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“For the next ten<br />
years I never, ever<br />
thought about the<br />
<strong>Holocaust</strong>. My brain<br />
did something that<br />
made me not think<br />
about anything. I<br />
didn’t think about my<br />
family. I lived in the<br />
moment.”<br />
1783<br />
1787<br />
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1945<br />
1946<br />
Heinrich Moritz Gottleib Grellmann publishes, Die Zigeuner. Ein historischer Versuch über die Lebensart und<br />
Verfassung, Sitten und Schicksale dieses Volks in Europa, nebst ihrem Ursprunge, (‘The Gypsies. A[n] historical essay<br />
on the way of life and constitution, customs, and destinies of this people in Europe, together with their origin’), Leipzig<br />
Jacob Schäffer compiles the Sulzer Zigeunerlist (The Sulzer Gypsylist)<br />
Pastor Martin Zippel compares Zigeuner (‘Gypsies’) to “parasites” and “vermin”<br />
Local authorities in Nordhausen, Germany, remove Roma and Sinti children from their families, for fostering and<br />
eventual adoption by ‘good’ German families<br />
Theodor Tetzner writes of ‘Gypsies’ as “excrement”<br />
Robert Knox publishes, Races of Men, repeating Tetzner’s statement<br />
Roma slavery in Moldavia, Wallachia, and across the Rumanian lands is abolished in a series of acts<br />
Richard Leibich publishes a treatise, The Gypsies in their Essentials and Language, using the phrase, “life unworthy of<br />
life” (Lebensunwertesleben) and describing ‘Gypsies’ as inherently criminal<br />
Richard Kulemann repeats this phrase in relation to Zigeuner (‘Gypsies’)scribing ‘Gypsies’ as inherently criminal<br />
Charles Darwin contrasts the behaviour of Jews and Gypsies with “the culturally advanced, Nordic Aryan race”<br />
Cesare Lombroso’s Criminal Man, describes the entire ‘Gypsy’ population as “a race of criminals”<br />
Roma in Serbia are forcibly settled and banned from movement around Serbia<br />
Roma in Bulgaria are ‘forbidden’ from pursuing a “wandering” lifestyle<br />
Von Bismarck, German Chancellor, recommends the “expulsion of all foreign ‘Gypsies’” from the German lands<br />
A conference organised by German local and regional authorities, is held to examine the problem of the ‘Gypsy<br />
nuisance’ and the “Gypsy scum”, in Swabia<br />
The German Police Gypsy Information Service is established in Munich, Bavaria, by criminologist, Alfred Dillmann,<br />
later renamed, “The Central German Office for Fighting the Gypsy Nuisance”<br />
The Prussian state parliament adopts proposals to control ‘Gypsy’ movement, crimes, and work<br />
The process of ‘counting’ Gypsies in the German states begins, with a census of Roma and Sinti in Bavaria, led by<br />
Dillmann and his team<br />
Alfred Dillmann, publishes his Gypsy Book and the Gypsy Plague, as head of the Central German Office for Fighting<br />
the Gypsy Nuisance, in Munich<br />
French authorities distribute ID cards for ‘Tsiganes’ (Gypsies) across the country<br />
Prussian ministers issue special police instructions to “combat the Gypsy nuisance”<br />
German Sinti and Roma begin to migrate from hostile regions to other parts of western Europe<br />
TIMELINE<br />
Porrajmos in Nazi Occupied<br />
& Fascist Europe 1936 to 1945<br />
Karl Binding and Alfred E. Hoche publish, Permission to destroy lives unworthy of life, arguing for extermination of certain groups, including those with mental<br />
disabilities; 14th July 1933 a law is passed by the new Nazi government permitting this policy<br />
Mass finger-printing and photographing of Sinti and Roma across Germany begins in Baden, presaging the future – 1927 in Prussia<br />
Bavaria introduces laws to curb ‘Gypsy’ movement in large groups, and forbidding them from owning any firearms, including hunting guns<br />
Mobile Sinti and Roma are placed under permanent surveillance by police across Germany<br />
Hans F Gunther publishes a treatise that claims that ‘foreign blood’ was introduced in Europe by the ‘Gypsies’<br />
Laws passed restricting Zigeuner from public parks; forced sterilisations of Roma and Sinti begin<br />
Removal of ‘Gypsies’ to ‘labour’ camps at Dachau, Sachsenhausen, and other locations begins<br />
Nuremberg racial hygiene laws to protect German “blood and honour” are introduced, forbidding marriage between ‘Aryan’ and ‘non-Aryan’ populations<br />
National citizenship laws deprive Jews and ‘Gypsies’ of their citizenship and civil rights under German law<br />
The first documents to describe the “Final solution to the Gypsy question” are produced and signed by Heinrich Himmler<br />
‘Gypsy Clean-Up Week’ sees hundreds of Roma and Sinti beaten, arrested, and deported to camps throughout Germany and Austria<br />
‘Combatting the Gypsy Plague’; the Reichs Central Office for the Gypsy Nuisance circular issued by Heinrich Himmler and the Racial Hygiene Research<br />
Centre<br />
Reinhard Heydrich issues a ‘Settlement Edict’ forbidding any movement of Roma and Sinti around the Reich (Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and the occupied<br />
Polish territories)<br />
250 Romani children used as test subjects for Zyklon-B gas at Buchenwald concentration camp<br />
Mass deportation orders bring Roma and Sinti into the extermination camps, especially the Auschwitz-Birkenau II Zigeunerfamilienlager<br />
Experiments on Roma and Sinti adults and children begin in Dachau, Lackenbach, Ravensbrück, Auschwitz-Birkenau II<br />
May 16, the attempt to liquidate the Zigeunerfamilienlager by units of the Waffen-SS at Auschwitz-Birkenau fails, due to Romani resistance<br />
Night of August 2/3, 2,897 Roma and Sinti gassed and incinerated at Auschwitz-Birkenau II, commemorated as Kaló Memoriano Dives<br />
January, the Auschwitz-Birkenau II extermination camp is evacuated<br />
May, Hitler’s Third Reich collapses, end of the Second World War in Europe<br />
Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, vol.25/26, January to April (Parts 1&2), August to October (Parts 3&4), print testimony from survivors, Vanya Kochanowski,<br />
Frédéric Max, and Matéo Maximoff, denouncing the Romani <strong>Holocaust</strong> and calling for recognition and reparations for European Gypsies, Romá, and Sinti.<br />
Porrajmos in Nazi Occupied<br />
& Fascist Europe<br />
1936 to 1945<br />
a Romani Cultural and Arts Company<br />
Learning Resource<br />
1936 — 1945
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1946
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