborhood. Yet addressing
all of these information needs will be
essential for ensuring that such installa­
tions can proceed.
Subtask C will look at these and other
relevant audiences and package the
information developed under or contrib­
uted to Task 19 in the most appropriate
form for each. A particular focus is to
identify and address existing gaps in
current information that continue to pres­
ent barriers to implementation of hydro­
gen technologies.

Some of the products envisioned
include:
• A glossary of terms for hydrogen
safety research and use
• A guide for incorporating risk­
assessment methodologies into
the codes and standards devel­
opment process
• A baseline for design of hydro­
gen facilities and infrastructure
• A survey of member countries’
existing testing and experimen­
tal data on hydrogen release,
ignition, fire, explosions, and
preventive and protective mea­
sures
• Recommendations for future
testing programs to address
the remaining gaps in hydrogen
safety knowledge
• A hydrogen safety presenta­
tion for educating emergency
response personnel
• Development of an intelligent
Virtual Hydrogen Fueling Station
• Development of additional com­
prehensive information docu­
ments
FUTURE WORK
• A. 1 ­ Release of Survey of
Existing Risk Assessment Meth
odologies for Review by all Task
19 participants – March 2006
• A. 1 ­ Completion of Final Sur
vey Report (September 2006)
• A. 2 – Draft Report of Compara
tive Risk Assessment (Septem
ber 2006)
• B. 1 – Draft Survey of existing
testing and experimental data
• B. 2 – Draft Survey of ongoing
or planned test projects
B. 3 ­ Analysis of existing data in relation
to risk management (final report)
21

22
“Starting back in
the late 1970’s,
the IEA­HIA has
been encouraging
investigative
research and
development (R&D)
on solar­driven
photoelectrochemical
(PEC) as well as
photocatalytic
water­splitting.”
“The main aims of
Annex 20 concern
the development
as well as stable
photoelectrode/
photocatalysis
materials and
associated systems
solutions for PEC
water­splitting cells.”
Hydrogen from Waterphotolysis
Dr. Andreas Luzzi
Operating Agent SFOE
Annex 20 experts of the IEA­
HIA (www.ieahia.org)
INTRODUCTION
Starting back in the late 1970’s, the
IEA­HIA has been encouraging investi­
gative research and development (R&D)
on solar­driven photoelectrochemical
(PEC) as well as photocatalytic water­
splitting (refer to Figure­1). PEC R&D
work has been conducted as part of
a number of dedicated international
collaboration tasks. IEA HIA Annex 20
started in 2005 as a collaborative effort
among 23 expert R&D groups from eight
(8) countries.
Figure­1: (a) Solar­driven photoelectro­
chemical (PEC) and (b) photocatalytic
water­splitting can be described as solar­
driven electrolysis that applies nano­scale
photoelectrode and photocatalytic materials
in a combined device or set­up in contrast to
use of conventional photovoltaics and elec­
trolysis in two separate pieces of technology
(POSTECH).
The main aims of Annex 20 concern
well as stable photoelectrode / pho­
tocatalysis materials and associated
systems solutions for PEC water­split­
ting cells. This report summarises the
R&D progress reported by the experts
of Annex 20 during 2005. The inaugura­
tion year of 2005 has seen two expert
(USA) and the second in Sevilla (Spain).
R&D PROGRESS
At two groups within the Common­
Organisation (CSIRO) in Sydney and
being conducted in the area of pho­
toelectrode materials development.
Efforts are focused on doped TiO 2 and
on nanostructured WO 3 and Fe 2 O 3 (refer
to Figure­2). In spite of detailed studies
on C­doping of rutile (TiO 2
pyrolysis as well as oven oxidation, no
found. S­doping, however, resulted in
some visible light activity for ball­milled
samples of TiO 2 and sulphur precursors.
lower than for TiO 2 without S. In parallel
with the experimental work, modelling
efforts have been started in the area of
quantum chemical modeling of cation
vacancy defects and of incorporation of
anion dopants such as C and N at these
defect sites (see Figure­3). Ti vacan­
cies have been studied as a function
of crystallite size for nanocrystalline
anatase (TiO 2 ). In addition, a thorough
comparison of photoelectrode materials’
and from the direct use of sunlight has
been conducted, including the discus­

Figure­2: SEM image of ZnO nanorod
array (a) uncoated and (b) coated with
Fe 2 O 3 (CSIRO).
Figure­3: Model for carbon incor­
poration at a Ti vacancy site in rutile
(CSIRO).
At the Centre for Materials Research
in Energy Conversion of the University
of New South Wales (UNSW), the for­
mation of titanium vacancies in gas­solid
TiO 2 interface and the determination of
the rate of their propagation in the TiO 2
bulk lattice has been discovered. This
led to the successful development of
p­type TiO 2 at elevated temperatures of
up to 1050°C. This allows the prepa­
ration of p­type TiO 2 without the need
to incorporate foreign ions into the
TiO 2 lattice. They were found to form
a segregation­induced potential bar­
rier that retards charge transfer. TiO 2
quasi­metallic properties, which should
allow the construction of PEC cells with
enhanced charge transport. In addition,
surface sites have been
2
formation of the active complex between
H O and TiO 2 . This should pave the way
to process TiO 2 photoelectrodes with
enhanced performance through surface
engineering. Finally, segregation­in­
duced concentration gradients and the
related electrical potential barrier for
donor­doped TiO 2
Follow­on research aims to use the phe­
nomenon of segregation as the technol­
potential required for enhanced PEC
device performance.
At the University of Queensland,
transient photocurrent measurements
are being employed to elucidate the
charge carrier dynamics of the metal
oxide materials produced at CSIRO.
The method, also known as the “time­
strongly absorbed laser pulse to excite
electron­hole (e­h) pairs close to one
surface of the material in question. The
charge carriers are preferentially trans­
ported to a counter electrode by an
current transients over a broad range of
temperatures (–200°C to +50°C) yields
information about e and h mobilities as
well as trap distribution and activation
energy.
At the Atomic Energy Commission
(CEA), a new R&D program is being
established for the development of TiO 2 ­
based PEC photoelectrode materials,
related photocatalysis, and associated
processing techniques. Early work
has been focusing on the preparation
of WO 3 and mixed WO 3 /TiO 2 coatings
using magnetron sputtering and CVD
techniques.
At the National Centre for Scien­
progress was reported on the tailoring of
electronic and photophysical properties
23

24
Task 20 Members
• Australia
• France
• Japan
• Korea
• The Netherlands
• Switzerland
• U.K.
• U.S.A
of light­absorbing Ru­dyes by appending
amine, amino acid, or triarylpyridinium
substitutes to polypyridine complexes
of transition metals. Intense maxima
bands for visible light absorption at 440
and 510 nm and very long excited state
lifetime (4.14 µs) were established for
best DEAS­bpy samples.
At the Tokyo University of Science
(TUS – Tokyo Rika Daigaku), PEC­
related R&D work continued on four
avenues. First, in conjunction with dye­
sensitised solar cells (DSSC), photocur­
rent improvement of mesoporous TiO 2
through acid pretreatment (above all
HCl, but also HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 ). Sec­
ond, further development of a general
nature has been reported on VIS light
responding mixed­oxide photo catalysts
progress is reported on ABO 4 and ABO 3
structures such as Ni­doped InTaO 4 .
Third, work continued on the research
for dye­sensitised photocatalysts for VIS
light response. And fourth, as with many
other expert groups around the world,
main efforts were spent on the prepara­
tion of mesoporous TiO 2 photoanodes
that are doped with N and S. Early PEC
device results using an external bias
of 0.54 Volt show a solar­to­hydrogen
At the National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), a new test bed for high­through­
put screening of semiconductor photo­
electrodes and photocatalysts has been
designed and is being implemented.
The test system features an automatic
electrode preparation and photocurrent
measurement facility. In addition, a
porous Ti metal sheet material (PTMS)
with a high surface area has been in­
vestigated as a base plate for semicon­
ductor photoelectrodes. The PTMS is
with the electrolyte penetrating through
the PTMS to the backside. In the case
of TiO 2 photoelectrodes prepared by oxi­
sheet (FTMS) in air at 400­800°C, the
photocurrents of TiO 2 /PTMS specimens
were higher than those of TiO 2 /FTMS
under the same oxidation condition.
The same results were also found with
WO 3 /PTMS specimens, suggesting a
great potential of PTMS as base plate
for semiconductor photoelectrodes.
At the Pohang University of Sci­
ence and Technology (POSTECH), R&D
work continued on the development of
layered, metal­doped perovskites and
composite photocatalyst powders des­
ignated as photocatalytic nanodiodes
(PCD). These contain nano­islands
of p­type CaFe 2 O 4 , interfaced over a
highly crystalline, layered perovskite
base lattice (n­type PbBi 2 Nb1.9W0.1O 9 ),
yielding nanodimensional p­n junctions.
This nanodiode material shows greatly
enhanced and stable photocatlytic
activity for degradation of toxic organic
pollutants, oxidation of water to gaseous
oxygen, and photocurrent generation, all
under visible light (λ > 420 nm).
At the Korea Institute of Energy Re­
search (KIER), early PEC work focuses
on the studies of a photo/biocatalytic H 2
production system, whereby semicon­
ductor photoanode powders are used
to generate and deliver electrons to
hydrogenase enzymes that reduce pro­
tons into H 2 . Preliminary experiments
revealed the following four facts: (a)
the direct inter­phase electron transfer
from photocatalyst to enzyme in the
absence of electron relay is the rate­
determining step; (b) the enzyme was
deactivated with time by light irradiation
(activation halfed after about 10 days);
(c) the production rate was found to be
not correlated with physical properties
area, pore volume and radius) but rather
with chemical properties of the photo­
catalysts; and (d) each material needed
different reaction conditions such as
pH and temperature for its best opera­
tion. While the system application using
a mixed slurry failed, a two­chamber
approach with a salt bridge, however,
was able to demonstrate light­induced
H 2 production at a measured voltage dif­

ference of about 0.5V between the two
cells (refer to Figure­4). The H 2 produc­
tion rate varied with the choice of buffers
and electrolytes. A feasible reaction
mechanism has been developed.
Figure­4: Two­chamber photo/bio­
catalytic hydrogen production system
using a salt bridge (KIER).
At Delft University of Technology
(DUT), R&D on using C­doped TiO 2 (an­
atase) as photoanode material contin­
ued. The C­doped TiO 2 was produced
by a post­deposition thermal treatment
in an argon/hexane gas mixture. But
as with similar efforts elsewhere, no
enhanced photocatalytic activities have
been found in the VIS part of the solar
spectrum due to a too low concentra­
tion of carbon. Nevertheless, at low
C­concentrations the anatase­to­rutile
phase transformation temperature was
shifted beyond 800°C. This has the
the temperature window for processing
anatase TiO 2 ­based photocatalysts. Ad­
ditionally, investigations into using InVO 4
as alternative photocatalyst material
have started. Phase­pure InVO 4 thin
with a low­cost spray deposition pro­
cess (refer to Figure­5). Sub­bandgap
optical absorption starts at ~1.9 eV,
but is much less pronounced than the
optical absorption of InVO4 in powder
form that is observed by others. A small
photocurrent was measured at energies
above 2.75 eV. The true bandgap of
the material is estimated to be 3.3 ± 0.3
eV. The incident photon­to­current ef­
wavelengths. This is attributed to a high
donor density in the material, which is
estimated to be >2x10 20 cm ­3 . Efforts to
decrease the donor density by counter­
doping with acceptor­type dopants have
not yet been successful, but studies
continue.
Figure­5: Optical absorption spec­
(Delft).
ence of doping / defects sites on the
local microscopic charge carrier mobili­
ties is being studied using a Terahertz
(THz) Time Domain Spectrosopy set­up.
Small amounts of carbon dopant in ana­
tase TiO 2 enhance the recombination
rate and decrease the number of free
charge carriers by a factor of ~ 3. For
Fe­doped anatase, the recombination
is even faster (~ 50 ps). Also at LU, the
metal oxide photoanode surface is being
modelled with Quantum Transition State
Theory (QTST). Density functional theo­
ry (DFT) is being employed to calculate
the stability of the various dopants at the
surface.
At the University of Geneva (UG)
as well as the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (EPFL), α­Fe 2 O 3 (hematite)
photoanodes are being developed. At
from spray­pyrolysis of Fe(III)­contain­
+ ing solutions and doped with Ti (5%)
4
+ and Al (1%) resulted in photocurrents
3
of 4.3 mA/cm 2 in 0.1 M NaOH (under
aq
4
25
“At low C­
concentrations the
anatase­to­rutile
phase transformation
temperature was
shifted beyond
800°C. This has
the advantage
extending the
temperature window
for processing
anatase TiO 2 ­based
photocatalysts.”

26
“...fast­
throughput, thin­
technique (Flash­
CVD) for Fe 2 O 3
with comparably
high yields and
reproducibility has
been improved.”
“...progress
was made with
combinatorial fast­
screening studies
of promising
photoelectrode
materials,
particularly ZnO,
WO 3 and TiO 2 .”
the full output of a 150 W Xe lamp, 0.45
Volt vs. NHE). Doping with Zn 2+ also
shows great promise, cathodically shift­
ing the onset potential by ~ 0.22 Volt.
deposition technique (Flash­CVD) for
Fe 2 O 3 with comparably high yields and
reproducibility has been improved. The
correlate favourably with the formation
of perpendicularly orientated sheet­like
crystal structures. Photocurrents of 1.2
mA/cm 2 (AM 1.5; 1.2 Volt vs. NHE) are
being achieved reliably. The target is
3 mA/cm 2 (AM 1.5; 1.2 Volt vs. NHE),
of ~ 5% for a Fe 2 O 3 /TiO 2 tandem PEC
cell. With α­Fe 2 O 3 photoanodes, it was
found that the hole transfer from the va­
lence band of the semiconductor oxide
to the adsorbed water is the rate­limiting
kinetic step in the oxygen generation
reaction
Also at UG, further improvements
with the production of WO 3 photoanode
WO 3
about 6 mA/m 2 in 3M H 2 SO 4 solutions.
Photocurrents of up to ~ 10 mA/m 2 have
been achieved with organic solutions.
UG’s leading expertise in WO 3 photo­
assisting PEC groups around the world.
At the University of Bern (UB), work
on silver chloride (AgCl) photoanodes
progressed. Gold colloids sedimented
toelectrochemical activity. The higher
photoactivity of the AgCl layers can be
explained by an increased absorption
of the layer due to Au colloids (spectral
sensitization) as well as by the effect of
gold particles in promoting the charge
transfer process at the semiconduc­
tor/electrolyte interface, improving the
photocatalytic oxidation capability of
the AgCl system. Water­splitting was
demonstrated in a PEC cell having an
Ag/AgCl photoanode and a platinised
amorphous silicon solar cell (a­Si:H/Pt)
as photocathode (refer to Figure­6).
New synthesis procedures are being
developed to increase the active surface
area of the AgCl photoanode. Micro­
porous materials as support for the
AgCl layer (Zeolite A and L) as well as
mesoporous materials as matrix (TiO 2
nanotubes, mesoporous WO 3 , and Al 2 O 3
membranes) are being used.
Figure­6: Experimental PEC set­up
using an Ag/AgCl photoanode and a a­
Si:H/Pt photocathode (Bern).
At Hydrogen Solar Ltd (HS) and its
new R&D facilities in the USA, WO 3 /TiO 2
water­splitting tandem cells are being
further developed for market demonstra­
7% (based on LHV of H 2 ) are being tar­
geted using today’s science, engineer­
ing, and manufacturing capabilities.
At University of California (UCal),
progress was made with combinato­
rial fast­screening studies of promising
photoelectrode materials, particularly
ZnO, WO 3 and TiO 2 . Optimal particle
sizes of nanoparticulate Au on TiO 2 have
catalysis. Libraries of transition­metal
doped Fe 2 O 3 have been established
and, via spray pyrolysis, ZnO/Cu 2 O
heterojunctions synthesised and their
photocathodic resistance demonstrated.
Finally, the development of a combinato­
rial slurry reactor system for H 2 produc­
tion from colloidal photocatalysts is
being completed.
At the National Renewable Energy
Laboratories (NREL), the main R&D
focus continued to concern the develop­
CuInGaSSe 2 photoanodes due to their

lower bandgap (1.7 – 2.0 eV). GaPN
and GaP substrates have been investi­
gated for their corrosion resistance, with
the N addition proving to be successful
in acid. Growth of GaPN on Si allows
creation of a PEC tandem cell with
wider bandgap GaPN material (~ 2 eV)
at the surface, with the lower bandgap
Si providing additional energy. Early
monolithic GaPN/Si test samples proved
this concept, albeit yet with a compa­
1%. With regards to the investigation of
CuInGaSSe 2 photoanodes however, the
incorporation of S into the CIS­based
material via electrodeposition process
At the Colorado State University
(CSU), a new high­throughput com­
binatorial method for studies of PEC
materials has been developed using the
simple, inexpensive, rapid and versatile
method of ink jet printing. Metal oxide
precursors have been patterned onto
conductive glass substrates. Photo­
electrode samples are being produced
by subsequent pyrolysis and the afore­
mentioned devices are immersed in an
electrolyte to screening photoelectrolytic
activity using a simple scanning laser
system.
At the Hawaii Natural Energy
Institute (HNEI), a new multi­junction
planar photoelectrode concept has been
developed using reactively­sputtered
WO 3
solid­state double­junction. Such hybrid
2.2% have been demonstrated (based
on LHV of H 2 ), with further optimization
being underway.
At GE Global Research (GE), a new
program for the development of bio­
inspired metal complex catalysts has
been started to reduce the overpotential
The focus of work will be on materials
that do not require an external bias (e.g.
non­oxides) but feature the corrosion
durability of oxide materials, such as
SrTiO 3 and KTaO 3 (original bandgap of
3.5 eV and 3.7 eV respectively).
PARTICIPATION
The experts list of Annex 20 current­
ly comprises 52 researchers, working in
45 research groups and/or companies,
which are located in 16 different coun­
tries (Australia, Austria, China, France,
Germany, Japan, Korea, Mexico, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom, and the United States of
America).
However, so far only 26 researchers
of 23 research groups and 8 countries
(Australia, France, Japan, Korea, the
Netherlands, Switzerland, the UK, and
their participation in Annex 20 (National
Participation Letters have been issued
but signatures are, in part, still outstand­
ing). From the original HIA Annex 14
participants, only Sweden is missing.
Many additional expert groups are
in the process of securing either a) HIA
membership, b) R&D funding, and/or
Annex 20.
COLLABORATION
Annex 20 experts maintain a net­
work of information, people and know­
how exchange for PEC water­splitting.
Most notable is this in the area of funda­
mental materials research.
RECOMMENDED
READING
An extract of recent PEC publica­
tions is provided as follows:
Barnes P., Randeniya L, Murphy A.,
Gwan P., Plumb I., Glasscock J., Grey
I. and Li C.; “ TiO2 photoelectrodes for
pyrolysis?“, Dev. Chem. Eng. Mineral
Process., 14, 51­70 (2006).
Currao A., Reddy V., van Veen M.,
Schropp R. and Calzaferri G.; “Water
splitting with silver chloride photoanodes
and amorphous silicon solar cells”, Pho­
tochem. Photobiol. Sci. 3, 1017 (2004).
Murphy A., Barners P., Randeniya
L., Plumb I., Grey I., Horne M. and
27
Participants
• 26 researchers
• 23 Research groups
• 8 Countries

28
splitting using semiconductor elec­
trodes”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy (in
press).
Nowotny J., Sorrell C., Bak T. and L.
Sheppard; “Solar­hydrogen: Unresolved
problems in solid­state science”, Solar
Energy 78, 593­602 (2005).
Sayama K., Abe R., Arakawa H. and
Sugihara H.; “Decomposition of water
into H 2 and O 2 by a two­step photoex­
citation reaction over a Pt­TiO 2 photo­
catalyst in NaNO 2 and Na 2 CO 3 aqueous
solution”, Catal. Commun., 7, 96­99
(2006).

Jun Miyake,
Operating Agent,
National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), Japan
INTRODUCTION
‘BioHydrogen,’ the production of
H2 by microorganisms, has been an ac­
for many years. The Governments
of Japan, Europe, and the U.S cur­
programs and related basic research.
Realization of practical processes for
photobiological hydrogen production
from water using solar energy would
result in a major novel source of sus­
tainable and renewable energy without
greenhouse gas emissions or environ­
mental pollution. This important and
challenging item was studied in Task 15
in succession to Task 10B. However,
development of such practical process­
relatively long­term basic and applied
R&D. Our efforts for the photobiological
hydrogen production from water should
be continued.
In the new Task 21, dark hydro­
gen production (without photosynthetic
process) must also be considered
because this hydrogen production
method, based on the utilization of
waste biomass or other photosynthetic
products, is one of the environmentally
acceptable technologies. Furthermore,
the new task will also involve hydrogen
production by in vitro systems and the
construction of biological fuel cells, a
technology and molecular handling tech­
nology. Finally, the social acceptance
of BioHydrogen will be emphasized as
a new subtask. As energy prices rise,
the prospects for advanced energy
BioHydrogen
technologies like BioHydrogen improve.
We have to evaluate the feasibility of
the technology taking every factor into
consideration. Task 21 will cover the
integrated areas of research, technologi­
cal/economic evaluation, and its adapta­
tion to society, all of which are of mutual
interest to the countries and research­
ers participating in the IEA Hydrogen
Agreement. This new Task will provide
a basis for establishing actual collabora­
tive research projects and an overall
coordinated program.
OBJECTIVE
The Task will carry out collabora­
tive research activities on the biological
production of hydrogen using bacterial
dark fermentation, photosynthetic mi­
crobes, and in vitro and bio­inspired sys­
tems. The overall objective is not only
applied science in this area of research
evaluate the economics and sociological
search program in which advancements
could be made that allow the evaluation
of the progress made and the potential
TASK DESCRIPTION
The Task concerns develop­
ment of basic and applied science of
BioHydrogen and total integration of
the state­of­the­art of each subtask into
techno­economic evaluation. Dark fer­
mentation, hydrogen production by mi­
croalgae and cyanobacteria from water
and in vitro systems will be studied with
close connection to techno­economic
evaluation. The following R&D areas
will be investigated in a collaborative
R&D effort.
29
“The Biohydrogen
Task will carry
out collaborative
research activities
on the biological
production of
hydrogen using
bacterial dark
fermentation,
photosynthetic
microbes, and
in vitro and bio­
inspired systems.”
“The overall
objective is not
advance the basic
and applied science
in this area of
research over the
also to evaluate
the economics and
sociological aspects
of BioHydrogen.”

30
Task 21
Biohydrogen
• Subtask A:
BioHydrogen
Systems
• Subtask B:
Basic Studies
for BioHydrogen
Production
• Subtask C: Bio­
Inspired Systems
• Subtask D:
Overall Analysis
Increase achievable H 2
production from substrates above
currently achievable yields (e.g. 3
to 4 moles H 2 /mole of glucose).
Hydrogen production by fermenta­
tive bacteria with biomass (bio­residues
or primary produce) as substrate is an
mass is renewable and can be consid­
ered as a sink of sunlight.
The status of dark hydrogen fer­
mentation is the most close to the stage
of realistic application. However, the
bottleneck is the relatively low yield
of hydrogen per unit of biomass con­
sumed. Hydrogen is also produced
during photofermentation of, preferably,
organic acids. Here the bottleneck is the
performance of the bacteria.
Subtask A will focus on:
1. Metabolism, genetics and ther­
modynamics of H 2 producing bacteria
to identify critical genes, pathways and
regulatory components for high yield H 2
production.
2. Genetic and physiological inter­
ventions to maximum H 2 production
that allow for high H 2 production rates.
3. Fermentations. Demonstrate
H 2 production from organic substrates
under conditions that produce high
amounts of H 2 .
Goal: Demonstrate potentially
practical processes for conversion
of water or organic substrates to H 2
with solar energy.
Although hydrogen evolution medi­
ated by hydrogenase(s) was discovered
and subjected to extensive investiga­
tions over the ensuing decades, there
are still many important fundamental
and applied issues that must be ad­
dressed before this type of reaction
can be considered for practical applica­
tions. Hydrogen production with organic
substrates using anoxygenic photosyn­
thetic bacteria has been also extensively
objectives will require a fundamental
understanding of the genetics, biochem­
istry and physiology of hydrogen produc­
ing enzymes, including the metabolism
and factors affecting growth of photo­
synthetic microbes. Furthermore, ef­

understanding photosynthetic mecha­
nism in relation to hydrogen production
and the trial to improve the photosyn­
to challenge. These objectives require
the application of modern and advanced
tools of molecular biotechnology and
microbial physiology, techniques already
available at leading research laborato­
ries in the participating countries.
Subtask B will focus on:
1. Genetics and Metabolism of H 2
production by photosynthetic microbes.
2. Physiology and cultivations of
photosynthetic microbes to maximize
H2 production from water or organic
wastes.
3. Photosynthesis ­ overcoming
limiting factors.
Goal: Identify promising
applications of enzymes and
biologically­inspired processes for
hydrogen production and fuel cells
Hydrogen production by in vitro and
bio­inspired systems and construction of
biological fuel cells are a most modern
part of nano­technology and molecular
handling technology. In the bio­inspired
systems for hydrogen production, photo­
synthetic apparatus from cyanobacteria,
algae or photosynthetic bacteria and hy­
drogenase enzymes from various kinds
re­constituted in the consideration for
effective electron transportation among
the components. These technologies
can resolve the problematic limit in the
R & D for biological fuel cell systems is
environmentally acceptable technology
because of no use of much rare metals.
Subtask C will focus on:
1. Enzyme systems for hydrogen
production.
2. Bio­inspired systems for hydro­
gen production.
3. Biological fuel cells ­ coupling
enzymes and even whole organisms to
electrodes.
Goal: Finding the solution to
realize the biohydrogen process
in the coming hydrogen society.
Adaptation of the technology is
analyzed from the economical,
technological and socialistic point
of view.
Attention to renewable energy
technologies like BioHydrogen has been
increasing not only due to its environ­
mentally acceptable characteristics, but
also due to the recent rise in the price
of oil. BioHydrogen has quite different
characteristics from energy systems
based on fossil fuels; BioHydrogen en­
ergy sources, sunlight and biomass, are
found around the world. Therefore, we
have to evaluate this technology from
both sociological and economical points
of view. The effects of BioHydrogen on
social systems and human life are to be
evaluated. Analysis of unstable factors
(i.e. availability of sunlight and biomass)
manipulated microorganisms) should be
studied. Other important subjects are
economic analysis and social accep­
tance.
Subtask D will focus on:
1. Effects of BioHydrogen on social
systems and human life
2. Analysis of unstable factors and
risks of BioHydrogen
3. Economic and social conditions
needed to realize BioHydrogen.
DURATION
program was proposed. The task 21 is
scheduled for a three­year period, with
an option for a 2­year extension. The
task 21 was proposed and tentatively
approved at 52th Ex­Co meeting in
Norway, May 9, 2005. Then, the pro­
posal revised in the kick­off meeting by
expert of Task 21 in IHEC 2005 (Inter­
31
“BioHydrogen
has different
characteristics
from energy systems
based on fossil fuels;
BioHydrogen energy
sources, sunlight
and biomass, are
found around the
world. Therefore,
we evaluate this
technology from
both sociological
and economical
points of view.”

32
national Hydrogen Energy Congress
& Exhibition 2005) in Istanbul, July 13,
approved at 53th Ex­Co Meeting in Sin­
gapore, October 6, 2005.
PARTICIPATION
Present participants in Task 21
are Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Norway,
Sweden, UK and USA. China, Hungary,
India, Latvia, Portugal, Russia, Singa­
pore, Taiwan, Thailand and Turkey
are those in the process of participation
or observer countries.
ACTIVITIES &
PROGRESS DURING
2005
During 2004, the participants of
Task 21 met twice. The kick­off meeting
for Task 21 was held within the IHEC
2005 and COST (European Coopera­
Research) Action 841(Biological and
biochemical diversity of hydrogen
metabolism) in Istanbul/Turkey, July 13­
15, 2005. The 2nd meeting was
held within AHTN (Asia High Technol­
ogy Network) workshop in Bangkok/
Thailand, Feb. 10­11, 2006. It was or­
ganized by TISTR (Thailand Institute of
Osaka University and AHTN (Asia High
Technology Network).

Several important projects are in
operation to promote international
collaboration. In the EU, SOLAR­H
(Linking molecular genetics and bio­
mimetic chemistry – a multidisciplinary
approach to achieve renewable
hydrogen production) has been
launched in SIXTH FRAMEWORK
PROGRAMME of New and Emerging
Science and Technology. In the project,
EU countries such as France, Germany,
The Netherlands, Hungary, Sweden, and
Switzerland have joined to cooperate.
Nine (9) partners in seven (7) countries
have joined Nordic BioHydrogen
(Nordic Energy Research Program
#28­02). The Nordic BioHydrogen
partners are: Norway, Sweden, Iceland,
Finland, Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia.
COST 841 had been providing many
meetings for researchers to join, even
including non­EU countries such as
the Baltics and Turkey. The US DOE
BioHydrogen project and the Canadian
NSERC BioHydrogen project are
very active centers of research and
information exchange for researchers
in North America. Special growth in
research and developments are also
seen in Asia. The Korean national
hydrogen project, Chinese practical
research on BioHydrogen and biofuels,
Taiwanese national hydrogen projects,
and Japanese national BioHydrogen
projects increase the number of
BioHydrogen researchers in north­east
the Asian High Technology Network,
are occasionally held to accelerate
BioHydrogen R&D in the region. The
communication has been spreading
to other Asian countries such as India,
Singapore, and Thailand.
Subtask A:
BioHydrogen Systems
The overall goal of this subtask
is to increase achievable H 2 production
from substrates above currently achiev­
able yields (3 to 4 moles H 2 /mole of
glucose). The Netherlands is the activity
leader.
There are currently three BioHy­
drogen projects underway in Canada.
production from cellulosic biomass,
funded by NSERC (Natural Sciences
and Engineering Research Council), and
is being carried out by the University
of Victoria and the University of Mani­
toba. Their work focuses on hydrogen
fermentations by Clostridium thermocel­
lum, a highly active cellulose degrading
thermophilic microorganism. Another
project is being carried out at the Waste
Technology Center of Environment
Canada. They are looking at the co­pro­
duction of hydrogen and methane from
simulated potato waste and at biological
hydrogen production from anaerobic
co­digestion of organic MSW (Municipal
Solid Waste) and sewage sludge. They
have found that co­digestion improves
H2 production, perhaps because of an
increase in buffer capacity of the organic
MSW. A third project, Biological Hydro­
gen Production for Sustainable Energy
Generation, funded by the joint NSERC/
NRCan (Natural Resources Canada),
is being carried out by the University
of Montreal; they are also examining
green house gas mitigation. Work was
carried out to determine the effect of
culture conditions on hydrogen produc­
tion. Metabolic engineering is being
to an introduced hydrogenase. Studies
are also underway on the heterologous
expression of hydrogenase.
The BioHydrogen project in Japan
It is funded by the Ministry of Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries, a part of the
millennium foundation named Biomass­
Nippon. The project aims to develop
elemental technologies using microor­
ganisms in order to degrade food waste
and to regenerate energy as hydrogen,
based on their physiological and engi­
neering aspects. This includes a hybrid
bioreactor with hydrogen­methane
cascade fermentation, hydrogen produc­
tion under co­cultivation with enteric and
anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, the
33
Subtask A:
BioHydrogen
Systems
“The overall goal of
this subtask is to
increase achievable
H 2 production from
substrates above
currently achievable
yields (3 to 4 moles
H 2 /mole of glucose).”
Three BioHydrogen
projects underway
in Canada:
• Co­production
of hydrogen
and methane
from simulated
potato waste
• Biological
hydrogen production
from anaerobic
co­digestion of
organic MSW and
sewage sludge
• Biological
Hydrogen Production
for Sustainable
Energy Generation
Japanese
Biohydrogen
“Elemental
technologies use
microorganisms in
order to degrade
food waste and to
regeneerate energy
as hydrogen.”

34
“The project
perennial rye grass,
sugar and fodder
beet, and forage
maize as suitable
crops for year­
long rotation and
hydrogen production
in the UK.”
Subtask B:
Basic Studies
for BioHydrogen
Production
“The aim of the
subtask is to
demonstrate
potentially practical
processes for
conversion of water
or organic substrates
to H2 by using solar
energy. The Subtask
leader is the USA.”
design of a novel miniature bio­reactor,
and protein design for the direct energy
conversion from sugar to electricity with
enzymatic/microbial fuel cells.
Most research in the Nether­
lands on dark fermentation has been
performed with thermophilic hydrogen
producing bacteria, which have higher
yields and less side­product formation
compared to fermentation at ambient
temperatures. The main byproduct is
acetate, which can be used in a con­
secutive photofermentation process. In
several Dutch projects, supported by
the EET program (a joint initiative of the
Ministry of Economic Affairs, Education,
Culture, and Sciences and the Ministry
of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the
Environment), this two­step fermenta­
tion process has been proven to be
successful at the laboratory scale. The
combination of a thermophilic fermenta­
tion with a photofermentation enables
the complete conversion of biomass to
oretically possible. The consortium for
‘HYVOLUTION’ was formed to exploit
the acquired knowledge from previous
projects and to make a breakthrough
with a new taskforce aimed at the devel­
opment of a hydrogen industry produc­
ing H 2 at a cost price of 10 Euro/GJ.
This consortium, which started recently,
has been funded by the sixth EU Frame­
work Program for more than €9 M. A
new concept of producing hydrogen by
means of bacteria is the biocatalysed
fuel cell. The feasibility of a system in
which organic acids can be converted to
H 2 is being studied in different national
projects. This promising technique
philic dark fermentation threefold if it is
used to convert the fermentation product
acetate to H 2 .
The Hydrogen Research Unit
team in the Sustainable Environ­
ment Research Centre (SERC) at the
University of Glamorgan in the UK is
investigating the way in which hydrogen
can contribute to the country’s energy
needs. With a grant from the Carbon
Trust’s LCIP program, pilot scale work is
commencing at a factory to investigate
the feasibility of sustainable hydrogen
production from starch industry co­
products. This work is in collaboration
also been selected by the UK Engineer­
ing and Physical Sciences Research
Council’s SUPERGEN program to
investigate the fermentative production
of hydrogen from energy crops such as
grass, sugar beet, and maize. Ferment­
able biomass, such as crops commonly
used as animal feed, could be grown in
rotation on currently unused set­aside
land to provide feedstock for an on­farm
hydrogen reactor year­round. The proj­
sugar and fodder beet, and forage
maize as suitable crops for year­long
rotation and hydrogen production in the
UK. The selection criteria focused on
crop yields per hectare, fermentable car­
bohydrate content, and energy require­
ments in crop production compared to
potential hydrogen and methane yields.
In the laboratory our work demonstrated
hydrogen production from forage maize
and perennial rye grass in batch condi­
SRC–funded work had shown hydrogen
production from sugar beet extract in
a continuous reactor. Based on our
current preliminary data, these crops
could produce large amounts of energy
if grown in rotation on currently unused
set­aside land in the UK. A pilot plant on
an agricultural site in 2006 will facilitate
this work.
Subtask B:
Basic Studies for BioHydrogen Pro­
duction
The aim of the subtask is
to demonstrate potentially practical
processes for conversion of water or
organic substrates to H 2 by using solar
energy. The Subtask leader is the USA.
The EU has made a special effort
to launch several research projects on
BioHydrogen. Japan and the USA also
have projects on basic photosynthesis
photon capture systems has been inten­
sively studied in photosynthetic bacteria
and cyanobacteria. These studiers are
conducted with complexes called photo­
synthetic units, where a Light Harvesting

System surrounds a Reaction Center.
A balance of the amount and capability
of the Light Harvesting System and the
Reaction Center is key to maximizing
production in a real cell culture. Genetic
engineering has been studied to realize
the ideal energy entry system.
The physiology and cultivation
of photosynthetic microbes are also
important subjects for maximization of
H2 production from water or organic
wastes. Since the collection of algae
by Prof. Mitsui, many important strains
have been found and the mechanism
of electron supply from substrates has
been studied. The metabolic pathway
and the regulation of hydrogenase are
controlled by the physiological/physical
condition of the cell and the chemicals
added. Methods to control the mecha­
nism of the cell are the major subject of
study in science and engineering.
In Norway there has been re­
search on algae during sulfur starvation
and the sequencing of hydrogenases.
A number of algae cultures are being
screened with respect to physiological
response to sulfur deprivation in small­
scale laboratory cultures under con­
trolled conditions. Some species of
Chlamydomonas, both freshwater and
cant hydrogen production under sulfur
deprivation. Efforts have been made to
obtain results from axenic cultures and
to eliminate errors caused by bacterial
and fungus contamination in the biore­
actor. Using PCR reactions, they have
searched for the presence of hydrog­
enase genes in marine and fresh water
species of green algae that are able to
produce hydrogen under sulfur­deprived
conditions. Work on identifying and
characterizing the genes encoding the
hydrogenases is currently in progress
along with comparing the related spe­
cies.
Subtask C:
Bio­Inspired Systems
The purpose of this subtask is
to elucidate promising applications of
enzymes and biologically­inspired pro­
cesses for hydrogen production and fuel
cells. The subtask leader is Sweden
and the co­leader is France.
Research of the enzyme hydrog­
enase has been done in many coun­
tries, including those in Europe, Japan
and the USA. Biological functions are
understood at the genetic and molecular
level. However, for practical applica­
tions, many improvements are required.
The most important one is the durability
of the protein, especially oxygen toler­
ance; more in­depth understanding of
the protein is required along with the
engineering efforts. Although there has
been international cooperation in basic
studies, cooperation in applied research
has been limited.
The feasibility of hydrogenase/
development was proven by an inter­
national engineering project (a NEDO
international joint research grant pro­
gram). The biomolecular device project
consists of three (3) German groups,
one (1) French group and three (3)
Japanese groups. An extraordinarily
stable hydrogenase was extracted and
provided by the Russian Pushchino
group from Thiocapsa. Photosystem 1
and Photosystem 2 were stabilized by
either special lipid components (natural
or synthetic lipids) or synthetic polymers
that are called amphipols. An electrode
with the surface covered by hydroge­
nase was prepared by using the Lang­
muir­Blodgett method. Photo­induced
electron transfer was observed with the
combination of H2ase electrode, PSI
and/or PSII.
The result suggests that the
concept of the hydrogenase­device for
hydrogen production is feasible. Energy
for this process should be provided by
the sun and electrons from the water
splitting process of oxygenic photosyn­
thesis. The continuous optimization of
these processes will also be the prereq­
uisite for the construction of a self­rep­
licating native device in the future. The
next step in the research should ex­
amine the science of hydrogenase and
photosynthetic proteins, genetic engi­
neering, and device formation technol­
ogy with new materials such as carbon­
nanotubes.
35
Subtask C:
Bio­Inspired
Systems
The purpose of
this subtask is to
elucidate promising
applications of
enzymes and
biologically­inspired
processes for
hydrogen production
and fuel cells. The
subtask leader is
Sweden and the
co­leader is France
“Enzyme
hydrogenase
research has
been done in many
countries, including
those in Europe,
Japan and the USA.
Biological functions
are understood
at the genetic
and molecular
level. However,
for practical
applications, many
improvements
are required.”
Subtask D:
Overall Analysis
this subtask is to
clarify the necessary
preparations for
realizing the usage
and production of
BioHydrogen in the
coming hydrogen­
based society.
The leader of the
subtask is Japan.

36
Subtask D:
Overall Analysis
to clarify the necessary preparations
for realizing the usage and production
of BioHydrogen in the coming hydro­
gen­based society. The leader of the
subtask is Japan.
Hydrogen is supposed to be the
next generation fuel. The combustion
enthalpy of hydrogen per weight is much
higher than that for fossil fuels. Hydro­
gen does not produce carbon dioxide. It
is an energy carrier that can be manu­
factured from various energy resources
such as petroleum, coal, electricity, solar
energy, wind, nuclear power, etc. In
terms of market acceptance, however,
cost and safety are two major barriers.
Safety is the most important barrier to
acceptance of hydrogen in everyday life.
There are two subjects to be
analyzed: the general issue of a hydro­
problem of bio­energy. The former issue
has been examined and discussed
from various viewpoints, such as cost,
performance, impact on global econom­
ics, safety, adaptation to the society, etc.
We would like to analyze all of the as­
pects of BioHydrogen, including safety
in production, transportation/storage
and usage (at home, transportation and
factories), cost­performance, competi­
AIST/METI (NEDO)
tive power, recycling, load to the envi­
ronment, etc. We have to study more
on the total acceptance by the society,
including how the technology will be
perceived by the public. Is a biological
system advantageous to them?
BioHydrogen is different from the
other production methods, in that it
could be closely, “organically” connected
to our daily lives. Organic wastes from
the home and food industries could be
converted to hydrogen. Biohydrogen
factories could neighbor the towns.
How people perceive the methods of
“biology” and the progress of “global
climate change” could affect whether
people accept this technology.
A new assessment method suit­
able for BioHydrogen is required, one
that focuses on the overall analysis,
including the above human factors. As
mostly according to the viewpoints of
economics and safety. In Japan, NEDO/
METI promotes a technological develop­
ment project on the safe utilization of hy­
drogen to facilitate the smooth introduc­
tion and dissemination of fuel cells. In
these projects, performance, economics,
iaturization are investigated relative to
the production, distribution, storage and
safety utilization of hydrogen technology
the new project about safely introduc­

ing hydrogen stations to impact the
development of hydrogen infrastructure.
The project compares hydrogen stor­
age volume and safety range, as well as
various preservation techniques.
Regulation and guidelines are
also studied in the next step. We have
to consider the progress of the technolo­
gies and would like to illustrate the so­
cial acceptance of BioHydrogen based
PLAN IN 2006
The 3rd Annex 21 Expert meeting
will be held on 12 June in Lyon/France
during WHEC16. The schedule tenta­
tively calls for the 4th meeting to be held
in Europe during the winter. Plans for
information and dissementation on the
website are underway.
37

38
“Blessed with
abundant energy
resources...with
one of the most cost
effective energy
service sectors
in the developed
world...and a legacy
of relatively high
greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions...
plus 2­3% projected
annual growth rate
in energy demand
over the next
two decades.”
John Wright
CSIRO Energy Transformed
Flagship Program
www.csiro.au
INTRODUCTION
Increasing international activity
in hydrogen­related technologies has
stimulated interest in Australia, and as
one outcome Australia joined the IEA
Hydrogen Implementing Agreement in
mid­2005. Their membership is spon­
sored by the Australian Federal Govern­
ment’s Department of Industry, Tourism
and Resources (DITR).
OVERVIEW
Australia is blessed with abundant
energy resources consisting mainly of
coal (black and brown), gas (natural gas
and coal seam methane) and (diminish­
ing) oil reserves. The nation is unusual
in that two thirds of its primary energy
production is exported. There are good
prospects for increased solar, wind and
hot rock (geothermal) resources. How­
ever, renewable energy currently sup­
plies less than 8% of Australia’s needs.
Further, although approximately 25% of
Australia’s energy production is in the
form of uranium, all of it is exported and
there is no nuclear power generation.
Moreover, there are no plans to develop
this power source. It is also unlikely for
environmental reasons that there will be
any new development of large­scale
hydroelectric generation.
A summary of Australia’s energy
resources is shown in Figure 1, broken
down into production, electricity genera­
tion exports, and end use.
The effective exploitation of fossil
fuel resources (over 85% of Australia’s
electricity is generated by coal) has
created a situation in which Australia
has one of the most cost­effective en­
ergy services sectors in the developed
world. The relatively low cost of power
has hindered the greater penetration
of more expensive renewable energy
technologies and systems. However,
this energy mix has left Australia with
a legacy of relatively high greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions that are currently
43% above the OECD average. This
situation is exacerbated by a projected
annual growth rate in energy demand of
2­3% over the next two decades. Such
growth will increase pressure to develop
and employ low emission technologies
wherever they are cost­effective.
Figure 1. Summary of Australia Energy Resources

RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND
DEMONSTRATION
Major R&D activities and planned
demonstration projects are under way
that seek to address the
dilemma of maintaining
Australia’s energy cost­
effectiveness advantage
whilst developing technolo­
gies and systems that will
produce the massive de­
creases in GHG emissions
necessary for Australia to
meet its international tar­
gets. Key R&D activities
include:
• the establish­
ment of the Centre for
Low Emission Technology
(cLET – http://www.clet.
net), which is working on
aspects of black coal gas­
gen
• the Perth hydrogen
bus trial (http://www.dpi.
wa.gov.au/ecobus/1206.
asp)
• the Federal Gov­
ernment’s Low Emission
Technology Development
Fund (http://www.dpmc.
gov.au/publications/en­
ergy_future/factsheets/
factsheet_1.htm) for
the demonstration of technologies that
have the capability of reducing GHG
emissions by 2% pa from 2030 on.
The major institutions involved in
hydrogen­related R&D are the Common­
Organisation (CSIRO – www.csiro.au)
as well as Australian universities and
several private companies.
Figure 2. Australian Hydrogen
Activity Report
PROGRESSING
TOWARDS A HYDROGEN
ECONOMY
In a May 2003 conference, The Hy­
drogen Economy: challenges and strate­
gies for Australia, in Broome, Western
Australian brought together experts from
around the world. The meeting provided
the foundation for an Australian National
Hydrogen Study, which was completed
in October 2003 (http://www1.industry.
gov.au/archive/hydrogen/index.html).
In November of that
year, Australia became
a member of the Inter­
national Partnership for
the Hydrogen Economy
(IPHE), commenced the
process of joining the IEA
HIA, and contributed to
the hydrogen agenda of
ic Cooperation (APEC).
To underpin these activi­
ties, DITR commissioned
Australian organizations
and individuals who are
engaged in the develop­
ment of hydrogen­related
energy technologies
and their integration into
the Australian energy
network.
This search culmi­
nated in the release of
the report, Australian
Hydrogen Activity, Figure
2 (http://www.industry.gov.
au/assets/documents/itrin­
ternet/Hydrogen_StudyOct
200320031021120716.pdf),
in May 2005 and is the most complete
reference summary of current Austra­
lian hydrogen activities. The report
gen generation, distribution, storage
and utilisation technologies required
to implement a hydrogen economy
throughout the energy chain. It also
summarises efforts in each area based
on the results of a survey conducted in
the latter half of 2004. An active data­
base has been established so that new
entries can be included at any time by
contacting DITR (http://www.industry.
gov.au/content/itrinternet/cmscontent.
cfm?objectID=CFCE5BF1­65BF­4956­
B1C29A680ABA6D66).
39
The Australian
Hydrogen
Activity describes
various hydrogen
technologies required
to implement a
hydrogen economy
throughout the
energy chain and
summarises efforts
in each area.

40
SELECT HYDROGEN
ACTIVITIES
In late 2005 the IPHE approved the
accreditation of an international project
conducted by CSIRO for the production
of hydrogen via solar reforming. This is
a good example of a major Australiain
hydrogen activity. The solar facility,
which will open in March 2006, consists
sunlight on a reactor 22 metres above
ground on a solar tower. The 500 kW
array will be used to reform mixtures of
methane and steam to synthesis gas.
The gas will be shifted and the carbon
dioxide separated to leave hydrogen for
power generation in fuel cells. A sche­
matic diagram of the facility and system
is shown in Figure3.
At present hydrogen activities are
relatively uncoordinated, but this will
change over time. An example of this is
the development of the National Hy­
Figure 3. schematic diagram of the facility and system
drogen Materials Alliance, a cluster of
10 universities working with the CSIRO
Energy Transformed Flagship Program
to develop new materials for the gen­
eration and storage of hydrogen. The
cluster will commence operations in
March 2006.
CONCLUSION
Given the current energy mix and
cost effectiveness of power generation
and delivery in Australia, the drivers for
progression to a hydrogen economy
are not strong. However, increased
pressures to reduce GHG emissions, a
oil production (greater than 50% of oil
will need to be imported by 2030), and
a doubling of energy demand by 2050
will coalesce to generate the impetus
steps toward a hydrogen economy.

N.R. Beck and Shannon Miles
CANMET Energy Technology Centre
­ Natural Resources Canada
www.nrcan.gc.ca
INTRODUCTION
New developments have occurred
in all areas of the hydrogen and fuel cell
sector. This has taken place in the form
of new investment, focused funding and
provincial engagement, road mapping
and strategy exercises, and leading
edge demonstrations.
PROGRAM FUNDING
& PRIORITIES
The Government of Canada has
invested over CAD $200M in the hydro­
gen and fuel cell sector since the early
1980s. With new funding announced,
the Government of Canada’s spending
will be in the order of CAD $50M/year.
Funding priorities continue to be re­
search and development, demonstra­
tion, and technology commercialisation.
The provincial governments of
British Columbia (BC) and Ontario are
particularly active in the sector. In BC
CAD $2 million was announced for Fuel
Cells Canada to support hydrogen and
fuel cell innovation. Ontario has estab­
lished the Ontario Fuel Cell Innovation
Program to which they will provide CAD
$3 million in annual funding through
2007­08. The provinces of Manitoba
and Prince Edward Island are also ac­
tive in hosting demonstrations, and the
province of Quebec is active in stan­
dards development.
NATIONAL H2 & FUEL
CELL STRATEGY &
ROADMAPS
The Fuel Cell Commercialization
Roadmap was published in 2003.
The “Hydrogen Systems: A Dis­
cussion Paper for Greenhouse Gas
Reduction and Economic Growth” was
published in 2005 and is available on
the Canadian Hydrogen Association
(CHA) website at http://www.h2.ca. This
exercise, led by Natural Resources
Canada and the CHA, began in 2004.
The roadmap is a consolidation of
stakeholders’ views and portrays a vi­
sion of Canada’s energy future with the
implementation of a hydrogen economy.
It also discusses the barriers and key
steps to moving forward Hydrogen
Systems in Canada in the context of
Canada’s Climate Change initiatives.
The creation of a National Strat­
egy was a recommendation from the
Fuel Cell Commercialization Roadmap
and the Hydrogen Systems Discussion
Paper to develop a comprehensive
commercialization plan for accelerating
the product launch of hydrogen tech­
nologies. A draft of this plan has been
completed. The strategy focuses on
domestic and global opportunities and
how Canada can build and capitalize on
its strengths.
DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS
The BC Hydrogen Highway is a
coordinated, large­scale demonstra­
tion and deployment program intended
to accelerate the commercialization of
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.It is
targeted for full implementation by the
2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter
Games in Vancouver/Whistler. A wide
variety of transportation, as well as sta­
tionary, portable and micropower appli­
cations will utilize the hydrogen fuelling
infrastructure. There are presently three
(3) fuelling stations in operation and four
(4) more are planned for completion by
2010. Some projects on the highway
psi) hydrogen fuelling station in Surrey,
BC and an Integrated Waste Hydrogen
Utilization Project in North Vancouver.
41
“The Government
of Canada has
invested over
CAD $200M in the
hydrogen and fuel
cell sector since
the early 1980s.
With new funding
announced, the
spending will be
in the order of
CAD $50M/year.
Funding priorities
continue to be:
• research and
development
• demonstration
• technology
commercialisation”

42
The Hydrogen Village is the dy­
namic and synergistic deployment of
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
driven by an end­user community within
laborative effort of more than 40 compa­
nies, institutions, and the government.
It demonstrates hydrogen production
and delivery technology as well as fuel
cells for stationary, mobile, and portable
applications.
One of the demonstration proj­
ects is a Purolator Courier van, which
uses a Hydrogenics fuel cell and fuel­
ling station. Another is the GM/FedEx
Demonstration of two 5000lb Class 1
electric forklifts with Hydrogenics fuel
cell propulsion systems.
$8.7 million joint initiative between Ford
Motor Company, the Government of
Canada, the Government of BC, and
Fuel Cells Canada.
The Ford Focus fuel cell vehicles
have been in operation in Vancouver
and Victoria for nearly one year and
have met program objectives. A new
educational video can be viewed on the
Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle website at
http://www.vfcvp.gc.ca.
BRIEF HIGHLIGHTS
FROM INDUSTRY
Angstrom Power, a leader in micro
hydrogen systems for portable power,
announced in December 2005 that it
has achieved a record in energy density
and power for a micro hydrogen fuel
cell. Angstrom demonstrated a fuel
cell system that provides 3 Watts peak
power and 1 Watt average power with
an energy density of over 300Whr/l in a
25cc form factor.
PEI Wind­Hydrogen Village: The
Canada and will show how wind energy
can produce hydrogen for transportation
and stationary applications. Participants
include Hydrogenics, Prince Edward
Island Energy Corporation, the Govern­
ment of Canada, and the Government of
Prince Edward Island.
Nissan Canada will begin testing a
new X­TRAIL FCV (fuel­cell vehicle) in
spring 2006 at Powertech Labs in Sur­
rey, BC in conjunction with Fuel Cells
Canada. The vehicle contains a 70 MPa
hydrogen fuel cylinder manufactured by
Dynetek Industries Ltd. based in Cal­
gary, Alberta.

Cellex Power Products, Inc. in Rich­
mond, BC will receive an investment
from the Canadian Government of up
to CAD $9.5 million toward the develop­
ment of hydrogen fuel cell power units
suited for use by industrial lift trucks,
such as forklifts used in warehouses.
General Hydrogen (Canada) Corpo­
ration in Richmond, BC will receive an
investment from the Canadian Govern­
ment of up to CAD $9 million toward the
development of self­contained fuel cell
power packs for industrial vehicles and
associated fuel cell process control and
WEB SITE REFERENCES
Government of Canada Hydrogen
Economy Portal:
http://www.hydrogeneconomy.gc.ca/
Vancouver Fuel Cell Vehicle Pro­
gram: http://www.vfcvp.gc.ca
Canadian Hydrogen Association:
http://www.h2.ca/
43
Highlights from
Industry
• Angstrom Power
Record energy
density and power
for fuel cell
• PEI Wind­
Hydrogen Village
Wind energy
demonstration
produces hydrogen
for transportation
and stationary
applications
• Nissan Canada
Testing a new X­
TRAIL FCV (fuel
cell vehicle)
• Cellex Power
Products, Inc.
CAD $9.5 million
toward the
development of
hydrogen fuel
cell power units
suited for use by
industrial lift trucks
• General
Hydrogen
(Canada)
Corporation
CAD $9 million
toward the
development of
self­contained fuel
cell power packs

44
“Since the early
1980’s the Danish
energy system has
been characterized
by changes in fuel
mix and steadily
increasing production
of hydrocarbons and
renewable energy”
Jan K. Jensen
OVERVIEW
Since the early 1980’s the Danish
energy system has been characterized
by changes in fuel mix and steadily
increasing production of hydrocarbons
and renewable energy, an increasing
share of which has come from combined
heat and power (CHP).
Denmark became energy self­
in recent history. Due to stagnat­
ing consumption and steadily
increasing offshore production of
oil and natural gas, the degree of
year.
Most power stations are CHP
stations. CHP’s contribution to dis­
trict heating has been increasing.
Today, more than half of the total
heating energy demand in Denmark is
supplied by district heating.
In 2004 wind power capacity was
3124 MW, of which offshore wind tur­
bines contributed 424 MW.
energy demand and energy production
Danish production of crude oil, natu­
ral gas, renewable energy, etc. was at
record levels for all three energy cat­
egories in 2004. A total of 1302 PJ was
produced, corresponding to 9.2 percent
more than the year before. The degree
156 percent, meaning that production
exceeded consumption by 56 percent in
Figure 2: Wind power production
2004. Production of crude oil was 2.4
times (240%) higher than oil consump­
tion.
In 2004 wind power accounted for
18.5 percent of the domestic electric­
ity supply, compared with 15.8 percent
Figure 1: Primary Energy Production

Figure 3: Gross Energy consumption
the year before. Wind power capacity
in 2004 was 3124 MW, which is 0.3
percent more than the previous year.
Offshore wind turbines contributed 24%
of total wind energy production.
The adjusted gross energy con­
sumption in 2004 was only 1.9 percent
sumption of individual fuels has followed
rather varied trends. Coal consumption
has decreased by 49.5 percent since
1990; consumption of natural gas and
in the same period.
Figure 4: CHP Shares in Electricity and
District Heating Production
Relative to 2003, consumption of oil,
natural gas, and renewable energy etc.
grew in 2004 by 1.2 percent, 2.6 per­
cent, and 8.1 percent respectively. Coal
consumption fell by 7.4 percent.
Danish energy policy has empha­
sised the combined production of
electricity and district heating. In 2004
54.7 percent of thermal electricity (i.e.
the total generation
excluding wind power
and hydro­power)
was co­produced with
heat.
In 2004 81.6 per­
cent of district heating
was co­produced with
electricity. In 1990
percent and in 1980,
39.1 percent.
Gross energy
consumption has
been more or less
constant over the last 10 years; howev­
er, the mix of fuels has changed consid­
erably. The shift from coal to natural gas
and renewables has meant that, year by
year, less CO 2 is linked to each unit of
fuel consumed. Thus, in 2004 each GJ
adjusted gross energy consumption was
linked to 61.2 kg CO 2 compared with
74.2 kg in 1990.
In 2004 fuel consumption in elec­
tricity generation adjusted for electricity
exports and climate variations resulted
in emissions of 526g CO 2 per kWh of
electricity. In 1990 937g CO 2 were emit­
ted per kWh of electricity. This
represents a 40% reduction in
CO 2 emissions per kWh of elec­
tricity over this 14­year period.
In 2005 the Minister of
Transport and Energy presented
the Government’s long­term
energy strategy. The strategy
contains an analysis of the chal­
lenges facing the Danish energy sector
in the years up to 2025.
In parallel to development of the
overall energy strategy, an action plan
has also been prepared. The action
plan sets forth energy saving initiatives
and strategies for research in the areas
of hydrogen and liquid bio fuels.
The energy savings initiatives are
intended to reduce end use energy
consumption by an average of 1.7%
45
“In 2005 the
Minister of
Transport and
Energy presented
the Government’s
long­term energy
strategy that
sets forth energy
saving initiatives
and strategies for
research in the areas
of hydrogen and
liquid bio fuels.”

46
The strategies
function as common
goals and guidelines
for projects
supported by:
• The national
Energy Research
Programme (EFP),
• The Public
Service Obligation
funds (PSO)
• The strategic
research of the
Research Councils
• Danish Council for
Strategic Research
Figure 5: CO 2 emission per Fuel Unit and per kWh of Electricity
per annum between 2006­2012. Key
initiatives include a tightening of energy
provisions in building regulations, a new
energy labelling scheme, and enhanced
and heating systems.
The new strategies on hydrogen and
liquid bio fuels supplement the existing
research and demonstration strategies
on solid bio fuels, wind energy, solar
wave power technology.
R&D STRATEGIES
AND PROGRAMME
STRUCTURE
The strategies function as common
goals and guidelines for Danish energy
R&D projects. These projects are sup­
ported by the national Energy Research
Programme (EFP), the Public Service
Obligation funds (PSO), and the strate­
gic research of the Research Councils.
From 2005 to 2008 additional re­
sources are being invested in strategic
research within the energy and environ­
Structure and resources within the public Danish Energy Research
pro­grammes, including RD&D of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen.
Figure 6: Danish Energy Research Programmes

ment area under the Danish Council for
Strategic Research.
The Danish R&D programmes on
energy are coordinated with the Euro­
pean and Nordic Energy Research Pro­
grammes. Danish players are strongly
engaged in both the 5th and the 6th
European R&D framework programmes.
R&D STRATEGY ON
HYDROGEN
A national Hydrogen strategy has
been developed during 2004­2005. All
relevant players have participated in the
strategy process.
Long term Goals for the Hydrogen
Strategy are:
1. Denmark develops and dem­
onstrates effective and competitive
technologies and systems that integrate
hydrogen ­ primarily based on sustain­
able energy sources ­ as an energy
carrier in a clean, effective, and reliable
energy supply.
2. Denmark takes on a leading po­
sition on the leading edge of this issue.
KEY PLAYERS IN R&D
ON HYDROGEN AND
FUEL CELLS
Major public and private organiza­
tions involved in fuel cell and hydrogen
R&D projects are Risø National Labora­
tory, Technical University of Denmark,
Haldor Topsøe A/S, IRD Fuel Cells A/S,
American Power Conversion Denmark,
Dantherm and Danfoss A/S.
Several other private and public
companies participate in national, Nor­
dic, and European hydrogen and fuel
cell projects.
CONTACTS
Energy Production, Energy Con­
sumption and National Energy Research
Programmes:
Mr. Aksel Mortensgaard,
(amo@ens.dk)
Danish Energy Authority
(www.ens.dk)
HIA contact:
Mr. Jan K. Jensen, (jkj@dgc.dk)
Danish Gas Technology Centre
(www.dgc.dk)
Figure 7: Development of a Danish Hydrogen Strategy
47

48
Finland invests in
renewable fuels,
improvement, and
acquisition of
emission reductions.
Michael Gasik
Helsinki University of Technology
INTRODUCTION
Recently the Government of Finland
that will be carried out in energy and
climate policy in the near future. The
report suggests how Finland intends
to meet international requirements for
restricting greenhouse gas emissions
during the Kyoto commitment period
of 2008–2012. It also contemplates
Finland’s longer­term goals for green­
house gas emissions reduction.
The Finnish Government’s strategy
promises investment in the adoption of
renewable energy sources, the conser­
vation of energy, and in the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover,
by utilizing the Kyoto mechanisms, the
State of Finland will acquire emission
units allowed by the Kyoto Protocol.
ENERGY DEMAND AND
PRODUCTION
Trends and key indicators of Finn­
ish energy market activity are shown in
the following graphs (Figures 1 and 2).
In 2003 the energy utilization per capita
was at the same level as Sweden and
Canada. About 22% of total energy
use (total 1129 PJ in 2004) goes toward
general heating due to a cold climate;
other important users are industry
(51%) and transport (16%). The most
important energy sources are oil (25%),
wood­based fuels (20%), nuclear power
(16%), coal (15%) and natural gas
(11%), totalling 35.4 Mtoe.
Since 1970 the share of oil con­
Figure 1. Energy utilization in OECD Countries in 2003 (toe/inhabitant)

Figure 2. Energy structure by sources (Total 35.4 Mtoe) in 2004.
Figure 3. Primary energy supply by source, Mtoe.
49

50
“The governmental
strategy targets
a minimum of
25% growth in the
consumption of
renewable energy
sources (RES) by
2015, and at least
40% growth by
the year 2025.”
Figure 4. Breakdown of RES in 2004 (in PJ).
sumption has gradually decreased,
while the importance of nuclear power,
natural gas, and wood­based fuel has
grown (Figure 3). The domestic energy
supply has increased during this period
from about 25% to 30­35%. In 2004
the share of renewable sources (RES)
was about 25%; a more detailed RES
breakdown is shown in Figure 4. Black
liquor and similar derivatives represent
a substantial energy source for Finland
as a result of a robust pulp and paper
industry.
The governmental strategy targets
a minimum of 25% growth in the con­
sumption of renewable energy sources
(RES) by 2015, and at least 40% growth
by the year 2025. Renewable power
generation could then account for nearly
one third of primary energy consump­
tion, as compared with 23% in 2003. In
particular, the strategy emphasizes the
increased utilization of wood chips made
biomass, recycled fuels, and biogas.
The minimum target is to triple the RES
share of primary energy from about 2%
in 2004 to over 6% over the next 15–20
years.
Although hydrogen is not always
non­renewable production sources, Fin­
land is one of the leaders in application
of small­scale (advanced hydrolysers,
combination with PV and wind power)
and large­scale (reforming, hydrogen
by­production and distribution) hydrogen
production.
Important results have already been
energy use. The 2015 goal is to achieve
an additional 5% reduction in energy
consumption compared with the situa­
tion in which no new measures would
have been taken. The long­term goal
in energy savings is to suspend and
reverse the growth of total primary en­
ergy consumption, which could be best
achieved by a combination of different
measures.
R&D ASSISTS IN
COPING WITH FUTURE
CHALLENGES
Development of novel technology is
essential for implementing the energy
and climate strategy. Finland needs
high R&D investments also to maintain
industrial competitiveness. Finland
aims at a 7% increase during the years
2003­2007, which would lead to an R&D

investment share of 4% of the GDP by
2010. The structure of public sector
R&D organization in Finland is shown
in Figure 5 below. The Finnish Funding
Agency for Technology and Innovation
(Tekes) is the major sponsor of applied
technical research, whereas the Acad­
emy of Finland specializes in supporting
mostly fundamental studies, humanities,
and post­graduate education. Sitra and
Finnvera, together with other organiza­
tions, provide start­up capital, seed
funding, and equity investments in risk
capital projects and new companies.
TE­centres provide innovation and
business development services at the
regional and local level.
The objectives of the Finnish Fund­
ing Agency for Technology and Innova­
tion (Tekes) are to increase high­quality
R&D in Finland and to attract more
companies and research organizations
to participate. These strengthen the
national knowledge base in different
sectors and clusters vital to the national
economy and society as a whole. The
number of technology­based companies
and small enterprises (SMEs) is increas­
ing; they are growing faster, creating
new job opportunities, and providing
sustainability. Strong innovation ac­
tivities promote the growth of exist­
ing companies as well. Business and
industry structures are renewed, diversi­
Figure 5. The public sector activities of R&D in Finland
51

52
Figure 6. The structure of Tekes’ R&D funding by sectors of activity. Energy and environment activities
occupied about 18% of total funding.
“The objectives
of the Finnish
Funding Agency
for Technology
and Innovation
(Tekes) are to
increase high­quality
R&D in Finland
and to attract
more companies
and research
organizations to
“In 2004 Tekes
provided funding
for 2,242 R&D
projects in
companies,
universities, and
research institutes.”
the productivity of both the industrial
and service sectors. This enhances
society’s ability to provide job opportuni­
ties in an increasingly competitive world.
The Finnish innovation environment
offers companies and research units an
excellent framework for adopting and
utilizing existing international knowledge
as well as for networking with high­level
international partners to create new
knowledge and business opportunities.
Technology and innovation also support
regional development (TE­centers) so
that the impact objectives of technology
policy are fully achieved in each region.
Technologies are developed and utilized
in a way that ensures balanced develop­
ment of the economy, social well­being,
and the environment.
In 2004 Tekes provided funding
for 2,242 R&D projects in companies,
universities, and research institutes.
The total budget for these projects was
€409M. In key technology sectors Tekes
applies targeted Technology Programs
as working tools. These are multi­proj­
ect R&D programs initiated, steered and
are launched in areas of application
and technology that are in line with the
policies in Tekes’ strategy. Tekes al­
to companies, universities, and research
institutes through technology programs
(Figure 6). Companies can participate
with their own (private) projects or join
public activities with research organiza­
tions. Technology programs have their
own steering groups, whose members
are from enterprises. Each program typ­
ically last 3­5 years. In 2004 there were
24 ongoing programs at a total cost of
€1,300M. Technology­oriented foreign
organizations are invited to cooperate
in joint projects, technology transfer or
information exchange (EU, IEA, bilateral
agreements with USA and Japan). Most
projects are conducted as joint col­
laboration between several companies,
universities, polytechnics, and research
institutes. Almost 40% of the projects
involved international cooperation and
slightly under a half were associated
with technology programs launched by
Tekes.
Funding SME projects and encour­
aging companies to invest in R&D are
two of Tekes’ priorities. Tekes granted
55% of company R&D funding to proj­
ects run by SMEs. In 2004 55% of the
funding for companies’ projects were
allocated to SMEs and three quarters to
companies with less than 500 employ­
ees. The number of customer compa­
nies increased from the preceding year.
Funding was granted to 1,252 compa­
Tekes monitors the expected results of

expected results are evaluated when
when the project is completed, and
reviewed again three years after.
Evaluation of expected results is
most appropriate in the case of SME
projects aimed at a new or replacement
product. In projects completed in 2004,
new or improved products were cre­
ated in 465 projects, new or improved
services in 301, and more advanced
production processes in 187. These
projects are expected to generate new
or renewable turnover, exports, and
jobs, which will be measurable within
projects completed in 2004 generated
1000 academic theses, and nearly 732
researchers or companies.
In the area of energy and environ­
ment, several technology programs and
separate projects are being carried out
(Figure 7). The program, which directly
involves hydrogen activities, is “Distrib­
uted Energy Systems” (DENSY). The
DENSY program, started in 2003, will
continue until 2007, and has a volume of
€60M. The idea of DENSY is to provide
local, small­sized systems for energy
conversion, production, and storage as
well as related services. DENSY has
about 50 research projects in six main
novel business concepts, heating and
CHP­systems, electrical systems, in­
dustrial manufacturing, and fuel cell and
hydrogen technologies. The programs
involve over 45 co­funding companies,
12 research institutes, and universities.
Thirty­eight of the R&D projects are
industrial ones.
hydrogen strategy, H 2 and fuel cell ac­
tivities are viewed as one of the energy
cluster’s strategic areas in the longer
term. The scope of FC and H 2 systems
group of projects lies in fuel cells tech­
nologies (PEM­technology for power
generation, building­up a Finnish SOFC
with a network) and hydrogen technol­
ogy (national hydrogen roadmap, hydro­
gen storage and utilization). Funding
of these projects by Tekes and other
sources is shown in Figure 8.
There are around 10 companies
more than 30 that are interested in utiliz­
ing hydrogen and fuel cells technology.
Within the universities and research
centers, there are about 10 active
groups. The main achievements and
activities in this area might be summa­
rized into the following:
• Development and production
of novel alkaline fuel cell (AFC) for
boat, tricycle (200 W), and small
electric vehicle (1 kW) applications
• Free­breathing PEMFC (10
– 100 W) for portable PCs
• PEMFC module for µ­CHP (1.5
Energy ­ and Research Technology
STREAMS ­ Recycling Technologies and Waste Management
2001­2004
Total
budget
M€
Figure 7. The example of Tekes funding activities in energy and environment sectors
Participating
27 140 20
Fine Particles ­ Technology, Enviroment and Health 2002­2005 26 28 17
Fusion ­ Fusion Energy Research Programme 2003­2006 18 12 8
Densy ­ Distributed Energy Systems 2003­2007 60 60 18
ClimBus ­ Business opportunites in mititgating climate change
2004­2007
“Funding was
granted to 1,252
70 6 _
53
of which were in
early stage. Tekes
monitors the
expected results of
the R&D projects
“There are around 10
companies
that are currently
and more than 30
that are interested
in utilizing hydrogen
and fuel cells
technology.”
Companies Research
Units

54
Figure 8. Funding of fuel cells and hydrogen activities in Finland
kW) and a small house PEMFC µ­
CHP system (3­5 kW)
• Bio­fuel cell (methanol/en­
zymes) for mobile phone, dispos­
able (medical), and sensor applica­
tions
• SOFC and based solutions for
stationary applications (stationary
CHP 50 kW­5 MW, single house
CHP 1­10 kW, APU 5 kW and 200
kW modules)
• Small and medium scale hydro­
gen generators (electrolysis)
age systems (solid state, high pres­
sure), logistics
for fuel cells
Part of the R&D devoted to hydro­
gen storage is also a part of the Task
17 activities of IEA HIA, which Finland
joined in 2004. The SOFC project is
also a part of IEA Advanced Fuel Cells
Tasks. Among the local industrial proj­
ects, two operating power plants could
be mentioned, which are using excess
hydrogen from chemical plants (30 MW
heat/steam and 4.5/8 MW CHP), one of
which can be seen here in Figure 9.
CONTACT
INFORMATION
ager)
HIA : Heikki Kotila, heikki.
HIA/ TASK 17: Michail Gasik,
DENSY­program: Jonas Wolff, jo­

Figure 9. CHP Power plat in Finland (Äetsä) uses pure hydrogen (95%) and heavy fuel oil (5%) as fuel. It is
a remote operated and controlled unit with a high utilization rate and safe operation rate (source: Leppäko­
sken Sähkö, Kemira/Finnish Chemicals).
55

56
“The new
programme PAN­
H was launched
in 2005 under the
umbrella of the
new ANR (Agence
nationale pour la
recherché or National
Research Agency).”
“A Strategic
Committee for
new technologies
for energies was
held in December
2005... One of the
new committee’s
objectives in 2006 is
to assess a French
Road Map for each
component: H 2 and
fuel cells, CO 2 and
PV...to coordinate
the different
levels of funding
mechanisms.”
Françoise Barbier, CEA­National
team organisation PAN­H
Michel Junker, ALPHEA
Paul Lucchese, CEA
NATIONAL
PERSPECTIVES AND
NATIONAL PROGRAM
PAN­H
The new programme PAN­H was
launched in 2005 under the umbrella
of the new ANR (Agence nationale
pour la recherché or National Research
in 2005 was very successful; 25 projects
were selected from 75 proposals for
€31M in public funding. The average
project duration is three (3) years. The
main funding topics covered are PEM­
FC, hydrogen storage, transport and
distribution, and safety.
A Strategic Committee for new
technologies for energies (including
hydrogen fuel cells, photovoltaic, and
CO2 capture and sequestration) was
This Committee is chaired by Anne
Lauvergeon, CEO of Areva Company,
and composed of the key French indus­
trial companies and research institutes
Liquide­Axane, Renault, Peugeot, Total,
Gaz de France, Electricité de France
plus R&D Institute (CEA, IFP, CNRS),
and the Ministry of Research, Industry
and Ademe Agency. The objectives of
this strategic committee are to assess
the national programme and to advise
the French Government on research
One of the new committee’s ob­
jectives in 2006 is to assess a French
Road Map for each component: H 2 and
fuel cells, CO 2 and PV. Another major
objective is to coordinate the differ­
ent levels of funding mechanisms in
France to assure continuity for these
projects. In addition to ANR, A2I (the
new French agency for industrial innova­
tion), Ademe, and new regional clusters
can contribute to the support of these
projects.
FC­LAB: A new common laboratory
between six research bodies in France
(CEA, CNRS, universities of Franche
Comté, University of Nancy, INRETS,
and UTBM) was created in December
2005. This laboratory, located in Belfort,
is named FC­Lab, Fuel Cell Lab or
Franche Comté (the name of the region)
Lab. It is focused on the integration of
fuel cells in transportation systems and
has well­equipped experimental facilities
that simulate real conditions in transport
systems for testing purposes.
FRENCH
PARTICIPATION IN
INTERNATIONAL
ACTIVITIES
France belongs to the IEA and
IPHE. France participated in both the
IPHE Implementation Liaison Committee
(ILC) and Steering Committee meetings
this year. In June 2006 France will host
the Executive Committee of HIA at Lyon
as well as the IPHE ILC in conjunction
with the WHEC Conference (13­16 June
2006), organized by the French Hydro­
gen Association (AFH2). The biennial
challenge Bibendum, organized by MI­
CHELIN, will take place in Paris in June
2006 the week before WHEC 2006.
In a joint effort with the USA and
Japan, France will work to develop high
temperature H 2 production coupled with
Generation IV nuclear reactor (GEN IV
international agreement). France signed
a cooperation agreement in February
2006 for the development of a high tem­
perature nuclear reactor that produces
electricity and/or hydrogen.
France participates actively in the
hydrogen and fuel cell European plat­
form (HFP), especially in Advisory Coun­
cil activities, through Air Liquide, which
co­chair the Implementing Panel Group,
as well as CEA, Total, Gaz de France,
etc. France also chairs the Mirror Group
of State Members and works on the

HY­CO project whose main objective is
ropean cooperation to support hydrogen
activities.
R&D ACTIVITIES IN
HYDROGEN
PEMFC
developed in 2005 under collaboration
between CEA and PSA Company. A
new Peugeot company (PSA group) de­
velopment center for hydrogen and fuel
cells for automobiles was inaugurated in
January 2006 at one of the PSA produc­
tion plants in Poissy, near Paris.
Hydrogen Demonstration
The HYCHAIN project, led by Air
regions: Emilia Romagna, Lombardy,
Castille y Leon, Rhône­Alpes, and Nord­
rhein­Westfalen. Launched in 2005,
the project aims to demonstrate early
markets for hydrogen and fuel cells.
vehicles such as scooters, bicycles,
small utility vehicles, and wheelchairs
in municipalities and hospitals. The fuel
cells will be provided by Axane, Paxi­
tech (CEA’S start up), Hydrogenics, and
Mesdea. The hydrogen storage will be
produced from natural gas and stored
technologies, developed and supplied
project expenses are 37 M€, of which
EC funds 35%.
A new regional project HEET (North
of France, Valenciennes City), was
launched in October 2005 with the
public/private partnership of Air Liquide,
Gaz de France, and H2 development.
The aim is to use hydrogen in internal
combustion engine (ICE); three projects
are in progress.
Hydrogen Production
An important agreement has been
signed in 2006 between French IFP (Oil
Research Institute) and Hyradix Com­
pany to develop hydrogen production
processes based on autothermal reform­
ing (ATR) from liquid hydrocarbon fuel
and ethanol.
Low or Room Temperature
Processes
R&D on photobiological processes
is carried out in CEA and CNRS in
cooperation with European programs.
French teams have been funded by the
EU for some years through programs
within research networks involving other
leading European groups.
Hydrogen Storage
For high pressure hydrogen storage,
new tank technology at 700 bar have
been developed in 2005­2006 (Storhy
project) with improvement in tank liners
molding processes (CEA, Air Liquide,
and Ullit). The main performances are:
• Operating pressure: 700 bars
• Volume: 32 l
1 kWh/l
1,8 kWh/Kg
Hydrogen Safety
CEA and Ineris are working together
on hydrogen safety issues through na­
tional efforts and the European Program
(HYSAFE). Experiments in large CEA
(Cadarache) facilities undertake the de­
velopment of simulation tools and model
57
International
Activities
• IPHE
Implementation
Liaison
Committee (ILC)
and Steering
Committee
participation
• HIA ExCo host
at WHEC
• Biennial Paris
Bibendum
• Hydrogen & Fuel
cell European
Platform (HFP)
• Mirror Group
of state HY­
CO project
“... with the USA
and Japan France
will work to develop
high temperature
H 2 production
coupled GEN IV
nuclear reactor.”

58
R&D Activities
in Hydrogen
•PEMFC
• Hydrogen
Demonstration
• Hydrogen Production
• Low or Room
Temperature
Processes
• Hydrogen Storage
• Hydrogen Safety
700 bars Storhy Tank
space in order to further validate them.
CEA and Ineris signed a collaboration
agreement on hydrogen safety at the
end of 2005 to join their efforts in this
France is actively involved in codes
and standards through the ISO TC 197
organisation and also involved in the
European project EIHP2.
R&D CHALLENGES AND
FUTURE PLANS
The main R&D challenges are driv­
en by the national perspective described
in PAN­H program:
• developing reliable national
fuel cell technology for transportation
applications in collaboration with others
European countries
• developing hydrogen storage for
transportation applications
• developing micro fuel cells using
hydrogen for short­term portable appli­
cations
• developing innovative CO 2 free
hydrogen production processes, espe­
cially high temperature electrolysis
http://www­drt.cea.fr/
http://www.afh2.org/
http://www.alphea.com/
http://www.cnrs.fr/DEP/prg/
Energie.html
Energy data, national report on
energy policy:
http://www.industrie.gouv.fr

Dr. Agostino Iacobazzi
Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie,
l’Energia et l’Ambiente (ENEA)
www.enea.it
OVERVIEW
Since the early 1980’s Italy has
invested in hydrogen and fuel cell tech­
nology development. In the beginning,
R&D activities concentrated on
the development of fuel cell technolo­
gies with a moderate R&D commitment
to production of hydrogen as a sustain­
able energy carrier. However,
in the early 1990’s several projects were
undertaken in hydrogen production
from renewable sources and hydro­
gen utilization in internal combustion
engines (ICE). In more recent years
various industries have been involved in
the development of hydrogen vehicles,
whether in national and/or international
projects. On February 13, 2006, Fiat
hydrogen city car, “Panda Hydrogen,”
which was developed at Fiat’s Research
Centre. The car uses 350 bar com­
pressed hydrogen as fuel and has a
full­power 60 kW fuel cell system sup­
plied by Nuvera.
fuel cell bus has been developed by
PANDA Hydrogen
IVECO/IRISBUS for the municipal trans­
port authority of Turin. The bus is now
bus is fuelled with electrolitically pro­
duced hydrogen and also equipped with
a battery system. The fuel cell, supplied
by International Fuel Cells, has a power
of 60 kW.
Nowadays, many other activities
growing in the framework of a “national
research plan” and European programs.
PRIORITIES & TARGETS
The National Research Plan (PNR)
began in July 2005. Several projects
were launched at research institutes
and industries in the framework of the
National R&D Programme on “Hydrogen
and Fuel Cells.” This Programme is
supported by the Ministry of Education,
University and Research and the Minis­
try of Environment through the Special
Integrative Fund for Research (FISR).
For the Ministry of Education, Uni­
versity and Research initiative, a group
of experts from different organizations
Platform for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells,
with the following objectives:
deployment strategy for hydrogen and
“The National
Research Plan
(PNR) began
in July 2005.
Several projects
were launched at
research institutes
and industries in
the framework of
the National R&D
Programme on
‘Hydrogen and
Fuel Cells.’”
59

60
DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAMMES
• Bicocca project
in Lombardy
• BEAM project
in Brescia
INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
• City Cell
• BIO­H2
• HyWays
• ZERO­REGIO
fuel cell technologies and promote initia­
tives capable of increasing the national
industry’s competitiveness
• Establish a strong and coordi­
nate relationship with the European Plat­
form and to favour a major participation
of the national organizations
• Avoid duplication of efforts
among different projects so that resourc­
es can be used in the most effective way
DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAMMES
As part of the “Bicocca” project
in Lombardy, a hydrogen fueling sta­
tion with both compressed and liquid
hydrogen was put into operation this
year. The ICE FIAT Multipla (CH2)
and the new Series­7 BMW (LH2) will
be refueled at this station. Also in the
H2 FIAT Multipla
CH 2 Fueling station in Bicocca
Lombardy region another demonstration
program is in the start­up phase. The
municipality of Brescia (ASM) started a
10­year program (the BEAM project) to
utilize hydrogen technologies within the
energy system of the city. Hydrogen
tation) will focus on biomass resources.
Utilization will occur in both transporta­
tion and in stationary sectors during
different phases of the project.
• FISR project
• ENEA ­ New technologies and
innovative processes for the future
of hydrogen economy (Funding
€10.668 M)
• FIAT Research Center ­ Microcom­
bustor matrices for hydrogen (Fund­
ing €6.057 M)
• Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo
Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande In­
terfase – Hydrogen production and
storage in nanomaterials (Funding
€4.296 M)
• Consorzio IPASS ­ Innovative sys­
tems for hydrogen production from
renewables (Funding €9.93 M)
• Consorzio Pisa Ricerche ­ Integrat­
ed systems for hydrogen production
and utilization in distributed power
generation (Funding €5.506 M)
• University of L’Aquila ­ Hydrogen
production from light multi­fuels and
storage in porous materials (Fund­
ing. €6,882 M)
• University of Padoa – Hydrogen
production from biological process­
es (Funding €5.506 M)
• University of Perugia ­ Hydrogen
and utilization in transportation (rail­
ways) and distributed power genera­
tion (Funding €4.818M)
• The project “Hydrogen from the
Sun” (Garda Uno S.p.A., Municipal­
ity of Manerba, Catholic University
of Brescia, Consortium of Indus­
tries). Realization of a 5 kW PV­
electrolyser­FC system, with storage
of hydrogen as compressed gas and
in hydrides.
Objectives for the study of the
production and utilisation of hydrogen
through innovative and high perfor­
mance solar panels are: to seek solu­
concerning the use of hydrogen; and,

congeneration plant
by urban wastes
electrolysis
heat
“OFF PEAK
ELECTRICITY”
biomasses
Structure of the BEAM Project (ASM Brescia)
contemporaneously, to promote aware­
ness and understanding of hydrogen
and renewable energies and their role in
satisfying energy demand in the general
public, the business community, and lo­
cal governments.
• CityCell – Fuel cell energy in
cities. This projects demonstrates
the inner­city environments of Turin,
Berlin, Madrid, and Paris. The proj­
ect aims to demostrate viable “zero
in response to the needs of opera­
tors, EU objectives and Commission
policies. (FP5 ­ Italian partners:
ATM Turin, Ansaldo, ENEA, Sapio,
CVA. Status: Ongoing)
• BIO­H2 – Producing clean hy­
drogen from bioethanol. Objectives:
The primary purpose of the project
is to develop a complete ethanol re­
H 2 storage
fermentation plant water
depuration plant
fuel cell
former system for the production of
hydrogen. The process is designed
to allow easy integration with fuel
cells for the production of electric
power in mobile applications. (FP5
­ Italian partners: Centro Ricerche
Fiat, ENEA. Status: Ongoing)
• HyWays – The develop­
ment and detailed evaluation of a
harmonised European hydrogen
energy roadmap. The project aims
to develop the European hydrogen
energy roadmap. It will comprise
a comparative analysis of regional
supply options and energy scenar­
ios, including renewable energies.
Results of the process will be dis­
seminated to stakeholders and the
public via internet. (IP FP6 ­ Status:
Ongoing: 1st phase completed)
• ZERO­REGIO – Lombardia and
Rhein­Main towards Zero Emission:
Development and demonstration of
infrastructure systems for alterna­
61

62
MINISTRIES (MUR,MAP,MATT)
National Research Organizations
INDUSTRIES
Stake Holders Associations
WORKING
GROUPS
(30 EXPERTS)
HYDORGEN
PRODUCTION
3 Support Groups
*Standards & Safety
Codes
*Information Education
*Financial Instruments
include:
• Use of hydrogen
as an alternative
motor fuel
• Development of
infrastructure
systems for
alternative
motor fuels
• Showing ways and
prospects for
faster penetration
of low­emission
alternative
motor fuels in
the market
Distribution &
Storage
STEERING COMMITTEE
(30 MEMBERS)
Stationary
Power Genera­
tion
PROJECTS
include: 1) use of hydrogen as an
alternative motor fuel, produced
as primary or waste stream in a
chemical plant or via on­site pro­
duction facilities; 2) development of
infrastructure systems for alternative
motor fuels (bio­fuel & hydrogen)
and integrating them in conventional
refueling stations; and 3) showing
ways and prospects for faster pen­
etration of low­emission alternative
motor fuels in the market at short
and medium term. (IP FP6 ­ Italian
partner: Lombardy Region. Status:
Ongoing)
KEY PLAYERS
Public Authorities
Ministry of the Environment; Ministry
of Production Activity; Ministry of Re­
search and University; Regions (Lom­
bardia, Piemonte, Tuscany, Veneto) and
Local Authorities (Florence Municipality,
Mantova Municipality, Milan Municipality,
Brescia Municipality, Manerba Munici­
pality...)
Public Research Institutions
ENEA, National Research Council
(CNR) Institutes : CNR­ITAE, CNR­IENI,
CNR­IMM, CIRPS.
REGIONS
Energy/ Enviroment Committees
& Early Markets
Structure of the Italian Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Platform
Technological Centres
Transportation
CESI; Venezia tecnologie
Universities
Brescia, Genova, L’Aquila, Messina,
Milano, Pavia, Perugia, Roma, Siena,
Torino, Trento
Municipalities
AEM Milan, ASM Brescia, ZINCAR,
Garda 1
Urban Buses Services
ATM Turin, ATAF Florence
The Italian Fuel Cells Industry
Research and development activi­
ties, including novel hydrogen produc­
tion, storage technologies, delivery
infrastructures, and applications are car­
ried out by close cooperation of public
research institutes and industry. Indus­
tries like Air Liquid Italy, Ansaldo Fuel
Cells Co, Ansaldo Ricerche, Arcotronics
Fuel Cells, EniTecnologie, Fiat Research
Center, IVECO­Irisbus, Nuvera Fuel
Cells Europe/DNTE, Pirelli Labs, SAES
Getters, SAPIO, SOL, Technip/KTI, and
several other SMEs are all concerned
with hydrogen and fuel cell technology
development and deployment.

New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development
Organization (NEDO)
www.nedo.go.jp
INTRODUCTION
For countries like Japan which have
few indigenous energy resources and
extremely high import dependency,
world’s fourth largest energy­consuming
country, Japan depends on imports for
over 80% of its energy supply. Oil ac­
counts for about 57% of its total energy
needs, 99.7% of which is imported.
Moreover, Japan is the world’s fourth
largest producer of greenhouse gases,
and its recent commitment to reducing
its total GHG emissions by 6% under the
Kyoto Protocol is advancing research
into the potential of hydrogen.
KEY COMPONENTS
Japan’s current strategy for com­
mercializing fuel cells is comprised of
a number of new programmes and the
continuation of some ongoing efforts
which integrate the development of fuel
cell technologies with efforts to prepare
the market for hydrogen.
Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Dia­
gram of hydrogen and fuel cell technology
development.
FY2005 ­ FY2009; FY2005 Project
Budget: 5.17 billion yen
This program promotes develop­
and low­cost polymer electrolyte fuel
cells (PEFC) at various stages. It sup­
ports technology development for practi­
cal application at the initial introduction
stage, development of elemental tech­
nology at the full introduction stage, and
development of next­generation technol­
ogy at the full dissemination stage. The
program includes four major projects:
(1) Technology Development
Aimed at Basic Issues Common
to PEFC Development
This project aims to overcome basic
issues that are common to the process
of PEFC development. Examples of
deterioration mechanisms that contrib­
ute to the improvement of durability and
formance of PEFC systems, including
fuel cells for vehicles, stacks, and cells.
Basic technologies that contribute to the
research and development of fuel cells
(e.g. analysis evaluation technology) will
be developed.
(2) Development of Elemental
Technology
In order to improve advanced el­
emental technology to the level required
for their practical application for vehicles
and stationary fuel cells, this program
develops a high­risk elemental tech­
nology. Potential applications for this
technology include PEFC electrodes,
electrolytes (including membrane­elec­
trode­assemblies), separators, auxiliary
equipment, and reformers that all bring
a marked improvement in durability and
(3) Development of Basic
Production Technology
To secure the establishment of a
market for stationary fuel cells, this pro­
gram develops technologies for practi­
cal applications. These include basic
material production technologies for fuel
cell stacks, membrane­electrode assem­
blies, separators, and auxiliary equip­
and low­cost PEFC.
63
“Japan’s current
strategy for
commercializing fuel
cells is comprised
of a number of new
programmes and
the continuation of
some ongoing efforts
which integrate the
development of fuel
cell technologies with
efforts to prepare
the market for
hydrogen.”

(4) Development of Technology
for Next­generation Fuel Cells
Efforts to develop technology for
next­generation fuel cells include the
following activities: 1) pioneering and
basic research and development for new
electrolytes and non­platinum electrocat­
low­cost, and highly­reliable fuel cells
at the dissemination stage of fuel cell
vehicles in the future; 2) research and
development of high­performance fuel
tional fuel cell technology; and 3) basic
research aimed at advanced analysis
evaluation technology that contributes
to the research and development of fuel
cells.
FY2004 ­ FY2007; FY2005 Project
Budget: 3.12 billion yen
SOFCS can use natural gas and
coal gas as fuels and are widely adapt­
able to both small­scale distributed
systems and large­scale alternative
systems for thermal power with high
project is twofold: 1) to develop, design,
and manufacture cogeneration and
combined cycle SOFC systems that
can be used in small and medium­scale
distributed power source markets; and
veloped system through demonstrated
operation. System performance evalua­
tion technology will also be developed.
In order to attain high reliability,
cost competitiveness, and user friendli­
ness for mass market SOFC introduc­
tion, it is essential to develop advanced
elemental technologies. A thorough
understanding of cell and stack degra­
dation is requisite to this process, as is
the development of effective mitigation
measures. Substantial cost savings
can be achieved through size reduc­
tion while improving power density and
technologies corresponding to the vari­
ous fuels and operating conditions. For
that purpose, the following research is
underway:
(1) R&D on improvement of reli­
ability (forming the common basis for
and longer cell life measurement);
(2) R&D on high power density cells
(about three times conventional power)
and stacks for downsizing and lowering
system costs; and
(3) Beginning in FY2005, R&D on
expansion of SOFCs applicability for im­
pact evaluations utilizing various fuels,
impurities, and operating conditions with
improvement of system starting capabili­
ties.
FY2003 ­ FY2007; FY2005 Project
Budget: 3.89 billion yen
In order to ensure the smooth dis­
semination of fuel cells using hydrogen,
research and development is under way
“commercialization technology.” R&D
on safety technology will be implement­
ed in the “Project for Common Infra­
structure for Construction of a Hydrogen
Society,” beginning in FY2005.
For commercialization technology,
R&D is being conducted that aims to
downsize and improve the durabil­
performance of technologies pertinent to
the production, compression, transport,
and storage of hydrogen. NEDO seeks
to 1) improve the performance of the
equipment used while reducing costs;
and 2) contribute to the establishment of
a new energy system through the com­
mercialization of fuel cells and hydrogen
energy.
FY2001 ­ FY2005; FY2005 Project
Budget: 80 million yen
LPG is used in the majority of
Japanese households. As the residen­
65
“In order to
ensure the smooth
dissemination
of fuel cells using
hydrogen, research
and development
is under way in
technology’ and
‘commercialization
technology.’”

66
Codes & Standards
“In order to broadly
and smoothly
disseminate
hydrogen and fuel
cells to the general
public, this project
seeks to gather data
related to the review
of laws and Codes &
Standards (C&S), as
well as regulations
for the dissemination
of fuel cell vehicles
and stationary
fuel cell system
infrastructure.”
tial sector is expected to consume more
energy in the future, a stable and ef­
ing an increasingly serious problem for
smaller LPG PEFC system is now under
development. Such a system will also
contribute to efforts for energy conserva­
tion and environmental improvement.
The development of elemental
technology for the reforming process,
including desulfurization and reforming
technology necessary for using LPG as
fuel for PEFCs, is also being augmented
by various developments for assessing
the adaptability of LPG to fuel cells.
FY2002 ­ FY2006; FY2005 Project
Budget: 1.07 billion yen
From the perspective of oil alterna­
tives, improved energy conservation,
and protecting the environment, there
has been an urgent need to develop
technology for, and promote introduction
of clean energy vehicles, particularly fuel
cell vehicles (FCVs). This has required
the development of storage technology
cy to the fullest extent. NEDO is en­
gaged in developing technology for light,
compact, low­cost, high­power, long­life
lithium batteries in order to bring about
lithium batteries for use in automobiles.
This activity will result in further energy
ments for FCVS.
The development program for
technology includes trial production and
the continuous improvement of lithium
battery performance geared to the de­
velopment of high­performance lithium
batteries that can be used safely under
a wide variety of conditions.
FY2003 ­ FY2005; FY2005 Project
Budget: 610 million yen
In recent years, portable equip­
ment such as mobile telephones and
information terminals have tended to
consume more and more power as they
have become more advanced, requiring
higher energy density for portable power
sources.
Under this project, technology is be­
ing developed to commercialize portable
fuel cells that are expected to have
higher energy density as well as greater
currently in use as secondary batteries
for portable devices. Commercialization
is expected to occur in several years.
Furthermore, NEDO is concurrently
establishing the criteria for methanol
fueled micro fuel cells, while investigat­
ing and planning a testing process that
micro fuel cells.
FY2005 ­ FY2009; FY2005 Project
Budget: 3.4 billion yen
In order to broadly and smoothly
disseminate hydrogen and fuel cells to
the general public, this project seeks to
gather data related to the review of laws
and Codes & Standards (C&S), as well
as regulations for the dissemination of
fuel cell vehicles and stationary fuel cell
system infrastructure. The develop­
ment of tests and assessment methods
for obtaining data from, and in close
coordination with industries will facilitate
development of advanced technical

standards and standardization plans for
domestic and international standards.
This will aid in the construction of a
hydrogen society and contribute to the
development of global markets.
Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell
Demonstration Project (JHFC)
FY2002 ­ FY2005; FY2005 Project
Budget: 1.8 billion yen
The JHFC Demonstration Project
consists of road test demonstrations of
fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and the opera­
tion of hydrogen refueling stations. In
this project, ten hydrogen stations with
various fuel sources are being tested.
Fuel sources include desulfurized
gasoline reforming, naphtha reforming,
LPG reforming, liquid­hydrogen storage
(from byproduct of steel mills), methanol
reforming, mobile stations, water elec­
trolysis, kerosene reforming, natural gas
reforming and high­pressure storage
(from byproduct of sodium hydroxide,
NaOH). These stations will be operated
and evaluated along with the FCVs that
participate in this project. Moreover,
seven FCVs and a fuel cell bus from
domestic and foreign manufacturers are
participating in this project. The project
will evaluate various data such as driv­
ability, environmental characteristics,
and fuel consumption.
The “FC System Demonstration
Project (JHFC2)” will succeed the JHFC
Project. In 2006 the new project will
include specialty vehicles.
Demonstration of Residential
PEFC Systems for Market
Creation
FY2005 ­ FY2007; FY2005 Project
Budget: 2.51 billion yen
In order to facilitate the market in­
troduction of residential PEFC systems,
this project is conducting a large­scale
and broad­based experimental study
of 1kW stationary PEFC systems. The
objective of the study is to advance
the practical application of fuel cells by
identifying issues for future technological
development from data obtained through
real time practical use of stationary fuel
cells in typical households.
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Cutting­Edge Research Center
FY2005 Project Budget: 1.0
billion yen
In response to the requests from
the industrial community, which includes
the Fuel Cell Commercialization Confer­
ence of Japan, the Fuel Cell Promo­
Resources and Energy, and the Ministry
of Economy, Trade and Industry have
secured the “fuel cell advanced sci­
ence research entrustment expenses”
presented a proposal to the National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology (AIST) for creation of
a cutting­edge research center that will
service as a central research system to
promote basic research on fuel cells. In
response to the proposal, AIST studied
similar research organizations, research
themes, etc., and inaugurated the Poly­
mer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Cutting­Edge
Research Center (FC­Cubic) on April 1,
2005.
FC­Cubic will promote creative re­
search on advanced base and element
technologies, mainly focused on innova­
tion that will contribute to cost reduc­
tion in polymer electrolyte fuel cells for
vehicular applications. FC­Cubic is also
intended to enhance the education of
engineers and researchers specialized
in fuel cells.
The research center has set the fol­
lowing priorities in response to indus­
trial input and the expectations of the
government:
(1) Innovation related to ”electrode
catalysts,” “electrolyte materials,” and
“mass transfer phenomena through mul­
tiphase interface” as key and element
67
Fuel Cell and
Hydrogen
Demonstration
Programmes
• Japan Hydrogen
& Fuel Cell
Demonstration
Project (JHFC)
• Demonstration
of Residential
PEFC Systems for
Market Creation

68
technologies
(2) Integration of knowledge about
the abovementioned key and element
technologies
KEY PLAYERS
• METI: Much of Japan’s hydrogen
and fuel cell programme is guided
and funded by the Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry (METI)
• NEDO: New Energy and Industrial
Technology Development Organization
(NEDO) is researching
and developing hydrogen energy
technologies in a joint industry­government­university
effort, aiming at
worldwide deployment by the year
2030
• FC­cubic: Polymer Electrolyte Fuel
Cell Cutting­Edge Research Center
(FC­cubic) is one of the research
bases at AIST (National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology)
•
FCCJ: Fuel Cell Commercialization
Conference of Japan

Kee­Suk Nahm,
Chonbuk National University
Jong­Won Kim, HERAC
Seong­Ahn Hong, H2FC
INTRODUCTION
Since 1988 the Republic of Korea
(Korea) has been aggressively pursu­
ing research, development, validation,
demonstration, and commercialization of
hydrogen and fuel cells in order to cope
with her urgent energy and environmen­
tal challenges. This paper summarizes
the overall hydrogen and fuel cell activi­
ties in Korea
Korea has achieved remarkable
economic growth during the last 30
years and now has the world’s 11th larg­
est economy. The rapid expansion of
semiconductor electronics, display, and
automobile industries contributed sig­
in turn has provoked a great demand
for energy consumption. Consequently,
Korea now ranks 10th in the world in the
consumption of energy.
Due to limited domestic energy re­
sources, Korea is currently 97% depen­
dent on foreign imports for its energy.
Korea’s energy intensive economy
has been vulnerable to world energy
importer and the second largest importer
is also the tenth greatest producer of
greenhouse gases. As of 2003, the 181
MBtu Korean per capita energy con­
sumption had already surpassed Japa­
nese per capita consumption of 175.6
MBtu per capita and German per capita
consumption of 172.7 MBtu. Korea’s
rapid increase of energy consumption
has resulted in serious environmental
side effects due to industrial emissions
from factories and carbon emissions
from the country’s transportation sector.
Increased car ownership (15,000,000
vehicles total; 0.86 vehicles per house­
holder as of 2005) has also contributed
to Korea’s air pollution problems.
Hence, Korea is keenly interested in
developing cleaner more clean energy
sources to reduce the dependency on
foreign oil and gas, as well as to mini­
mize environmental issues. Korea is
committed to developing technologies
needed for commercially viable hydro­
gen and fuel cells in addition to increas­
ing the contributions of nuclear energy
and renewable energy from sources like
solar and wind.
(Source: EIA, www.eia.doe.gov)
69

70
Korea:
• World’s 11th
largest economy
• 10th in the
world in energy
consumption
• Currently 97%
dependent on
foreign imports
for its energy
• 5th largest oil
importer...second
largest importer
natural gas
• 10th greatest
producer of
greenhouse
gases
• Work on
hydrogen began
in 1988 as part
of the larger
National R&D
Program
• Basic Plan for
Alternative
Energy
Technology
Development
2000
• Second Basic
Plan for New
& Renewable
Energy 2002
Hydrogen
Production
Program 2003
• 21st Century
Frontier
Hydrogen R&D
Program
• Established
a national
program in 2004
Korea’s interest in research on
new and renewable energy sources
started in the 1980s during the second
oil crisis. Work on hydrogen began
in 1988 as part of the larger National
R&D Program, “Basic Plan for Alterna­
tive Energy Technology Development.”
Efforts were relatively minor in terms of
funding until 2000, when Korea initiated
Program.” This program aimed at de­
veloping matured hydrogen production
technologies from the splitting of water
utilizing thermochemical cycle, biologi­
cal, and photocatalytic methods with a
funding of US$ 6 million. Meanwhile,
direct thermal decomposition of natural
gas was started as a current and short
term hydrogen production project with
a funding of US$ 8 million in 2001. In
2003 the larger national R&D program,
“21st Century Frontier Hydrogen R&D
Program,” was established. In 2004 Ko­
rea also established a national program
in producing nuclear hydrogen. These
programs will become the cornerstone
of Korea’s hydrogen economy.
In addition, fuel cell technology is
one of the most important and promis­
ing innovations. It has also required
the full support of the Korean Gov­
ernment since 1989. The total R&D
budget allocated for developing fuel cell
technologies, such as MCFC, PAFC,
SOFC, and PEMFC, amounts to US$ 77
million for the period 1989­2005. Korea
established “The Second Basic Plan for
New & Renewable Energy Technology
Development & Deployment” in Decem­
ber 2002, whose objective is to increase
the share of new and renewable energy
in primary energy consumption to 5 % in
2011. These programs have become the
foundation for Korea’s current ambitious
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Program. Re­
cently, fuel cell technologies are gaining
support, but their status in Korea still
remains at the R&D stage. However,
demonstrations of fuel cell for residential
house and for distributed power systems
have already been carried out with a
consortium of research institutes and
industries.
NATIONAL VISION
The Korean Government estab­
lished a coordination committee com­
posed of all stakeholders (public,
private, and academic) and built a
national vision for the Hydrogen
Economy. In July 2005 the Korean
Government announced the long­term
vision of Korea’s transition to a hydro­
gen economy. The vision included a
national plan, road maps, and detailed
action plans to commercialize hydrogen
and fuel cells. The long term vision
of Korea’s Hydrogen Economy is to
generate massive amounts of electricity
through renewable energy sources such
as solar, wind, bio, and organic wastes.
Surplus electricity will then be utilized
for water electrolysis to produce hy­
thermo­chemical processing from
generation IV nuclear reactor (VHTR,
very high temperature reactor). With the
hydrogen produced from renewable and
nuclear energy, Koreans would gener­
ate electricity from fuel cells, drive fuel
cell cars, and enjoy fuel cell powered
portables after 2040.
of the hydrogen economy are such that
Korea can not only achieve national
and a clean environment, but can also
develop new hydrogen and fuel cell
industry. For example, the current
hydrogen from natural gas reforming, is
internal combustion engines is around
16%. Hence, fuel cell vehicle com­
mercialization would reduce energy
consumption by more than 50% and
contribute to a sound environment.
For the time being, the short­term
vision is to produce hydrogen from
cheaper fossil fuels (oil and natural
gas) rather than from expensive renew­
able energy. The vision also foresees
development of the hydrogen economy
infrastructure through diverse applica­
tions of fuel cell technology and
hydrogen production, storage, and
delivery facilities.

NATIONAL POLICY
The Korean Government announced
a very ambitious plan to replace 5% of
the national energy consumption with
new and renewable energy sources by
2012, even though the current percent­
age of such sources is less than 2%.
Among the strategies for reaching this
target, the Korean Government selected
hydrogen and fuel cells as one of the
ten (10) economic growth engines for
the next decade. The government has
subsidized half of the project budget
to facilitate the market introduction of
hydrogen and fuel cells. These projects
include R&D and monitoring of fuel cell
vehicles, portables, and industrial/com­
mercial/residential fuel cell generators.
Codes and standards, safety, education,
policies, and related laws for hydrogen
and fuel cells will be established in the
near future.
The two major Korean Government
funding agencies on both hydrogen and
fuel cell R&D programs are the Minis­
try of Commerce, Industry and Energy
71

72
Incheon (KOGAS)
Seoul (GS Caltex)
Yongin (Hyuandai)
Buan (Theme Park
Current H2 Station
New H2 Station
Chaeju
Suguipo
(Source: Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy)
Ulsan (Pohang)
Yeosau (Gwanyang)

74
“The Korean
Government
announced a very
ambitious plan to
replace 5% of the
national energy
consumption
with new and
renewable energy
sources by 2012.”
(MOCIE) (www.mocie.go.kr) and the
Ministry of Science and Technology
(MOST) (www.most.go.kr). The fund
from MOCIE is administered by Ko­
rea Energy Management Corporation
(KEMCO) (www.kemco.or.kr). MOCIE
is more engaged in applied or com­
mercial technologies for the short and
medium­term. Meanwhile, MOST will
develop the long­term projects and is
more oriented towards the development
of fundamental, basic technologies.
The National RD&D Organization
for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells (H2FC)
(www.h2fc.or.kr) was founded in 2004
under MOCIE, to promote overall R&D,
validation, demonstration, and the com­
mercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies. MOCIE and major Korean
companies combined invest US$ 47
million during 2005 for R&D for the vali­
dation and demonstration of hydrogen
refueling station and fuel cells (station­
ary, transportation, portables, etc), which
may expedite the commercialization
of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
described in the table below. The table
and graph on the preceeding page pro­
vide a budget breakdown by period.
1. HYDROGEN REFUELING
STATION
To facilitate the infrastructures for
hydrogen FC vehicles across the nation,
MOCIE is going to open three (3) hydro­
gen refueling stations in Incheon (KO­
GAS), Seoul (GS­Caltex), and Daejon
(SK) in 2006. These stations near Seoul
and the western province are expected
to provide hydrogen fuels made from
LNG, LPG, and naphtha.
2. TRANSPORTATION
Since 2004 MOCIE has launched
several aggressive R&D and monitor­
ing projects to accelerate the com­
mercialization of FC vehicles. The
R&D projects aim for breakthroughs in
PEMFC technology and the monitoring
project is intended to validate and dem­
onstrate the overall feasibility of PEMFC
vehicles, along with hydrogen refueling
stations, prior to full scale dissemina­
tion. The two R&D projects are “the
80kW PEMFC Vehicle Program,” which
is funded at US$ 33.4 million between
2004 and 2008 and “the 200kW PEMFC
Bus Program, which is funded at US$
49 million between 2005 and 2010.
(Source: National RD&D Organization
for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells)
Hyundai­Kia Motors has been
cooperating with MOCIE efforts as the
main contractor for the three projects in
the above table. Hyundai­Kia Motors
has invested half of the project budget.
Along with domestic programs, Hyun­
dai­Kia Motors has been a participant in
global efforts such as the California Fuel
Cell Partnership, which has been work­
ing to develop and commercialize FC
vehicles since 1997 through cooperation
with diverse partners including UTC in
the U.S.
(Source: 80kW PEMFC Vehicle located
at Hyundai­Kia Motors, Mabuk)
3. RESIDENTIAL POWER
GENERATION (RPG)
MOCIE is planning to commercialize
both types of PEMFC and SOFC for res­
idential power generation (RPG). Two
Korean companies, GS Fuel Cell and
FCP, have developed PEMFC systems
for RPG. These companies, the main
contractors in the government program,
are leading R&D and validation projects
to identify the model(s) appropriate for
the Korean market and its lifestlyle.
They seek to overcome technological
and economic barriers for RPG solutions
and to solve problems inherent in cur­
rent city gas grid connection
(Source: National RD&D Organization
for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells)

4. INDUSTRIAL POWER
GENERATION
MOCIE is planning to demonstrate a
type of MCFC­based distributed power
generator for industrial power genera­
tion. Between 2001­2005 the national
electricity monopoly KEPCO developed
a 100kW MCFC stack and system with
a budget of US$ 17 million. This unit,
based on the operational experience of
25kW MCFC system in 1999, is cur­
rently operating at Boryung Power Plant.
After developing this 100kW MCFC sys­
tem, the KEPCO plans to develop a 250
kW MCFC between 2005 and 2009.
Meanwhile, since 2005 the steel
giant POSCO installed three units of
250 kW MCFC systems made by the
U.S. manufacturer FCE as a validation
project designed to accumulate pre­
requisite data and experiences which
are essential for demonstration and
full scale dissemination of the technol­
ogy. These 250kW MCFC systems will
supply power for steel mill and sewage
treatment facilities using the coke oven
gas from the steel mill and the biogas
from sewage as fuel feedstock.
(Source: MCFC located at POSCO,
Pohang)
5. PORTABLES
MOCIE also supports the devel­
opment of both types of PEMFC and
DMFC for portable appliances such as
notebooks, mobile phones, and digital
multimedia broadcasting (DMB). Based
on world class IT industry infrastruc­
tures, Korea is well positioned to
commercialize the portable FC that
can replace the lithium­ion battery with
During the period 2004­2006 Sam­
sung SDI seeks to develop the 50W
PEMFC system for notebook applica­
tions with a budget of US$ 5.5 million,
while LG Chem is developing a 50W
DMFC system for notebooks with a bud­
get of US$ 8.9 million.
6. EDUCATION PROGRAMS
In order to provide R&D manpower
for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
to industries, Korea started education
programs for hydrogen and fuel cells
with the funding of US$ 14.3 million in
2005. Korea selected one Core­Tech­
nology Research Center, two Special­
ized Graduate Schools, and one Best
Lab. The Core­Technology Research
Centers will mainly provide short­term
re­education programs to hydrogen and
fuel cell industries by setting up a
variety of research facilities in the cen­
ters. The Graduate Schools will
establish academic programs for hydro­
gen and fuel cell education to produce
Master and Doctoral students for
industries. The Best Lab will do in­depth
research to solve the bottlenecks of
technologies that are required by hydro­
gen and fuel cell industries by producing
high­level Master and Doctoral students
for industries.
1. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
The main routes for hydrogen pro­
duction under investigation in Korea
are steam methane reforming, water
splitting, and electrolysis.
1.1 Compact Natural Gas Steam
Reforming System For H 2
Fueling Station
The main objective of this project
is to facilitate, install, and test a fully
integrated hydrogen fuelling station
compression, storage, and dispenser).
The station is based upon the steam
reforming of natural gas delivering H 2
at 20 Nm3/hr by year­end 2007.
75
21st Century
Frontier Hydrogen
R&D Program
• Hydrogen
Production
• Compact Natural
Gas Steam
Reforming System
For H2 Fueling
Station
• Biological Hydrogen
Production
• Photochemical
Hydrogen
Production
• Hydrogen
Production
by Thermochemical
Water Splitting
• Hydrogen
Production
by Electrolysis

76
cated at KIER, Daejeon)
1.2 Biological Hydrogen
Production
Biological hydrogen research con­
centrates on production of hydrogen
from water and organic materials using
anaerobic/photosynthetic microorgan­
isms and their enzymes. Photo­biologi­
cal/fermentative H2 production systems
are being developed from water, organic
substances, and CO gas using in­vitro
technology. Studies will be extended
to H2 production by green algae under
1.3 Photochemical Hydrogen
Production
The current R&D in photochemi­
cal hydrogen production technology
aims to develop new photo­catalysts
sensitized with visible lights utilizing a
quantum mechanical material design.
Catalyst synthesis uses our proprietary
soft chemical methods and other special
techniques, as well as microscopic
surface analysis on a nanometer scale.
Furthermore, various effective photore­
action systems, such as the dual­bed
type, the photo­electrochemical (PEC)
type, and the light collecting type are
being constructed by adoption of newly
developed catalytic materials.
1.4 Hydrogen Production
By Thermochemical Water
Splitting
Research in this area will focus on
large­scale hydrogen production by split­
ting water, which utilizes heat from con­
centrated solar radiation. To construct
thermo­chemical cycles, the optimal
tion or reduction property analysis. The
thermo­chemical water­splitting technol­
ogy is facilitated by another technology
that prepares the optimal metal oxide
over 200 cycles with hydrogen produc­
tion quantity of 10 liters H2/kg/hr. The
(Source: Biological H2 production sys­
tem located at KIER, Daejeon)
latter technology insures the stability of
the process. Finally, the metal oxides
preparation method is evaluated and the
two­step thermo­chemical cycle dem­
onstration is performed with the aim of
hydrogen production quantity of 20 liters
H2/kg/hr.
1.5 Hydrogen Production By
Electrolysis
This research aims at develop­
ing hydrogen production from water
electrolysis using polymer electrolyte
membranes and solid oxide electrolytes
at low and high temperatures, respec­
requires the selection and development
of electrode materials, which are the
constituents of electrolysis cells. These
consist of solid electrolytes and current
collectors. Second, cells with high
ing the optimum condition for the cell
constituents. Lastly, the electrolysis cell
stack is constructed with a unit electrode
area of 300 cm 2 operating at 5 kW.

2. HYDROGEN STORAGE
The work in hydrogen storage
focuses mainly on the development of
new hydrogen storage materials that
can be used for a variety of applications.
2.1 Hydrogen Storage Using
Metal Hydrides
This project intends to develop high
performance hydrogen storage materi­
als using metal hydrides, which are
among the most promising candidates
as hydrogen storage materials due to
their high storage capacity, reversibility,
and safety. Since the requirements
for hydrogen storage technology differ
from other technologies depending on
applications, the most optimum storage
media should be chosen.
2.2 Carbon­Based Nano
Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Studies on new nano­materials,
such as nanostructured and nanopo­
conducted. Also, the hybridization of
materials with heterogeneous proper­
ties for hydrogen storage will be re­
searched. Through heat treatments,
electro spinning of catalysts, dispersed
precursors, and carbon materials with
targeted storage capacity. Preparation
and surface reformation of super active
carbon are carried out by using the
electro spinning system for pitch based
physical surface treatment of GNFs,
alkali treatment of GNFs, and, CNTs.
2.3 Non­Carbonic Nano
Materials for Hydrogen Storage
storing hydrogen technologies will be
developed by increasing hydrogen
bonding. These technologies will be
cultivated by MOF through synthetically
processing structured materials with
stable hydrogen storage. The charac­
teristics of the selected materials will be
hydrogen storage capabilities. The ob­
jective is to discover a synthetic method
of creating non­carbonic nanomaterials.
Moreover, the infra­technology that pro­
vides stabilizing and economic hydrogen
storage will also be developed.
2.4 H 2 Storage Using Chemical
Hydrides
The merits of chemical hydrides
such as NaBH 4 are safety and practical­
ity. Hydrogen storage using chemical
hydrides is the most promising technol­
ogy as a source of hydrogen for fuel
cells. This project will investigate highly
gen­generating systems that use alkali
chemical hydrides, particularly NaBH 4 .
(Source: Type 3 and type 4 hydrogen storage vessels located at KIER, Daejeon)
77
21st Century
Frontier Hydrogen
R&D Program
Hydrogen Storage
• Hydrogen Storage
Using Metal
Hydrides
arbon­Based
Nano Materials for
Hydrogen Storage
on­Carbonic Nano
Materials for
Hydrogen Storage
H 2 Storage
Using Chemical
Hydrides

78
(Source: Fuel cell scooter with NaBH4
hydrogen storage system fabricated by
Samsung)
Korea has set the goal of demon­
strating nuclear hydrogen production
velopment program. Outcomes of this
project will result in the construction of
a very high temperature reactor (VHTR)
by 2017 and the commercialization of
hydrogen generation by 2020.
REFERENCES
http://www.h2.re.kr
Homepage of “21st Century Frontier
Hydrogen R&D Program,” established in
September 2003
http://www.h2fc.or.kr
Homepage of “National RD&D Or­
ganization for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell,”
established in January 2004
http://www.hydrogen.re.kr
Homepage of “Nuclear Hydrogen
Project,” established in March 2004.

Dr. Jurgis Vilemas &
Dr. Darius Milcius
Lithuania Energy Institute
www.lei.lt
INTRODUCTION
Lithuanian hydrogen R&D activities
tional interest in hydrogen and the com­
mitment to alternate energy sources.
R&D ACTIVITIES IN THE
FIELD OF HYDROGEN
STORAGE
The Lithuanian Energy Institute
continued activities in Task 17: “Solid
and Liquid State Hydrogen Storage
Materials” and the thematic network
“New Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Stor­
age,” sponsored by the Nordic Energy
Research Programme. The following
discoveries were made:
• 1 ­ 2 µm Mg 2 Ni were success­
fully deposited on quartz substrates and
hydrogenated to crystalline Mg 2 NiH 4 thin
The diffractograms of Mg 2
hydrogenation
and plasma­based technologies.
•
Mg 2 NiH 4 look very similar to extensively
ball­milled Mg 2 NiH 4 .
• Differences between the spectra
are greatly due to crystal size and disor­
der.
•
cell parameter is in good agreement
(a = 6.485(5) Å) with the pseudo­cubic
phase.
This work was carried out in col­
laboration with Prof. Dag Noreus group
from Stockholm University, supported by
the Lithuanian State Science and Study
Foundation.
R&D ACTIVITIES IN THE
FIELD OF SOLID OXIDE
FUEL CELLS (SOFC)
Kaunas University of Technology,
Vilnius University, Vytautas Magnus
University, and the Lithuanian Energy
Institute continued activities on active el­
ements for SOFC synthesis and proper­
m ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 (110)
m ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 (202)
c ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 (111) c ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 (220)
c ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 (311)
h ­ Mg 2 Ni (003)
h ­ Mg 2 Ni (006)
Mg 2 Ni plasma
hydrogenation
79
“The Lithuanian
Energy Institute
continued activities
in Task 17... and
the thematic
network ‘New
Metal Hydrides
for Hydrogen
Storage,’ sponsored
by the Nordic
Energy Research
Programme.”
Mg 2 Ni hydrogenation
at high p, T
As­deposited Mg 2 Ni
c ­ Mg 2 NiH 4 standard
m ­ Mg 2 NiH 2 standard

80
“One of the activity
trends of the
Lithuanian Energy
Institute is research
into the durability
of constructional
elements of energy
systems and new
multifunctional
materials
technologies.“
oxide stabilized by yttrium oxide) were
investigated in order to optimize struc­
YSZ, used as electrolytes for solid oxide
fuel cells (SOFC), were formed by physi­
cal vapour deposition techniques. The
ductivity and dynamic surface morpholo­
in the project. The thickness of fabri­
range of 1­3 µm, the size of nanocrystal­
line grains 20 ­ 50 nm. Dependencies
of the composition, microstructure, and
ionic conductivity on the technological
parameters, such as substrate tempera­
ture and deposition rate, were analysed.
The principal focus of the study was
substrates: (a) synthesis on hot sub­
strate (b) synthesis with additional ion
bombardment during deposition
analysis of the substrate role on the
microstructure and ionic conductivity of
such as nucleation, island formation and
growth, was analyzed using kinetic mod­
elling. The results of the analysis will
add to the fundamental understanding
of the condensation of material on the
rough and porous substrate. The work
was supported by the Lithuanian State
Science and Study Foundation.
The Lithuanian Energy Institute
and Vytautas Magnus University re­
ceived European Structural Funds for
programme preparation and specialist
training in hydrogen technologies for
2005­2008. Funds to support project
implementation come from the Europe­
an Social Fund, the Republic of Lithu­
ania, the Lithuanian Energy Institute
and Vytautas Magnus University. The
project supports the second priority of
the Single Programming Document of
Lithuania for 2004 – 2006, which is the
development of human resources.
2.5, “Improvement of human resources
and innovations.”
One of the activity trends of the
Lithuanian Energy Institute is research
into the durability of constructional
elements of energy systems and new
multifunctional materials technologies.
The Laboratory of Materials Research
and Testing in the Structural subdivi­
sion of the Lithuanian Energy Institute
gen energy as well as its other activities.
It also cooperates with the Faculty of
Nature Sciences of Vytautas Magnus
for hydrogen energy. This training
targets magistrate/doctoral students. It
seeks to better prepare scientists and
Two courses, “Plasma Technologies”
and “New Materials for Hydrogen Stor­

age” and four directly related labs were
developed in 2005.
Apart from regular laboratory work,
lectures, and seminars, students also
participated in training courses on thin
University (France).
Also, as the second stage of hy­
drogen education programmes, the
Lithuania Energy Institute and Vytautas
Magnus University prepared the Invest­
ment Project and applied for funds to
establish the Hydrogen Energy Re­
search Center. If the Center is es­
tablished, research staff will not only ,
but also provide training for high level
specialists as well as public education.
The vision of such a training center is
completely consistent with the Europe­
wide education and training programme
strategy, developed by the Initiative
Group on Education
and Training of the European Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Technology Platform
International Education and
Training activities
Since 2004 the Lithuanian Energy
Institute has been participating in the
Marie Curie Research Training Network
HYTRAIN (Hydrogen Storage Research
Training Network). HYTRAIN aims to
integrate European hydrogen storage
research activities by assimilating ex­
Working on samples preparation at
Poitiers University
to the worldwide research effort and to
establish Europe as a key international
ergy Institute/Vytautas Magnus Univer­
sity, in cooperation with Joint Research
Centre of the European Commission
– Institute for Energy will prepare an
Early Stage Researcher. Emmanuel
Wirth (France) was appointed for this
position. He will prepare a doctoral
thesis on the fabrication and charac­
terization of hydrogen storage alloys
and composites produced using vapour
deposition techniques.
Publications
Researchers from the Lithua­
nian Energy Institute, Kaunas University
of Technology, Vytautas Magnus Univer­
sity and Vilnius University participated
in four international conferences and six
seminars. They also published in inter­
national journals eight articles directly
related to hydrogen energy technolo­
gies.
Working on materials synthesis at LEI
81
“As the second
stage of hydrogen
education
programmes...
Lithuania Energy
Institute and
Vytautas Magnus
University prepared
the Investment
Project and applied
for funds to
establish the
Hydrogen Energy
Research Center
for work on R&D
projects training for
high level specialists
as well as public
education.”

82
“National Energy
Conservation
Strategy – Action
Energy Supply
Programme, 2000...
niche opportunities
for New Zealand
in hydrogen
and fuel cell
technology should
Zealand should
position itself to
appropriately adopt
hydrogen and fuel
cell technology.”
“In June 2002
the New Zealand
Government
announced a
($NZ) 6 million
investment
program called
‘Hydrogen
Energy for the
Future of New
Zealand.’”
Dr Steven Pearce, Solid Energy
New Zealand
Dr Tony Clemens, CRL Energy
Ltd
OVERVIEW
New Zealand is a new member of
mid­2005. The New Zealand Business
Council for Sustainable Development
(NZBCSD) is the contracting party for
the New Zealand Government. The NZ­
BCSD co­coordinates several members
who, along with the Ministry for Econom­
ic Development (MED), support New
Zealand’s participation in the HIA. The
participating members are: BP Oil New
Zealand Ltd; Honda New Zealand Ltd;
Landcare Research Ltd; Solid Energy
New Zealand Ltd; Toyota New Zealand
Ltd; and Urgent Couriers Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
The New Zealand government ad­
dressed the issues of hydrogen and fuel
cell technology in its National Energy Ef­
tion Plan: Energy Supply Programme,
2000. The plan stated that 1) niche
opportunities for New Zealand in hydro­
gen and fuel cell technology should be
position itself to appropriately adopt
hydrogen and fuel cell technology ap­
plications. As a result, in June 2002 the
New Zealand Government announced
a ($NZ) 6 million investment program
called “Hydrogen Energy for the Fu­
transitioning New Zealand towards a
hydrogen based energy economy. The
focus of this work is on hydrogen pro­
duction, both from renewables and New
Zealand’s abundant coal resource.
Since that time other R & D initia­
tives relating to hydrogen storage and
fuel cell demonstrations have been intro­
duced. In addition, a hydrogen roadmap
has been produced for the coal industry.
New Zealand Hydrogen Research: coal
to hydrogen plant (above) and fuel cell
system development laboratory (below).

Project Objective
Project Title Project Participants
The projects are funded by the
government and private expenditure.
The total investment over the period of
2002 to 2008 is in excess of $NZ 8 mil­
lion. The project titles, objectives, and
participants are summarized in the table
above.
These programmes are consistent
with the overall Government objective of
achieving a sustainable energy future for
New Zealand.
83
“In addition, a
hydrogen roadmap
has been produced
for the coal industry.”

84
“The Government
Strategy for
hydrogen as an
energy carrier
in transport and
stationary energy
supply – is the
establishment of
the Norwegian
Hydrogen Platform...
by the Ministry
of Transport and
Communications,
and the Ministry
of Petroleum and
Energy in June
2004 based on
the Hydrogen
Commission’s
recommendations”
Line Amlund Hagen
Research Council of Norway
www.rcn.no
www.hydrogenplattformen.no
THE GOVERNMENT
STRATEGY FOR
HYDROGEN–
The Norwegian Hydrogen Commis­
sion delivered its report to the Ministry
of Transport and Communications and
the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy in
June 2004. The Ministries chose to fol­
low up the Hydrogen Committee’s report
with a strategy document that serves
as a basis for the continued targeting of
hydrogen as an energy carrier for trans­
port and stationary energy supply. The
strategy is mainly concerned with the
formation of a national platform for the
coordination of current investment ef­
is based on the Hydrogen Commission’s
recommendations and the consultative
submissions that came as a response.
The two ministries launched the strategy
in August 2005.
The coordination of current subsidy
schemes, activities, and measures rela­
tive to stipulated objectives is a central
element in the strategy. This function is
The Norewegian Hydrogen platform
Co­ordinate­focus­inform­one address
INFORMATION &
EDUCATION
SECRETARIAT
COORDINATION GROUP
PROJECTS
Research Council
Enova: RES demo
Gassnova: No CO 2
Innovation Norway
International
INTERNAT.
CO­OP.
carried out through a national platform
that coordinates current efforts in the hy­
drogen area. Furthermore, the strategy
embraces other relevant activities and
measures linked to the development
and use of hydrogen. These activities
and measures include formulating safety
tion, and approval, such that the outside
related work can be viewed in the con­
text of the activities taking place within
hydrogen platform framework.
The organisation and funding of the
hydrogen platform are based on exist­
ing public funding instrumentalities. The
Research Council of Norway will anchor
the platform and be responsible for its
administration through close collabora­
tion between themselves and Gassnova,
Enova and Innovation Norway.
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
IN NORWAY RELATED
TO TASK 19 HYDROGEN
SAFETY
Large Scale Hydrogen Explosion
Tests and Modelling
The issue of safety poses a major
challenge to the introduction of hydro­
gen as an energy carrier. Any energy
carrier will have the potential for an
unintended violent release of energy
STRATEGIC
ADVISORY
BOARD
Safety
Standards
Regulations
Others

“PreliminaryIllustration of HYTREC Technology and Research Center”
causing harm to property and people.
Systematic risk management involv­
ing risk analysis has demonstrated its
effectiveness. Today, it is a part of the
overall management of energy produc­
tion in most sectors of the economy. At
present, however, there is a certain lack
of trust in the tools available for model­
ling the accidental effects of hydrogen
releases.
The Norwegian group participat­
ing in IEA HIA Task 19 is lead by DNV
Research and has participation from
Telemark University College, GexCon,
and Statkraft. The group has designed
a test program for investigating the
formation of inhomogeneous gas clouds
from realistic hydrogen releases and
measuring explosion pressures while
such clouds. The aim is to increase the
understanding about conditions that may
detonation. The understanding of this
phenomenon is at present rather limited:
we know that detonations may occur but
we are not able to predict them.
This experimental program, coupled
with the validation of computer code
(FLACS and CFX) and the general work
on quantitative risk analysis in IEA HIA
Task 19, will contribute to reliability of
risk analysis related to hydrogen appli­
cations. A more robust hydrogen risk
analysis capability will facilitate accep­
tance of hydrogen as an energy carrier.
In the 2005 experiments we re­
leased up to about 0.6 kg hydrogen
into the container before the cloud was
ignited. In the 2006 experiments we
want to increase the pressure and the
amount of hydrogen in order to reach
more stoichiometric concentration and
even rich mixtures.
By performing these experiments
we will also obtain a set of data that is
unique and of great value for further
evaluation of CFD­codes and QRA­
methods. The data will be publishable.
Power utility Statkrat, the oil and
tion society Det Norske Veritas are
planning to establish a Norwegian hy­
drogen research and demonstration
facility at Tyhot in Trondheim
This Hydrogen Technology Re­
search Centre (Hytrec) will embrace
research facilities for hydrogen pro­
duction both with water electrolysis
and with CO 2 capture. The centre
shall demonstrate practical use of
hydrogen for transport, electricity
generation and heating and include
visitor centre.
Plannning and engineering of the
centre is ongoing and the plan is to
open the centre in May 2007
www.hytrec.no
85

Dr. Antonio G. García­Conde
Instituto Nacional De Tecnica
INTRODUCTION
Primary Energy consumption in
Spain is 150 10 9 tep (1 MWh = 0.086
tep). The primary energy sources
consist of: 50.77% oil, 16.78% carbon,
14.50% natural gas, 12.57% nuclear,
and 5.38% renewables. On a sector
basis, consumption breaks down as
follows: Transport 40.70%, Industry
33.03%, and Domestic and Tertiary
26.27% (Source: Eurostat).
Spain has 65,000 MW of installed
capacity that is able to produce 236,000
GWh. The electricity market is domi­
nated by two companies, ENDESA and
IBERDROLA. ENDESA supplies 38%
of the power and 40% of total energy;
IBERDOLA supplies 31% of the power
and 28% of total energy.
In the short term the trend in mar­
ket share of primary energy sources is
clear: carbon­based sources will de­
crease in market share while natural gas
and renewables will increase in market
share (Source BBVA).
OVERALL ENERGY
FRAMEWORK
Spanish Energy Policy is directly
linked to compliance with the Kyoto
Protocol. Spain is far from satisfying
its commitments to the Protocol, how­
ever, and serious action is needed in
both public and private sectors. It is not
enough to buy emission rights. Spain’s
energy policies are set forth in three
documents:
• Strategy for Save and Energy
• National Energy Plan
• Renewable Energy Plan 2005­
2010
Energy Research and Develop­
ment activities are carried out in Spain
at both the national and regional level in
response to a national call for proposals.
The principal national programmes are:
• National Energy Research
Program (devoted to basic and
applied research)
• National Energy Program for
Technical Innovation and Devel­
opment
One hundred million (100 million)
€ of national public resources were de­
voted to both programs during 2005.
In the 2005 call for proposals some
key elements were introduced in order
development of proton exchange mem­
brane fuel cells by Spanish companies.
HYDROGEN R&D
Annual activities and/or projects di­
rectly related to hydrogen and fuel cells
are increasing continuously through both
private and public initiatives.
Private companies directly involved
in these activities are growing. Special
alliances are being established between
utilities (Gas Natural, Endesa) and
equipment suppliers to acquire experi­
ence in hydrogen systems operation.
The role of hydrogen as a stor­
age energy system is being analysed
in depth by wind energy companies
(Sotavento, Gamesa), which are also
designing systems that include a hydro­
gen component. These systems are
expected to be in operation by Septem­
ber 2006.
87
“Spanish Energy
Policy is
directly linked to
compliance with
the Kyoto Protocol”
Spain’s energy
policies are set
forth in three
documents:
• Strategy for
Save and Energy
• National
Energy Plan
• Renewable Energy
Plan 2005­2010

88
“Regional
initiatives are
starting around
the country to
encourage the use
of hydrogen in the
automotive sector”
Energy Research
and Development
programmes are:
• National Energy
Research Program
(devoted to
basic and applied
research)
• National Energy
Program for
Technical
Innovation and
Development
Spanish Hydrogen
Association
organized the
European Congress
of Hydrogen
and Fuel Cells in
Zaragoza during
November 2005.
Regional initiatives are starting
around the country to encourage the use
of hydrogen in the automotive sector. In
Andalusia, for example, the construc­
tion of a facility to provide high­pressure
hydrogen to a fuel cell powered vehicle
of Santana Motor is being carried out
in the city of Seville. Similar refuelling
stations are the subject of study in other
regions, including Zaragoza, Pamplona,
Soria and Canary Island. These sta­
tions are intended to promote the use of
wind–hydrogen and transport applica­
tion. Some of them are included in the
Hychain project.
As a result of the interest of Span­
ish society in hydrogen technology, the
Spanish Hydrogen Association organ­
ized the European Congress of Hydro­
gen and Fuel Cells, which was held
in Zaragoza during November 2005.
pation at this successful conference,
underscoring the growing interest of
Spanish companies and organizations in
the technology.
Since 2000 there has been con­
siderable growth in Spanish hydrogen
activities. The research centres and
universities have increased their own
research activities as well as their
participation in national and European
projects. The number of industries and
Small­Medium­sized Enterprise (SMEs)
start­ups that are participating in new
hydrogen projects has also increased.
Currently, Spanish entities are work­
ing in the areas listed below, which are
further categorized by thematic areas:
Hydrogen production by fossil
fuels:
� The production of hydrogen by meth­
ane reforming techniques such as
steam reforming, partial catalytic
oxidation, decomposition, decarbonisa­
tion, chemical looping reforming, and
plasma techniques is being researched
and developed by several research
centres and universities.
�
cation is an ongoing activity in Spain
cation Combined Cycle) coal industrial
hydrogen production plant. Located in
Puertollano (Central Spain), this 355
MW plant is the property of Elcogas
S.A. A new project is being implement­
ed within the plant to allow for competi­
tively priced production of high quality
hydrogen without creating CO 2 This
activity includes research on catalysts
intended to produce and purify hydro­
gen.
� In 2005 new CO 2 capture activities
have begun. The main activity is the
integration of a pilot plant in the IGCC

Puertollano plant. This effort will
validate the CO 2 separation technolo­
gies and storage processes involved
in precombustion. This activity also
includes studies of membranes and
their development along with other
technologies.
� The development of methanol, gaso­
line, and diesel reformers is another
important activity, mainly directed
toward transport applications.
Hydrogen production by high
temperature cycles using
nuclear power:
Several Spanish engineering companies
have been participating in European
projects in this thematic area.
Renewable hydrogen produc­
tion:
� In Spain the current main focus on
renewable hydrogen production is
based on wind and solar resources,
the latter utilizing photovoltaic technol­
ogy. There are several demonstration
plants installed or planned around
the country with RE power capacity
between 6 to 400 kW and hydrogen
production up to 60 Nm 3 (Barcelona
CUTE refuelling station and Sotavento
wind park). Additionally, a large
amount of analysis, studies, and simu­
lations have been conducted on mixed
systems of wind energy, solar, and
hydrogen energy.
� Spain is also exploring hydrogen pro­
duction via process involving high tem­
perature thermal solar energy. In June
2006 the Solar Thermoelectric plant
(PSS10) of Sanlucar la Mayor (Seville)
will be inaugurated. This 5 kW proto­
type is expected to produce hydrogen
at 50% of estimated performance.
� The production of hydrogen from
bioethanol, biomass, and other wastes
is also the subject of discussion in
Spain. Production methods under
discussion include catalysis and low­
temperature plasma reactor. Several
laboratory plants are working to vali­
date the different methods
Hydrogen Storage:
The main activity in this area is the
integration of onboard storage for sta­
tionary applications. The primary focus
is on compressed gas tanks. Safety
studies supplement work on these ap­
plications. Additionally, there have been
studies on materials and development
on metallic hydrides storage systems,
89
“In Spain the
current main focus
on renewable
hydrogen
production is based
on wind and solar
resources, the latter
utilizing photovoltaic
technology.”

90
Spain has
two industrial
hydrogen
pipelines.
• 20km pipeline
is located in
Tarragona
• 5km pipeline
is located in
Algeciras
carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanos­
tructures.
Hydrogen infrastructure and dis­
tribution: Spain has two industrial hy­
drogen pipelines. One 20 km pipeline is
located in Tarragona (northeast Spain),
the other 5 km pipeline is located in
Algeciras (southeast of Spain). The
only current distribution activity is the
manufacture of road transport trailers by
a Spanish company. At present there
are two hydrogen refuelling stations
for public urban buses from the CUTE
project: one station is in Madrid and
the other in Barcelona. However, there
are plans to install four new refuelling
stations in Soria, Pamplona, Zaragoza
communities.
Hydrogen applications: The de­
velopment of fuel cells and their integra­
tion in transport as well as portable and
stationary applications is the other area
of considerable commercial activity for
Spanish companies, with research cen­
tres also being heavily involved.
� Research is being conducted on ma­
terials for SOFC, PEMFC, and MDFC
by research centres and universities.
Some companies have developed
SOFC units under 2 kW, and PEMFC
units up to 10 kW.
� Another group is working on integra­
tion and demonstration of fuel cells in
the electric grid network, remote power
plants, residential applications, urban
buses, light vehicles, and toys. Sev­
eral laboratory test benches around
the country are working to integrate
and test the performance of fuel cells
associated with these demonstrations.
� Spain has two stationary MCFC instal­
lations: the 500 kW San Agustin de
Guadalix (Madrid) power plant built
by Endesa, Iberdrola, and Babcock
Wilcox; and the 250 kW IZAR cogen­
eration plant in the engines factory at
Cartagena.
� Spain has also participated in demon­
stration projects dealing with the use
of hydrogen in combustion and turbine
engines.

HYDROGEN IN SPANISH
SOCIETY
In order to analyse and introduce
hydrogen in our society and economy,
Spain participates in some national and
European initiatives and projects.
It is important to emphasize the
participation of Spanish entities in Eu­
ropean projects that include standards,
socio­economic studies, safety and
networks (HYWAYS as a new member
state on phase II, HY­CO, HYMAC,
ROADS2HYCOM, and HYSAFE).
The national initiatives, which
concern both public and private entities,
mainly address the following activi­
ties: the analysis of renewable energy
plans, including the use of hydrogen;
the feasibility of hydrogen use in Span­
roadmaps; foresight studies on hydro­
gen and fuel cells; and participation
on national committees for codes and
standards.
There is also
a new approach to
education and train­
ing in which several
universities and private
companies periodi­
cally promote courses
on hydrogen and fuel
cells.
The Spanish Technology Platform of
H2 and FC (http://www.ptehpc.org/) was
created in June 2005 in order to facili­
tate and accelerate the development
and use of fuel cell and hydrogen based
systems in Spain. To this end, the
Platform will develop a national strategy
industrial guidelines, which also include
education and public awareness. The
Platform has also established a coor­
dinating group of Spanish international
representatives in the IEA, the Euro­
pean Platform, and many international
organizations. The Platform is also
expected to assist the administration as
an essential forum for short, medium,
and long term planning. At present 92
entities participate in this Platform. The
list includes industry (large and SMEs
from transport, energy, utilities, services,
and engineering), research institutes,
universities, and regional administra­
tions committed to hydrogen and fuel
cell technologies.
Another organization that is play­
ing an important role in the introduction
of hydrogen into Spain is the Spanish
Hydrogen Association (http://aeh2.org).
Created in 2002, the Spanish Hydrogen
Association at present counts 35 private
companies, 18 research centres and 68
individuals among its members.
91
“The Spanish
Technology
Platform of H2 was
created in June 2005
in order to facilitate
and accelerate the
development and
use of fuel cell and
hydrogen based
systems in Spain.”
“Spanish Hydrogen
Association at
present counts 35
private companies,
18 research centres
and 68 individuals
among its members.”

92
The Swedish
Energy Agency is
engaged in national
and international
cooperation to
further these ends
• IEA Hydrogen
• Nordic Energy
research
• EU activites various
“The European
Commission has
approved a large
grant for the
Chrisgas Project
in a biomass
pilot plant at
Värnamo in the
south of Sweden.”
Dr. Lars Vallander
Swedish Energy Agency
www.stem.se
NATIONAL POLICY
RELATED TO HYDROGEN
Until 1995 Sweden expended lim­
ited governmental funds on hydrogen.
It was considered an energy carrier of
interest for a fairly distant future. Swe­
den has for many years participated in
the IEA Hydrogen Implementing agree­
ment and our national objective at that
time was to follow international devel­
opments. With increased international
interest, particularly in conjunction with
fuel cells, our interest has increased and
expanded. A formal Swedish policy has
not been formulated, but the national
interest has been on a higher level over
the last ten years compared to the previ­
ous period.
Sweden has joined the EU research
networking activity ERA­net HY­CO
(ERA refers to European Research
Area; HY­CO refers to Hydrogen Co­
operation), which was started in 2004
and is linked to the Hydrogen and Fuel
Cell Technology Platform. More than
20 European countries and regional
organisations are currently engaged in
the ERA­net HY­CO.
DESCRIPTION
OF PROGRAMME
STRUCTURE
Hydrogen is an energy carrier that
can be made from various sources and
be used for different purposes. Stor­
age and distribution of hydrogen can be
arranged in different ways. The activi­
ties related to hydrogen are therefore
divided into supply, distribution, and use.
There is also development of hydro­
gen related technologies. Finally, the
Swedish Energy Agency is engaged in
national and international cooperation to
further these ends.
Internationally, apart from our partic­
ipation in the IEA Hydrogen Implement­
ing Agreement, Sweden is engaged in
the Nordic Energy research programme.
within this programme. Sweden is also
active in various activities within the EU.
RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT,
DEMONSTRATION
AND COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITIES:
Hydrogen production is supported
in some programmes. A large research
had previously engaged groups in Lund,
Stockholm, and Uppsala, but all three
research groups have now moved to the
University of Uppsala. This programme
also supports research on microbiologi­
cal hydrogen production by blue­green
algae. The 3.5­year programme period
runs between 2002­07­01 and 2005­12­
31. The programme budget is 50 million
SEK (€ 5.4 M).
The main focus of the Alternative
Motor Fuels Programme is fuels made
includes projects on hydrogen. The
programme period is 2003­01­01 to
2006­12­31. The programme budget is
56 million SEK (€ 6.1 M).
The European Commission has
approved a large grant for the Chrisgas
plant at Värnamo in the south of Swe­
duce hydrogen­rich synthesis gas. The
Swedish Energy Agency has taken a
75 million SEK (€ 8.2 M). Substantial
future support is planned for this project
in the coming years.

Due to the low energy content of hy­
drogen on a volume basis, studies relat­
ing to distribution, use, and conversion
of various energy­rich hydrogen carriers
are supported. Examples are develop­
ment of the direct methanol fuel cells
(DMFC), reforming of methanol, and de­
velopment of dimethyl ether (DME). The
DMFC studies have been completed but
will not be further pursued.
The Programme on Stationary Fuel
Cells included both research and devel­
opment activities. Research projects
may receive 100% governmental fund­
ing, whereas government and industry
share the costs for development proj­
ects. The programme period was four
years, from 2002­01­01 to 2005­12­31.
The total programme budget amounted
to 36 million SEK (€ 3.9 M). A continua­
tion of the programme is not planned.
The programme Energy Systems
in Road Vehicles support projects on
various technologies relating to the
driveline of vehicles, including fuel cells.
The programme period is 2004­01­01 to
2006­12­31, with a budget of 105 million
SEK (€ 11.4 M).
A six­year long cooperation (ending
2006) between vehicle manufacturers
and the government called “Green car”
has been established. The total budget
is 1,800 million SEK, of which industry
contributes a larger part, 1,300 million
SEK. Approximately 100 million SEK is
spent on fuel cell–hybrid electric vehicle
technology. A second phase of the
“Green car” programme is planned that
ers and the state.
Stockholm participated in the EU
demonstration project CUTE (Clean Ur­
ban Transport for Europe) where three
fuel cell buses were run in each of nine
European cities. The hydrogen, which
provided fuel for the fuel cell buses,
was produced locally by electrolysis. A
second phase of the CUTE project has
been initiated but Sweden has decided
not to take part. In 2004 Sweden joined
the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
Platform, organised by the EU.
93
Stockholm
participated in the
EU demonstration
project CUTE (Clean
Urban Transport
for Europe)
“A six­year long
cooperation
between vehicle
manufacturers and
the government”
called ‘Green
car’ has been
established”.
“In 2004 Sweden
joined the
Hydrogen and Fuel
Cell Technology
Platform, organised
by the EU.”

94
The Swedish Energy Agency sup­
ports studies on topics relating to hydro­
gen, such as storage of hydrogen in the
form of metal hydrides, compressors for
air supply, and development of catalytic
materials.
COOPERATION
The Swedish Energy Agency coop­
erates with several actors nationally on
matters addressing technical develop­
ment: strategic studies (Energy foresight
study); cooperation with a large group
of stakeholders in the transport sector;
arranging regular conferences about fuel
cells and batteries; and handling stra­
tegic issues of relevance to component
suppliers for vehicle manufacturers.
Some Swedish universities and
institutes of technology are of special
• Royal Institute of Technology
(KTH)
• University of Lund (LU)
• University of Uppsala (UU)
• Chalmers Institute of Technol
ogy
Internationally, Sweden is engaged
in the following IEA implementing agree­
ments related to the transport sector:
• IEA Hydrogen Production and
Utilization
• IEA Advanced Fuel Cells
• IEA Advanced Motor Fuels
• IEA Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
As mentioned earlier, Sweden also
participates in various activities within
the European Union.
LEVEL OF INDUSTRY
INVOLVEMENT
Industry is involved in some pro­
grammes but also in separate de­
velopment projects. Some industrial
companies are also members of what
in Sweden is called competence cen­
ters, to which also universities and
government are formally engaged. The
most important actors include vehicle
manufacturers (Volvo), utilities (Eon,

previously Sydkraft), and some smaller
companies, which do or may play a role
to deliver components or systems to the
vehicle industry.
FUNDING – RECENT
HISTORY AND
PROJECTIONS
Funding from the Swedish Energy
Agency is relatively large and has in­
creased during the last decade. Some
support to programmes or single proj­
the industrial funding in this area. The
general impression is that government
by far has been the major contributor of
funds to the area of hydrogen, including
fuel cells.
The Swedish seven­year en­
ergy programme 1998­2004 has been
completed. The funding for all types of
reduced during 2005. However, it has
been restored to its previous level and
will be maintained during the coming
years. The Swedish Energy Agency
was engaged during 2005 in a govern­
mental study, FOKUS II, to prioritise
which areas will receive funding for the
years to come. Relative to hydrogen
and fuel cell activities, the focus is more
on hydrogen production, while fuel cell
OUTLOOK FOR THE
NEAR AND LONGER
TERM
The Swedish Energy Agency
considers hydrogen (and the potential
hydrogen society) to be an important
vision that is technically feasible. To be­
come a sustainable reality, considerable
research and development efforts are
“The funding for
all types of energy
related RD&D
95
reduced during
2005. However, it
has been restored
to its previous
level and budget
this level will be
maintained during
the coming years.”
“The Swedish
Energy Agency was
engaged during 2005
in a governmental
study, FOKUS II, to
prioritise funding
areas...the focus is
more on hydrogen
production.”

96
“Switzerland
continues to
focus its H 2
R&D efforts on
the issues of
production and
storage, with
production based
on renewable
energies (RE)..
at the end of
2005 the Swiss
Energy underwent
a major
international
evaluation of its
‘Solar Chemistry
and H 2 ’ R&D
program. Results
are expected
to be made
public shortly.”
Dr. Andreas Luzzi
Institute for Solar Technologies,
University of Applied Sciences
Rapperswil
www.solarenergy.ch
INTRODUCTION
National research and development
(R&D) on hydrogen (H 2 ) technologies
forms part of the energy research pro­
ergy (SFOE). The SFOE considers H 2
as an important future secondary energy
carrier and an economically important
chemical commodity. With H 2 produc­
tion as well as storage being the focus
areas of R&D attention, the national H 2
R&D program coordinated by the SFOE
is complemented by funding programs
from various other national as well as
cantonal authorities.
FUNDING, RESEARCH
INSTITUTIONS &
PUBLIC RELATIONS
In 2005, the total public funding for
H 2 R&D in Switzerland amounted to
CHF 2.8 million (€ 1.8 million). Some
26% thereof has been contributed by
the SFOE directly. The other sources
of H 2 R&D in Switzerland funding are:
about 5% from the Swiss Federal Insti­
tute of Technology (ETH + EPFL); some
9% from the Swiss National Science
Foundation; about 6% from the Swiss
(SFES); just over 51% by the Cantonal
Universities; and the remaining 3%
through private funding.
In 2005 the main research institu­
tions in Switzerland that have been
involved in H 2 R&D activities include the
main Cantonal Universities of Berne,
Fribourg, and Geneva, as well as the
Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology
in Zürich (ETH) and Lausanne (EPFL).
The Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and
the Swiss Materials Research Centre
(EMPA), both part of the ETH Council,
have also maintained H 2 R&D projects
during 2005.
Thanks to support from the SFOE,
Switzerland also continued to manage
the new Annex­20 of the IEA­HIA on
“H 2 from Waterphotolysis.” This annex
began in 2005 (refer to Task­20 in this
Annual Report for further details).
Hydropole, Switzerland’s prime ad­
vocacy group and internet portal (www.
hydropole.ch) for all H 2 issues, has
increased its private, institutional and
industrial membership in 2005. Hydro­
pole plans to present the main Swiss H 2
technologies and projects in the form
of a “Village Suisse” at the exhibition of
the upcoming World Hydrogen Energy
Conference in Lyon, France (13­16 June
2006).
Last but not least, at the end of
2005 the SFOE underwent a major inter­
national evaluation of its “Solar Chem­
istry and H 2 R&D program. Results are
expected to be made public shortly.
ACHIEVEMENTS 2005
Switzerland continues to focus its
H 2 R&D efforts on the issues of produc­
tion and storage, with production based
on renewable energies (RE). The R&D
highlights of 2005 include:
Switzerland’s main RE­based H 2
R&D activities concern photoelelctro­
chemical (PEC) water­splitting and solar
thermo­chemical H 2 production based
on the 2­step Zn/ZnO redox reactions
cycle.
Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) photoanodes for
water­splitting under visible light are the
focus of R&D attention at various places
around the world (refer to Task­20 in
this Annual Report for further details).
While researchers at the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology in Lausanne
(EPFL) concentrate their efforts on sili­
cone­doping, experts at the University of
Geneva are working with great success
on zinc and titanium­doping of Fe 2 O 3 .

For example, with production being
highly replicable at EPFL, new Si­doped
Fe 2 O 3 photoanodes demonstrate a very
promising photo response of 1.45 mA/
cm 2 , measured at the reversible water
oxidation potential of 1.23 Volt versus
the reversible H 2 electrode (RHE). As il­
lustrated in Figure­1, the Fe 2 O 3
show a preferred vertical orientation
of the (001) basal plane, normal to the
F­doped SnO 2 substrate (TCO). Inter­
estingly, the electrical conductivity was
found to be up to four orders of magni­
tude higher along the (001) basal plane
than perpendicular to it.
Alternatively, Figure­2 illustrates the
H 2 production scheme that is based on
the 2­step water­splitting thermo­chemi­
cal cycle of Zn/ZnO redox reactions,
pioneered by researchers of the Paul
Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich
(ETH). The work is conducted in broad
collaboration with many research groups
coordinated by the Solar Chemistry task
of the IEA Solar Power and Chemical
Energy Systems (SolarPACES) Imple­
menting Agreement.
execution of the non­solar exothermic
Figure­2: Schematic representation
of the two­step water­splitting cycle
using the Zn/ZnO redox system for the
solar production of hydrogen (Source:
PSI).
hydrolysis of Zn encompasses the
formation of Zn nanoparticles followed
by their in­situ hydrolysis for H 2 gen­
eration. During 2005 this process was
tor featuring Zn­evaporation, steam­
quenching, and Zn/H2O­reaction zones.
When the Zn­evaporation zone was
operated at 973 K, the H 2
as the amount of H 2 produced relative to
the amount of Zn evaporated) reached
up to 90%.
Figure­1: Typical scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Si­doped nano­
crystalline Fe 2 O 3 thin­films on conducting TCO substrates obtained from atmo­
spheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) – a) & b) – and ultra­sonic
spray pyrolysis (USP) – c) & d). a) and c) are side view images, whereas b) and
d) are top view images. The inset in image d) shows the hematite grains for un­
doped USP electrodes (Source: EPFL).
97
Switzerland’s main
RE­based H2 R&D
activities concern
photoelelctro­
chemical (PEC)
water­ splitting
and solar thermo­
chemical H2
production based
on the 2­step
Zn/ ZnO redox
reactions cycle.

98
Complex metal hydrides such as
LiBH 4 are understood to have much
promise as effective and safe H 2 storage
options (refer to Task­17 in this Annual
Report for further details). As a world­
Fribourg managed to determine the sta­
bility of all intermediary reaction steps of
H 2 desorption in LiBH 4 , which has led to
the design of the complete reaction en­
thalpy diagram for LiBH 4 (refer to Figure­
3). This was enabled with application of
a novel measurement set­up based on
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
in a pressurized H 2 chamber.
OUTLOOK
Switzerland plans to continue
its fundamental R&D efforts in H 2
production and storage in 2006 in
collaboration with the R&D programs
of the HIA.
Figure­3: Complete reaction enthalpy diagram of LiBH 4 : Starting from
its elements at very low temperatures, the enthalpy of formation of LiBH 4
amounts to ­194.15 kJ. This is followed by the endothermic transition from
orthorhombic (Pnma) to hexagonal (P63mc) structures. The latter one
experienced an additional endothermic transition to form a liquid. 1.5 mols
of H 2 are finally being desorbed per mol of LiBH 4 out of this liquid phase
with an enthalpy of reaction of 91.68 kJ, equating to a specific enthalpy of
reaction of about 61 kJ mol­1 H 2 (Source: Uni of Fribourg).

Dr. Ray Eaton
Department of Trade & Industry
www.dti.gov.uk
INTRODUCTION
The 2004 Annual Report referred
to two reports which had been commis­
sioned to assist the development of UK
policy on hydrogen, and noted that it
was intended to publish a Government
response in due course. Although de­
layed by a general election, the UK En­
ergy Minister, Malcolm Wicks, launched
both the Carbon Abatement Technolo­
gies Strategy and the Government’s
response to the UK Hydrogen Energy
Strategic Framework Report on 12
June 2005. As well as providing broad
endorsement for the essential thrust
of the report, the Minister announced
a new demonstration programme for
fuel cells, hydrogen and carbon abate­
ment technologies, with total funding
of £40m for a 3­4 year programme (of
which £35m was allocated for carbon
abatement technologies and £15m for
fuel cells and hydrogen). The allocation
for carbon abatement technologies was
subsequently increased by £10m in the
Chancellor of the Exchequer’s pre­bud­
get announcement, although the fuel
cell and hydrogen sub­total remained
the same. The funding for the demon­
stration programme is in addition to that
for collaborative research and develop­
ment, which takes place through the DTI
Technology Programme.
BACKGROUND
The UK is moving from being a net
energy­exporter to being a net importer
of energy as our indigenous energy
supplies decline. We already import
nearly half the coal we use, and much
of the UK’s economically viable deep
mined coal will be exhausted within ten
years. By around 2006, we will be a net
importer of gas and, by around 2010, of
oil. By 2020, we could be dependent
on imported energy for three quarters
of our primary energy needs. Currently,
UK primary energy demand is made up
approximately as follows: gas (39%),
oil (35%), coal (15%), nuclear (9%) and
renewables (2%). For electricity genera­
tion, the breakdown is approximately as
follows: gas (38%), coal (32%), nuclear
(23%), oil and other (4%), and renew­
ables (3%). The Government has a
target of 10% of electricity from renew­
ables by 2010 and an aspiration of 20%
by 2020. The Government has also
accepted the recommendation of the
Royal Commission on Environmental
Pollution that the UK should set upon a
path to reduce carbon emissions some
60% from current levels by 2050.
The UK’s long term energy strategy
was set out three years ago in the White
Paper “Our Energy Future – Creating a
Low Carbon Economy.” The key priori­
ties remain the same – reducing carbon
emissions, maintaining safe, secure
energy supplies, promoting competitive
markets, and reducing energy poverty.
For a number of reasons, the Govern­
ment has decided to examine whether
additional measures will be required in
order to achieve these goals. These
include the increasing evidence of the
effect of carbon emissions on climate
change, the sharp rise in energy prices,
and the need to consider whether or not
new nuclear capacity will be required in
order to meet the UK’s energy demand.
Last year the Government announced
an Energy Review to consider these is­
sues. This is currently underway and is
expected to report in the course of 2006.
99
UK Energy Minister
launched the
Carbon Abatement
Technologies
Strategy and the
Government’s
response to the
UK Hydrogen
Energy Strategic
Framework Report
on 12 June 2005
• the Minister
announced a new
demonstration
programme
for fuel cells,
hydrogen and
carbon abatement
technologies
• the Government
accepted the
recommendation
that the UK
should set upon
a path to reduce
carbon emissions
some 60%
from current
levels by 2050

100
“While the UK does
not have a single
integrated hydrogen
programme, it
activities within the
university sector and
in industry. The
DTI Technology
Programme is now
the main mechanism
for supporting
collaborative
industrial RD&D
projects on all
technologies for
which DTI is the
lead Government
department.”
opment of UK policy on hydrogen was
made in 2005 with the publication of
the Government’s response to the UK
Hydrogen Energy Strategic Framework
Report. The latter had reported that
a number of hydrogen energy chains
had the potential to meet the objec­
tives of cost­competitive carbon emis­
sions reductions and increased energy
security by 2030. All of them involved
transport applications using fuel cell
vehicles. With the possible exception of
remote and island situations with good
renewable energy resources, the use of
hydrogen for stationary power genera­
tion did not appear to make sense in
techno­economic terms. The Govern­
ment accepted the broad thrust of the
report and announced the establishment
of a demonstration programme for fuel
cells, hydrogen, and carbon abatement
technologies. At the time of writing, the
DTI is developing the scheme in consul­
tation with industry, and is seeking State
Aid approval from the European Com­
mission.
H2 PROGRAMMES IN
THE UK
While the UK does not have a single
integrated hydrogen programme, it has
university sector and in industry. The
DTI Technology Programme is now the
main mechanism for supporting col­
laborative industrial RD&D projects on
all technologies for which DTI is the
lead Government department. The DTI
Technology Program is now including
hydrogen within its calls for proposals.
The second call including hydrogen
opened on 24 November 2005 and
closed on 6 February 2006. A total of
£63M has been allocated to this call,
which includes regenerative medicine
technologies among other topics which
are listed below:
• Energy ­ (includes low­carbon
and oil & gas, H2 and fuel cells)
• Design of electrical and electronic
control and power systems
• Materials
• Technologies for data and content
storage, management, retrieval,
and analysis
• Waste minimisation/resource
ciency
University research on hydrogen is
supported by the Research Councils,
mainly the Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)
and also the Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC). There are
two distinct mechanisms: responsive
mode, which involves the submission
of individual proposals from research­
ers; and directed programmes, which
encourage the formation of research
lems. The UK Sustainable Hydrogen
Energy Consortium (UKSHEC) is an
example of an initiative arising from a
directed programme, SUPERGEN (Sus­
tainable Power Generation and Supply).
UKSHEC consists of six (6) universities
together with other organisations such
as the Policy Studies Institute, and will
be spending £3.4M over four years. The
research themes include hydrogen stor­
age and socio­economic analysis.
Industrial collaborative support is
now provided through the DTI’s Tech­
nology Programme, which is advised
by a Technology Strategy Board. Fuel
cells have been supported under the
Technology Programme, and previously
under the DTI New and Renewable
Energy Programme. The technology
programme now includes industrial col­
laborative projects on hydrogen.
The report by E4tech, Element
six hydrogen energy chains that could
provide cost­competitive CO 2 reduc­
tions and increased upstream energy
security for the UK by 2030. All the
chains involved transport, using fuel cell
powered vehicles. The use of hydrogen
for stationary power generation would
not, in general, meet these energy policy
objectives. However, there could be
particular situations – remote or island

communities with substantial renewable
energy resources but weak or inad­
equate grid electricity grids – where the
economics could be favourable.
The six hydrogen energy chains are
as follows:
• Renewable electricity to hydrogen
• Nuclear electricity to hydrogen
• Natural gas to hydrogen with
carbon capture and storage
• Coal to hydrogen with carbon
capture and storage
• Novel hydrogen production routes
The conclusions were supported by
substantial modelling using the Markal
model and credible data sources such
as the CONCAWE study.
Work by several UK universities
and research organisations continues
into materials and mechanisms for stor­
age of hydrogen in solid media. These
include the Universities of Birmingham,
Salford, Nottingham and Queen Mary
College (QMC, University of London).
These organisations are actively partici­
pating in Task 17 of the Implementing
Agreement. The work of individual UK
participants will be described in more
detail in the Operating Agent’s report for
Task 17. The UK will host a technical
workshop for Task 17 on 1­4 May 2006.
Both Birmingham and QMC are working
as part of the UK SUPERGEN initiative
described earlier.
101

102
“The group is
aiming to derive a
set of safe working
practises to be
disseminated among
Task 17 participants.”
University of Birmingham has
reported the results from the EC FUS­
CHIA programme on the adsorption of
hydrogen into zeolites. Although none
of the systems examined showed high
gravimetric adsorption, there are in­
teresting variations in the initial slope
system were evaluated. This is believed
demonstrated.
Salford University has been
conducting investigations using neutron
scattering into the physico­chemical in­
teractions between molecular hydrogen
and carbon nano materials. One indica­
tion is that molecular hydrogen appears
to be only physisorbed in the material.
Nottingham University has been
active in the working sub­group looking
at the safety aspects of handling and
hydrides and carbon nanomaterials.
The hazards include pyrophoricity of
the materials and possible ingestion by
operators. The group is aiming to derive
a set of safe working practises to be dis­
seminated among Task 17 participants.
Nottingham has also successfully acti­
initial uptakes of 0.6% at room tempera­
ture. However, the theoretical capacity
is 7.6% and much more work is required
to improve the activation process.
Queen Mary College has reported
mechanical alloying and the effect this
has on the rate of hydrogen absorption
and the heat of absorption. Both simula­
tive and experimental studies indicate
that desorption temperature and kinet­
ics can be greatly improved by suitable
catalysts. They reported the potential
existence of a new meta­stable phase
for magnesium hydride that should show
a much lower desorption temperature
than conventional magnesium hydride.
Finally in March 2004, the UK
joined Task 18 on the evaluation of
hydrogen demonstration projects. In
March 2005 the UK extended its par­
ticipation to cover Subtask A as well
as Subtask B. The UK contractor is
now taking a leading role in the Task,
which has been welcomed by the other
participants. The UK proposed three
UK projects for evaluation: HARI in
Leicestershire, the London CUTE buses
refuelling station, and the PURE project
on the island of Unst. These projects,
in particular the HARI project, were
welcomed by the Task 18 participants.
The UK will continue with the evaluation
of the HARI project in Leicestershire and
the PURE project on the island of Unst
as part of its contribution to Task 18.

Pat Davis
INTRODUCTION
The Department of Energy has
a comprehensive plan for successfully
integrating and implementing technology
research, development, and demonstra­
tion activities needed to cost­effectively
produce, store, and distribute hydrogen
for use in fuel cell vehicles and electric­
ity generation. The DOE Plan integrates
existing and future activities to pursue
the R&D priorities and overcome the
related technical challenges.
In cooperation with industry,
academia, national laboratories, and
other government agencies, the Depart­
ment of Energy’s Hydrogen Program
is advancing the state of hydrogen and
fuel cell technologies in support of the
President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
The Initiative seeks to develop hydro­
gen, fuel cell, and infrastructure tech­
nologies needed to make it practical and
cost­effective for Americans to choose to
use fuel cell vehicles by 2020.
The DOE’s Hydrogen Program
related to critical technical, economic,
and institutional barriers in an integrated
department schedule.
• Hydrogen production from a
variety of domestic resources at a cost
of $2.00­3.00 per kg.
• On­board hydrogen storage
systems that provide a driving range of
• Polymer electrolyte­membrane
automotive fuel cells that cost $30 per
kilowatt
DOE HYDROGEN
PROGRAM
The central mission of the DOE’s
Hydrogen Program is to research, de­
velop, and validate fuel cell and hydro­
gen production, delivery, and storage
technologies.
Hydrogen from diverse domestic
resources will be used in a clean, safe,
reliable, and affordable manner in fuel
cell vehicles, central station electric
power production, and distributed ther­
mal electric as well as combined heat
and power applications. Development
of hydrogen energy will ensure that the
United States has an abundant, reliable,
and affordable supply of clean energy to
maintain the Nation’s prosperity through­
out the 21st century.
DOE is currently conducting re­
search, development, demonstrations,
standards formulation, and public
outreach and education activities. These
activities are carried out in partnership
with automotive and power equipment
manufacturers, energy and chemical
companies, electric and natural gas
utilities, building designers, other federal
agencies, state government agencies,
universities, national laboratories, and
other stakeholder organizations. These
activities address the development of
hydrogen energy systems for transpor­
tation, stationary power, and portable
power applications. Stationary power
applications include combined heat and
power generation systems in buildings
and manufacturing facilities, utility­scale
power systems, and distributed (smaller­
scale) power systems. Transportation
applications include fuel cell and hydro­
gen infrastructure development. DOE­
103
“The Department of
Energy’s Hydrogen
Program is
advancing the state
of hydrogen and fuel
cell technologies
in support of
the President’s
Hydrogen Fuel
Initiative. The
Initiative seeks to
develop hydrogen,
fuel cell, and
infrastructure
technologies needed
to make it practical
and cost­effective for
Americans to choose
to use fuel cell
vehicles by 2020”

104
Production
and Delivery
• Two years of effort
culminated with
two hydrogen
delivery models
H2A Delivery
Components
Model and the
H2A Delivery
Scenario Model
• Reduced the cost
of natural gas­
based hydrogen
production
from $5.00 per
gallon gasoline
equivalent
(gge) in 2003 to
approximately
$3.00 per gge
Storage
• Achieved 5.5
wt% reversible
hydrogen storage
(on a materials
basis) through the
development of Mg­
funded activities include cost­shared,
public­private partnerships to address
the high­risk, critical technology barriers
preventing widespread use of hydrogen
as an energy carrier. These efforts are
augmented by fundamental and applied
research at national laboratories and
universities. DOE is funding a balanced
program of basic and applied research,
development, and demonstration activi­
ties that will provide the basis for the
near­, mid­, and long­term production,
delivery, storage, and use of hydrogen
derived from fossil fuel, nuclear, and
renewable sources.
• Two years of effort culminated with
the recent public posting on the DOE
Hydrogen website (http://www.hydrogen.
energy.gov/h2a_delivery.html) of two
hydrogen delivery models ­ the H2A De­
livery Components Model and the H2A
Delivery Scenario Model. These models
represent a comprehensive approach
to the analysis of hydrogen delivery by
pipeline, gaseous truck, and cryogenic
liquid.
• Reduced the cost of natural gas­
based hydrogen production from $5.00
per gallon gasoline equivalent (gge) in
2003 to approximately $3.00 per gge
($3.10/gge modeled cost, $3.00/gge
from research progress in reforming and
full­scale hardware in 2009).
• Completed conceptual design
documents for pilot­scale experiments
of production methods for use with
advanced nuclear reactors (200 kilowatt
high temperature electrolysis experi­
ment and the 500 kilowatt sulfur­iodine
thermochemical process experiment).
• Developed and demonstrated
dehydrogenation of organic liquid car­
riers, including ethylcarbazole, with
material hydrogen storage capacities of 5 to
6.9 wt%.
• Developed unique nanostruc­
tured scaffold concept and demonstrat­
ed hydrogen storage in ammonia borane
coated scaffolds, achieving 6 wt%
material­based hydrogen storage, low
temperature hydrogen release (< 100 C)
and reduced byproduct formation.
• Completed preliminary lab scale
experiments with doped alane showing
6 to 7 wt% hydrogen evolved at 100 to
150 C.
• Achieved 5.5 wt% reversible
hydrogen storage (on a materials basis)
through the development of Mg­modi­
Reformer and Praxair PSA at University of California at Irvine

cycles of hydrogen storage.
• Developed and demonstrated
destabilized LiBH 4 to show roughly 9
wt% material­based hydrogen storage at
350 C.
• Using theoretical simulation, de­
signed fullerene derivative/metal hybrids
with the potential to store >8 wt% on a
materials basis at room temperature.
Preliminary 1­kg hydrogen system
prototype developed based on sodium
alanate
• Reduced the high­volume cost
of automotive fuel cells from $275/kW
(2002) to $110/kW (2005) by increas­
ing the power density and reducing the
platinum loading (cost estimated to be
mechanical modes of degradation and
demonstrated a coupling between the
two modes.
• Investigated the effects on durabil­
ity of additional operating parameters
and showed that the fuel cell’s relative
humidity has a profound effect on the
growth of catalyst particles during po­
tential cycling. Wetter conditions lead to
greater particle growth and more heavily
degraded fuel cell performance.
• Developed methods to apply
transmission electron microscopy to
the developing nanotechnology of fuel
cell electrode layers. The very high
resolution of the microscopy success­
DTE/BP Power Park,
fully images the particular structure of
the carbon black support material. This
imaging allows for differentiation be­
tween the areas of carbon support and
achieve by other means.
• Four Learning Demonstration teams
have been established with projects at
nine hydrogen refueling stations servic­
ing 63 fuel cell vehicles. These teams
are submitting fuel cell, vehicle and
refueling station operational and mainte­
nance data to a centralized repository.
ChevronTexaco, Chino, CA
• Established a Hydrogen Quality
Working Group to examine R&D needs
and systems trade­offs as input to the
hydrogen quality standards process.
• Web­published the initial nine sec­
tions of the Technical Reference for
Hydrogen Compatibility of Materials at
www.ca.sandia.gov/matlsTechRef/
• Web­posted the Hydrogen Safety
Bibliographic Database, which provides
references to reports, articles, books,
and other resources for information on
hydrogen safety as it relates to produc­
tion, storage, distribution, and use:
www.hydrogen.energy.gov/biblio_data­
base.html
• Established the Hydrogen Incidents
website and database
(www.h2incidents.org) to chronicle
past hydrogen safety incidents with an
emphasis on lessons learned.
105
“Reduced the high­
volume cost of
automotive fuel
cells from $275/kW
(2002) to $110/kW
(2005) by increasing
the power density
and reducing the
platinum loading.”

106
Safety, Codes
& Standards
• Established a
Hydrogen Quality
Working Group
• Web­published
Technical
Reference
for Hydrogen
Compatibility
of Materials at
www.ca.sandia.
gov/matlsTechR
• Web­posted the
Hydrogen Safety
Bibliographic
Database
• Established
the Hydrogen
Incidents website
and database
• Published the
Hydrogen Facts
& Figures web
page, which
includes two
major elements
(1) Hydrogen
Baseline Survey
Report, and (2)
New educational
materials to
introduce a
non­technical
public audience
to hydrogen
technology.
• Published the Hydrogen Facts &
Figures web page, which includes two
major elements (1) Hydrogen Baseline
Survey Report, documenting the results
the knowledge and opinions of hydrogen
among four key audiences ­­ the public,
students, state and local governments,
potential end users (transportation, busi­
nesses needing uninterruptible power,
large power users); and (2) new edu­
cational materials to introduce a non­
technical public audience to hydrogen
technology. The web address is www.
l
of training for state and local govern­
• Completed the development of
new teacher and student guides that
introduce the hydrogen economy and
hydrogen technologies to middle school
students.
• Initiated the development of
new training materials for emergency
responders.

107