Diplomatic World Magazine 72

72
INTERLINKING POLITICS, DIPLOMACY, BUSINESS & FINANCE
ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY, CULTURAL DIPLOMACY & HEALTH
HIS
MAJESTY
KING
PHILIPPE I
KING
OF THE BELGIANS
H.E.
CHARLES
MICHEL
PRESIDENT
OF
THE EUROPEAN
COUNCIL
H.E.
CHANDRIKAPERSAD
SANTOKHI
PRESIDENT
OF
SURINAME
H.E.
ZHANNA
ANDREASYAN
MINISTER OF
EDUCATION, SCIENCE,
CULTURE AND SPORT
OF ARMENIA
H.E.
RUA AL ZADJALI
AMBASSADOR
OF
THE SULTANATE
OF OMAN
H.E.
AMARSAIKHAN
SAINBUYAN
DEPUTY
PRIME MINISTER
OF
MONGOLIA
H.E.
BADR
ABDELATTY
AMBASSADOR
OF
THE ARAB REPUBLIC
OF EGYPT
H.E.
NAWAF
ALENEZI
AMBASSADOR
OF
THE STATE
OF KUWAIT
Winter 2023 www.diplomatic-world.com Quarterly edition
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Dear Excellencies,
Dear partners,
Dear readers,
In this space you would normally find my editorial.
On 21 September, we celebrated the International
Day of Peace, but hardly anyone seemed to
notice, and they cannot be blamed for that.
With war, conflict and crises dominating the daily
news headlines, genuine and lasting peace seems
more elusive than ever. Therefore I have decided
to replace my introduction with an image, which
as the saying goes is worth a thousand words:
The texts were written in English or Dutch and translated in the other language.
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tone of all authors, the author’s initial choice of spelling has been maintained as
much as possible. The editorial staff has done its utmost to identify and mention
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the artist and publisher. ©2023 Diplomatic World Magazine.
As always, I wish you a fruitful reading,
Barbara Dietrich, CEO,
Diplomatic World
3

10 16 18 78
84
86
PHILIPPE I KING OF THE BELGIANS
PRESIDENT CHARLES MICHEL AFTER VISITING
THE AREA IMPACTED BY FLOODS IN SLOVENIA
H.E. CHANDRIKAPERSAD SANTOKHI
PRESIDENT OF SURINAME
DUSHANBE
INVESTMENT FORUM
DIPLOMATIC WORLD SIGNS MOU
WITH THE COMMITTEE OF TOURISM
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EU AMBASSADOR TO ARMENIA
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ELVIRA AZIMOVA
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37 40 44 104
110
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DEPUTY MINISTER
OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF CUBA
MARKUS RITTER HEAD OF MISSION,
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ARA KHZMALYAN
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TO ARMENIA
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OF THE CITY OF HAVANA
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AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI
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HEAD OF THE MISSION OF THE REPUBLIC
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8 9

PHILIPPE I
KING OF THE BELGIANS
DOES NOT RULE, HE REIGNS
Univ. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jan De Maere
After the abdication for health reasons of his father, the muchloved
King Albert II on July 21, 2013, his son Philippe of
its origin a constitutional monarchy, inspired by a combination of
instrumentality of the Crown. The Belgian monarchy was since
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (born 1960) became the seventh King these of the United Kingdom, the French Constitution, the United
of the Belgians. In these ten years since, the monarch quietly
States Declaration of Independence of 1776, and by the century-old
traditions of Brabant, Wallonia, and Flanders. The royal
explored the multiple aspects of his function, in which he grew
every day, first prudently and now with confidence, authenticity prerogatives are not precisely limited in the Belgian Constitution.
and authority. Princess Elisabeth assures the future of the crown
in the same confident and discreet way.
Therefore, King Philippe I carefully explored their frontiers in the
first years of his reign. The King is the head of the dignified part
Before his accession, the then Prince Philippe was badly served of the Constitution. In Belgium, the monarchy has more than a
by the unfair and mean comments by the former Grand Maréchal symbolic or protocolar role. Insofar as the King’s will coincides
de la Cour (Marshal of the Royal Household of the Royal Court of with that of the ministers, who alone bear responsibility for
Belgium) Herman Liebaers to the press (1991). Today, the doubts political decisions. He participates in an essential manner in the
about his capacity to reign while observing the Constitution,
direction of state affairs. My colleague and friend baron Francis
the laws of the Belgians, the country’s independence, and the Delperee writes: “to reign does not only mean to preside over
integrity of its territory, are vanished. All agree, even politicians ceremonies but also to take a part in the running of the State”.
and journalists, that King Philippe and Queen Mathilde fulfil their
function in an immaculate manner, with efficiency and panache, King Philippe I’s flawless run should not astonish those who
privileging discreetly their life as a family. The great emotional intelligence
and communication skills of the Queen are an essential Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a branch of the German noble house
know the history of the Belgian royal family. The Ducal House of
asset in this success, without obscuring the enormous efforts
of Wettin and has its ancestral seat in Coburg. Its progenitors
and self-discipline King Philippe I deploys in his function in a
ruled from 1423 to 1547 as Electoral Princes of Saxony and later
complicated Belgian political context. The King speaks fluently as Dukes of Coburg. The Saxon duchy of Gotha was acquired
the three national languages (French, Dutch and German) and
in 1826 and since that time the family bears the name of Saxesome
others. In Belgium and abroad, the royal couple elegantly Coburg and Gotha.
imposed their own subdued style while efficiently promoting their
country.
Many Saxe-Coburg and Gotha family members distinguished
themselves in the 19th century. In 1866, Prussia wins the
Over the last 600 years of its history, the monarchy underwent Austro-Prussian War against Austria and its German allies. Prince
an evolution from the time when Kings ruled through the agency Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) masterminded the unification
of ministers to the time when ministers governed through the
of Germany and submitted four of Austria’s Northern-German
Photos Michel Gronemberger / Royale Palace
10 11

allies and forces Saxe-Lauenburg into a personal union. Through
its diplomatic skills and well-conceived marriage politics, for
the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the 19th century was its
golden age. Up to 1918, it became one of the most significant
European ruling dynasties, closely related to almost all European
princely families. It procures still the sovereigns of four royal
dynasties: Belgium, Great Britain, Portugal, and Bulgaria. Some
of Prince-consort Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen
Victoria, Empress of India’s nine children and 39 grandchildren
ruled in the German Empire, Russia, Romania, Yugoslavia,
Greece, Spain, Norway, Sweden and Denmark.
In Coburg (now in Bavaria), on 16 December 1790, Leopold of
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1790-1865) was born as a Protestant,
the youngest son of Duke Francis. In 1797, at only six years
of age, he was given the honorary rank of Colonel in the
Izmaylovsky regiment, part of the Imperial Russian Guard.
Six years later, he was promoted Major-General. When
Napoleonic troops occupied the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg in
1806, Leopold went to Paris but left shortly after for Russia to
take up his rank in the Imperial Russian cavalry. Against the
French, he distinguished himself at the Battle of Kulm. By 1815,
at Waterloo, he had reached the rank of Lieutenant General
at 25 years of age.
At a party at the Pulteney Hotel in London in February 1816,
Princess Charlotte of Wales, daughter and only child of the later
(unpopular) King George IV, remarked Prince Leopold, impoverished
but covered in the glory of his deeds at the Battle of
Waterloo. Both fell in love and married a few months later. One
and a halve year after, Princess Charlotte died after given birth to
a still-born boy. Much appreciated by all in the United Kingdom,
Leopold was inconsolable and remained a widower until 1832.
At the end of August 1830, rebels in the southern part of the
United Netherlands (Dutch-Belgian kingdom) contested the
Dutch rule. Their revolt in Brussels pushed the Dutch army back.
International powers met in support of the independence of
Belgium, but the Dutch refused to recognize it as a new state. In
November 1830, the Belgian National Congress adopted a constitution,
stipulating that Belgium will be a popular constitutional
monarchy. The members choose Leopold as their first King.
After the resignation of the regent Surlet de Choquier, Leopold,
dressed in the uniform of a Belgian Lieutenant-General, swore
loyalty to the constitution and became ‘King of the Belgians’.
That date became Belgian’s national day. The accession ceremony
took place on July 21, 1831, on the steps of the church of
Saint James on the Coudenberg, Place Royale, Brussels, and
was met with great patriotic enthusiasm. Less than two weeks
after Leopold’s accession, on August 2, the Dutch army invaded
Belgium from the North, overwhelming the small Belgian army.
At King Leopold’s demand, Louis-Philippe, King of France (reign
1830-1848), sent his ‘Armée du Nord’ to the border, after which
the Dutch army stalled. The following year, on August 9, 1832,
Leopold I married Princess Louise of Orléans (1812-1850),
King Louis-Philippe’s second daughter. This forced the Dutch to
accept a diplomatic mediation and the retreat to the pre-war border.
Skirmishes continued for eight years, but in April 1839, the
two countries signed the ‘Treaty of London’ whereby the Dutch
reluctantly recognised Belgium’s independence.
Leopold I’s reign was marked by an economic crisis which lasted
until the late 1850s because the Dutch had closed the river
Scheldt to Belgian shipping, thus making redundant the port of
Antwerp. The Dutch colonies had been profitable markets for
Belgian manufacturers before 1830. Now they were closed to
Belgian goods. Between 1845 and 1849 in Flanders, harvests
failed and a third of its population had to rely on charity. This
increased the internal migration to Brussels and to the industrial
areas of Wallonia.
Leopold I was an early supporter of railways and industrialization.
In 1835, Belgium’s first railway was inaugurated between
Brussels and Mechelen, one of the first in Europe. He initiated
many successful economic reforms. Nevertheless, in early 1848,
a large number of radical publications appeared in Brussels,
wanting to establish a Republic, since all over Europe social
revolutions caused instability. Belgian troops ended this revolutionary
threat by eliminating the Belgian émigrés attacking from
the French border.
Because of his family connections, as King of a neutral country,
and through his insight in geopolitics, Leopold I was able to act
as an important intermediary in European politics during his
reign. He moderated relations between the hostile ‘Great Powers’.
In the later part of his reign, his role in the relations between
the United Kingdom and the French Empire of Napoleon III was
important.
Shortly after his death (1865), Prussia and its Saxony allied
troops defeated the French army in the Franco-Prussian War
of 1868-1871. His second son, King Leopold II (1835-1909),
became acutely aware of the precarious situation of a neutral
Belgium. He modernized and reformed the Belgian army.
He was the founder of ‘l’État Indépendant du Congo (1885-
1908)’, developed many beautiful urbanistic aspects in Brussels,
Antwerp, and Ostend, still visible today. His reign created great
prosperity for the Belgian economy. Although lately, revisiting
history out of its timely context, ‘woke’ critics observed only the
negative facts of the colonization of Congo. André de Maere
d’Aertrycke published recently a more balanced evaluation of this
period in ‘Le Congo au temps des Belges’. i
Photos Michel Gronemberger / Royale Palace
12 13

Veste Coburg (Coburg Fortress)
Photo: Shutterstock
Leopold II’s nephew Prince Baudouin (1869-1891) the eldest son
of his son Baudouin I (reign July 17, 1951 – July 31, 1993), a
of prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, died young. His brother
wise and devout Roman Catholic. With this wife, the active
Photos Michel Gronemberger / Royale Palace
Albert, the later King Albert I (born 1875, reign 1909-1934)
Queen-consort Fabiola, they became one of the strongholds of
became the presumptive heir after the death of their father.
the Belgian identity. At King Baudouin’s death, within hours the
Palace gates were covered with flowers offered by the public. An
case today. Now, as part of the European Union and interna-
i
André de Maere d’Aertrycke, André Schorochoff, Pierre
Efficiently, Albert I, as general commander of the army (a gov-
immense crowd gathered around the royal Palace. All European
tional organizations, Belgium greatly contributes to progress in
Vercauteren and André Vleurinck, Le Congo au Temps des
ernmental prerogative), and his wife Queen Elisabeth from the
monarchs attended the funeral service.
all aspects of society and defends our democratic values. After
Belges. Une réalité qui dérange. Bilan et Réalisations,
House of Wittelsbach confronted the German attack (August 4,
Belgium’s difficult birth, its monarchy was and still is one of the
3e édition réactualisée, ed. Media, 2019.
1914 – November 11, 1918) against a neutral Belgium, assist-
His brother became King Albert II (reign August 9, 1993-July
essential elements uniting the country, as my late mentor profes-
ed by its Allies which had guaranteed the ‘Treaty of the XXIV
21, 2013), whose wife, Princess Paola from the House of Ruffo
sor Robert Senelle (1918-2013) always claimed.
Articles’. The army withdrew behind the river Yser and resisted
di Calabria became Queen. They have now three children (who
heroically for four years. Albert I’s son, Crown-Prince Leopold
have a half-sister), twelve grandchildren and two great-grandchil-
The history of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha illustrates
(later King Leopold III, reign 1934-1951) served in the army as
dren. Home and abroad they represented Belgium on numerous
many lessons in geopolitics, which led after the Second World
Corporal.
trade missions and their popularity increased continuously during
War to a new awareness that a lasting peace should triumph over
their reign. They are still much-loved today. On July 3, 2013, for
the differences in opinion between neighbouring countries. In the
Even during the difficult times of the great depression (1929-
health reasons, King Albert II announced to the parliament his
open and free European nations respecting human rights and
1932) the monarchs remained popular. After the drama in
decision to abdicate in favour of his eldest son. Since then, King
freedom of speech, Belgium became the seat of many European
Marche-les-Dames (1934), his successor King Leopold III and
Philippe I earned the respect of his compatriots and of many
institutions. The Belgian national devise ‘United We Stand’ rep-
Queen Astrid were acclaimed by the Belgians. After the end of
beyond his realm.
resents an essential value for our democracies. Even more when
World War II and the Shoah (May 10, 1940 – 1945), Belgium joins
these are under threat, as is the case now since the Russian
NATO in 1949. The ‘Royal Question’ and the eventual return of
Since the reign of Leopold I, the quality of Belgian diplomacy and
aggression in Ukraine.
the King created a political crisis. The King abdicated in favour
its diplomats was in high esteem everywhere; and it is still the
Univ. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jan De Maere
Photo: Diplomatic World
14 15

PRESIDENT CHARLES MICHEL
AFTER VISITING THE AREA IMPACTED
BY FLOODS IN SLOVENIA
From left to right: Charles MICHEL (President of the European Council), Robert GOLOB (Prime Minister, Slovenia)
Copyright: European Union
From left to right: Charles MICHEL (President of the European Council), Robert GOLOB (Prime Minister, Slovenia)
Copyright: European Union
I would like to thank you, Prime Minister Golob, for giving me the
opportunity to see with my own eyes the situation on the ground.
I am here to reaffirm the European Union’s solidarity. I am very
impressed by the courage of the Slovenian people. I am also
impressed by the focus and determination of your leadership,
Prime Minister Golob.
It is clear that Slovenia is facing a difficult situation, a complex
situation. And we are thinking what we can do to be operational
and to be concrete.You know that the European Commission
made a very important promise. We will mobilise €400 million
as a starting point. You can also count on the Council and the
Member States.
I know that very quickly many European Union members and
partners, including Ukraine, decided to provide concrete support.
This is not enough and one thing is absolutely clear - we are not
forgetting the Slovenian people. We are with you today Prime
Minister and we are with all the Slovenian people. And we will be
with you tomorrow. We will not forget what happened here.
We also know that is important to invest and to rebuild the
country. It is also important to be better prepared because we
know that in the future, probably not only in Europe, not only in
Slovenia, we will face more and more natural disasters. It means
that we need to be better prepared and to have money available,
in case of need. So that we can act and react very quickly.
Prime Minister, I am impressed by the Slovenian people, and
I am impressed by your leadership. You have many friends all
across Europe. Dear Slovenian people, you have many friends all
across Europe. You can count on us. Today and in the future…
because it will take time. We are and we will be by your side.
16 17

H.E. CHANDRIKAPERSAD SANTOKHI
PRESIDENT OF SURINAME
“WE SHOULD HAVE THE OPPORTUNITY TO
DEVELOP OUR NATURAL RESOURCES, INCLUD-
ING OIL AND GAS, IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY MANNER, TO KEEP OUR STATUS AS
A CARBON NEGATIVE COUNTRY”
there is an expectation of commitment and political will. These
are the fundamentals of this Summit, that we are willing to come
together and address issues which are very important, and some
of which I mentioned above. As a country or as a region alone,
we cannot address these. We have to address them collectively.
That is one of the lessons we have learned from COVID-19:
President of Suriname, H.E. Chandrikapersad Santokhi,
cooperation is essential.
kindly sat down with Diplomatic World on the sidelines of the
EU-CELAC Summit, held in Brussels on 17-18 July 2023.
The two regions are historically connected. We have built
inter-regional cooperation through people-to-people contacts,
HEADS OF STATE & GOVERNMENT OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND THE COMMUNITY OF
LATIN AMERICAN & THE CARIBBEAN STATES
(CELAC) GATHERED IN BRUSSELS ON 17 AND
18 JULY 2023. WHAT ARE YOUR EXPECTATIONS
FOR THE SUMMIT, IN TERMS OF OUTCOMES AND
DELIVERABLES?
business and trade, but I think there are still impediments in
doing business and obstacles to the free movement of people
and goods.
But we see the opportunities also. For one, these are two blocs
of countries with economic growth potential, political power
and influence as well to change the global scene of inter-state
relations for the better. For that reason, we need to meet and
exchange views and perspectives, and engage to build a new
The world as a whole is somewhat in turmoil from the climate
world order.
crisis, debt burden, post-pandemic economic recovery and conflicts.
There is enormous uncertainty where the only planet we
So my first expectation is that we will have a constructive, honest
H.E. Chandrikapersad Santokhi, President of Suriname
have is going and what will be the fate and future of many mil-
and frank debate and that we will treat each other as equal
lions of people in the world. At the same time there are positive
partners and built trust and confidence going forward. Second-
signs in terms of the political will at the global level to revisit the
ly, I expect concrete results in terms of cooperation in different
For Suriname, CELAC is a useful and necessary platform for
pharmaceuticals, food and energy, just to name a few areas. We
existing diplomatic and financial architecture and infrastructure.
areas, such as climate change, protecting and preserving the
consultation and cooperation regarding political issues, econom-
must develop our own capabilities and create sustainable jobs
Like the recent Summit for a New Global Financing Pact hosted
environment, trade and investment, agree on a way forward
ic opportunities, and the development of stable, meaningful, and
and production capacity.
by the French President Emmanuel Macron. We support that.
with regard to some pressing political issues, including the war
prosperous societies. As such, we actively take part in the meet-
against Ukraine, the reform of the global financial institutions and
ings of CELAC at all levels. I believe that because of the positive
For this our view is, and which we have shared in CELAC, that
SO WHAT ARE THE EXPECTATIONS FROM THIS
HIGH POLITICAL ENCOUNTER BETWEEN THE
EU AND CELAC?
After 8 years, leaders of Latin America and the European Union
are coming together. When you bring all these leaders together,
multilateral organizations.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SURINAME WITHIN CEL-
AC? WHAT ARE SOME OF THE PROPOSITIONS
THAT SURINAME HAS PUT FORWARD AS PART OF
THIS GROUPING?
financial and economic horizon and opportunities Latin America,
and also the Caribbean neighbours are getting more and more to
Suriname, and for that matter also our neighbour Guyana.
I believe that the Latin American and Caribbean region will not be
able to develop its full potential if we do not create an economy
that is less dependent on distant resources and services, like in
we should:
• Bring our peoples closer together. That will build trust,
recognition and joint opportunities;
• For this we will need improved connectivity on land, in the air
and via the sea;
• We also favour, within the boundaries of national legislation
and security, hassle free travel between our countries.
18 19

Photo: Istock
Photo: Istock
Suriname, since 1 July 2022, opened its borders for more that
that foreign companies are coming. Four companies are already
our natural resources, including oil and gas, in an environmentally
cherish its function as an oxygen producer and a carbon sink for
90 percent of the countries in the world to travel to the country
active, using modern technologies to produce food; high-yield
friendly manner, to keep our status as a carbon negative country.
all the people of the world.
without visa or other applications;
and disease-resistant crops. As a result, we are now able to
Hereby, we can contribute to the region’s energy security. We
• Promote intra-regional trade, so that supply chains can be
export food to the Caribbean region.
have signed in early July an energy agreement with the govern-
Suriname is looking strategically to the future and has started
shortened and be less costly;
ment of Trinidad and Tobago (which could lead to natural gas
with the transition to a carbon-free economy, a green economy,
• And lastly, mobilize “CELAC” capital to invest in the future of
Suriname also wishes to play a bridge function between the
from Suriname being piped to Trinidad and Tobago) and very
despite the presence of oil and gas. At present, 50 percent of
the Latin American and Caribbean world.
South American continent and the countries of the Caribbean
soon we will sign an agreement between Brazil, Guyana and
our energy comes from renewables. We are conducting feasi-
Community (CARICOM). We are building a bridge between
Suriname to forge an energy alliance.
bility studies on biomass and wind energy. We have committed
Suriname is one of the three carbon negative countries in the
Suriname and Guyana, which should be ready by the first quarter
to exploit our newfound natural resources, oil and gas, in a
world. We are a highly forested country. We are keeping emissions
low through the introduction of renewable energies (we
have hydro and we are interested in developing solar) and have
therefore initiated a green transition. It is important to look at how
Suriname, a small country, has achieved that. But on the other
side, we are impacted by climate change and global warming.
We do not have the solution to that alone. So we need to cooperate
in this domain under the CELAC umbrella.
Another example of regional cooperation in the CELAC region
concerns food security. Suriname has a large territory, pristine,
with plenty of fertile land. We have made the decision to make
of next year. It will also create connectivity to the north of Brazil,
where a lot of production activities take place. Next to the bridge,
we are setting up a shore base port facility in Suriname, the
closest shore base for the North of Brazil, to bring their products
to the entire world. Such examples improve regional connectivity
and cooperation.
Finally, we are seen as a newcomer to the oil business. But we
have a history of more than 40 years in the oil production, in
Suriname’s mainland. We are indeed newcomers in terms of
offshore oil exploration, with international oil companies having
made good discoveries off the coast of Suriname.
SURINAME IS IN THE CUSP OF AN OIL BOOM
AFTER THE FIRST DISCOVERIES WERE MADE IN
2020. AT THE SAME TIME, IT IS ONE OF THE MOST
DENSELY FORESTED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD;
ONE OF THREE CARBON NEGATIVE COUNTRIES
AND IS STRONGLY BETTING ON RENEWABLE
ENERGY AS WELL. HOW WILL THE COUNTRY
MANAGE THE TRANSITION TO AN OIL-BASED
ECONOMY AND A GREEN ECONOMY AT THE
SAME TIME?
sustainable, environmentally sound and friendly manner. We
will follow and implement internationally adopted environmental
standards. The income should be utilised for the diversification
of our economy. Revenues will be reserved in a sovereign wealth
fund, the Savings and Stability Fund Suriname (SSF) for future
generations.
At the same time, we are committed to the Paris goals on climate
change, and we expect every country in the world to effectively
deliver on these goals and subsequently agreed new objectives.
The results so far, however, are regrettably poor, so we cannot
continue to deliver nice and politically correct speeches with no-
available 300,000 hectares of land free of cost to investors with
Suriname is blessed with pristine forests, enormous rivers with a
ble commitments and ideals. We need to act now, with commit-
one condition: to come to Suriname and invest in agriculture, by
This is good news for the economic development and energy
rich biodiversity and rapids, and a beautiful mountainous natural
ment and dedication, if we want to safeguard this world for future
setting-up food production and processing facilities. And we see
security of Suriname. We should have the opportunity to develop
landscape. We are committed to maintain our natural beauty and
generations.
20 21

Suriname, faced already with financial and debt crises, and
additionally confronting this loss and damage, cannot easily
cope. These things were not planned or foreseen. We are forced
to decrease budgets from health, security, education, to support
the people in need to cover the loss and damage. This has an
impact on other areas of development. Additionally, we face the
bureaucracy in getting access to international finance.
I hope that the agenda on “loss and damage” will progress
beyond words and that concrete mechanisms of financing and
compensation will be agreed on. And these resources should not
be made complicated to access. Climate change has induced
unexpected, unbudgeted costs to our society, and we were not
even the main perpetrators for these unforeseen events of floods,
mudslides, draughts, etc. to happen.
We demand more justice and sustainability in the international
financial architecture. The system has been unjust until now, especially
the way countries are ranked in the Human Development
Index (HDI). We are a developing country, but we are ranked as a
medium income country, therefore missing out on a lot of opportunities
for financial assistance.
We will participate in the COP 28 in Dubai and repeat our views,
calling for a more honest global framework for development
financing, the so-called Bridgetown Initiative, but also reaffirming
our commitment to protect and preserve our natural habitat.
ARE CARBON CREDITS SOMETHING THAT
SURINAME IS LOOKING INTO?
Suriname has started to develop a carbon strategy, including
mechanisms how to assess all the offers we are receiving regarding
carbon credits, carbon bonds, debt-for-nature swaps, etc. It
seems that carbon trading has become instantly a new and prospective
investment industry. A commercialised business, was
that the objective of the introduction of carbon credits to reach
net zero emissions? I do not believe so.
We also will make the point that a Government’s responsibility is
also to take care of its social habitat, our population, and that we
will follow a very balanced approach.
We have to protect ourselves by making the deals that will be the
best for us today and in the future. To this end, we need technical
support to design a carbon credit strategy which is good for our
people, the region and the world.
Photo: Istock
We find that the newcomers in this industry, especially in the
kind of leadership to we have to express, then, with a view on
developing world, should be given the opportunity to manage
COP28?
these opportunities in a balanced manner. It would not be fair to
set a bar now, simply because those who have already benefited
On one hand, we as a small country (600,000 people) lack
from these resources and have built their economy and society
capacity, but we have the commitment to play a role for protect-
towards the future, find that it is time to limit the use of these
ing the world and saving the planet. We also expect from the
energy resources.
international community to give us the support in developing
sustainable forest management, enhancing our capacity to pro-
ACCORDING TO VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE
EUROPEAN COMMISSION FRANS TIMMERMANS,
SURINAME CAN PLAY A LEADING ROLE IN THE
FIELD OF CLIMATE CHANGE. WHAT WILL BE
SURINAME’S AGENDA IN THE UPCOMING COP28
TO BE HELD IN THE UAE, PARTICULARLY ON
THE QUESTION OF LOSS AND DAMAGE THAT IS
CENTRAL TO THE ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND
STATES (AOSIS), OF WHICH SURINAME IS A PART
OF? MORE GENERALLY, WHAT ACTIONS IS
SURINAME TAKING IN CLIMATE MITIGATION
AND ADAPTATION?
tect biodiversity and protecting our coastal areas. And to give us
support in case of climate-related crises.
A couple of months ago, we suffered a period of extreme
rainfall, causing flooding in Suriname’s interior, which led to
the displacement of people. It is also leading to the alteration
in people’s livelihoods. The soil where people used to plant is
changing: cassava and other products can no longer grow.
So now are introducing rice seeds. This requires a change in
mindset and lifestyle for tribal people who have been around
hundreds of years. Traditionally, people built their villages along
the shores of rivers, used for transportation, drinking water, etc.
Now, we need to move them to higher places, and for this, we
The message from Frans Timmermans was quite clear. We are
one of greenest countries, providing oxygen to the world. What
need to create the necessary infrastructure.
H.E. Chandrikapersad Santokhi, President of Suriname with Barbara Dietrich CEO Diplomatic World and
Alberto Turkstra, project manager Diplomatic World
Photo: Diplomatic World
22 23

H.E. ZHANNA ANDREASYAN
MINISTER OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE,
CULTURE AND SPORTS OF ARMENIA
The main understanding of our education strategy
is that every child is talented, and the goal of the education system
is to discover those talents and provide opportunities
for their development
COULD YOU COMMENT ON THE CULTURAL
HERITAGE PROTECTION EFFORTS OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF ARMENIA, INCLUDING
THE COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL
PARTNERS LIKE UNESCO? HOW DO YOU
ASSESS THE THREAT TO THE CULTURAL
HERITAGE OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH?
This is a very important question, especially nowadays that we
are facing many challenges and difficulties regarding the preservation
of Armenian cultural heritage in Nagorno-Karabakh. After
the war in 2020, we applied to UNESCO to send an observation
mission to the region to understand the situation of our cultural
heritage there. We have very valuable pieces of cultural heritage
in the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. It is part of the universal
H.E. Zhanna Andreasyan Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport and Barbara Dietrich
culture, therefore for us it is very important to have an understanding
that there are international mechanisms to keep all
those monuments safe.
But unfortunately, we did not succeed in sending the mission
to the region during these three years. And what we have in
the end is more than 50 monuments destroyed or demolished
by Azerbaijan. After the September 19 attack by Azerbaijan on
Nagorno-Karabakh, we have even more concerns. We are now
talking about more than 5,000 items of cultural heritage in the
territory of Nagrono Karabakh, among them are the Amaras
Monastery, home of the first Armenian school; Gandzasar and
Dadivank Monasteries, to name a few, all part of the universal
Christian heritage.
We think that it should be the task or first priority of international
organizations which have this mandate to preserve this cultural
heritage. You mentioned UNESCO, we are actively working with
them, we hope it would be possible to send a mission to the
region to undertake concrete steps to preserve cultural heritage
and ensure their safety.
missions. Especially because after the September 19 attack, we
see new cases of demolition of cultural heritage.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN PILLARS OF THE NEW
EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT PLAN UNTIL 2030,
WHICH WAS ADOPTED EARLIER THIS YEAR?
We have quite ambitious goals for our education strategy. Of
course our first priority is to ensure high-quality education, fully
accessible for all our citizens in all our regions, cities and villages.
We are bound to transform our education system. Globally there
are various understandings that formal education is in crisis, we
need to understand what could be the new forms and mechanisms
how to organise education to be more in tune with the
changing world and high-speed transformation of our societies.
In this regard, education reforms have no alternative. We need
to think about reforming education and making it more flexible in
terms of changes and creating some sort of symbiosis of formal
and non-formal education.
At the moment we see there are some missions by UN organisations
to Nagorno-Karabakh and we have applied to our
system that is providing opportunities for each of our children to
For us it is very important, through these changes, to create a
international partners, international organisations, to join these develop their individual talents. The main understanding of our
Alberto Turkstra, H.E. Zhanna Andreasyan Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport and Barbara Dietrich
24 25

Alberto Turkstra, Marina Hakobyan Director National Gallery of Armenia, Barbara Dietrich and
H.E. Zhanna Andreasyan Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport
H.E. Zhanna Andreasyan Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport
education strategy is that every child is talented, and the goal of
tion for them into the educational system. The right scenario is
a contemporary environment for our universities and research
regard that are connecting scientists from abroad with Armenian
the education system is to discover those talents and provide
that all these people have the possibility to return back to their
institutes to operate.
scientist to conduct joint projects.
opportunities for their development.
homeland and have the opportunity to live safely, with their rights
ensured. But otherwise, if that is not possible, we in Armenia are
If we look at the numbers, we have more than doubled the state
Aside from Horizon, we are part of different projects implemented
Today, apart from the implementation of the education strategy,
ready to support as much as we can.
funding for science in recent years and we have new pro-
by the EU, such as the Erasmus + programme, and in the field of
we are also in a situation in which we need to ensure the right for
grammes for the financing of young scientists, having achieved
culture we are part since last year of the Creative Europe
education for the children who have fled Nagorno Karabakh to
Armenia: 30,000 kids, out of which 21,000 in schooling age, are
all now in Armenia. We are trying to ensure their school education,
but we are struggling with integrating them in our school
system. In some regions – Kotayk, Ararat and Armavir – there
COULD YOU COMMENT ON ARMENIA’S LONG
TRADITION OF EXCELLENCE IN THE FIELDS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY?
tangible progress. Of the grants provided last year to our scientists,
over 70 percent went to young scientists. Additionally, there
is a plan to gradually increase the salaries of scientists in order to
make science more attractive for young people.
Programme, additionally to bilateral programmes with EU
Member States.
The last EU budget support programme – which aims to increase
the competitiveness of the Armenian education system, and
is greater pressure on schools, but we are trying to locate the
We have a very ambitious project in this regard, which is called
We are working intensively in terms of internationalization,
focused in particular on improving the quality of STEM
students more proportionately across the country. We are also
Academic City. One of the main goals is to have better con-
actively participating in Horizon programmes of the EU, both in
(Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) teaching and
trying to create support mechanisms for university and college
nected and integrated higher education and science. Our main
the previous iteration, Horizon 2020 (2014-2020), and currently in
earning, bringing together formal and innovative non-formal
students from Nagorno-Karabakh.
priority is to make all our universities research-based, with a
Horizon Europe (2021-2027). Our researchers and scientists have
education to make high quality educational services more
strong science component delivering high-quality research. We
been able to obtain funds from these frameworks.
accessible in rural communities – was signed and ratified this
We have also special programmes for teachers from Nagorno-
have started the process of reforms. Our student body is not so
year, and is aligned with our Education Strategy 2030.
Karabakh, for them to enrol in schools and continue their profes-
big but the number of universities in Armenia is quite large. One
So our research capacities are developing year-by-year and our
sional work in Armenia. Many of them have already applied, and
of the directions of our work is merging universities, connecting
scientific work is becoming more competitive in the process.
Photos: Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports
we are committed to ensure a smooth and supportive transi-
them with research institutes and creating a new Academic City,
Additionally, we have very important grant programmes in this
of the Republic of Armenia
26 27

DIR_0170-2303_diplomatic_world_hd.pdf 2 7/03/16 17:43
DONATION OF ARTWORK
TO THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ARMENIA
During the working visit of Diplomatic World to Armenia, from
16 to 20 October 2023, CEO Barbara Dietrich donated the
artwork “Lachende” (100 x 200 cm, photo technique on polycarbonate,
acrylic and oil with lime) by the artist Ulrike Bolenz, to
the National Gallery of Armenia, in the framework of Diplomatic
World’s work in the field of cultural diplomacy, building bridges of
understanding between countries and societies through art and
culture.
are the human ideals of peace and freedom. Bolenz’s works of
art contain highly aesthetic images of women who express joy
through their posture and laughter. The artist preferred women as
her motifs because they, especially as mothers, have to convey
joy of life, optimism and courage to their children. Thus, women
essentially introduce a new member of human society to peaceful
enjoyment of life and harmony between races, cultures and
religions.
The work was officially presented on October 17 to H.E. Zhanna
Andreasyan, Minister of Education, Science, Culture and Sport
of the Republic of Armenia and Marina Hakobyan, Director of the
National Gallery of Armenia.
Through her work, the German-Belgian artist Ulrike Bolenz
connects and reconciles people. At the centre of this artistic idea
The National Gallery of Armenia is the major fine art museum in
Armenia and the largest in the world with its Armenian fine arts
collection. Established in 1921, the Gallery includes more than
40,000 highly valuable works of Armenian and foreign fine art
and those of decorative-applied art.
Photo: Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports
of the Republic of Armenia
28 29

H.E. VASSILIS MARAGOS
EU AMBASSADOR TO ARMENIA
The EU aims at supporting Armenian resilience,
institutional development and reforms, while supporting
the country’s very statehood and independence
in the current challenging circumstances
AS THE NEW HEAD OF THE EU DELEGATION TO
ARMENIA, WHAT PRIORITIES WILL YOU PURSUE
DURING YOUR TENURE?
enhance our cooperation and reinforce ties. We already have the
Visa Facilitation and Readmission Agreement, which facilitates
the issuance of visas for short-term trips to the EU for Armenian
citizens, and we have just negotiated an ambitious agreement
Many thanks for the opportunity of this interview, and many
of cooperation with EUROJUST, which is a key for our judicial
thanks for the question. It is a great honour but also a very
cooperation in criminal matters, notably when it comes to com-
demanding challenge to serve as EU representative in Armenia
bating serious crime.
in particular now, in these difficult times when Armenia faces important
challenges. Following the military operation by Azerbaijan
Focusing on the full implementation of CEPA but also further
against the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh and the
expanding our partnership, and promoting EU’s role as a key
massive exodus to Armenia, the EU focus is now on to support-
partner in strengthening Armenia’s political, institutional and
Syunik, which has already mobilised more than EUR 120 million
together to accelerate this process. We will also accelerate work
ing the government of Armenia to cater to the immediate needs
economic reform will be crucial.
– while new connectivity projects and trade routes can also be-
in areas which are key for the Armenian economy and regional
and the economic integration.
come possible following a peace agreement boosting economic
connectivity such as air safety, nuclear safety and upgrading of
The EU aims at supporting Armenian resilience, institutional
development and people to people contacts and reconciliation.
electricity transmission systems.
Armenia is a country with which we share democratic values and
a commitment to a rules-based international order. In the context
of the significant geopolitical challenges of this region following
notably Russia’s war against Ukraine, and the EU’s engagement
with all partners in the Eastern Partnership region, relations with
Armenia stand out.
Back in 2017 the EU signed a very ambitious agreement with
development and reforms, while supporting the country’s very
statehood and independence in the current challenging circumstances
in Armenia and the region. These reforms will only produce
the necessary results when they respond to the high expectations
of citizens but also help address important challenges in
relation to climate change, green energy and the digital transition.
An important area of cooperation is also innovation and research,
fields where Armenia’s competitive advantage is a real one.
An important focus of the EU’s work in Armenia is our care for
people. Our projects, investments and actions on the ground
aim at exploring craftsmanship, talent, entrepreneurship and
innovation to help the Armenian economy grow and the society
to become more resilient. I am also going to promote inclusion,
protection of human rights, including labour rights, the rights
of people belonging to vulnerable groups and minorities, and
HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE CURRENT STATE
OF THE ARMENIA-EU PARTNERSHIP? HOW
SPECIFICALLY IS THE EU FACILITATING THE
REFORM PROCESS IN ARMENIA IN THE SPHERES
OF THE ECONOMY, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION,
CIVIL SOCIETY AND OTHERS?
Armenia, the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agree-
promote freedom of expression and media freedom, as well as
As mentioned, EU-Armenia relations are based on CEPA, which
ment (CEPA), which has been termed “a blueprint for reforms”.
Another key element of my mandate is to encourage negotiations
media literacy.
entered into force on 1st March 2021. CEPA supports Armenia’s
One of the key priorities during my tenure will be to promote and
to advance the peace process with Azerbaijan, promote and
comprehensive reform agenda, based on democracy, transpar-
accelerate the implementation of this agreement to ensure its
support the EU’s role as a facilitator in this respect, and support
The civil society will be an important partner in this respect, mak-
ency and rule of law and the introduction of far reaching reforms
numerous benefits can reach all people in Armenia.
confidence-building initiatives. Let me also stress the presence
ing sure nobody is left behind, including people with disabilities,
in areas related to environment, energy, consumer protection,
of the EU Mission to Armenia, whose role is to observe and
LGBTI persons and persons from unfavourable social environ-
digitalisation, competition and trade. Armenia’s focus and com-
I also expect that together with the Armenian authorities we can
report on the security situation along the Armenian side of the
ments. Working with youth, consulting and sensitising young
mitment in realising the potential of CEPA is indeed remarkable
improve monitoring of its implementation as well as showcasing
international border with Azerbaijan. It will contribute to human
people across the country will also be an important priority.
taking also into account the challenges faced by the country.
the reforms already implemented while working together to pro-
security in conflict-affected areas in Armenia and contribute to
mote further reforms in line with the aspirations of the Armenian
build confidence between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
And in the current context, integrating the care for refugees in
Let me stress in particular the results achieved already when it
people. To that effect, together with my team we are actively
the way we work in Armenia will be certainly key for our partner-
comes to the reform of the judiciary, education, social protec-
engaging not only with the authorities, but also with the civil
Despite the current challenging context (made even more difficult
ship. President von der Leyen has already announced redoubled
tion, while also a comprehensive anti-corruption toolbox has
society, social partners and businesses to ensure they are also
following the events of last month) it is important to prepare the
efforts to implement the EU’s Economic and Investment Plan
also been introduced and is being implemented with significant
actively involved in the process and help shape relevant reforms.
ground for the “peace dividend”, notably when it comes to the
which has the ambition to provide in the next few years up to
results. The EU has been actively fostering policy dialogue and
economic boost a country gets from peace, security and stability.
EUR 2.6 billion to be used for investment in infrastructure, private
committing substantial financial resources in technical and
While CEPA remains the basis of our cooperation, both on
In that respect we try to promote resilience and post-conflict
sector development, notably for small and medium-sized enter-
budget support that facilitates the implementation of planned
the EU and the Armenian side we have the ambition to further
recovery with our significant “Team Europe Initiative” for resilient
prises and the green and the digital transition. We have to work
reforms. Additionally, the EU’s Economic and Investment Plan
30 31

has established a collaborative platform with international finan-
ing on providing tools for accelerating the reform process and
cial institutions (IFIs) to enhance its impact.
making it more focused on the needs of the Armenian economy
and society, while showcasing the results already achieved and
This coordinated effort has already yielded a cumulative mo-
engaging with civil society on CEPA implementation issues.
bilisation of investments exceeding 400 million euros. These
investments are specifically directed towards promoting sustain-
Secondly, we have agreed with the government to enhance
ability, innovation, and resilience, underscoring the EU’s commit-
our engagement with all government bodies involved in CEPA
ment to fostering positive economic progress. I want to stress in
implementation and to upgrade policy dialogue. To that effect we
particular the particularly favourable ecosystem when it comes to
have agreed to work together to identify a set of short- to medi-
start-ups in the area of new technologies but also to sector with
um-term priorities expected to have an impact on the economy
added value linked to new technologies.
and society.
One of the challenges is related to administrative capacities, and
But this is not all, through the implementation of projects (our
we have recently discussed with our Armenian counterparts on
current portfolio is more than EUR 300 million in grants) we aim
how we can scale up support to public administration reform.
at implementing on the ground projects, which make a differ-
A new strategy is now on the table and we are currently explor-
ence for all people in Armenia. Let me give you an example:
ing together on how we can further support its implementation,
EU4Sevan. A couple of weeks ago I met with several farmers that
following up on an earlier engagement in this sector.
have benefited from the EU4Sevan actions, and I could witness
the exceptional crop of potatoes and broccoli that they managed
The objective would be to have better streamlined procedures,
by using innovative green technologies and in this way contribut-
including when it comes to further strengthening links between
ing to the environmentally friendly social-economic development
conception and implementation of policies and on how we can
of the Lake Sevan surroundings.
concretely and practically help government agencies become
more transparent, efficient and be at the service of citizens. The
Thanks to these new methods they could save millions of cubic
current challenge with the integration of refuges may provide an
meters of water while enhancing the environmental protection of
additional incentive towards the successful implementation of
Lake Sevan, the most significant source of freshwater, irrigation
these plans.
water and aquaculture for Armenia.
WHAT IS THE PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTA-
TION OF THE EU-ARMENIA COMPREHENSIVE
ECONOMIC AND PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT
(CEPA), WHICH ENTERED INTO FORCE IN 2021?
WHAT ARE THE NEXT STEPS?
HOW DO YOU SEE THE ROLE OF THE EU IN
FACILITATING LONG-TERM SUSTAINABLE PEACE
IN THE REGION AND THE NORMALIZATION
OF RELATIONS BETWEEN ARMENIA AND
AZERBAIJAN?
As already mentioned significant reforms have already been im-
Since its very beginning, European integration has been a “peace
plemented within the context of our partnership. I want to stress
project” – this is what has been very much in the origin of the
in particular significant results already achieved when it comes
first bold steps towards European integration back in the 1950s;
working through its EU Special Representative whose role is
Despite setbacks such as the recent use of force in Nagorno-
to justice, in particular on arbitration and alternative dispute
probably you recall that the declaration of the 9th of May starts
to contribute to a peaceful settlement of conflicts in the region,
Karabakh (which was clearly condemned by the EU) and the
resolution, which has improved access to justice and streamlined
with the words “La paix…”. Reconciliation, solidarity, concrete
notably by engaging with the parties to achieve peace and
more than 100,000 new refuges from this region who arrived in
its delivery.
steps to build together lasting peace, have been taken and over
normalisation. But even more importantly, the President of the
Armenia, but also the non-holding of the planned five-way meet-
the following decades lasting peace has been built on European
European Council Charles Michel has personally engaged to
ing in Granada as one of the parties did not join, the EU remains
I wish to stress the reform of the police with the creation of a
soil.
facilitate the advancement of the peace and normalisation
committed to the peace process and we work relentlessly to
patrol police service which is bringing police closer to citizens,
process between Armenia and Azerbaijan.
promote the “peace dividend” among all actors.
while bringing migration management within the system of the
The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union in
Ministry of Interior has also helped to improve processes and se-
2012 “for over six decades contributed to the advancement
We should also not forget the Eastern Partnership as a concrete
The EU Member States are united in this and we are ready to use
cure a more integrated approach to migration. Education reforms
of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in
form of regional cooperation which aims at bringing together
all EU tools to further promote peace and reconciliation.
have also been introduced which have helped, i.a., to develop an
Europe”. Our global strategy and our commitment to a rules-
the governments and people in this region to address common
ecosystem which nurtures innovation and high-tech.
based multilateral legal order aims also to promote peaceful
challenges, such as for instance in the area of environment,
Photos: EU Delegation to Armenia & Diplomatic World
resolution of conflicts and this is the main objectives of our
green and digital transition, connectivity and economic develop-
Yet, we now realise that the potential of CEPA is larger and to
various peace-building efforts around the world.
ment, and it thus also contributes concretely to building lasting
realise this we are doing two things: Firstly, back in April we
peaceful relations across the region.
launched a EUR 7 million technical support programme focus-
In the region of South Caucasus, the European Union is mainly
32 33

H.E. ERIC DE MUYNCK
AMBASSADOR OF BELGIUM TO ARMENIA
We must safeguard the territorial integrity
and sovereignty of Armenia and this is
what will guide our action
WHAT IS THE RATIONALE FOR THE OPENING
OF A FULL-FLEDGED EMBASSY OF BELGIUM
IN YEREVAN AT THIS POINT IN TIME?
On the economic front, our agenda is to develop our cooperation
with Armenia in different areas. In October we had the Wallonia
Export-Investment Agency (AWEX) economic mission supported
by the Belgian Armenian Chamber of Commerce in Yerevan.
The geopolitical context has profoundly changed with a particular
This is the opportunity to identify sectors of common interest, as
risk of increased destabilisation in countries close to the EU. The
health, IT, logistics, energy, just to cite of few.
government of Belgium came to the conclusion that we needed
to reinforce our presence in the South-Caucasus and as a result
So, there are many reasons why Belgium decided to be the right
that we needed to have a resident Embassy in Armenia. This de-
moment to open an Embassy. I should also mention the signifi-
cision was taken by the Council of Ministers in June of this year.
cant Armenian community in Belgium, 30,000 to 40,000 Belgians
We have diplomatic relations with Armenia since more than thirty
of Armenian origin. This is also a strong motivation for us to have
years. It was expected by the Armenian authorities for a long
an Embassy here, to help further connecting this diaspora with
time that Belgium would establish a permanent representation
Armenia, and to develop joint projects on many fronts: academic,
here in Yerevan.
cultural, economic, among others.
Ambassador of Belgium to Armenia Eric de Muynck presented his credentials to President Vahagn Khachaturyan
Photo: Office of the President of Armenia
Moreover, we observe see for the moment that there is a huge
appetite by Armenian authorities for Europe. This was reiterated
by Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan at during this his intervention
on October 17 during at the plenary session of the European
Parliament in Strasbourg where he declared: “the Republic of
Armenia is ready to be closer to the European Union”. They wish
HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE CURRENT STATE OF
ARMENIA-BELGIUM TIES, AND WHERE/IN WHICH
AREAS AND SECTORS DO YOU SEE ROOM FOR
THEIR EXPANSION AND ENHANCEMENT?
cooperation in the framework of the Francophonie (Armenia is
a full-fledged member of the Organisation Internationale de la
Francophonie since 2015). We need now to connect the dots
between Armenia and Belgium to develop new bilateral projects.
burns (at the Queen Astrid Military Hospital in Neder-over-
Heembeek, Brussels). This was a concrete action, a sign of
solidarity to the Armenian authorities in this difficult time.
to diversify their alliances, to be more connected to Europe, and
we support this ambition. We want also to show our support to
the various diplomatic initiatives that have been taken to find
peace and stability in the South Caucasus, as for instance meditation
mediation process that is supported by President of the
European Council Charles Michel.
The bilateral relationship between Belgium and Armenia is excellent.
As proof of this, I can cite the recent visit of the Minister
of Foreign Affairs of Belgium, Mrs. Hadja Lahbib, to Armenia last
August, during which the Minister had the opportunity to discuss
the situation in the region with wide set of interlocutors including
Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan.
WHAT KIND OF HUMANITARIAN SUPPORT IS
BELGIUM PROVIDING TO THE 100,000 ETHNIC
ARMENIANS WHO HAD TO FORCIBLY FLEE
NAGORNO KARABAKH?
On a broader scope, Belgium is contributing to the general
funding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),
and UN agencies. As part of our peace-building efforts, Belgium
has supported a medical and reintegration centre for wounded
soldiers and we currently consider other initiatives to respond to
this crisis.
It was very peculiar to arrive in Armenia just a few days before
I also strongly believe that since the Velvet Revolution in 2018,
As a new Ambassador I am regularly paying visits to members of
the military operation on Nagorno-Karabakh occurred (Septem-
The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh have the right to live in
Armenia is engaged in democratic process, and we want to
the Government, and each time I visit a Minister, new ideas are
ber 19), an offensive that Belgium, with the European Union, has
safety, with dignity and respect for their identity, and this includes
stand by the Republic of Armenia as important reforms are being
coming up to reinforce this relationship. We are not really begin-
condemned. One of the first actions I was involved in was the
the right of return for displaced persons. Over the last weeks, Ar-
implemented in this direction.
ning from scratch, we already have projects implemented here,
medical evacuation of severely burnt patients of the fuel ware-
menia had has to absorb a huge influx of 100,000 people coming
but we do not have a lot of cooperation agreements with the
house explosion in Stepanakert on 25 September.
from Nagorno Karabakh. This creates a lot of challenges for the
On the economic front, our agenda is to develop cooperation
Ministries. We definitely need to figure out what are our competi-
Armenian authorities to cope with. Belgium is closely monitoring
with Armenia in several areas. In October, we had the Wallonia
tive advantages to provide the best experiences possible for our
I coordinated this evacuation with B-FAST (Belgian First Aid and
the Armenian coordination efforts towards a collective response.
Export-Investment Agency (AWEX) economic mission taking
Armenian interlocutors.
Support Team, an interdepartmental structure which organizes
But what I have learnt from Armenia’s history is the resilience of
place in Yerevan. This event is supported by the new Belgian em-
the dispatching of Belgian emergency assistance abroad) and
the Armenian people, so I have no doubt that they will be able to
bassy and by the Belgian Armenian Chamber of Commerce. This
For instance, I recently had a meeting with the Minister of
the World Health Organisation (WHO) in close cooperation with
find ways to absorb these refugees by integrating children and
is the opportunity to identify sectors of common interest,
Education, H.E. Zhanna Andreasyan, and many ideas came
the Ministry of Health of Armenia. At the moment, three patients
students in the education system, for instance.
as health, IT, logistics, energy, just to cite of few.
up on supporting the exchange of students and strengthened
including two teenagers are being treated in Belgium for their
34 35

MARKUS RITTER
HEAD OF MISSION, EU MISSION
IN ARMENIA (EUMA)
The EUMA has three lines of operation:
security awareness patrols alongside
the international border;
human security patrols in the villages and towns
& confidence-building measures
HOW DOES BELGIUM INTEND TO FACILITATE
LONG-TERM PEACE IN THE REGION AND
NORMALISATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN
ARMENIA AND AZERBAIJAN?
WITH ITS RICH CULTURE AND HISTORY, DO
YOU THINK ARMENIA WOULD MAKE FOR
A CANDIDATE FOR FUTURE EDITIONS OF
EUROPALIA?
IN ORDER TO FAMILIARISE OUR READERS WITH
THE MISSION AND MANDATE OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION MISSION IN ARMENIA (EUMA), AND ITS
DELIVERABLES SINCE BEING FORMALLY
LAUNCHED IN FEBRUARY 2023 – PARTICULARLY
WITH REFERENCE TO THE STABILITY AND
REDUCTION OF TENSIONS IN THE BORDER
AREAS; CONFIDENCE-BUILDING MEASURES AND
ENHANCED HUMAN SECURITY FOR THE LOCAL
POPULATION – DIPLOMATIC WORLD SPOKE WITH
HEAD OF MISSION MARKUS RITTER DURING OUR
VISIT TO YEREVAN IN OCTOBER 2023.
Monitoring experts were temporarily deployed by the EU in
October 2022 along the Armenian side of the international
an initial mandate of 2 years) are to contribute to stability in the
border areas of Armenia, building confidence on the ground,
and ensuring an environment conducive to normalisation efforts
between Armenia and Azerbaijan supported by the EU.
On 20 February 2023, EUMA was launched, the new mission with
three lines of operation: (1) security awareness patrols alongside
the international border; (2) human security patrols in the villages
and towns in the conflict-affected areas near the border and (3)
confidence-building measures. In those days it was the idea, and
it still is, to have a liaison office of the mission in Baku, to act as
a hotline between us and Azerbaijan in case that some incidents
arise, and to facilitate small projects between Armenia and
Azerbaijan in the border areas to build confidence.
We believe that only a political and diplomatic option can lead to
I believe that Armenia is like a precious stone with many facets
border with Azerbaijan following an agreement reached at a
For the first line of operations I mentioned, we have launched
real peace, as the use of force only feeds instability in the long
and would be for instance a wonderful candidate for Europalia
quadrilateral meeting in Prague between President Aliyev, Prime
over 1,000 patrols, we are directly at the border every day. When
term. Belgium is supporting the peace processes in the region.
(a major international arts festival held every two years in Belgium
Minister Pashinyan, French President Macron and President of
and where necessary patrols are escorted either by the Armenian
We know the EU is truly involved in trying to help the dialogue
to celebrate one invited country’s cultural heritage).
the European Council Michel. The first monitors were operational
military or the Armenian border guards, depending on who has
between parties and to find a solution to this long-lasting conflict.
on the ground as of 20 October.
the responsibility at the border. These patrols are planned one
We have an excellent expert in Belgium on Armenia, Professor
week in advance.
We support the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Armenia
Bernard Coulie, who focusses on ancient Armenian manuscripts,
In the beginning it was a mission with 40 monitoring experts de-
and that is a strong message that we are defending. By opening
which embody the unique character of the Armenian culture and
ployed from the European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia
an Embassy here we have a permanent and direct contact with
the Armenian alphabet (dating from the 5th century). Of course,
(EUMM Georgia), which was decided to ensure monitors are
Armenian authorities to show our support in that. For the future
there are other reasons: Armenia’s gastronomy and wine-making
rapidly deployed on the ground. During the two months this first
of Armenia, for the future of the region, we definitely need stabil-
tradition, but also architecture, dance and vocal polyphony, to
EU monitoring Capacity mission was in Armenia it conducted
ity and peace.
name a few.
more than 175 patrols on the Armenian side of the internationally
recognised border between Armenia and Azerbaijan and reported
Also, a European Union civilian observer mission (EUMA) was
The current edition of Europalia is devoted to Georgia, and Spain
to the EU on the situation on the ground, thus contributing also
deployed in Armenia at the beginning of this year and is carry-
will be the guest country in 2025, but in future editions Armenia
to stabilisation between the two countries.
ing out numerous observation missions on Armenian soil along
could be a great candidate and we would support this.
the Armenian-Azerbaijani border. This mission, in which Belgian
After the successful end of this mission and following a request
experts take part, makes it possible to assess the situation on
by Armenia the EU decided to Establish a civilian European
the ground but also, through its presence, to prevent larger-scale
Union Mission in Armenia (EUMA) under the Common Security
incidents that could lead to a resumption of hostilities.
and Defence Policy (CSDP). The objectives of the Mission (with
36 37

What are we essentially doing? Our presence on the ground is to
serve peace. We are observing, we are doing regular patrols or
going to the so-called hotspots. We park our vehicles in places
visible to both sides. The vehicles are clearly marked with the EU
flag. We are unarmed civilians, but wearing blue vests and caps
so everybody sees that we are there. Our presence in Armenia
has clearly had a positive effect.
Besides these escorted patrols, we also carry out unescorted
patrols, because by now, having been there for eight months, we
know the terrain, the border lines and where to go. Our findings
and observations are put in patrol reports which are sent
exclusively to Brussels in line with the rules about such civilian
missions. We do not report our findings to the Armenian side or
anybody else.
We also conduct human security patrols visiting villages in border
areas and talking to the people in case they have seen any
incidents. These patrols aim also at informing people about our
presence and the scope of our mission. Having direct contact
with local people is essential as expectations from our mission
have been and continue to be very high. We currently have 103
international staff from the EU Member States, all civilians from
different backgrounds: some are police officers, such as myself,
others come from civil society. Soon two Canadian experts will
also join.
The third pillar concerns confidence-building measures. This
summer I was invited to the South Caucasus Regional Dialogue
Forum in Kachreti, Georgia, an event promoted and facilitated by
the EU, whereby Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani students
came together for a week. This was the first time I had the
change to present our mission and mandate to an Azerbaijani
audience.
We have six Forward Operating Bases, staffed with eight
monitors each and located in Ijevan, Martuni, Jermuk, Goris,
Yeghegnadzor and in the south in Kapan. The EUMA has a
standard two-year mandate, which will end in February 2025.
Lastly, concerning the current humanitarian situation derived
from the inflow of ethnic Armenians fleeing Nagorno-Karabakh,
let me stress that from day one of the exodus, we have closely
monitored the situation. Now, during our human security patrols,
we have had many encounters with refugees and facilitated also
the identification of needs and delivery of humanitarian and other
emergency support.
My personal role is to lead operations on the ground while the
Civilian Operation Commander is Stefano Tomat, EEAS Managing
Director of the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability in
Brussels. Let me stress as well that we work very closely with
the EU Delegation to Armenia and the EU Ambassador Vassilis
Maragos, that is providing political guidance to the Mission here
in Armenia.
Photos: EU Mission in Armenia (EUMA)
38 39

ARA KHZMALYAN
DIRECTOR, MATENADARAN
MESROP MASHTOTS INSTITUTE
OF ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS
The older our heritage and culture is,
the newer the approaches should be towards
its preservation and popularization
Matenadaran is a unique library, depository, museum and re-
cooperate with our international colleagues, scholars from all
search centre for ancient manuscripts, archival documents and
over the world. We are also included in international educational
early printed books, and the largest one of Armenian manu-
programmes, being in constant contact with the Armenian chairs
scripts. It contains academic and academic-technical depart-
in different universities. And we want to bring this collaboration
ments where restoration, digitization, research and translation
to a higher qualitative level. Additionally, let me mention that
works are carried out.
we have Master’s programmes here which we intend to actively
develop.
The Matenadaran contains about 23,000 manuscripts, most of
which are of religious content (Bibles, gospels, ritual books), but
We also want to develop new mechanisms to improve the acces-
they also include all the fields of science including astronomy,
sibility of our ancient and medieval written heritage. Especially
law, philosophy, historiography, medicine, etc. The Matenadaran
taking into consideration that the written heritage kept at Mate-
also holds manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Greek, Ethiopian,
nadaran does not only have national value but essential interna-
Syriac, Latin, and other languages. Many originals, lost in
tional significance. Out of 23,000 manuscripts that we hold in our
their original languages have been saved from loss thanks to
depository, approximately 4,000 are in foreign languages.
Armenian translations of the texts. Additionally, Matenadaran
holds approximately 500,000 archival documents, ranging from
In addition to the manuscript collection, we have a very rare and
Ara Khzmalyan, Director, Matenadaran
Photo: Matenadaran
ecclesiastical documents, letters to decrees.
unique archival collection. The basis of our archives is the collection
of patriarchs, among it we have many international decrees
YOU ARE LEADING THE MATENADARAN INSTI-
TUTE SINCE JULY. WHAT WILL BE THE PRIORITIES
OF THE INSTITUTE UNDER YOUR LEADERSHIP
TO BOLSTER THE INSTITUTION’S CORE MISSION
– PRESERVING AND RESEARCHING ANCIENT
MANUSCRIPTS?
The first thing that I would like to mention is that we would like
to make Matenadaran more modern. When we speak about the
– the decree of Napoleon, for instance, and other Emperors,
which speaks to its international value. Matenadaran also has the
richest collection of early printed books in Armenia.
YOU MENTIONED THAT THERE ARE 23,000
MANUSCRIPTS IN MATENADARAN. WHAT ARE
THE OLDEST ONES? WHAT ARE SOME UNIQUE
FEATURES OF ARMENIAN MANUSCRIPTS?
writing or printing), which was not very widespread at the time,
sometimes the scribes erased the text and wrote a new one,
what we call palimpsests – manuscripts with two layers. Now
we are implementing a very interesting project with German colleagues,
with special digitization techniques we can recover the
first layer of the text, which we cannot read with our own eyes,
but through such image processing we discover the original
layers.
We also want to start using Artificial Intelligence techniques es-
which we organise. At the end of October we hosted a very
important textological conference at Matenadaran, as we feel it
is important to have tight connections with international scholars
and with their help and expertise train our young professionals.
Next year we are planning a major Armenological conference in
Syunik, dedicated to the 650th anniversary of the establishment
of the University of Tatev, which will be a great occasion for
everyone to learn about our rich cultural heritage.
21st century it is impossible not to speak about advanced technologies,
specially knowing how interlinked they are to palaeography,
textology and source studies.
If we speak about what I am going to do as a director, first of all,
I think about Matenadaran as a palaeographical and textological
The oldest complete manuscript that we possess in our depository
belongs to the 7th century, the Vehamor Gospel, donated to
Matenadaran by Patriarch Vazgen I. In addition to this complete
manuscript, we also have fragments which are older and date
back to the 5th- 6th centuries.
pecially when we speak of preparing critical editions. Previously,
for instance, it could take 15 years to prepare the critical edition
of one work because there may be hundreds of manuscripts by
the same author or same work; but now with AI we can shorten
this time which can be very helpful for us. The older our heritage
and culture is, the newer the approaches should be towards
WITH THE SIZEABLE ARMENIAN DIASPORA
AROUND THE WORLD, DOES THE INSTITUTE
REGULARLY RECEIVE DONATIONS OF MANU-
SCRIPTS FROM THEM?
centre, this is why it is very important to prepare young profes-
There was another interesting feature in medieval Armenia. Due
its preservation. We actively host international scholars, both
In general, the role of Armenians in the diaspora is huge in re-
sionals who can work with the texts, and in this regard we actively
to lack of parchment (animal skin which has been prepared for
through educational programmes or international conferences
plenishing the collection of the Matenadaran. Let me give you a
40 41

concrete example. A few days ago we received a huge donation
from one of our Armenian compatriots from the diaspora, who
donated us ancient fragments in Syriac and Coptic languages,
and also rare archival documents.
in auctions or in private collections. In this regard, very soon we
will publish a catalogue where manuscripts not present here at
the Matenadaran will be listed.
It is not a secret that Armenia’s history is quite tough, and that
relates to the manuscripts too! Behind every manuscript there is
a history of sacrifice and survival. It is only due the huge respect
towards the written heritage that these manuscripts survived and
come down to us passing through difficult roads. In our restoration
department you will see burnt and damaged manuscripts
and you will see the traces they had, the history they had to go
through to reach us.
For example, during the 1915 genocide, Archbishop Hovhannes
Hyusyan, alongside saving people, also organised the salvation
of manuscripts. What is worth mentioning is that he saved not
only manuscripts in Armenian but also in foreign languages and
belonging to other religions, such as Qurans, with the same
sense of responsibility and care that he did for Armenian manuscripts.
When today we speak of cultural diversity and tolerance,
we see that our ancestors were great examples demonstrating
these qualities.
While we continue to receive many donations from diaspora,
manuscripts and archival documents, there are still many manuscripts
whose whereabouts are unknown and sometimes appear
CONCERNING THE PRESERVATION OF THIS
WONDERFUL HERITAGE FOR THE FUTURE
GENERATIONS, ARE YOU REACHING OUT TO
SCHOOLS IN YEREVAN AND ACROSS THE
COUNTRY, SO THAT CHILDREN BECOME
ACQUAINTED WITH IT FROM AN EARLY AGE?
We implement numerous educational programmes here at the
Matenadaran. Our exhibitions are hard to comprehend, especially
when we speak about children, that is why we have developed
various specific educational programmes to help them understand
better how, for example, the parchment was prepared,
comprehending the peculiarities of miniatures, etc.
Matenadaran itself is the result of a very long educational process:
there were scriptoria adjacent to the monasteries where
archbishops and church doctors taught and translated these
manuscripts and what we have today is the result of all this. And
today, the educational mission of Matenadaran resumes.
Photos: Diplomatic World
42 43

BELGIAN ECONOMIC MISSION
TO ARMENIA
Five Belgian companies signed up for this mission:
• Buzon: manufacturer of building materials
• Lotronic: light and sound equipment
• Medaro: aromatic and medicinal herbs
• JGI Hydrometal: recycling of non-ferrous metal waste
• Citadel Real Estate: real estate development
• Craft and special beers: large assortment at Parma
Supermarkets and Houl
• Lubricants from Bardahl, available at Autosan.
• Fancy jewellery from Ice-Watch, available on-line and at the
Dalma Garden Mall
• Modern Cutlery from Eternum, available at Complex Bar
On September 26, Mr. Eric De Muynck presented his credentials
Armenia) and 94th supplier (2nd within the EU-27) (EUR 136.2
Participating companies will be looking for partners to import
In addition to the above-listed companies, more breweries and
to the President of the Republic of Armenia, H.E. Vahagn
million worth of Armenian goods have been exported to
and distribute their goods, find suppliers, as well as to invest in
pharmaceutical companies are currently negotiating collabora-
Khachaturyan. This ceremony marked the start of the engage-
Belgium in 2022). Since 2020, trade between Belgium and
Armenia.
tion agreements with partners in Armenia.
ment of Mr. De Muynck as the first resident ambassador of
Armenia has almost tripled and is expected to exceed EUR
Belgium to Armenia. One of the objectives of this presence is the
300 million in 2023. For the past few years, the trade balance
Here are a few original Belgian products already present on the
Contact: Eric Blétard, Trade & Investment Counsellor
strengthening and the expansion of economic relations between
has been in favour of Armenia. Trade is dominated by precious
Armenian market:
e.bletard@awex-wallonia.com, T. +7 925 464 3898
Armenia and Belgium.
stones and metals (such as zinc), chemicals, and pharmaceuti-
• Chocolate to produce top-quality confectionary
cals. Sectors like IT and logistics are also promising.
(Cargill Chocolate)
Photos: Diplomatic World
With the support of the Belgian-Armenian Chamber of Commerce,
the Wallonia Export & Investment Agency (AWEX) is
At the official press conference of the economic mission, Valery
bringing a delegation of Belgian companies to Yerevan on
Safarian, Chairman of the Belgian Armenian Chamber of Com-
October 19 and 20. Wallonia is the French-speaking region of
merce, additionally mentioned that Armenia has enterprises
Belgium. AWEX has arranged the individual meeting programs
specialised in nano-technology, one domain where cooperation
of the representatives of the Belgian companies and acts as the
with Belgium and Wallonia in particular (where one can also find
main sponsor of the event, including the official reception held
world-class companies in this domain) could be sought, through
on October 19.
joint ventures, for example. More generally, Belgium could be an
interesting destination for Armenian companies to install them-
Armenia is Belgium’s 121st customer (7th within the EU-27)
selves and prospect the European market.
(EUR 86 million worth of Belgian goods have been exported to
44 45

TEACH FOR ARMENIA
TEACH FOR ARMENIA ENVISIONS
AN ARMENIA WHERE ALL CHILDREN HAVE
ACCESS TO QUALITY EDUCATION
On October 18, Teach For Armenia welcomed a delegation from
Belgium to its headquarters in Yerevan. The delegation included
the Ambassador of Belgium to Armenia Eric De Muynck; Valéry
Safarian and representatives of Triangle Partners; Armine
Hareyan,Vice-President of the Committee of Armenians in
Belgium; Aleksandra Tonkikh of the Walloon Export and Foreign
Investment Agency (AWEX) and Diplomatic World represented
by CEO Barbara Dietrich and Project Manager Alberto Turkstra.
During the meeting, guests learned about Teach For Armenia
and Triangle Partners’ generous support of its program. Teach for
Armenia is an Armenia-based non-profit organization that works
to increase educational opportunities nationwide. Since 2021,
Triangle Partners has sponsored two school communities as a
Teach For Armenia Nation-Builder. Thanks to their generous support,
Teach For Armenia has placed teachers in Araks Secondary
School and Hushakert Secondary School in the Armavir region of
Armenia. Nation-Builders is Teach For Armenia’s two-year school
sponsorship program for committed individuals from around the
world to invest in the development of Armenia through education.
Through the program, donors sponsor a school and receive
a deep and unique engagement experience with school communities.
Guests also discussed the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis. Since
September 19, over 100,000 Armenians have been forcibly
displaced from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. Of those,
21,000 are school-age children. These children have endured a
10-month-long blockade that harmed their health and disrupted
their education. Teach For Armenia is mobilizing a coalition of
organizations to deliver an emergency response of wraparound
support to forcibly displaced students: food security, health care,
housing, and education. As part of the coalition, Teach For
Armenia is recruiting a team to implement an Education in
Emergencies program that addresses the social, emotional,
and learning needs of forcibly displaced students.
In the fall of 2022, Teach for Armenia launched a new Master’s
in Teacher Leadership with Yerevan State University. The degree
equips university graduates and professionals with the necessary
skills, knowledge, and mindsets to serve as public education
teachers in the 21st century. The program focuses on educational
equity in the Armenian context, emphasizing the need for system-wide
transformation through innovative teaching practices
and leadership in the classroom. Currently, it is open for Teach
for Armenia Teacher-Leaders, but will eventually be open to all
teachers.
ABOUT TEACH FOR ARMENIA
Teach For Armenia envisions an Armenia where all children have
access to quality education. Its mission is building a movement
of leaders who increase educational opportunities in Armenia.
Teach For Armenia does this by recruiting and training recent university
graduates and professionals to teach in rural communities
for a period of two years. Its program participants are called
Teacher-Leaders. Currently, Teach For Armenia reaches over
30,000 students, through 130 Teacher-Leaders, in every region
of Armenia. It has a network of 342 Alumni-Ambassadors.
Change-Based Learning is Teach For Armenia’s signature approach
to teaching which aims to foster agency in our students
by cultivating innovative thinking and collective leadership.
Students identify opportunities in their community and work
collaboratively to design and implement community innovation
projects that spark civic engagement, local ingenuity and global
connectivity. Since launching in 2020, students have designed
and implemented over 200 such projects. Teach for Armenia
has worked with the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture
and Sports to disseminate the curriculum to classrooms nationwide
and the methodology has become part of Armenia’s new
Education Development Strategy up until 2030.
For further details or inquiries, please reach out to Marketing,
Communications, and Engagement Manager Tatev Kaplanyan:
tatev.kaplanyan@teachforarmenia.org.
Photos: Diplomatic World
46 47

H.E. AMARSAIKHAN SAINBUYAN
DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER
OF MONGOLIA
We are grateful to the EU for including Mongolia
in its Forest Partnership Scheme
WHAT WERE THE MAIN OUTCOMES OF THE
22ND ANNUAL JOINT COMMITTEE BETWEEN
MONGOLIA AND THE EU, HELD IN BRUSSELS
IN JULY 2023?
Thanks to Diplomatic World magazine for inviting me to talk and
warm greetings to its readers. It is a pleasure to talk with you
soon after the 22nd session of the Mongolia-European Union
up its cabinet. During the past spring session, the State Great
Khural (Parliament) of Mongolia made an amendment to the
Constitution and increased the number of seats from 78 to 126,
which we believe will strengthen the classic feature of the Parliament,
respect human rights, improve representative democracy
and good governance. It also amended laws on Elections and on
Political parties so the parliamentary elections scheduled for next
year will be held on a mixed electoral system.
AT A TIME OF GREAT GEOPOLITICAL SHIFTS,
WHAT ROLE DOES THE EU PLAY IN MONGOLIA’S
THIRD NEIGHBOUR POLICY?
that the implementation the Agreement on Partnership and
Cooperation and the opening of the EU Delegation in Mongolia
have provided an essential impetus in our bilateral interactions
and exchanges.
Joint Committee meeting, which is the annual and very important
Mongolia has been maintaining cooperative relations under
mechanism where we discuss the state of our bilateral relations
the framework of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with
We are grateful to the EU and its Member States for their stead-
in detail. Thus, my government has decided to upgrade its level
its immediate neighbours like the Russian Federation and the
fast support and assistance given since the beginning of dem-
of representation. With Gunnar Wiegand, Managing Director for
People’s Republic of China; in addition to strategic partnerships
ocratic transformations, socio-economic reforms in Mongolia in
the Asia and the Pacific at European External Action
with Japan, India, USA, Germany and the Republic of Korea, and
the early 1990s. The EU has been together with us and rendered
Service (EEAS) and H.E. Axelle Nicaise, Ambassador of the EU
expanded partnerships with Canada and Australia.
its support at challenging times and continued its interaction. We
to Mongolia, as well as with other officials of the EEAS, we had
are equally thankful to the EU for its support in overcoming the
an exchange of views on a wide range of issues of our bilateral
The EU is our important “third neighbour”. With the EU we con-
COVID-19 pandemic.
relations and cooperation and of our mutual interests.
cluded the Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation in 2013,
which entered into force on November 1, 2017. This is indeed a
We are actively working together with our friends and partners to
Then we pointed out that thanks to efforts by both sides, the
fundamental document for widening our bilateral relations and
increase economic growth and reducing the impacts of exter-
relations between Mongolia and the EU have been successfully
cooperation in all areas including political, economic, industry, IT,
nal shocks. Let me illustrate with one example. Mongolia is a
growing based on common principles and values, including de-
science, infrastructure, education, environment and energy. We
vast country with continental climate: this means six months of
mocracy, human rights and rule of law. We also briefed and dis-
accord particular significance in its effective realization. Under
sub-zero temperatures. We have five distinct geographic zones:
cussed about the implementation of our respective policies and
this Agreement the relations between Mongolia and the EU have
western, central, southern, eastern and the Altai-Uliastai, with
programs. In a nutshell, the Joint Committee meeting was useful
been expanding in areas of our reciprocal interests.
centralized energy systems. 81.1 percent of our energy source
in further intensifying Mongolia-EU relations and cooperation.
is provided by coal-fired power stations and some 20 percent
The Mongolian government stands for the intensification of the
of the electricity demand is met by imports. The role of renewal
Taking this opportunity, I would like to say that the overall
implementation of this Agreement in accordance with new and
energy is increasing and sources are growing year by year. Cur-
political and socio-economic situation in Mongolia is stable. We
ever-changing circumstances. One of our foreign policy priorities
rently, 18.3 percent of the installed capacity is provided by solar
had parliamentary and local elections in 2020, the Mongolian
is to further reinvigorate the constructive relations and cooper-
(Mongolia has over 250 sunny days per year), wind and hydro
People’s Party (MPP) won the majority in parliament and formed
ation with the EU and its Member States. I have to underscore
power stations. Since January 11, 2007, when the Mongolian
48 49

Parliament ratified the law on Renewable Energy, the produc-
Desertification (UNCCD) in 2026. Preliminary work for the organi-
tion of renewable energy is growing and at present eight solar,
zation of this conference has already started and we hope the EU
three wind and six hydro stations are supplying their outputs
will support us in this regard. Mongolia has also recently jointed
to the central electricity grid. With the pace of socio-economic
the Global Methane Pledge.
development, the energy demand is also growing rapidly so that
energy security, decrease of greenhouse gas emissions and the
We have implemented a number of projects under the FAO-
adoption of ecologically friendly technology are high priorities in
EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)
our sustainable development policy, similar to other countries.
Programme. The EU-sponsored project Sustainable resilient and
ecosystem and agriculture management (STREAM) is also being
WHAT IS THE PARTICIPATION OF MONGOLIA IN
KEY INITIATIVES AND PROJECTS OF THE EU,
SUCH AS THE GLOBAL GATEWAY STRATEGY AND
THE FOREST PARTNERSHIPS?
implemented. The project aims to increase capacity of Mongolian
communities to implement innovative and sustainable long-term
landscape management to address food system challenges and
climate stresses. In March 2023, we organised a stakeholders’
meeting for ascertaining the possibility for continuing the project.
Within the framework of the UN Convention on Climate Change
and Paris Agreement Mongolia is contemplating to reduce
Greenhouse gas emissions by 22.7 percent by 2030. In a bid to
make the energy sector more environmentally friendly we are
intending to increase the role of renewable energy in centralized
electricity grid in a way of not causing a negative impact on its
reliable and continuous operation. We are working to upgrade
renewable energy presence to up to 30 percent within our overall
installed energy system by 2030. Therefore, in the country’s five
western provinces we have begun the construction of a hydro
AFTER THE PANDEMIC, ONE OF THE KEY PIL-
LARS OF MONGOLIA’S RECOVERY HAS BEEN A
STRONG EMPHASIS ON DEVELOPING THE DIGITAL
ECONOMY. HOW WILL SUCH AN APPROACH CON-
TRIBUTE TO MONGOLIA’S DEVELOPMENT, JOB
CREATION, AND ENHANCING COMPETITIVENESS,
GROWTH AND RESILIENCE OF THE MONGOLIAN
ECONOMY?
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, our economy contracted by
5.3 percent. However, it regained growth by 1.4 percent in 2021
the tourism sector and announced the years of 2023, 2024 and
2025 as the “Welcome to visit Mongolia” years.
power station in Erdeneburen; solar power plant and battery
Mongolia has set forth a task to become a “Digitized Nation”
and 4.8 percent in 2022. The Government actively undertakes
storage power station stations in Zavkhan province; a solar
and based on Estonia’s experience we have successfully been
mid- and long-term development policies known as Economic
Last year, Mongolia traded with 160 countries for a total trade
station and windmill in Gobi-Altai province and a solar station in
developing “E-Mongolia” application to deliver the state servic-
Recovery Policy and Vision 2050 to reinvigorate the country’s
turnover of USD 21.2 billion, of USD 12.5 billion in exports and
Khövsgöl province.
es. Currently, some 650 state services have become available in
economic growth.
USD 8.7 billion in imports. Total trade turnover increased by
online form.
32.1 percent vis-a-vis the previous year – exports by 35.7 per-
Major targets of the “New Economic Recovery policy” mid-term
Vision 2050 defines the development policy for the next 30 years
cent and imports by 27.2 percent.
programme and the “Vision 2050” long-term development policy
We are attaching increased attention to promote cooperation in
and is geared to turn Mongolia into one of the leading countries
are in a line with the priorities of the EU’s Global Gateway strat-
areas such as innovation, information technology, cyber secu-
in Asia in terms of social progress, economic growth and welfare.
Apart from tourism, agriculture, light industry, telecommunication
egy; and we are determined to expand our collaboration based
rity, education and science as well. The Parliament of Mongolia
The Economic Recovery Policy is the targeted mid-term pro-
sectors have significant growth potential. The Government is
on them. For instance, we proposed to explore the possibility to
has debate and approved the Law on Digital Signature; Law on
gramme aimed at strengthening the economic independence and
consistently supporting the business community and individual
undertake a joint project for accomplishing concrete outcomes in
Cyber Security; Law on Transparency of Public Information and
self-reliance of the country, reduce the negative implications of
entrepreneurs’ interests to learn from the experiences of the
expanding the use of renewable energy in consonance with the
Law on Privacy Protection.
the pandemic, quickly resolve hindering factors for the develop-
EU Member States and adopt European standards.
priorities of the EU’s Global Gateway strategy.
ment and build up prerequisites for the effective implementation
Experience sharing and interaction with foreign partners, particu-
of the Vision 2050, and enhance the efficiency of economy, infra-
Photos: Diplomatic World
Due to intensive development, the negative impacts on the envi-
larly EU Member States, are highly valuable for intensifying the
structure and state for the initial phase of ten years.
ronment caused by human actions are escalating so every nation
digital transition in a sparsely populated country like Mongolia.
is required to make its own contribution in resolution of these
These programmes are intensifying the economic growth and
major challenges. In order to make Mongolia’s contribution to the
common endeavour against desertification and climate change
the President of Mongolia initiated the nation-wide campaign to
plant and grow one billion trees until 2030. Encouraging Mongolia’s
initiative against desertification and climate change, the EU
decided to involve us in its Forest Partnership scheme. Taking
this moment I express the gratitude to the EU for its remarkable
gesture.
Furthermore, Mongolia will host the 17th Conference of the
Parties (COP17) of the United Nations Convention to Combat
MONGOLIA’S ECONOMY IS HEAVILY RELIANT
ON ITS MINING SECTOR, WHICH CONTRIBUTES
SIGNIFICANTLY TO ITS GDP AND EXPORTS. AT
THE SAME TIME, MONGOLIAN GOVERNMENT IS
ACTIVELY WORKING TOWARDS DIVERSIFYING
THE ECONOMY AND ATTRACTING INVESTMENTS
IN OTHER SECTORS. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE
PROMISING INDUSTRIES AND SECTORS THAT
ARE OPEN FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT?
giving their results within short time: GDP has grown up by 7.4
percent by the end of the second quarter of 2023. The World
Bank projects our economic growth to be 6.4 percent in 2024.
We expect that thanks to the effective implementation of the
Economic Recovery Policy GDP growth will remain steady at
6 percent while per capita GDP will grow twofold. We accord
much importance in collaboration with foreign partners and invite
investors to co-work with us. We want to diversify our economy,
reduce our dependency on the mining sector. In this regard, the
Government is paying special attention to the development of
50 51

BRIDGING HORIZONS
A CULTURAL ODYSSEY
FROM CENTRAL ASIA AND MONGOLIA
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
On September 19, the European Parliament unveiled the exhibition
“Bridging Horizons: A Cultural Odyssey from Central Asia &
Mongolia to the EU”, showing unique elements of the traditional
life and culture of the peoples of the region, as well as modern
painting and images of natural beauty. Hosted by MEP Tomáš
Zdechovský, Chair of the European Parliament’s Delegation for
cooperation with Central Asia and Mongolia, the exhibition aimed
to bolster EU-Central Asia-Mongolia relations through shared
cultural heritage.
From the times of the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan kingdoms, the
Turkic Khaganate, Khorasan and Maverannakhr, the Gaznevid,
Timurid and Baburid empires, Central Asia has been closely
linked by reliable trade arteries with Europe and other regions,
and served as a bridge between the Middle East, Europe and
China, witnessing an infusion of ideas, art, and philosophies and
fostering an active dialogue between civilizations.
The contacts between peoples of the region paved way to a
vibrant intellectual and spiritual progress. As a result, the world has
gained such outstanding scholars and thinkers as Al-Khorezmi,
Al-Fergani, Al-Farabi, Beruni, Avicenna and many others who
predetermined the development of scientific and philosophical
thought for several centuries to come. This exhibition provided
a glimpse of that historic intertwining.
“Today, as we stand beneath the dome of the European
Parliament, we are reminded of the rich tapestry of history,
culture, and shared human endeavours that have interwoven
our destinies for millennia. This exhibition symbolizes not just
an artistic endeavour but a profound message of unity, collaboration,
and shared legacy”, said Turkmenistan’s Ambassador to
Belgium and the EU, H.E. Sapar Palvanov.
“However, the beauty of our shared heritage lies not just in the
past, but in the promise it holds for our future. As the world
grows increasingly interconnected, we recognize the imperative
of mutual understanding. The motto of unity in diversity that the
European Union upholds finds a parallel in Turkmenistan’s own
values. We believe that it is through platforms like this exhibition
that we can foster a stronger bond, mutual respect, and synergized
cooperation, transcending beyond just trade and politics,
touching the very soul of our nations”, he added.
Ambassador of Uzbekistan Dilyor Khakimov noted the work being
carried out nowadays to revive this significance of the Central
Asian region and pointed to common efforts to strengthen relations
of trust, good neighbourliness and partnership in the region,
and between Central Asia and its international partners. As an
example, the fifth consultative meeting of the Heads of State of
Central Asia held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, is clear testament to
the unity and dynamic development of the region. Thanks to
joint efforts, in recent years Central Asian states have made
serious progress in resolving vital issues and filled the regional
cooperation with qualitatively new content. Political contacts
and inter-parliamentary exchanges have become regular.
Various Central Asian platforms for dialogue and cooperation
have been launched. Stability and unity are strengthening in
Central Asia. The region is becoming one of the important
centres of economic growth and investment activity, once
again regaining its historical role as a transport hub connecting
West with East and North with South. At the regional level,
Uzbekistan has put forward an initiative to establish the International
Media Platform “History and Culture of Central Asia: One
Past and Common Future” to create shared content to strengthen
our regional identity. Uzbekistan also consider it essential
to establish regional scientific and educational grants and
scholarships for the talented youth of our countries in honour
of great Central Asian thinkers, scientists, and philosophers
52 53

as Al-Khwarizmi, Farabi, Jāmī, Magtymguly, Chingiz Aitmatov,
among others.
Summit next year in Uzbekistan. This will undoubtedly open a
new historical page in the relations between the two regions.
This exhibition is also reflective of the strengthened Central
Asia-EU partnership. Central Asia sees the EU and its Member
States as reliable and valuable partners in promoting regional
unity, identity, and the cultural civilizational heritage of Central
Asia in the world; and combining efforts in the areas of climate
and ecology, science, education strengthening people-to-people
connections.
At the second meeting of the Heads of State of Central Asia and
the EU, held in Kyrgyzstan in June 2023, leaders agreed to meet
on a regular basis, aiming to hold their next meeting as a first
Returning to the theme of unity, Ambassador of Turkmenistan
Sapar Palvanov shared some beautiful regional sayings. A
Turkmen proverb goes like this: “Those who lean on each other
will not fall”. The Mongolians say: “Under together-held hands,
water will not leak”; the Tajiks have a saying that goes like this:
“Many twigs bundle to make a strong rope”. The Kazakhs say:
“Unity is a treasure-chest without a key”; the Kyrgyz: “When
hearts are united, mountains turn into plains”, and lastly, the
Uzbeks: “One cannot clap with one hand”.
Photos: Diplomatic World
54 55

H.E. RUA AL ZADJALI
AMBASSADOR OF THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
TO THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM & HEAD
OF MISSION TO THE EU
The inclusion of women in diplomacy is not just a matter
of equality but also a strategic imperative
COULD YOU ELABORATE ON OMAN’S PLANS
TO BECOME A MAJOR PLAYER IN THE GLOBAL
GREEN HYDROGEN MARKET AND HOW IT WILL
HELP OMAN ACHIEVE GOAL OF ZERO CARBON
EMISSIONS BY THE MIDDLE OF THE CENTURY?
IS THERE POTENTIAL OF TRANSPORTING GREEN
HYDROGEN TO EUROPE BEING EXPLORED?
producer and exporter of renewable hydrogen and ammonia,
all while enhancing the proportion of renewables in its energy
mix. The recently released International Energy Agency (IEA)
report, the first of its kind to assess the potential of renewable
hydrogen in a producer economy, highlights the manifold advantages
this transition will bring, including increased investments,
reduced reliance on natural gas, and significant reductions in
The government has set objectives to manufacture a minimum of
1 million tons (1 Mt) of renewable hydrogen by 2030, up to 3.75
million tons (3.75 Mt) by 2040, and up to 8.5 million tons (8.5 Mt)
Photo: Royale Palace
Planning’s comprehensive transformation approach, aligning with
Oman Vision 2040’s commitment to sustainable urban development.
CO₂ emissions as Oman moves toward a net-zero economy.
by 2050. Attaining these goals would transform renewable hydro-
In 2022, Oman unveiled an ambitious goal to achieve net-zero
gen into a substantial and valuable export commodity. Meeting
Sultan Haitham City serves as a blueprint for future sustainable
emissions by 2050, coupled with a commitment to significantly
Oman’s hydrogen target for 2040 would equate to 80 percent
cities, encapsulating modern living while resonating with the as-
increase the domestic production of hydrogen using renewa-
of the current LNG exports in terms of energy equivalence, and
pirations of Oman’s youth. Spanning 14.8 million square meters,
ble energy sources. The nation is well-suited for the generation
achieving the 2050 target would nearly double these exports.
the city embodies sound urban planning principles, emphasizing
of substantial quantities of renewable hydrogen and hydro-
2.9 million square meters of green spaces.
gen-based fuels, such as ammonia, thanks to its abundant
high-quality renewable energy resources. Moreover, Oman
boasts ample land for large-scale project development and possesses
existing fossil fuel infrastructure that can be repurposed
or utilized for low-emission fuel production.
Five green hydrogen projects have been signed recently with a
total investment of USD 30 billion, producing 750,000 tons, with
agreement duration of 47 years – 7 for development and 40 for
operation. One of these projects is in Duqm, Oman, between OQ
(Omani company) and DEME (Belgian company). Another strate-
AS PART OF ITS TRANSITION INTO SUSTAINABLE
URBAN DEVELOPMENT, OMAN HAS UNVEILED
AMBITIOUS PLANS FOR A NEW SMART CITY –
SULTAN HAITHAM CITY – OUTSIDE THE CAPITAL
CITY, MUSCAT. COULD YOU TELL OUR READERS
WHAT IS ITS MISSION AND VISION, AND HOW IT
WILL INCORPORATE THE LATEST FEATURES ON
SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES?
The city’s ambition extends to meeting 12 international standards
of luxury, welfare, affordability, integrated utilities, and sustainability,
all integral to its master plan. Its internal transport network
ensures easy access to facilities, catering to both public and
private vehicles.
Recognizing the challenges of climate change and future
growth, the city’s infrastructure is adaptable and cost-effective.
It embraces cultural diversity, welcoming all social and
cultural backgrounds, while offering easy access to social
gic partnership is with Fluxys company, this partnership is solid-
‘Sultan Haitham City’ emerges as a forward-looking urban
and recreational facilities.
ified by signing an MoU that explores cooperation with Oman’s
masterpiece, envisioned as a precious legacy from His Majesty
hydrogen and CO2 infrastructure development. By the end of
to future generations and all segments of society. This ambi-
Beyond a city, it represents a thriving ecosystem, an inclusive
this decade, Oman has the potential to become a competitive
tious project is the result of the Ministry of Housing and Urban
community, and a united society, embodying the belief that true
56 57

Aerial view of Sultan Haitham City
Aerial view of Sultan Haitham City
generosity toward the future starts with giving our best in the
potential areas to explore in the future especially in trade and
between the two nations. Initiatives such as student exchange
table, which can greatly enhance the effectiveness of internation-
present. Tomorrow belongs to those who prepare today.
investment. This may involve identifying sectors with growth
programs, cultural festivals, and language courses can promote
al relations.
potential in Oman, such as renewable energy, tourism, and
people-to-people connections.
OMAN AND BELGIUM ENJOY EXCELLENT
RELATIONS AT ALL LEVELS. WHICH AREAS ARE
YOU EXPLORING TO ELEVATE AND PUSH
BILATERAL RELATIONS TO GREATER HEIGHTS?
manufacturing, where Belgian companies could invest or provide
expertise. Collaboration in the field of technology and innovation
can lead to mutual benefits. This might include partnerships in
research and development, technology transfer, and sharing best
practices in digitalization and emerging technologies.
Other sectors which are worth exploring as well is in Healthcare
and Pharmaceuticals. Oman looks forward to build a strong
relation between both countries in the healthcare sector. Both
can mutually benefit in pharmaceutical research, healthcare
infrastructure development, and the exchange of medical exper-
First and foremost, diversity in diplomacy leads to more comprehensive
decision-making. Women often approach problem-solving
with a different lens, focusing on collaboration, empathy, and
long-term sustainable solutions. These qualities are invaluable in
addressing complex global challenges, from conflict resolution to
climate change.
It is important to recognize that the nature and extent of cooper-
Oman and Belgium have so far successfully build up a solid
tise, especially in light of the global health challenges after the
ation will depend on the interests and priorities of both countries
foundation in bilateral relations in field of Sustainable Develop-
pandemic.
The government policy for the role of women is to involve her in
at any given time. Diplomatic channels and ongoing discussions
ment signing multiple agreements on Green Hydrogen which we
all aspects of life and work through empowerment, and enhanc-
between the governments of Belgium and Oman will play a crucial
role in identifying and pursuing these opportunities for future
cooperation.
I was officially appointed as the Ambassador to Belgium since
February 2023, and remember my conversation with His Majesty
the King who was happy about the development of the relations
look forward to commence soon.
This promising project will involve joint initiatives in renewable
energy, and maybe waste management, and environmental
protection. Hopefully with such collaboration we could explore
further on in port development, airport management, and transportation
networks as well.
ON OCTOBER 17 WE CELEBRATE OMANI
WOMEN’S DAY. AS AN ACCOMPLISHED FEMALE
DIPLOMAT YOURSELF, COULD YOU GIVE US
YOUR VISION ABOUT THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN
DIPLOMACY?
ing global cooperation, furthermore; when young girls see that
they are growing up in a country that is supportive and empowers
them to be leaders and see live examples through women
in leadership roles in diplomacy, they are more likely to aspire to
such careers themselves, thus contributing to a more diverse and
inclusive diplomatic workforce in the future.
between the two countries. Since then I have been exploring new
The inclusion of women in diplomacy is not just a matter of
Photos: Embasssy of Oman
areas of cooperation to help strengthen ties between Sultanate
Part of the government ambition is to promote Education and
equality but also a strategic imperative. Women bring a unique
of Oman and Kingdom of Belgium. While specific opportunities
Cultural Exchange through expanding educational and cultur-
set of skills, experiences, and perspectives to the diplomatic
can evolve over time, the government still believe there are some
al exchange programs that can foster better understanding
58 59

H.E. BADR ABDELATTY
AMBASSADOR OF EGYPT
TO BELGIUM & LUXEMBOURG,
HEAD OF MISSION TO THE EU & NATO
It is high time for European companies to grasp
the opportunity and invest in Egypt
BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN BELGIUM AND
EGYPT ARE POSITIVE AND FRIENDLY, BUT AT
THE SAME TIME THERE IS ROOM FOR FURTHER
GROWTH AND EXPANSION. HOW CAN BOTH
SIDES MAKE THE MOST OF THE POTENTIAL,
ESPECIALLY IN THE ECONOMIC AND COMMER-
CIAL SPHERE?
an Sea in Egypt. The first phase of the project is planned to
produce 800 megawatts (MW) of solar energy and 700 MW of
wind energy. The first phase will set a carbon dioxide limit of
600,000 tons. Additionally, the Belgian partnership intends to
construct a 500 MW electrolysis equipment close to Gargoub
Port in Marsa Matrouh, with the export of its output to Europe.
organized the first post-Covid trade mission to Egypt. The trade
Photo: Royale Palace
In addition, diplomatic ties between Belgium and Egypt have
Also, a Belgian Trade mission paid a visit to Egypt in October
mission included Business to Business (B2B) and Business to
extended beyond trade, economy, and culture. Both nations
Relations between Belgium and Egypt stand out as a notable
2022 to further advance business relationships and private
Government (B2G) meetings, along with seminars to discover the
collaborate on various international issues, including climate
example of distinguished diplomatic ties and as a model for
sector projects in Egypt. Flanders Investment and Trade (FIT),
investment opportunities in Egypt.
change, energy security, food security, and regional stability. Our
effective bilateral cooperation. Belgium and Egypt’s diplomatic
in partnership with Brussels Agency for Business Support (hub.
diplomatic discussions contribute to global efforts to address
history dates back to the early 20th century as the diplomatic re-
brussels) and Wallonia Export-Investment Agency (AWEX),
It is worth mentioning that Egypt has many advantages and ele-
international challenges.
lations were established in 1922. Thereafter, the relationship has
ments in the field of infrastructure. Egypt has achieved historical
progressively expanded to encompass a wide range of sectors,
including, but not limited to, trade, investment, cultural exchanges,
and political dialogue.
and unprecedented achievements in the field of infrastructure
projects, as these projects contribute to making Egypt one of the
most important countries in the Middle East and Africa. So I do
encourage Belgian companies to grasp the opportunity and in-
WHAT ABOUT THE BILATERAL RELATIONS
BETWEEN EGYPT AND LUXEMBOURG?
Economic cooperation between Egypt and Belgium has strength-
vest in Egypt, especially in the sectors of transportation, electrici-
There is a current momentum in the bilateral cooperation be-
ened over the years. President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi met on the
ty, renewable energy, green hydrogen, petroleum and natural gas.
tween Egypt and Luxembourg on the political, economic, and
sidelines of his participation in the European Union-African Union
On the cultural side, Her Majesty Queen Mathilde and Crown
cultural levels. The year 2022 witnessed numerous high-level
Summit in February 2022 with a consortium of Belgian CEOs and
Princess Elisabeth paid a visit to Egypt last March to follow the
visits between Egypt and Luxembourg, which reflects the mutual
company officials and discussed deepening cooperation with
same itinerary as that followed by the late Queen Elisabeth and
interest to continue strengthening bilateral cooperation.
Egypt, especially in energy, infrastructure, and defence.
the then Crown Prince Leopold a century ago, in 1923. The
royal visit to Egypt was intended as a tribute to the late Queen
The Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Xavier Bettel, participated in
We also have the DEME Group, Fluxys, and Antwerp Port collab-
Elisabeth, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historic
in COP 27 in Sharm El-Sheikh in November 2022.
oration that established a feasibility study for the project of green
visit of the great-grandmother Queen Elisabeth, wife of King
hydrogen production and storage facility along the Mediterrane-
Photo: Embassy of Egypt
Albert I, to Egypt.
60 61

In addition, Egypt’s Foreign Minister visited Luxembourg in
June 2022 to participate in the Association Council between
Egypt and the European Union. Minister Sameh Shoukry met
with Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, as well as the Foreign
Minister, Minister of Environment, and the President of the
Luxembourg Parliament.
WHEN COMPLETED, THE GRAND EGYPTIAN
MUSEUM IN GIZA WILL BE THE NEW CROWN
JEWEL OF EGYPT, AND ONE OF THE LARGEST
MUSEUMS IN THE WORLD. WHAT CAN VISITORS
EXPECT?
The Grand Egyptian Museum, which lies on the Giza Plateau
LAST YEAR, EGYPT HOSTED THE COP27 UN
CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE, A WATERSHED
MOMENT. WHAT ARE EGYPT’S EXPECTATIONS
TOWARDS THIS YEAR’S COP TO BE HELD IN
DUBAI? HOW CAN COP28 BUILD ON THE SUC-
CESS ACHIEVED AND INITIATIVES LAUNCHED
DURING THE COP27 IN SHARM EL SHEIKH?
next to the Pyramids, will be one of the largest and most modern
museums dedicated to one civilization in the entire world. One of
the first artefacts to be transferred to the Grand Egyptian Museum
was the enormous 3,200 year old statue of Ramses II at the
Grand Egyptian Museum’s main entrance.
The Grand Egyptian Museum will host about 100,000 ancient
artefacts, including the most precious 5,000 artefacts of the
famous King Tutankhamun. The Grand Egyptian Museum is
COP27 and COP 28 will embody the pioneering roles of Egypt
expected to welcome around 15,000 visitors per day, roughly
and UAE in driving the process of sustainable development and
three times the number of people who visit the current museum
climate action. Both countries support the international climate
daily. That will amount to more than 5 million visitors per year. It
action efforts, noting the significance of the hosting of COP27 in
is expected that the inaugurating of the Grand Egyptian Museum
Egypt and COP28 in the UAE.
will take place earlier next year.
COP27 achieved a breakthrough agreement to provide loss
and damage funding for vulnerable countries hit hard by floods,
droughts and other climate disasters. This was widely lauded
as an historic decision because for the first time, countries
recognized the need for finance to respond to loss and damage
associated with the catastrophic effects of climate change, and
agreed to the establishing of a fund and the necessary funding
arrangements. Building on COP27, it is important to strike
balance between the main issues pertaining climate change such
as adaptation, mitigation and finance, noting that the issue of
WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS NEW ADMIN-
ISTRATIVE CAPITAL (NAC), EGYPT JOINS THE
GLOBAL SMART CITY REVOLUTION. WHERE DOES
THE CITY STAND IN ITS DEVELOPMENT? WHAT
KIND OF OPPORTUNITIES IS EGYPT OFFERING
TO INTERNATIONAL INVESTORS AND COMPANIES
THAT ARE INTERESTED IN CONTRIBUTING TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CAPITAL?
Photo: Embassy of Egypt
finance is imperative to ensure just transition.
The New Administrative Capital is a large-scale project of a new
capital city that has been under development since 2015 on 700
20 specialized international companies will get an opportunity to
The depth of relations between Egypt and the European Union
It is worth mentioning that COP27, held in November 2022, came
square kilometres of land located approximately 45 km east of
transfer their expertise to the local side.
was also reflected in the current frequency of the high-level
amidst many challenges, including the economic crisis and en-
Egypt’s capital city, Cairo. Quite impressively, the New Adminis-
bilateral visits between the two sides. The European Union High
ergy and food shortages, which required further action to ensure
that all parties meet their obligation pledges at COP26, most notably
those related to ways of adapting to climate change. Egypt
announced the theme of COP27 to be “Implementation Conference”,
which focused on the actual implementation of policies
for the planet’s interest and offering solutions to the challenges
we face.
trative Capital will be the largest urban community in the world.
In the latest update, the Government District of the New Administrative
Capital is almost complete. Furthermore, its implementation
rate exceeds 98 percent as well as the third residential
district (R3).
The New Administrative Capital is a smart and green city. It has
attracted a number of prestigious international universities, and
EGYPT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION RELATIONS
HAVE WITNESSED GREAT MOMENTUM OVER THE
PAST FEW YEARS. HOW DO YOU SEE THE PROS-
PECTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN EGYPT AND
THE EU IN LIGHT OF THE ONGOING BILATERAL
PROJECTS BETWEEN THE TWO SIDES?
Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Vice-
President of the European Commission, Josep Borrell, visited
Egypt in June 2023, and met with His Excellency, the President
of the Arab Republic of Egypt.
In addition, General Robert Brieger, the Chairman of the European
Union Military Committee (EUMC), visited Egypt last June, in
a first visit of its kind, as he met with the Minister of Defence and
We value the partnership between Egypt and the UAE. I believe
the Government has already moved to run from the new Capital.
I do agree with what you mentioned regarding the current
Military Production. The meeting tackled the latest developments
that hosting COP27 in Egypt and COP28 in the UAE will enable
The New Administrative Capital will become the new administra-
momentum of the bilateral relations between Egypt and the
at the regional and international levels, efforts aimed at ensuring
the two countries, as part of the Arab Group, not only in terms of
tive and financial capital of Egypt, housing the main government
European Union, which is embodied in the EU-Egypt Association
security and stability in the region as well as means of boosting
negotiations or whatever concerns Arab and developing coun-
departments and ministries, and foreign embassies. It will have a
Agreement, in force since 2004. Egypt has successfully managed
relations in the security and defence domains.
tries but also in terms of creating new investment partnerships
population of 6.5 million people and it is estimated that the figure
to convene all the Agreement’s Sub-Committees, marking Egypt
with the private sector. COP27 and COP28 will continue the
could rise by half a million to 7 million.
as the first EU Partner to finalize all Sub-Committees meetings,
The cooperation between Egypt and the EU covers numer-
pioneering role of Egypt and the UAE in driving the process of
as well as the Association Committee, which preludes to holding
ous domains including but limited to counter terrorism, illegal
environmentally friendly sustainable development.
The New Administrative Capital project will feature the implemen-
the Association Council later this year.
migration, energy security, and climate change. Egypt and the
tation of a number of huge technology ventures. As a result, over
European Union co-chair the Global Counterterrorism Forum
62 63

INVESTMENT IS ONE OF THE MAIN DOMAINS
OF COOPERATION BETWEEN EGYPT AND TH
EUROPEAN UNION. COULD YOU ELABORATE
SOME INSIGHTS ON THE PROSPECTS OF
COOPERATION IN THIS REGARD?
Indeed investment is one of the key issues of cooperation between
Egypt and the EU. Egypt and the EU are currently collaborating
to convene an Investment Forum in Egypt, with an aim to
attract additional European investments in the Egyptian market,
increase exports to Africa, and boost economic cooperation.
The Investment Forum is expected to be held in the first semester
of the next year. Egypt and the EU intend to endorse investment
opportunities for European companies in Egypt, in addition
to offering investment incentives to European investors. Through
the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, Egypt has a capacity
to become a centre for manufacturing European products
and a channel to markets in Africa.
Photo: Istock
(GCTF), which underscores their collective commitment to continue
fighting this global scourge. As Co-Chairs, Egypt and the
EU recognize the importance of driving global counterterrorism
efforts and preventing and countering violent extremism conducive
to terrorism, including through addressing the root causes
of terrorism and countering terrorist narratives and ideologies.
Throughout our tenure, Africa will be a key priority. Egypt and the
EU are determined, throughout their tenure, to focus our attention
on new and emerging threats.
In addition, Egypt has been among the first ten countries exporting
LNG to Europe, by virtue of the trilateral agreement with
the EU Commission and Israel to export gas to the EU, in June
2022. Egypt has huge reserve of gas in East Mediterranean: two
big LNG facilities for transferring gas into LNG. Egypt managed
to triple its LNG exports to Europe last year. Also, one main pillar
of cooperation with the EU is to export our electricity generated
from renewable sources to Europe via two big cables, one to
Greece and another one to Italy.
In light of our determination to combat climate change and
environmental degradation, Egypt and the European Union are
engaging in establishing a long-term partnership on renewable
hydrogen while fostering sustainable development, energy
security and a balanced and just green transition. Egypt and the
European Union signed a Memorandum of Understanding laying
out the pillars of EU-Egypt cooperation on renewable hydrogen
on the margins of COP27 in Sharm el Sheikh in November 2022,
reinforcing the ongoing bilateral cooperation on green transition.
As part of the ongoing reform program adopted by the Egyptian
government to boost investments and economic growth in the
country, President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi has issued a presidential
decree to establish the Supreme Council for Investment, which
will be presided over by the President of the Republic.
The Supreme Council for Investment supervises the state’s
investment policies in all sectors and provinces, with a view
to achieve a real leap in efforts to encourage both domestic
and foreign investment, and eliminate bureaucratic obstacles
and various challenges facing efforts to increase private sector
investment.
Encouraging foreign investment has been prioritized on Egypt’s
Government agenda. Egypt has implemented an ambitious
economic reform program with a view to encouraging the foreign
direct investments. Such programme aims to achieve rapid and
sustainable growth rates, and inclusive development for Egypt.
This programme has provided radical solutions to structural economic
problems and included amending the legislations pertaining
to investment.
The implementation of this programme comes within the framework
of Egypt Vision 2030, which reflects the State’s long-term
strategic plan to achieve the principles and goals of sustainable
development in all fields, and to embed them in the various
Egyptian State bodies. Among the most notable investment opportunities
in Egypt is the green corridor of the Suez Canal which
aims to shift the Suez Canal into an eco-friendly corridor that
relies on renewable energy. It is high time for European companies
to grasp the opportunity and invest in Egypt.
Photo: Embassy of Egypt
Photo: Embassy of Egypt
64 65

NATIONAL DAY CEREMONY
OF THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
H.E. Dr. Badr Abdelatty, Ambassador of Egypt to Belgium
Luxembourg, European Union and NATO hosted the National
Day ceremony of the Arab Republic of Egypt on July 3, 2023
commemorating the 71st anniversary of the 23rd July Revolution.
The ceremony was held at the Royal Museum of Art and
History in Brussels, with a wide participation of more than 700
participants from the European Union, Belgium, Luxembourg,
NATO, the diplomatic community and the Egyptian community in
Brussels.
In addition, Mr. Mohamed Abou El-Enein, Deputy Speaker of the
House of Representatives of Egypt took part in the ceremony
during his visit to Brussels. The audience also included a large
number of Members of the European Parliament, Members of the
Belgian Parliament, Officials of the European Union Commission,
the European Council, the European External Action Service,
the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NATO, in addition
to numerous Ambassadors accredited to Brussels, and a large
number of members of the Egyptian community.
The Egyptian National Day ceremony was attended by senior
officials that included, but not limited to, General Robert Brieger,
Chairman of the European Union Military Committee; Admiral
Rob Bauer, Chairman of the NATO Military Committee; Ambassador
Hubert Cooreman, Director General of Middle East and
North Africa Department, Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
Mr. Enrique Mora, Deputy Secretary General for Political Affairs,
European Union External Action Service (EEAS); and Ms. Helene
Le Gal, Managing Director of Middle East and North Africa at the
EEAS.
Dr. Badr Abdelatty, Ambassador of Egypt to Belgium, Luxembourg,
European Union and NATO, delivered a speech at the ceremony,
during which he demonstrated different aspects of development
that Egypt has witnessed over the past few years in all domains:
political, economic, developmental, social and cultural. The
Egyptian Ambassador also stressed the current momentum of
the bilateral relations with the European Union, Belgium, and
Luxembourg in all aspects of cooperation in issues of common
interests, most notably the cooperation in energy, including
renewable energy and green hydrogen. In addition, the Egyp-
66 67

tian Ambassador highlighted the successful visit of Her Majesty
Queen Mathilde and Her Majesty Crown Princess Elisabeth of
Belgium to Egypt in March 2023, commemorating the 100th
anniversary of the historic visit of the great-grandmother Queen
Elisabeth, the wife of King Albert I, to Egypt.
Dr. Abdelatty also underscored the current frequency of the
high-level bilateral visits with Egypt, which reflected the depth
and distinction of relations with the European Union, Belgium,
Luxembourg, and NATO. In this context, the Egyptian Ambassador
shed light on the last visit of the European Union High
Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Vice-
President of the European Commission, Josep Borrell, to Egypt
in June 2023, during which the HR/VP held high-level bilateral
meetings, most notably with H.E. Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, President
of the Arab Republic of Egypt.
Dr. Abdelatty also highlighted the significance of the EU-Egypt
Association Agreement, that has been in force since 2004. He
stated the fact that all the Agreement’s Sub-Committees have
been successfully convened, marking Egypt as the first EU
Partner to finalize all Sub-Committees meetings, which preludes
to holding the Association Council later this year. In addition, the
Egyptian Ambassador highlighted the current work to finalize the
Individually Tailored Partnership Program with NATO.
In his speech, Mr. Mohamed Abou El-Enein, Deputy Speaker of
the House of Representatives of Egypt, enumerated the achievements
made in Egypt over the past few years at the political,
economic, and social levels. He stressed the important role
played by Egypt in the southern neighbourhood of the European
Union, emphasizing the significance of strengthening economic
cooperation between Egypt and the EU, with a view to attracting
more European investments to the Egyptian market, including the
Suez Canal corridor, in light of Egypt’s tremendous opportunities
in trade and economic cooperation. From their parts, the Guests
of Honour of the National Day ceremony gave short speeches
in which they stressed the pivotal role that Egypt plays in the
region, commended Egypt’s achievements in terms of counter
terrorism and illegal migration, and expressed appreciation to the
distinguished bilateral relations with Egypt.
On the sidelines of the Egyptian National Day ceremony, the
guests had the opportunity to visit the Exhibition “Expedition
Egypt” that is currently hosted in the Royal Museum of Art and
History in Brussels during the period from 31 March to 1 October
2023. The Egyptian Exhibition brings together more than 200
objects from Egyptian collections, including the sumptuously
decorated coffins from the priestly cache of Deir el-Bahari,
and the beautifully illustrated Book of the Dead of the dignitary
Neferrenpet.
The Egyptian National Day Celebration also witnessed two
distinguished photo exhibitions of the renowned photographer
Karoline Amaury, and the notable Egyptian artist Lutfi Abou
Sariya. Ms. Amaury presented numerous photographs that portray
remarkable Pharaonic monuments and journeys of excavation
teams in Egyptian historic sites. In addition, Mr. Abou Sariya
has displayed various authentic paintings made on traditional
and natural mini papyrus that portray the Pharaonic and old
Egyptian cultures. At the end of the National Day ceremony,
Dr. Abdelatty, the Egyptian Ambassador, expressed gratitude to
Mr. Bruno Verbergt, Director General of the Royal Museum of Art
and History in Brussels, for hosting the National Day ceremony in
the headquarters of the Royal Museum.
68 69

70 71

H.E. NAWAF ALENEZI
AMBASSADOR OF THE STATE OF KUWAIT
TO THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM
AND GRAND DUCHY OF
LUXEMBOURG & HEAD OF MISSION
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO
Kuwait’s Vision 2035 is a long-term development plan aimed
at transforming Kuwait into a financial,
cultural, and institutional leader in the region
Photo: Royal Palace
KUWAIT IS IN THE MIDST OF AN AMBITIOUS
TRANSFORMATION PROCESS UNDER THE
UMBRELLA OF VISION 2035. WHAT ARE THE MAIN
DIRECTIONS AND KEY PROJECTS AS PART OF
THIS VISION TO TRANSFORM KUWAIT INTO A
KNOWLEDGE-BASED, DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY?
Kuwait’s Vision 2035 is a long-term development plan aimed at
transforming Kuwait into a financial, cultural, and institutional
leader in the region. The plan is multifaceted, in order to more
effectively tackle an ever-changing world and adapt to new
challenges. The seven main pillars of the Kuwait Vision 2035 are
as follows:
1. Global Position: Enhancing Kuwait’s regional and global
presence in spheres such as diplomacy, trade, culture, and
philanthropy.
2. Human Capital: improving and upgrading the education
system to better prepare youth to become competitive and
productive members of the workforce.
3. Healthcare: Improving service quality and developing national
capabilities in the public healthcare system which is provided
free of cost or minimum cost.
4. Living Environment: Ensuring the availability of living accommodation
through environmentally sound resources.
5. Infrastructure: Developing and modernizing the national
infrastructure to improve the quality of life for all those living in
Kuwait.
6. Economy: Developing a prosperous and diversified economy
to gradually reduce the country’s dependency on oil export
revenues.
7. Public Administration: addressing bureaucratic practices to
reinforce transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the
government.
Some of the highlights of the new development plan submitted
recently by the Cabinet of the State of Kuwait to the National
Assembly include strategic projects in tourism sector, transportation
and logistics, Public Housing, Information Technology,
financial services, Petrochemicals, and renewable energy.
In the transportation and logistics sector, Kuwait is finalizing
the construction of the new International Airport of Kuwait, also
the Great Mubarak port located north of Kuwait, as well as the
initiation of the GCC railroad project linking all GCC countries to
improve trade and travel.
Photo: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
72 73

Copyright: European Union
Photo: Embassy Of Kuwait
Copyright: European Union
In the Financial Services aspect, Kuwait is considering launching
a new domestic Sovereign Wealth Fund as a new investment
and development tool to work with the private sector on Mega
projects in Kuwait and to attract foreign direct investments to
Kuwait.
IN SEPTEMBER 2014, KUWAIT WAS NAMED BY
FORMER SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNIT-
ED NATIONS, H.E. BANK KI-MOON AS “HUMAN-
ITARIAN CENTER”, TO REFLECT ITS ROLE AS A
LEADING DONOR TO THOSE AFFECTED BY HU-
MANITARIAN DISASTERS AROUND THE WORLD.
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE NOBLE HUMANITARIAN
INITIATIVES HAS UNDERTAKEN TO CONTRIBUTE
TO PEACE, STABILITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE
REGION AND BEYOND?
The State of Kuwait has a long history of contributing to and
playing a role in global humanitarian initiatives to promote peace,
stability, security, and development in the region and beyond.
When the State of Kuwait was named a “Humanitarian Center,”
by the former Secretary-General of the United Nations, H.E. Ban
Ki-moon, it was the recognition of the culmination of humanitarian
initiatives spanning the entire history of the country. Notable
initiatives of the State of Kuwait include:
1. In light of his extensive efforts in championing Humanitarian
assistance to those in need, the late Amir His Highness
Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah was named a
humanitarian Leader by the UNSG Ban Ki Moon.
2. The Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development: The Fund
provides financial and technical assistance to more than 100
developing countries, with a focus on infrastructure projects
that contribute to economic development and poverty
reduction.
3. Humanitarian Relief: The State of Kuwait is extremely active
in providing humanitarian aid during crises in the region,
such as conflicts and natural disasters. The State of Kuwait
has contributed to relief efforts for Syrian refugees and provided
aid to victims of the earthquake that devastated parts
of Turkey and Syria.
4. International Donor Conferences: The State of Kuwait has
hosted, co-hosted alongside the European Union and other
partners, numerous international donor conferences aimed
at raising funds for countries facing humanitarian countries.
This has included hosting 3 donor conferences for Syria, and
a conference for the reconstruction of Iraq in the aftermath
of ISIS defeat in 2018, Yemen, and the Rohingya people to
name a few.
74 75

5. Kuwait Red Crescent Society: The Kuwait Red Crescent
Society is the State of Kuwait’s main humanitarian organization
that provides relief and aid in various crisis situations. It
engages in projects related to healthcare, education, water,
sanitation, and more both domestically and internationally.
FOR COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD, ENERGY
TRANSITION IS A TOP PRIORITY. HOW IS KUWAIT
TRANSITIONING TO A MORE DIVERSIFIED ENER-
GY MIX? WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS FOR CO-
OPERATION ON RENEWABLE ENERGY WITH THE
EUROPEAN UNION, FOR INSTANCE ON GREEN
HYDROGEN?
The State of Kuwait has been taking steps to transition to a
more diversified energy mix by incorporating renewable energy
source alongside its traditional reliance on oil and gas. The State
of Kuwait has set ambitious renewable energy targets as part of
its national development plan, including producing 15 percent of
local electricity consumption from renewables by 2030.
The State of Kuwait has initiated several renewable energy projects,
such as utilizing solid waste to energy, as well as launching
pilot project to bump oil from reservoirs through renewable
energy. Furthermore, the State of Kuwait has been investing in
research and development of renewable energy technologies
and boosting cooperation with international partners, such as the
European Union, to boost domestic capabilities and expertise in
the field of renewables.
The State of Kuwait is keen to work with its partners in the
European Union in the renewable sector. The EU has a significant
amount of experience and expertise in renewable energy
technologies, policy frameworks, and regulatory mechanisms.
Cooperation could involve knowledge sharing, technology transfer,
and capacity building to help Kuwait accelerate its transition
to renewables. There is room for collaboration on research and
innovation projects as well as learning from the EU experiences
in designing effective renewable energy policies and incentives to
boost engagement from the private sector.
LOOKING AHEAD TO THE UPCOMING 2023 UNIT-
ED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE
(COP28) TO BE HELD IN THE UAE, WHAT WILL BE
KUWAIT’S PRIORITIES?
Looking ahead to the upcoming 2023 United Nations Climate
Change Conference (COP28) to be held in the United Arab
Emirates, climate change and its effects are a priority of the State
of Kuwait. Kuwait coordinates with Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) countries in order to convey our ideas and initiatives as an
oil & gas producing region in order to help mitigate the effects of
climate change.
As party to the 2015 Paris Agreement, the State of Kuwait is
committed to working together through the global framework to
limit global warming and strengthen countries’ ability to deal with
the impacts of climate change.
The State of Kuwait is keen to work with its international partners
on new initiatives that ensure no country is left behind and effective
technology is available to all.
Photos: Embassy of Kuwait
H.E. Nawaf Alenezi, Ambassador of the State of Kuwait, with Barbara Dietrich CEO Diplomatic World and Alberto Turkstra, project manager Diplomatic World
Night Time Above The Kuwait City Modern Architecture Skyline
Photo: Istock
76 77

DUSHANBE
INVESTMENT FORUM
On 29 September, Tajikistan’s capital city hosted the Dushanbe
Investment Forum, with the participation of 800 investors from
over 30 countries, aiming to attract investment, promote partnerships
between domestic and foreign companies, and highlight
opportunities in developing the digital economy as a way of
achieving Tajikistan’s fourth strategic goal, the rapid industrialization
of the country.
On top of the agenda was the country’s energy sector, in particular
advancement of public-private partnership opportunities
to expand the country’s renewable energy sources. The country
ranks among the top six worldwide in the generation of green
energy, not only through hydropower plants (Tajikistan possesses
60 percent of the water resources of the Central Asian region) but
also wind and solar power stations (the country enjoys between
2,000 to 3,000 sunny hours per year). Mining resources and
extraction of minerals is also on the focus, with 600 deposits of
precious stones and metals ready for extraction, but only a handful
of those having been exploited so far.
In a video message, President of the Republic of Tajikistan,
H.E. Emomali Rahmon, elaborated on the core objectives of the
National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for
the period up to 2030 in terms of mobilization of investments and
improving the investment climate. Particular reference was made
to the prioritization of accelerated industrialization, innovation,
and digitalization, in line with the Action Plan dedicated to the
“Years of industrial development 2022-2026”.
Recent economic reforms have positioned Tajikistan as a reliable
partner. The list of countries with free or simplified visa regime is
increasing. There are Increased number of permits and licenses.
Taxation reforms have brought down the number of taxes,
introduced electronic tax declaration and reduced the number
of inspections. Through the alignment of national legislation with
international standards, the protection of the rights of investors is
guaranteed.
At the plenary of the Forum intervened Chairman of the National
Assembly of Tajikistan and Mayor of Dushanbe, H.E. Rustam
Emomali, who highlighted the importance of ensuring uninterrupted
trade, free movement of goods, investments, services,
and new technologies, as well as the development and promotion
of the digital economy, green economy, a unified transportation
system, the development of transportation corridors, and the
efficient use of countries’ transit potential. “Today, in Tajikistan,
economic reforms are successfully being implemented to create
a favourable investment and business climate, expand the
country’s export opportunities, and improve the labour market
situation,” said Rustam Emomali.
Following the plenary session, where also intervened the Deputy
Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan, there was a visit to the Expo Center for an exhibition
of a range of Tajik products, including the first made-in-Tajikistan
electric buses. Tajikistan began producing electric buses and
electric trolleybuses in 2021, at the Dushanbe-based Akia Avesto
plant, and conducted tests in December. On the basis of the
Program for the development of electric transport in the Republic
of Tajikistan for the period 2023-2028, 300 such electric buses
should be produced and offered for use in the city of Dushanbe
up until 2026.
INVESTMENT ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN
As a result of the measures taken by Government of Tajikistan,
the dynamics of the inflow of investments – including foreign direct
investment – into the economy of Tajikistan exhibit a positive
tendency. To date, Tajikistan has implemented 82 public investment
projects totalling more than USD 3 billion.
The Republic of Tajikistan today is a country with significant
investment advantages, just to name a few: strategic geographical
location; political and economic stability; all-round support
of private business and entrepreneurship; abundance of natural
resources and rapidly developing infrastructure.
For the purpose of forming a favourable investment and business
environment, as well as attraction of foreign investments over the
78 79

period of independence, more than 100 normative and legal acts,
applying the legislation that was in effect at the time of registra-
down to 14 percent starting from 2023 and from January 1, 2027,
pose of provision of favourable conditions for attracting foreign
regulating this sphere have been adopted, including the laws On
tion of the enterprise. When carrying out reinvesting, the inves-
the VAT rate will be 13 percent. Further improvements and the
investments and support of the private sector, five free economic
State Support of Entrepreneurship; On Investments, On Foreign
tors fully make use of legal protection, guarantees and privileges
digitalisation of tax services are envisaged to increase voluntary
zones were created in Tajikistan:
Economic Activity, On Free Economic Zones, On Public-Private
established by the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan.
compliance and minimise corruption.
Partnership and other regulatory acts.
• Dangara FEZ, with a total area of 521 hectares (Khatlon
These laws are aimed at legal protection of investments, providing
investors with fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, ensuring
DOING BUSINESS IN TAJIKISTAN
In addition, the system of ‘Single Window’ operates in the country,
for the registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs,
with the introduction of which the amount of registration
region);
• Sugd FEZ, with a total area of 320 hectares (Sughd region);
• Panj FEZ, with a total area of 401 hectares (Khatlon region);
their participation in the privatization process and infrastructure
Due to the timely support of the Government of Tajikistan and
authorities was reduced to one and the time of registration was
• Ishkoshim FEZ, with a total area of 200 hectares (GBAO);
development. Legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan guarantees
the ongoing reforms, the contribution of Small and Medium Sized
reduced to 3 days. The amount of permit documents for con-
• Kulob FEZ, with a total area of 309 hectares (Khatlon region).
equal rights to both domestic and foreign investors, and protects
Enterprises (SMEs) to the economy is steadily growing. Today
ducting business activity was reduced from 605 to 74.
their property from nationalization and requisition.
the private sector accounts for 70 percent of the country’s GDP.
Currently, more than 70 entities operate in free economic zones,
In addition, 67 percent of the economically active population are
Because of the above-mentioned reforms and initiatives, the
which are exempted from all types of taxation, except for income
Investors have open access to the real sectors of the economy,
involved in the private sector.
Republic of Tajikistan improved its positions in the World Bank’s
and social taxes. During the activity of free economic zones, USD
and also have the right to carry out exploration, processing and
rating of Doing Business by 60 positions during the past 5 years.
160 million worth of investments were attracted to the economy
exploitation of the natural resources of the Republic of Tajikistan.
To ease the burden on businesses, reduce informality and
In 2020, the World Bank acknowledged Tajikistan as one of the
of Tajikistan
Moreover, investors are guaranteed the right to freely transfer
support the country’s fiscal stance, a revised Tax Code was
10 economies that improved the most on the ease of doing busi-
abroad income and salaries in foreign currency, obtained legally
from investment and production activities.
In case that subsequent legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan
will lead to an increase of the aggregate tax burden to the inves-
adopted in 2021, whereby the number of taxes was decreased
from ten to seven and tax rates were reduced across the board.
For example, the rate of income tax has decreased from 13 to 12
percent. The main tax rate – VAT, the share of which in the total
volume of the tax revenues in the country’s budget is more than
ness after implementing regulatory reforms.
FREE ECONOMIC ZONES
One of the effective incentives for the attraction of investments is
PRIORITY SECTORS OF INVESTMENT
1. HYDROPOWER INDUSTRY
The Republic of Tajikistan has inexhaustible reserves of hydroe-
tor’s activity, then within ten years they are given a guarantee of
40 percent, decreased from 18 to 15 in January 1, 2022; further
the creation and operation of free economic zones. For the pur-
lectric resources. Tajikistan has the potential to produce
80 81

527 billion kW/hr. of electricity per year, but today only 6 percent
of this potential is being used. Over the years of independence,
The total area suitable for agricultural activities is 7.2 million
hectares, however most of it used as pastureland for livestock.
4. MINING INDUSTRY
Today, in the country’s territory, about 40 kinds of minerals are
We are grateful to the State Committee on Investment and State
Property Management of the Republic of Tajikistan for their con-
the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has been imple-
The cultivated land for agricultural crops is total of 675,000
mined. About 100 deposits are being exploited. More than 600
tribution to this article.
menting raft of measures on the way to achieving one of the
hectares, of which only 470,000 hectares are irrigated. Another
deposits of polychime, rare and precious metals have been
strategic goals, which is energy independence.
180,000 hectares of these areas are cultivated under gardens
identified and explored, and are partially prepared for industrial
Photos: Diplomatic World
and vineyards.
development. The country’s soil is rich in zinc, lead, bismuth,
In November 2018, the first power turbine of Rogun hydropower
molybdenum, tungsten, copper, gold, silver, antimony, mercury,
plant (HPP) was launched, marking another important milestone
for the energy sector of Tajikistan. The Rogun HPP, being embedded
into broader reforms and a sound macro-fiscal framework,
3. TEXTILE INDUSTRY
The volume of foreign investment in the textile industry of the
fluorspar, tin, uranium, iron, manganese, table salt, magnesium
and many other mineral resources with a high export potential.
will create greater prosperity for the people of Tajikistan. The final
project capacity will be 3,800 MW, thus becoming the biggest
HPP in the region.
Republic of Tajikistan has significantly increased in recent years.
A remarkable example of this is the construction of the first stage
of the Textile Complex of Juntai Dangara Sin Silu Textiles CJSC
5. GOLD, SILVER AND PRECIOUS STONES
The volume of the gold reserve of the Republic of Tajikistan
in Dangara city. The capacity of this enterprise allows annually
amounts to 400 tons. Annually, more than 10 tons of gold is ex-
2. AGRICULTURE
One of the main sectors in the economy of the Republic of
to process 52,000 tons of cotton fibre and producing up to
150 million square meters of cotton fabric.
tracted in the country, but currently the prospect of a possible
increase in production up to 20 tons per year is being considered.
Tajikistan is famous for one of the world’s largest silver deposits.
Tajikistan is agriculture, due to which currently the country pro-
It should be noted that at present cotton fibre, fabric and cotton
Bolshoi Konimansur (Big Konimasur) is the pride of northern
vides about 23 percent of GDP, more than 70 percent of jobs,
yarn, clothes and clothing with additional textile improvements
Tajikistan, where more than 60,000 tons of silver are concen-
25 percent of exports and 35 percent of tax revenues to the state
are produced in the country. Currently, 107 cotton ginning
trated. Another wealth of the republic are numerous deposits of
budget. Despite the fact that the climatic conditions of Tajikistan
factories operate across the country’s territory, which produce
precious stones. Only in 2020, the total amount from the export
are ideally suited for the cultivation of virtually all varieties of
more than 120,000 tons of high-quality cotton fibre, of which
of precious, semiprecious stones and metals amounted to about
grain crops, the mountainous terrain narrows down the possibili-
only 12,000 tons per year is processed by textile enterprises of
USD 690 million, and the values of the export of non-precious
ties of the population in agricultural production.
Tajikistan, even though the capacity of spinning factories allows
metals and their articles made therefrom amounted to USD
processing more than 70,000 tons of cotton fibre per year
187 million.
82 83

DIPLOMATIC WORLD SIGNS MoU
WITH THE COMMITTEE OF TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT OF TAJIKISTAN
During a visit to Dushanbe in September 2023, Diplomatic World
and nature-based tourism; acknowledging the synergies between
(represented by its CEO, Barbara Dietrich) and the Committee
the mission, vision and activities of the Committee of Tourism
of Tourism Development of Tajikistan (represented by its
Development and Diplomatic World and persuaded by the need
The Committee on the Tourism Development under the Govern-
With the implementation of the consistent open-door policy of
Chairman, Kamoliddin Muminzod), convinced of the necessity
to institutionalise cooperation, based on past fruitful cooperation
ment of the Republic of Tajikistan is the central executive agency
the leadership and the Government, Tajikistan became a full
of promoting and reinforcing mutual cooperation; recognising
and joint activities, signed a Memorandum of Understanding
of the country responsible for the formulation of a consistent
member of the World Tourism Organization in 2007 and a good
the untapped tourism potential of Tajikistan, in particular cultural
(MoU).
national policy and a legal frame in the area of tourism. Accord-
foundation has been laid for the integration of the country’s tour-
ing to the Tourism Development Strategy in the Republic of
ism industry into the world market. In this regard, the Republic
Tajikistan for the period up to 2030, the contribution of tourism
of Tajikistan has signed agreements on tourism cooperation with
to gross domestic product will be significantly increased, and
a number of countries. Tajikistan has also introduced electronic
the sector will play an important role in creating jobs in cities and
visa and unilateral visa-free regime with 52 countries, the imple-
remote regions of the country.
mentation of a simplified visa regime with 126 countries, as well
as the abolition of internal registration of tourists.
The tourism industry in today’s world is one of the profitable
sectors of the economy and plays an important role in employ-
The accession of Dushanbe to the World Federation of Tourist
ment and improving the standards of living of the population.
Cities; the declaration of Dushanbe as the tourist capital of the
Therefore, the regulation of favourable conditions for the devel-
Economic Cooperation Organization for 2020-2021; the inscrip-
opment of the tourist industry and the improvement of the state
tion of the Tajik National Park; the Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya
policy on the management of the industry are considered as the
Balka Nature Reserve; the historical site of Sarazm and the
most important priorities of the social and economic develop-
Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor in the UNESCO World Heritage
ment policy of the Republic of Tajikistan.
List; and the inclusion of Chakan embroidery art; the Navruz
holiday; Oshi palov; music of Shashmaqom and falak (traditional
In this strategy, the existence of a rich historical and cultural
folklore music of the mountain people of Tajikistan) to the List of
heritage of Tajikistan, its unique nature with lakes, rare flora
Intangible Cultural Heritage, have facilitated the promotion of the
and fauna, as well as high mountain peaks are recognized as
tourism potentials and image of Tajikistan around the world.
the main factors for the development of tourism of the country.
For the development of this industry, the necessary regulatory
Over 90 percent of the country is mountainous, giving Tajikistan
and legal framework is being created and a number of incentive
the title of “roof of the world”. The Pamir mountains of Tajikistan
measures have been implemented in the country. In particular,
are formed by the intersection of five mountain ranges – namely
several international tourist zones have been created and pre-
the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu Kush and the
sented to the general public, hotels and shopping centres have
Himalayas – thus earning it the title “Roof of the World.” This
been built that meet modern requirements. The priority areas of
fact of nature has given Tajikistan a precious advantage, namely
the tourism industry for Tajikistan are ecological tourism, medical
some of the most inspiring, high-altitude landscapes in the world.
and health tourism, recreational, historical and cultural tourism,
mountaineering and hunting.
Photos: Diplomatic World
84 85

ASTANA INTERNATIONAL FORUM
URGENCY OF GREEN TRANSITION
IN THE SPOTLIGHT
Alberto Turkstra, Project Manager, Diplomatic World
On June 8 and 9, Kazakhstan’s capital assembled an impressive
array of government and industry leaders; policymakers; CEOs
of multinational organizations; representatives of International
Financial Institutions (IFIs) and other experts for the first edition
of the Astana International Forum, conceived by President
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev as a platform to resume political
dialogue, drive positive change and shape the global agenda
of cooperation and find ways to rebuild a common culture of
multilateralism through actionable and lasting solutions.
The topic of climate change and green transition featured
prominently during the Forum’s various sessions and side events:
discussions ranged from financing the green transition to the
development of carbon markets; from the role of green hydrogen
and nuclear in the energy transition to addressing the so-called
energy trilemma – ensuring energy security, accessibility and
affordability – on the road to net zero.
For the better part of its three decades of independence,
Kazakhstan’s energy market was characterized by a monopolistic
structure and prevalence of fossil fuel subsidies. Such price
distortions, not reflecting the real costs of environmental externalities,
have made it difficult to diversify the types of energy
used for the domestic market and promote energy efficiency,
and have hindered the introduction of new technologies.
Yet, in recent years, Kazakhstan has been a frontrunner in the
region in announcing decarbonisation targets and adopting green
economy strategies and programmes to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. The Concept on transition to a Green Economy
was adopted in 2013 and laid the foundation for a completely
The scale of the challenge, especially for the Central Asian
region, is well known. President Tokayev, during his speech at
the Forum’s plenary session, referred to climate change as the
world’s most existential threat. And Central Asia is one of its
frontlines. Even in the optimistic scenario that envisages a temperature
rise limited to 1.5 degrees (and this is a big if), Central
Asia is likely to experience temperature rises between 2-2.5
degrees. This will lead to the desertification of large swathes of
the region, potentially making them uninhabitable. The frequency
and intensity of extreme weather events is on the rise, causing
damages equivalent to 1.3 percent of GDP per annum. And it is
expected that Central Asia’s two main rivers – the Syr Darya and
the Amu Darya – will lose 15 percent of their volume by 2050.
Decarbonisation and green transition efforts in Central Asia are
still very much in their infancy, with coal remaining a primary
source of energy. Kazakhstan, for example, generates approximately
70 percent of its electricity from coal but aims for renewables
to supply half its power by 2050. This shift is intended
to help meet the government’s ambitious goals of reducing the
country’s greenhouse gas emissions to 15 percent below their
1990 levels by 2030 and reaching carbon neutrality by 2060.
new development paradigm, whose urgency is now latent.
Kazakhstan is working on updating this concept, with new goals
and indicators. It was also in that year that Kazakhstan became
the first country in the region to have an Emissions Trading
System (ETS) in place. In 2021, a new Environmental Code was
adopted promoting more efficient technologies, standards and
norms. In 2018 it introduced a system of electronic auctions to
attract investment in the renewable energy sector and help lower
lower tariffs for new renewable and gas-fired electricity capacity.
More recently, Kazakhstan has adopted a Low Emissions
Development Strategy to reach net zero by 2060.
Evidently, there is a long road ahead from policy planning and
strategy towards implementation and enforcement. It calls for
enormous financial and human resources. It requires leveraging
the involvement of the private sector and IFIs, increasingly green
conscious. For example, as announced by Aida Sitdikova from
the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),
all of the bank’s projects as of January 2023 are aligned with
the Paris climate agreement and it aims for green financing to
account over 50 per cent of its annual business volume by 2025.
Moreover, the transition will necessitate upskilling and reskilling,
with structural changes in the labour market to prevent a skills
mismatch. According to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP)
statistics, the transition to a green economy will add an estimated
60 million new jobs to the market by 2030.
At the Forum, from the Middle East was noticeable the presence
of renewable companies. Indeed, some of the biggest projects
in the field of renewables in Central Asia are funded by countries
of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), in particular the United
Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, countries which like Kazakhstan
are blessed with abundant natural resources. Over a decade
ago, they saw the value in betting on renewables and investing
abroad, thereby shaping the energy transformation in other regions.
Middle East giants Masdar (UAE based) and Saudi ACWA
Power have both started operations this year in Kazakhstan’s renewable
energy market, the former having signed an agreement
to develop a wind energy project with a generation capacity of up
to 1 GW; and the latter having recently announced the development
of a 1 GW wind energy and battery storage project with an
initial investment of USD 1.5 billion.
Apart from its well-known endowment of solar and wind,
86 87

Kazakhstan is also betting on green hydrogen. Hydrogen will
play a critical role in decarbonizing the most polluting sectors,
such as mining, transportation, aviation, etc. Late last year, the
Kazakh government signed a USD 50 billion deal with European
renewables group Svevind to build one of the world’s five largest
green hydrogen production facilities in the Mangystau Region,
in the country’s west. It aims to start production by 2030 and
produce two million tons annually from 2032, the equivalent of
20 percent of the EU’s 2030 target for green hydrogen imports.
And let’s not forget the Electric Vehicle (EV) revolution. Electric
cars require six times the amount of minerals compared to
regular cars. Global demand for critical raw materials is set to
skyrocket over the next several decades, especially for minerals
used in EV batteries. Specifically, demand for lithium is expected
to be 12 times greater by 2030 and 21 times higher by 2050. Being
richly endowed with critical raw materials, such as tungsten,
lithium and rare earth elements, Kazakhstan has an additional
important role to play in this aspect of the global green transition.
While the decline of fossil fuels is inevitable, it is equally true that
renewables are not a panacea, as many speakers pointed out at
the Forum. CEO of TotalEnergies Patrick Pouyanné indicated that
in order to meet the rapidly growing energy demand, one needs
to work on two parallel tracks: to continue investing in oil and
gas, which will continue to be with us for a few decades to come;
and to finance green projects. To illustrate: on the sidelines of the
Forum, TotalEnergies signed a 25-year Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA) for a 1 GW onshore wind farm combined with a 600
megawatt-hour (MWh) battery energy storage system, which is
expected to provide electricity to one million people.
To have a realistic option of achieving net zero, nuclear energy
must also be considered. Just like in the EU, where despite the
reluctance of various Member States, nuclear has been designated
in the EU taxonomy as an environmentally sustainable
and transitional energy sources to replace dirtier fossil fuels
such as oil and coal. Kazakhstan is considering to construct its
first commercial nuclear power plant, building on its role as the
world’s largest producer of uranium. At the time of the Forum,
Kazakhstan was considering a potential nuclear supplier from
four foreign companies: the China National Nuclear Corporation;
Russian State Corporation Rosatom; France’s EDF; and
the Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Company. However, in his
state-of-the-nation address on September 1, President Tokayev
announced that the country will hold a national referendum to
determine whether to construct a nuclear power.
Looking ahead, Kazakhstan should focus on furthering an
enabling policy and business environment that supports the
renewable uptake. The expansion in wind and solar needs to be
accompanied by policies that support the ageing grid infrastructure.
There is a need to invest in smarter grids that can handle
the intermittency of supply of renewables, when the sun is not
shining and the wind is not blowing. Kazakhstan should consider
joining the Global Methane Pledge (methane makes up 15 percent
of Kazakhstan’s total emissions). And there have been calls
for Kazakhstan to consider increasing the scope of its Emissions
Trading Scheme to cover more sectors.
From the various discussion at the Astana International Forum,
it is clear that Kazakhstan has a golden opportunity to lead the
green transition in Central Asia. The challenges are high, but not
insurmountable.
Photos: Diplomatic World
88 89

ELVIRA AZIMOVA
CHAIR OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF
THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
The legal system of Kazakhstan is
acquiring a people-oriented and democratic character
as a result of the constitutional reform of last year
HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE ACTIVITIES AND
ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT SINCE IT BEGAN ITS WORK IN JANUARY
2023? HOW IS THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
MOVING TOWARDS ITS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES?
Now, every citizen along with subjects of the state power, can
address the Constitutional Court, and the Commissioner for
Human Rights and the General Prosecutor can now apply to
protect majority’s rights. The recreated Constitutional Court
(previously it operated from 1992 to 1995) is designed to
strengthen the human rights orientation of the state policy.
The establishment of the Constitution Court of Kazakhstan is
considered to be one of the results of the constitutional reform
The Constitutional Court does not belong to any of the three
of 2022, in favour of which more than 77 percent of citizens of
branches of the government (legislative, executive and judicial),
Kazakhstan voted in a national referendum. Each of the citizens
while its activities enhance the system of checks and balances
voted for a new and fair Kazakhstan with equal opportunities for
in the system of government. This goal is achieved by checking
Nine months of work have passed in an active mode. The
The legal system of Kazakhstan is acquiring a people-oriented
everyone, as well as the development of the country’s political
laws and other regulatory legal acts for compliance with the
resolution of administrative issues with regard to the launch of
and democratic character, and its human rights potential has
and economic potential.
Constitution.
the updated body of constitutional control took place simultane-
been strengthened, as a result of the constitutional reform of
ously with constitutional proceedings, because the judges of the
last year.
Constitutional Court began their work on January 1, 2023. 4,000
appeals only from citizens were received.
During the nine months of work, the Constitutional Court declared
five out of 30 existing legal norms unconstitutional, and
Unfortunately, the vast majority of appeals were returned back
provided a new interpretation to eleven norms of normative legal
to the citizens due to the fact that they raised issues out of the
acts in accordance with the Constitution.
Constitutional Court’s competence. For example, reviewing a
sentence, a court decision, resolving social issues, cancelling
As a result, changes were added to the Tax Code regarding
decisions of an authority or an official body that does not have
the amount of the state duty due to the fact that the previous
normative legal characteristics. Despite this, citizens received
existing amount prevented citizens from applying. The previously
detailed legal explanations to their appeals.
existing requirement to conduct a molecular-genetic examination
as a condition to apply to the court has been cancelled.
ARE THERE SPECIFIC AMENDMENTS OR
CHANGES THAT WERE ADOPTED AS A RESULT
OF RECOMMENDATIONS OR DECISIONS OF
THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT?
The contradictions that were identified limited the right of access
to justice. Moreover, the case of the established requirement for
application for abbreviated adoption contradicts the constitutional
obligation of the state to protect the childhood, motherhood
and paternity, as well as the international obligation to ensure the
In the worldwide practice, constitutional control authorities are
best interests of the child in accordance with the Convention on
recognized as guardians of the legal sovereignty of the state.
the Rights of the Child, which was ratified by Kazakhstan.
They are called upon to embody in their decisions ideas of the
state about law, justice and humanism, which are enshrined in
The provisions of the Social Code have been revised, which
the state’s constitution, by performing important mission to pro-
in practice could lead to discrimination against certain social
tect the constitutional order.
groups of citizens with regard to benefits and allowances
90 91

guaranteed by the state. Currently, the government is preparing a
members of the Council of the Europe. The recommendations of
number of other legislative amendments related to the recom-
the Venice Commission, which includes experts from more than
mendations of the Constitutional Court, and they are planned to
60 countries as well as Kazakhstan since 2012, are about the
be introduced to the Parliament by the end of this year.
development of constitutional law as the basic way to democracy
through the rule of law.
According to the Constitutional Law “About the Constitutional
Court”, in case the Constitutional Court has declared a norm of
The Constitution and the Constitutional Law “About the Constitu-
law or other normative legal act as an unconstitutional based
tional Court” stipulate that Parliament annually hears a message
on the results of a check for compliance with the Constitution,
from the Constitutional Court about the constitutional legality in
it may recommend that the Government or other authorities
the country. In other words, constitutional control authority has
eliminate the identified contradiction within six months and other
a regular opportunity to formulate proposals to the Legislator in
period. During this period, the identified unlawful norm ceased
face of the Parliament, in order to consider it in the legislative
to apply. The Constitutional Court can provide similar recom-
process and in the formation of the parliamentary initiatives.
mendations when it interprets a norm in an accordance with the
meaning of the constitutional norm.
IN YOUR RECENT SPEECH AT THE MEETING OF
PARLIAMENT, YOU HAVE MENTIONED THAT ONLY
26 PERCENT OF APPEALS FALL UNDER THE
JURISDICTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT.
WHAT STEPS IS THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT
TAKING TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS AND
UNDERSTANDING OF ITS ROLE AND FUNCTION IN
SOCIETY?
WHAT INDIVIDUALS AND LEGAL ENTITIES USUAL-
LY APPLY AN APPEAL TO THE CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT? ARE THEY CITIZENS, ORGANIZATIONS
OR GOVERNMENT BODIES?
Citizens, the President, the Chairman of the Senate and Mazhilis
of Parliament, deputies of Parliament (at least one fifth of the total
number of deputies), the Prime Minister, the courts, as well as
the Commissioner for Human Rights and the General Prosecutor
have the legal right to appeal to the Constitutional Court.
About 8,000 mentions on social networks confirms the public in-
Upon an appeal from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
terest in the work of the Constitutional Court. From the beginning
the Chairman of Senate, the Chairman of the Mazhilis, at least
of its functioning, the Constitutional Court has been carrying out
one fifth of the total number of deputies of Parliament or the
explanatory work among the population, lawyers, legal consult-
Prime Minister, the Constitutional Court:
ants, and universities.
The Constitutional Court organized a webinar for more than
1,300 lawyers and legal consultants, while more than 700 law
students from leading universities in the country took part in
open lectures taught by judges of the Constitutional Court.
The Constitutional Court posted more than 170 information messages
and interviews in the media and on the Internet resources.
• In case of a dispute, resolves the issue of rightness of
elections of the President of the Republic, deputies of
Parliament and the holding of a republican referendum;
• Reviews laws adopted by the Parliament before the signing by
the President for its compliance with the Constitution;
• Examines decisions adopted by the Parliament and its
Chambers for compliance with the Constitution;
• Examines international treaties of the Republic for compliance
WHAT ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF APPEALS FALL-
ING UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE CONSTI-
TUTIONAL COURT? CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE NA-
TURE OF THESE CASES? ARE THERE RECURRING
THEMES OR SPECIFIC CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
THAT ARISE MOST OFTEN?
er. Thus, just recently the issue of procedural guarantees for
participants in criminal proceedings related to appealing against
sentences was considered. This case was based on appeals of
five citizens. If the case under consideration is complex, two or
more judge-reporters may be appointed for one constitutional
proceeding.
with their Constitution before ratification;
As I already noted, we received more than 4,000 requests from
There is one important attribute in constitutional proceedings:
The Constitutional Court has a right to invite specialists and ex-
• Gives the official interpretation of the norms of the
citizens over the 9 months of work. This figure confirms the high
despite the requirement for a citizen’s appeal to describe a spe-
perts represented by the scientific community and practitioners,
Constitution;
accessibility of the Constitutional Court to the citizens.
cific situation in which he was faced with a violation of his consti-
when considering appeals. They can give express suggestions
• Gives opinions in case of directly provided for by the
tutional right, the Constitutional Court is not allowed to evaluate
and recommendations. In order to study the views of the scien-
Constitution, including those related to amendments to the
Regarding the nature of issues, citizens often apply because of
the life situation described or review the court decision.
tific and expert community, a scientific advisory body has been
Constitution;
the disagreement with court decisions (41 percent), issues of
established, which includes more than 30 doctors in various
social rights, pensions, access to information, access to justice,
The Constitutional Court is independent and independent of cit-
fields of the law.
Upon requests from the General Prosecutor of the Republic, the
and the right to work. Only 26 percent of citizens’ appeals con-
izens, organizations, state bodies, officials in its activities, and is
Constitutional Court considers issues of ratification of interna-
tain questions about recognizing the legal acts or its individual
guided by the Constitution and its Constitutional Law, as well as
This approach corresponds to recommendations of the Venice
tional treaties and gives and official interpretation of the norms of
provisions as unconstitutional.
refrains from establishing, researching and verifying other issues
Commission of the Council of Europe, which has a status of
the Constitution. Also, upon requests from the General Prosecu-
in all cases when this is within the competence of courts or other
consultative and advisory body uniting together experts repre-
tor and the Commissioner. For Human Rights, it examines reg-
Regarding recurring topics and questions in citizens’ appeals,
government bodies.
sented by the judiciary, and famous scientists from the coun-
ulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan for compliance
the relevant constitutional law allows to combine such appeals
tries of the Council of Europe and other countries that are not
with the Constitution.
into one constitutional proceeding and considered togeth-
92 93

INAUGURATION OF ARKADAG
TURKMENISTAN’S FIRST SMART CITY
On June 29, Diplomatic World attended the inauguration of
Arkadag Smart City, culminating the first phase of its construction.
The event was attended by the President of Turkmenistan
Serdar Berdimuhamedov, the Cabinet of Ministers, thousands
of public representatives, dignitaries and media representatives
from countries in Central Asia and far beyond.
The inauguration of smart and eco-friendly Arkadag Smart City is
a momentous event that serves as a practical demonstration of
Turkmenistan’s unwavering commitment to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, promoting the implementation of 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), among which improving
people’s lives, ensuring access to education, digitalization, green
economy, creating jobs and favourable working conditions for
people.
During the opening of Arkadag City, a ceremony of presenting
international certificates was held, confirming the achievements
of the city of Arkadag in various fields, including a letter of appreciation
from the United Nations Human Settlements Programme
(UN-Habitat) issued to Arkadag city in acknowledgment and
appreciation of the efforts made towards implementing the principles
of inclusive, safe, resilient and smart sustainable neighbourhoods
and communities, thereby contributing to localizing
Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda in
Turkmenistan.
Arkadag City has also become the beneficiary of the extra-budgetary
project “Development of cities with sustainable, green,
climate-friendly and innovative solutions in the region of the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe”.
94 95

OSCE Secretary General Helga Schmid presented the relevant
certificate in a meeting with the President of Turkmenistan,
Serdar Berdimuhamedov, during her visit to the country in
May 2023 to attend the opening ceremony of the new office of
the OSCE Center in the Turkmen capital.
a cleaner and healthier urban environment. In this regard, “smart”
garbage bins have been installed in the centre of the region. Special
sensors are installed on the lids of the garbage cans, with the
help of which the percentage of garbage filling will be reported to
the control centre.
needs of every resident. From administrative divisions to medical
and sports facilities, this city offers a comprehensive range of
amenities necessary for a fulfilling life. Every house in Arkadag
city is equipped with “smart” technologies to help create comfortable
living conditions for residents and help save electricity.
The city has been built from scratch in the foothills of the
Kopetdag mountain range, 30 kilometres south-west of the
capital Ashgabat, allowing for the seamless implementation of
every aspect of a smart and eco-friendly city. The construction
of Arkadag began in 2019, and it will serve as the new administrative
centre of Ahal province.
The city’s urban planning strategies have prioritized smart
growth, compact design, and efficient land use. By promoting
mixed-use developments, reducing urban sprawl, and encouraging
public transportation, Arkadag City has successfully created
a more sustainable and accessible urban fabric.
Furthermore, the implementation of innovative infrastructure
projects has played a crucial role in Arkadag City’s sustainable
urbanization journey. The city has invested in renewable energy
sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce its carbon
footprint and promote clean energy consumption. Also, establishing
efficient waste management systems has contributed to
This city embodies the concept of a “smart city” and adheres
to an environmentally conscious approach at every stage, from
the production of construction materials to the operation of its
facilities.
The integration of cutting-edge technologies such as “smart
homes,” intelligent traffic systems, water and energy conservation
measures, energy efficiency, green transportation options
(electric buses and electric cars) and advanced video surveillance
equipped with accident and emergency detection sensors
truly sets this city apart. Moreover, these services and amenities
are designed to be accessible to all members of the community,
with special consideration for individuals with disabilities.
Spanning an area of 1002 hectares, Arkadag city is designed to
accommodate 70,000 residents. Currently, 368 residential buildings
have been constructed in the first phase, with construction
for the second phase already underway. In this completed first
stage, essential buildings have been erected to cater to the
One of the main conditions of a “smart city” is the presence of a
high-speed communication network. Based on this, a total of 20
3G communication networks and 20 4G (LTE) cellular communication
networks will be built in the city.
Additionally, the State Archive of the city, a television station, a
newspaper and a football team have been established. It should
be added that the “Arkadag” football team is performing successfully
in the domestic football championship of Turkmenistan.
It should be noted that only private construction enterprises of
Turkmenistan and Turkmen architects participated in the construction
of Arkadag city. The materials used in the construction
of the city are ecologically clean and produced within the territory
of Turkmenistan.
One of the key highlights of Arkadag City’s sustainable urbanization
efforts is its emphasis on green spaces and biodiversity
conservation. The city has dedicated substantial areas for
parks, gardens, and green corridors, providing residents with
96 97

ecreational spaces and promoting a closer connection with
nature. These green initiatives enhance the urban landscape and
contribute to climate resilience and ecological preservation.
Meanwhile, the second stage of the construction of the smart
city is already on the way. The ceremony of laying the foundation
of this next stage was held on June 16, 2023 in the presence
of President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov.
Within the framework of the two-stage construction of Arkadag
city, it is planned to build 9 kindergartens of 320 beds, five secondary
schools of 720 seats each, health centres, and fire safety
buildings. Also, in this second stage, a railway station, a bus
station, and dispatch points will be built.
98 99

H.E. REYNALDO VELÁZQUEZ ZALDÍVAR
DEPUTY MINISTER
OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF CUBA
In Cuba, higher education is considered
a public good, a human right
and a responsibility of the state
The main strength of our country is the human capital that has
been formed during the years since the Revolution, which has
allowed us to advance both economically and socially. Just
to mention two milestones in educational matters: the literacy
campaign that we developed at the beginning of the Revolution
enabled the cultural and educational development of our country
to this day. And in the case of higher education, after the Revolution,
more than one million professionals have been trained in
our country.
The Ministry of Higher Education was founded in 1976. Before
the triumph of the Revolution, the University of Havana already
existed, which has just turned 295 years old, making it one of the
oldest in Latin America. We also have the Universidad de Oriente,
which has turned 76 years old, and Universidad Central “Marta
Abreu” de Las Villas, which has reached its 70th anniversary.
The higher education system in Cuba is made up of 50 higher
education institutions, of which 22 are attached to the Ministry of
Higher Education, 16 to the Ministry of Public Health, one to the
Ministry of Culture, one to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the
rest are the military universities.
In Cuba, higher education is considered a public good, a human
right and a responsibility of the state. Hence the totally free nature
of Cuban education at all levels. When we talk about public
goods, we are not talking about the way in which the institution
is managed, but rather meaning that it is considered to be a
necessary good for all people. In other countries there are private
and public institutions, in Cuba only public ones.
Let me give a few words about the current context. From an
international point of view, there are factors that affect all countries:
global economic crisis, wars, epidemics, and all this has an
impact on the activities carried out by universities. Additionally,
young people nowadays are digital natives, they think and act in
audiovisual terms and that also conditions the way we educate.
New cultural values emerge in these times related to inclusion
and environmental issues.
These factors, when put in the context of an island of 11 million
inhabitants, are joined by others, specific to us. The economic
crisis in Cuba has a double impact, especially because we have
a strict economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed
by the United States government that makes the development of
all processes difficult. And we also face a very strong cultural war
waged against our young people by the United States, closely related
to the expansion of the American way of life as a paradigm
of social and individual well-being. In that sense, in this state of
constant siege, it is more difficult for us to carry our work.
But, Cuban higher education is optimistic and forward-looking.
We have three essential ideological pillars:
• Fidel Castro’s strategic thinking: the need to think about the
future to act wisely in the present. The most significant
H.E. Reynaldo Velázquez Zaldívar, Deputy Minister of Higher Education of Cuba
example is when Fidel said in the 1960s that “Cuba’s future
experts in order make the most appropriate decisions possible.
must, by necessity, be a future of scientists”. And today, one of To mention one example: when the COVID-19 pandemic began,
the main ways we have to face this serious economic situation the president gave the task to universities and research centers
is the outcome of a strong focus on science.
to create their own vaccines. At the University of Havana, the
molecular synthesis of the enzyme that was going to be used
• Ernesto Che Guevara’s ideas about the “new man”. A revolution
of ideas could not bear fruit with the previous men. A “new centres achieved the creation of the vaccine. The rest of the uni-
in the vaccine was carried out. With this result, BioCubaFarma
man” had to emerge with new ideas, to be able to continue
versities participated in the emergency clinical trial. In the end we
developing the Revolution.
had three vaccines of own and additionally one which is suitable
for children aged two and above, unique in the world.
• Our education is based on the thoughts of José Martí, our
national hero. The objective of Cuban higher education is not We also have a national plan for economic and social development
until 2030, in which a group of strategic sectors has been
to create professionals, but professionals with values. José
Martí said in the 19th century: “we are training engineers and defined, which we have to work on from the universities, and
lawyers, but where are the men?”
form the basis of the international collaboration that we are interested
in developing.
Today we are experiencing one of the most important moments
in the development of Cuban higher education. In Cuba, a government
management system based on science and innovation
lion people who have to be fed in very adverse weather condi-
- Food production, which is a national security problem: 11 mil-
is being implemented. This implies an enhancement of the role
tions, in a country where it rains little. Science and innovation
of universities. Like never before, today government utilizes the
are therefore key.
expert knowledge of universities to make the country’s main
strategic decisions. Our President, H.E. Miguel Díaz-Canel, and - Tourism, which is the most dynamic engine of our economy.
the country’s leadership systematically meet with university
However, everyone sees Cuba as exclusively a sun and beach
100 101

destination. Through innovation we have to diversify and
promote other forms of tourism: cultural, urban, events, health,
rural, etc. If tourism develops, other sectors will follow. From
universities we have the challenge of proposing the tools to
achieve that.
lum, especially in managing it to include inter-cultural dimensions
in our study programs. The contact with international teachers
and students is also significant. At the moment we host 578 international
students, of which 257 in the undergraduate degrees
and 321 in the postgraduate degrees, the majority of whom in the
field of medicine. With COVID-19, that mobility came to a standstill
- Biotechnology and the pharmaceutical industry: one of the
and we have had to resort to internationalization at home.
most important exportable resources we have.
On average, 3,500 students go abroad annually, and we have
- Information and communications technologies (ICT)
recovered pre-pandemic levels even though not all air routes to
Cuba have resumed, which makes travel more costly. We are satisfied
- Professional services. We have developed, for example, The
“Yes, I Can” literacy program which is being actively implemented
with the mobility of graduate students, but when it comes
to undergraduate students, the numbers are still underwhelming.
in countries across Africa, Latin America and Asia.
On the topic of international agreements, let me point out that
Cuba has also assimilated and is implementing the Sustainable
Development Goals – the 2030 Agenda – and much of our
collaboration has to do with how we can meet these goals. In
2000, Cuba managed to meet the Millennium Goals. The UN
believes that it will not be possible to meet the 2030 SDGs at a
global level, but we still remain confident that we will be able to
advance in all of them. There is no collaborative project that we
initiate which does not contribute in one way or another to one or
more of the SDGs.
Cuban universities have more than 3,000 agreements with universities
from different parts of the world. We take advantage of
different ways to establish these agreements, such as visits by
university delegations. We have important meeting points conducive
to the signing of these agreements, such as the biennial
University International Congress on Higher Education. Next year
we will hold the 14th edition, from February 5-9. All 50 Cuban
universities participate there as well as foreign delegates, usually
exceeding 2,000. It will be a very important moment for signing
agreements.
We are evidently associated with Objective 4 (Ensuring inclusive
and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all) but the contribution we make from science
is for all objectives. SDG 17 is important too, which has to do
Additionally, each of our universities develop international conferences,
conventions, international events: these are all spaces
conducive to signing agreements. The agreement is the legal
Photo: Diplomatic World
with alliances and partnerships to achieve the challenge of the
objectives.
support for the entire collaboration. You can have a lot of agreements
and not develop any collaborative actions. Therefore, a
The internationalization process of our higher education system
is a priority. This includes the internationalization of the curricu-
priority of ours is that all these agreements become collaborative
actions.
Precisely this year we have begun to reactivate an important
mechanism for collaboration, which are the rectors’ meetings.
We recently held the meeting of rectors Cuba-Belarus, Cuba-
Russian Federation, Cuba-Germany, Cuba-Hungary and Cuba-Mexico.
Scholarships are another essential pillar of internationalization.
We offer scholarships here for countries in Latin America, Asia
and Africa, but we are actively looking for scholarships to support
our teachers and students in countries that have areas of
specialized knowledge. We prioritize scholarships in the natural,
exact and technical sciences, although this does not mean that
there are no scholarships in the social sciences and humanities,
for the study of foreign languages in particular. There are also
scholarships offered by international organizations, such as the
Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities, which
offers scholarships for mobility, completion of doctoral thesis,
research stays, a.o.
All of the above can give rise to ideas and possibilities for international
collaboration projects. To illustrate in practical terms,
let me mention three specific projects and the significant impact
they have had on Cuba:
- ACCESS Caribbean, an Erasmus + project coordinated by the
University of Alicante (Spain) with participation of the University
of Macedonia (Greece) and universities from the Dominican
Republic, Costa Rica and Cuba. It arises with the purpose of
promoting accessibility and access of people with disabilities
to Higher Education. It has allowed us to acquire good practices
from these European universities regarding the management
of disabilities in university students, especially from a
technological point of view.
- Another projects I would like to mention took place in the
framework of the Solidarity Fund for Innovative Projects (FSPI)
through the French Embassy. Previously in Cuba we did not
have short cycle higher education programmes. Through the
collaboration with the Association of Directors of Technological
Institutes of France we were able to create the first four
programs in Cuba in 2018. Now we have 58. Normally, our
degrees last four years, but Cuba needs the manpower to
works towards the 2030 objectives. Training people for four
years is not realistic for us. Furthermore, the demographic
dynamics in our country are causing the population to age and
we have fewer and fewer young people. These programs were
designed so that in two years young people leave university
with a qualification that allows them to work.
- Cuba is one of the key partner countries of VLIR-UOS (Flemish
Inter-university Council for University Development Cooperation),
which supports partnerships between Flemish universities
or universities of applied sciences and arts, in Flanders
and partner countries, that are searching for answers to global
and local challenges. This programme has strengthened
digitalisation and boosted ICT capacities in universities across
Cuba.
Each of these examples has benefited us in some way: the social
effects derived from the increased attention to students with
disabilities; the educational impact of the creation of new, flexible
programmes based on European models; and third, a project
with significant technological impact.
Photo: Diplomatic World
102 103

OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN
OF THE CITY OF HAVANA
RESTORING OLD HAVANA
TO ITS FORMER GLORY,
ONE STEP AT THE TIME
We are grateful to Belgium for actively collaborating
with the rehabilitation of
the historic centre of Havana
During a working visit to Cuba, the Diplomatic World team met
with Patricia Rodríguez Alomá, Director of the Master Plan for the
Comprehensive Revitalization of Old Havana; and Nelys García
Blanco, Director of International Cooperation at the Office of the
Historian of the City of Havana.
The Master Plan is the organization that within the Office of
the Historian of the City of Havana dictates the comprehensive
development policies of the area prioritized for conservation. The
Office of the Historian can be considered a specialized management
unit to guarantee the comprehensive development of areas
of high-value heritage of the city. The historian’s office was born
in 1938, founded by a Cuban intellectual very interested in the
preservation of the cultural heritage – not only of Havana but of
the entire nation – Dr Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring. The man who
later became Director of the Office, Dr Eusebio Leal Spengler,
who unfortunately left us in 2020, referred to Emilio Roig as “my
predecessor of happy memory.” He felt like a continuator of the
work of Dr. Emilio Roig.
In the 1960s, the office of the historian was recognized by the
leaders of the Revolution. The Revolution evidently changed
everything. Or almost everything, because one of the few institutions
that remained in place was precisely the Office of the
Historian, because it had already been developing avant-garde
work closely related to the safeguarding of national identity and
national autonomy. In other words, it had been carrying out a
task that suited the purposes of the Revolution very well.
In the 1970s, in 1976 to be precise, the process of institutionalization
of the country began, with the creation of the Ministry
of Culture, which then created the National Monuments Commission.
The first towns founded by the Spanish, including Old
Havana, were declared a National Monument in 1978.
This declaration enabled rehabilitation works to be funded from
the state budget. In 1981, the first five-year restoration plan was
prepared. The state recognized and identified the historian’s
office as the coordinator to implement this plan, starting from the
rehabilitation of the Plaza de Armas (Square of Arms) – Havana’s
oldest square.
At that time, old Havana was extremely run-down, there was no
clear awareness of the “value of the old”. The Old Town exercised
two priority functions at that time: residential, with overcrowded
and decaying buildings; and a large number of warehouses
and workshops, closely linked to the port activity. There
was even a small district which emerged at the beginning of the
20th century that housed the headquarters of financial houses
and banks, which was called “Little Wall Street.”
Over the years, there have been substantial changes in terms
of new building uses that have been incorporated, primarily of a
cultural nature and the provision of primary services to the local
community: schools, health centres and nursing homes for the
elderly. This is because we are committed to a “living historic
centre”, which is at the same time the greatest challenge.
104 105

Square disturbed the activities of the school located there.
equipment to the chocolate museum. And a third intervention, in
Therefore, at the initiative of Eusebio Leal, it was decided to
the early 2000s, within the framework of a Local Human Devel-
enable a space in the museums of the neighbourhood to con-
opment Programme with the Walloon region. The action involved
tinue the school activities and educational processes there, in
the restoration of a property of high-value heritage in the old
conjunction with a heritage education programme. This led to the
square, for the creation on the ground floor of a cultural space,
In 1982, when we had already begun the implementation of the
In 1993, a Decree was issued delegating powers and respon-
creation of the first “aulas-museo” (classrooms in the museums).
known since then as the ‘Vitrina de Valonia’ (Walloon Showcase),
first five-year plan, Old Havana and its system of fortifications
sibilities to the office of the historian. The Decree made the
In this way, children get closer to the heritage and make it their
which is also one of the epicentres of the annual Belgian Week
were declared a world heritage site by UNESCO. From that
historian, Dr Eusebio Leal, a member of the Council of State,
own.
in Havana. This intervention was made jointly with the Walloon
moment, the commitment to its rehabilitation is not only national
the most powerful government body in Cuba, giving his office
Heritage Institute (recently absorbed into the Walloon Heritage
but acquires an international character. As a consequence, state
greater autonomy. This legal instrument reinforced the political
Since the 1993 Decree, high-value heritage properties began to
Agency). During the execution of the works, this project support-
budget resources are increased to continue the restoration plan.
will to continue the restoration process that had been developing
be recovered for the provision of social and cultural services. And
ed the training of young people in specialized restoration trades,
but in a different way. From that moment on, the conditions are
that is where we connect with the contributions of Belgian coop-
and as a result of this collaboration and technical exchange,
Then came the 1990s, the collapse of the Communist bloc.
created for the culture to begin to produce wealth and sustain
eration with three very important programs. Let me emphasise at
work was carried out on the restoration of the property’s mural
These were countries with which we had a very strong econom-
the restoration process as much as possible. Until then, culture
the outset how grateful we are to Belgium, because the country
paintings, the carpentry, etc.
ic relationship, and Cuba entered into a sudden and very deep
and restoration had been seen as a sunk cost. From the 1990s,
has actively collaborated with the rehabilitation of the historic
economic crisis. This historical moment is known as the “special
culture starts to be seen as an investment, which not only recov-
centre of Havana.
Belgium also facilitated the inclusion of Havana into the
period”. As a result, the state greatly reduces the budget for
ers economic investments but contributes to identity, a sense of
European Art Nouveau network, within which there are exchang-
restoration to almost zero and there is a significant contraction of
belonging and a whole series of critical values.
First, the restoration of seven deteriorated plots for social hous-
es of exhibitions, publications and conferences.
the rehabilitative process. But, as the Chinese say, “in moments
ing, benefiting 90 families in the historic centre. Second, in the
of crisis, the main opportunities arise”. One has to be creative,
The late 1990s also saw the emergence of a very interesting
ground floor one of those buildings the chocolate museum was
All of this is based on the comprehensive development plan that
or else one perishes. Fortunately, Cubans were creative at that
initiative which prevails to this day. The noise and other incon-
conceived through the collaboration with the Brussels chocolate
is based on five pillars: institutional, cultural, social, economic
time.
veniences derived from the works being carried out in the Old
museum, which trained Cuban master chocolatiers and donated
and environmental sustainability. We direct projects and create
106 107

the appropriate conditions based on that plan to achieve comprehensive
and articulated development.
imposed by the US government. What has been done is with our
own resources and international cooperation.
The Office of the Historian not only exists in Havana, but has ten
other offices across Cuba, with an additional four in the process
of being created. That is, all the cities that are catalogued as
‘National Monuments’ either have an office or are in the process
of having one. Working in the format of such ‘network of cities’
allows best practices and experiences to be transmitted more
quickly.
At this moment we are immersed in a very important project,
one of the last dreams of Eusebio Leal: the restoration of the old
convent of Santa Clara to create an arts and crafts school to train
young restorers from the Caribbean and the Americas. It is being
implemented through UNESCO with funding from the European
Union, and in parallel through the Italian-Latin American Institute
with funds from the Italian government.
Of course, an enormous effort has been made to carry out this
comprehensive development, but there is still a long way to
go. The resources have not been sufficient. It is no mystery to
anyone that we hardly have access to loans or lines of credit
that could have facilitated our development, due to the blockade
The most serious problem we have is housing, and the poor
technical conditions of many buildings that are inhabited, with
the associated risks for the families living there. We have built
around 2,000 homes to alleviate these problems, but much
remains to be done.
To conclude, let me speak about a new emerging force, the role
of the private sector, which is actively contributing to the restoration
process. One of the legal instruments enshrined in the 1993
Decree mentioned above is the collection of a fee for rehabilitation
from all revenue-generating activities that take place in the
territory. All businesses contribute to this fee, which does not
take away from their profit margins since the fee is included as
an expense in their tax returns. The money collected goes into a
maintenance account, which allows us to continue the recovery
of the historic centre and more importantly the maintenance
of schools, offices and health centres, in order to maintain a
“living historic centre”.
Photos: Diplomatic World
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108 109

H.E. THÉRENCE NTAHIRAJA
AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI
TO THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM
AND HEAD OF MISSION
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Building on its favourable geographical positioning,
Burundi considers regional integration as a priority
to diversify its economy
BURUNDI IS IN THE MIDST OF A PROCESS OF
NATIONAL RECONCILIATION FOLLOWING THE
END OF THE CIVIL WAR. WHAT ROLE DOES THE
TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC)
PLAY IN TERMS OF BRINGING THE COUNTRY
TOGETHER AND TURNING THE PAGE ON THE
COUNTRY’S CHAPTER OF VIOLENCE AND
INSTABILITY?
In a country which has experienced serious violence, the TRC
intervenes to unearth the truth about long-hidden human rights
violations, to rehabilitate the victims and to address the wounded
memories of the national community.
Photo: Royal Palace
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is a transitional
justice mechanism to address Burundi’s tragic and violent past. It
was agreed between political actors meeting in Arusha, Tanzania.
It was in August 2000 that peace talks resulted in the Arusha
Peace and Reconciliation Agreement.
This mechanism came to support the other institutions responsible
for managing the transition towards a state of law and justice,
towards more democracy and national cohesion. The TRC is
therefore a tool for promoting truth in the service of reconciliation.
Its investigations and hearings give a voice to victims, witnesses
to the serious violence that has devastated Burundi and all
resourceful people who can enrich the work of this Commission.
Photo: Royal Palace
In Burundi, the TRC emphasizes the truth in the service of reconciliation
and therefore community cohesion. By giving voice
to the victims and the alleged perpetrators of the crimes, the
TRC has finally inaugurated since 2015 the era of open debate
on all taboos. The victims must be known and listed. So do the
perpetrators of the crimes. The process does not forget those
who protected others during the various crises that Burundi has
experienced.
The mission of the TRC includes the following activities:
• Establish responsibilities to help the country emerge from
community criminalization and community victimization;
• List the victims by proposing to the public authorities programs
for their rehabilitation and material reparations;
• Propose programs of reconciliation and forgiveness supported
by recognition of shared truth;
• After more than 50 years of silence on crimes committed
against generally innocent citizens, the time has come to
confront our painful common past with courage and without
evasion.
IN ADDITION TO A PROCESS OF INTERNAL
RECONCILIATION, BURUNDI IS ALSO MENDING
TIES WITH NEIGHBOURS. WHAT IS THE CURRENT
STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE NORMALIZATION OF
RELATIONS WITH NEIGHBOURING RWANDA?
110 111

This stretched hand was accepted by the Burundian Head of
State in these words: “We are ready,” replied President Évariste
Ndayishimiye, “to open a new chapter between Burundi and
Rwanda.”
In short, with the coming to power of President Evariste
Ndayishimiye at the end of 2020, a process of normalization of
relations was launched. Efforts which pushed Rwanda to reopen
its borders with Burundi on March 7, 2022 and official meetings
between high authorities of these two countries have also multiplied
in both capitals, Kigali and Gitega.
NEW AVENUES FOR POLITICAL DIALOGUE BE-
TWEEN BURUNDI AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
HAVE EMERGED DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF
EVARISTE NDAYISHIMIYE AND FOLLOWING THE
EU’S LIFTING OF SANCTIONS IN 2022. WHAT ARE
THE MAIN AREAS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN
BOTH SIDES?
Burundi and the EU enjoy excellent relations of friendship and
cooperation. This cooperation, which is characterized by lon-
H.E. Evariste-Ndayishimiye, President of Burundi
Photo: Embassy of Burundi
gevity, diversity and dynamism, dates from the eve of Burundi’s
independence, given that Burundi was among the first countries
to benefit from European support through European Develop-
Through continuous dialogue with the Burundian authorities,
Ntare-Rushatsi-House
Photo: Embassy of Burundi
ment Fund (EDF) commitments which covered the period from
the EU promises actions which are intended to be viable and
1959 to 1965.
sustainable in the long term and which are part of a strategic
vision shared with Burundi, and in essential sectors such as rural
After years of tension, relations are warming between Burundi
and Rwanda. The first contacts were triggered by an unexpected
meeting, on October 20, 2021 at the Nemba border post
African President Faustin-Archange Touadéra, but in particular
the Prime Minister of Rwanda, Édouard Ngirente. It was the first
visit by a Rwandan head of state or government to Burundi since
POLITICAL RELATIONS
development and nutrition, health, energy, environment, justice,
education and good governance.
between the two countries, between the two Foreign Ministers
the deterioration of relations between the two neighbours in the
As a partner of Burundi, the EU is fully committed to supporting
This partnership between Burundi and the EU allows for contin-
who held discussions behind closed doors. The goal was to
mid-2010s.
the country’s development. In collaboration with the Burundian
uous exchanges on shared values including the preservation of
normalize relations between these two neighbouring states, at
authorities and following the country’s priorities, the EU is initi-
political space, respect for human rights, but also protection of
loggerheads for five years.
The ceremony was an opportunity to express the desire for
ating various actions linked to the axes of the National Develop-
the environment.
rapprochement between the two capitals. Here are the words of
ment Plan (PND 2018-2027).
In their brief speeches to the press, the two heads of diplomacy
welcomed “the opening of a new chapter” and underlined their
desire to resolve their many differences. “The fundamental issues
the Rwandan Prime Minister: “It is for me, a great honour and
pleasure to take part in this celebration of the 59th Anniversary
of the independence of Burundi, representing His Excellency
Since February 2022, the EU has officially ended the restrictive
measures under Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement and
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
have not been resolved, but there is a desire to find solutions,”
Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda.” The visit
normalized its relations with Burundi. This decision follows an
Burundi’s economy is described as “resilient” by the International
said the Burundian side.
of Rwandan Prime Minister Édouard Ngirente was a notable
intense political dialogue, initiated after the general elections of
Monetary Fund (IMF). It has returned to growth several times af-
event, after years of quarrel with the Burundian authorities, who
May 2020, and the reforms initiated by the Burundian authorities
ter depressions caused by strong instability (political problem of
The fate of certain refugees remains a sticking point in diplomatic
accused Kigali of welcoming the Burundian putschists.
in terms of good governance.
2015, subsequent decline in GDP), by the COVID-19 pandemic
relations between Rwanda and Burundi, Gitega having asked
and the war in Ukraine.
Kigali to hand over all those he accuses of having participated,
Invited to the podium, the Head of the Rwandan Government
The EU attaches great importance to regional stability and sup-
directly or indirectly, in an attempt of the failed putsch of 2015
proposed to the Burundian President to renew the strategic part-
ports Burundi in its role as a factor of stability in the Great Lakes
Since 2022, Burundi has benefited from the positive effects of
against the government of Pierre Nkurunziza. These are soldiers
nership between the two countries in these terms: “The time has
Region, through the EU Strategy for the Great Lakes Region,
the re-establishment of dialogue with the international commu-
and civilians under international arrest warrant as alleged coup
come for Burundi and Rwanda to rely on the solid foundations of
and within the framework of the East African Community (EAC).
nity, including the resumption of economic cooperation with the
plotters.
our historical and cultural ties in order to achieve prosperity and
Furthermore, the EU continues to support operations to maintain
IMF, with which the Burundian Government is negotiating a new
sustainable development. I am convinced that we are all ready to
peace and stability in Somalia, through the African Union Mission
credit program for an amount of USD 260 million.
Burundi celebrated the 59th anniversary of its independence on
work for the consolidation and promotion of existing relations of
to Somalia (AMISOM), to which Burundi contributes with a mili-
July 1, 2021. Among the distinguished guests were the Central
friendship and cooperation for the benefit of our two peoples.”
tary contingent.
In July 2022, the EU established a road map towards the return
112 113

to eligibility of budget support in Burundi. A series of actions
resulted from this, some of which are already being implemented
such as the PEFA (Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability)
assessment in 2023, as well as support for specialized
civil society organizations for greater participation. and citizen
vigilance in economic affairs and transparency of public finances.
An economic governance support program is being defined
in support of public finance management reforms. It should be
implemented from 2024.
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
Building on its favourable geographical positioning, Burundi considers
regional integration as a priority to diversify its economy.
Burundi is a member of more than 50 subregional, regional and
international organizations, including four regional economic
organizations:
• The Economic Community of the Countries of the Great Lakes
(CEPGL) since 1976;
• The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
since 1984;
• The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA) since 1994;
• The East African Community (EAC).
Burundi’s main trading partners on the African continent are as
follows, in order of priority: EAC, COMESA and SADEC. The
EU represents less than 10 percent of total trade. Agricultural
products are the main Burundian products exported to the EU
(86 percent of total exports to the EU), while chemicals (32.5
percent), machinery and transport equipment (29.9 percent), represent
the main imports. The EU finances trade integration programs
with the EAC, ECCAS, COMESA and finally the progressive
establishment of the Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).
DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
Between 2015 and 2021, Team Europe (EU and its Member
States present in Burundi, namely Belgium, Germany, France
and the Netherlands, in addition to Switzerland, as well as the
European Investment Bank) has financed projects worth around
USD 908.2 million, or more than 33 percent of the total financial
support from development partners, making Europe the largest
donor of public funds in Burundi.
Several regional projects were also financed as part of the previous
programmatic phase (2014-2020), with a financial envelope
of EUR 73 million, the main ones being:
• Electricity interconnection projects with neighbouring countries
of Burundi (Rwanda and DRC);
• Projects for the management and protection of water and
fisheries resources in Lake Tanganyika;
• Projects to strengthen trade and stability in the sub-region.
For the first tranche of the current period, covering the years
2021-2024, the EU has mobilized an envelope of EUR 194 million
as part of its Multi-Annual Indicative Program (MIP). The EU MIP
in Burundi targets 3 priority areas of intervention:
• Inclusive, green, sustainable and job-creating growth which
targets key sectors of development such as sustainable and
equitable value chains in the agricultural sector and food security,
renewable and clean energy, protection and management
of natural resources and biodiversity, with a transversal dimension
aimed at supporting the governance of these sectors;
• Human development and basic services which covers priority
sectors such as public health, drinking water, hygiene and sanitation
services, basic education, socio-professional training,
as well as the promotion of good governance in these sectors;
• Good governance and the rule of law which contributes to the
strengthening of democratic culture and reconciliation, human
rights, justice, economic governance and the business climate.
To further increase its means of action, beyond this national MIP
envelope, the EU Delegation in Burundi managed to mobilize
around EUR 83 million within the framework of regional projects
targeting, in particular, Burundi to contribute to the protection
of the biodiversity and natural resources of Lake Tanganyika
and the Kibira-Nyungwe ecological corridor, to provide lasting
solutions to Burundian refugees in the Great Lakes region, and
to support the maintenance of peace and security in the Great
Lakes region. The sectors supported by the EU in Burundi fit
perfectly into the objectives and strategic orientations of the
National Development Plan of Burundi (PND 2018-2027).
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For the period 2014-2020, EU support (through the 11th European
Development Fund) to Burundi focused on the following sectors,
with a financial envelope of EUR 332 million: infrastructure and
rural development, health, energy, good governance, facilitation
of technical cooperation and support for non-state actors.
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Photo: Embassy of Burundi
114 115

H.E. SOE LYNN HAN
HEAD OF THE MISSION
OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION
OF MYANMAR TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
COULD YOU UPDATE OUR READERS ON THE
CURRENT PEACE AND STABILITY RESTORATION
ENDEAVOURS IN MYANMAR?
5. Upon accomplishing the provisions of the state of emergency,
free and fair multi-party democratic elections will be held in line
with the 2008 Constitution; and further work will be undertaken
to hand over State duties to the winning party in accordance
As Myanmar is home to over 130 national races and has been
with democratic standards.
experiencing internal armed conflicts since its independence
from British rule in 1948, national unity is the key to achieving our
The SAC government also introduces practical and politically
vision of a nation based on democratic and prosperous federal
feasible measures in implementing the peace process. There are
union.
two basic factors for the continuation of implementing the peace
That is the reason why successive governments have always
process. These are to firmly stand for the Nationwide Ceasefire
Agreement (NCA) and for the Constitution (2008).
Photo: Royal Palace
given peace, stability and national reconciliation a high priority.
The State Administration Council (SAC) has also placed the
In this connection, there might be a curious linkage between
honestly for the interest of the State and Union, the nation will
and that the process is inclusive. Hence, a solid foundation for a
highest priority to strengthen ties among all our national races
NCA and the Constitution (2008). Myanmar comprises eight
inevitably develop in accord with the goal of “Keep Moving
federal democratic union can be laid.
to promote economic and social development in the regions
major national races and over 130 ethnic nationals. All ethnic
Forward to Achieve our Goal.”
inhabited by them, forging a lasting peace for all our people.
The peace process has been put as an utmost importance and
undertaken in line with the Five-Points Roadmap for the ultimate
goal of a federal democratic union.
At this stage, I would like to clarify the Five-Points Road Map of
the SAC:
1. The Union Election Commission will be reconstituted and its
nationals have equal rights. The existing Constitution (dating
from 2008) mentions the rights of ethnic affairs. Thus, the SAC
government will continue efforts for enabling ethnic nationals to
have deserved rights and entitlements.
Since 2022, Ethnic Armed Groups (EAOs) have been invited for
88 rounds of peace talks to solicit the aspirations and views of all
stakeholders towards the establishment of a federal democratic
THE ELECTION
The concept of federalism entails the sharing of power and authority
with different regions, states, ethnicities and national races.
Political parties including ethnic parties represent the people
who support them. Efforts are being made to switch to a propor-
SPEAKING OF PEACE AND STABILITY, WOULD
YOU LIKE TO SHARE A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF
THE DEVELOPMENTS IN IMPLEMENTING THE
REPATRIATION OF DISPLACED PERSONS FROM
THE RAKHINE STATE AND RECENT TALKS AND
NEGOTIATIONS WITH BANGLADESH?
mandated tasks, including the scrutiny of voter lists, shall be
union.
tional representation (PR) system in order to widely represent the
Before I share the latest development in implementing of the
implemented in accordance with the law;
parties and ethnic nationalities in the legislature. The government
repatriation process, it is essential to let you know briefly about
2. Effective measures will be taken with added momentum to
Senior General Min Aung Hlaing has recently sent an invitation to
has explained it to the leaders of EAOs at the peace talks.
the historical background of Rakhine State. During the British
prevent and manage the COVID-19 pandemic;
all ethnic leaders to attend the ceremony to commemorate the 8th
colonial rule over India and Burma, hundreds of thousands of
3. Actions will be taken to ensure the speedy recovery of
Anniversary of the Signing of NCA which will be held with essence
Arrangements are being made to enumerate the nationwide cen-
people were systematically transferred from the Bengal region of
businesses from the impact of COVID-19;
(At the time of publishing, the ceremony will be completed).
sus from 1 to 15 October 2024 to hold the General Election at the
British India into colonial Burma (present-day Myanmar). Most
4. Emphasis will be placed on achieving enduring peace for
soonest. The basic data of voter lists must be compiled correctly
of those who came to Rakhine then were seasonal labours and
the entire nation in line with the agreements set out in the
Restoring peace and stability of the State is essential in exer-
to enable all eligible voters to cast their votes in all parts of the
never returned home.
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement;
cising a democratic system. Thus, if all make efforts fairly and
country to make sure no one in the electoral politics is left behind
116 117

Thousands of displaced persons also sought refuge from then
the repatriation process since 2018, ARSA terrorists in Cox’s
East Pakistan into Rakhine State during Bangladesh’s war of in-
Bazar are threatening the lives of the people in the camps who
dependence in 1971 and the following years. Because of porous
wish to voluntarily return to Myanmar.
borders and weak border controls, there were no proper records
of movement. Myanmar authorities became concerned about the
At the same time, some NGOs and INGOs are also pressuring
irregular immigration. In 1978, the then Government launched
people not to go back. As a result, no one dares to return to
the Naga-Min Campaign to identify such irregular immigrants.
Myanmar through an official channel and repatriation could not
This move led to the (mass) displacement of those people from
take place until now.
Myanmar to Bangladesh. Then, the first-ever repatriation process
between two countries jumped in and most of these persons
All these measures reflected Myanmar’s commitment and polit-
later returned to Myanmar based on the agreement between the
ical will to continue and hope to have sincere cooperation with
two Governments.
relevant stakeholders. We do believe that with a shared objective
and balanced views from all stakeholders, we will be able
In 1991-1992, there was a second wave of displacement from
to build a peaceful, harmonious and developed community in
Rakhine into Bangladesh. It was triggered by the action taken
Rakhine State.
by Myanmar’s Defence Services against the self-identified/selfstyled
terrorist organisation Rohingya Solidarity Organisation
(RSO). Again, the second repatriation process under the UN
Refugee Agency (UNHCR) arrangement was conducted between
the two countries.
AS WE KNOW, THERE HAVE BEEN A LOT OF UPS
AND DOWNS IN EU-MYANMAR RELATIONS
RECENTLY. WHAT IS YOUR ASSESSMENT?
On account of lessons learned from past events, a project was
Due to the political developments of Myanmar after 2021, we
introduced by the predecessor governments to collect the
could say that currently Myanmar-EU relations are not at their
bio-data, including photographs, and register the lists of family
best, but we try to be positive and constructive.
households in Rakhine State, taken door-to-door annually by the
relevant authorities.
The EU has been an active supporter of Myanmar’s democratic
transition and economic reforms since the two agreed to open
Panoramic view of Bagan
However, unfortunate events happened after terrorist attacks
a new chapter in the relations in 2013. The EU suspended the
by the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) in Rakhine
former sanctions in April 2012 and lifted them in April 2013.
sanctions and removal of special trade privileges suggest that
ocratic system we want is not based on an illusion or abstract
State in 2016 and 2017. The provocative and premeditated
Following recognition from the Conference of the International
deeper economic sanctions could do irreversible damage to the
terms but based on reality: the unshakable historical evidence
armed attacks by ARSA terrorists on various security outposts
Labour Organisation (ILO) of Myanmar’s progress, the preferential
sector and put workers at further risk.
that has taken place in our country for the last 70 years.
in Northern Rakhine State were the undeniable causes to the
access for Myanmar products to the EU market was re-estab-
present humanitarian issues. While some international organi-
lished in July 2013 and since then Myanmar has benefited from
Attributable to this, a report of the United Nations Development
It does not mean that we will achieve stability through force and
sations have biasedly portrayed the Myanmar security forces as
the Everything But Arms (EBA) initiative under the Generalised
Program (UNDP) from September 2022 concluded that forcing
suppression. That is why we are trying to organize ourselves, in
perpetrators of mass atrocity crimes, nobody can ignore or
Scheme of Preferences (GSP).
Western investors to dis-invest and withdraw preferential trade
a country of 55 million people, to pave the way for a democracy
discount the well-documented atrocities committed by ARSA
agreements is not the most appropriate policy response to the
that reflects the will of people as well as the historical and polit-
that resulted in the death of hundreds of innocent people in
Myanmar’s garment sector grew rapidly and has been contribut-
situation in Myanmar.
ical environment of our country. With that in mind, the govern-
Rakhine, including 100 Hindu villagers as well as security
ing to the employment for low-skilled workers in the last decade.
ment has put tremendous efforts to hold a nationwide census to
personnel in these events during 2016 and 2017.
The key to the upsurge in the country’s garment sector in the last
In this context, I would like to underscore that on the ground,
compile the accurate basic data of the voters list so that a free
decade was the lifting of economic sanctions as well as resto-
those suffering are the grass-roots workers who are struggling
and fair General Elections will eventually be held.
Again, both countries have conducted negotiations to repatriate
ration of the EU’s GSP. After 2021, because of some political
and coping with the consequences of significant income reduc-
the displaced persons who crossed over Bangladesh after the
incidents in Myanmar, the production and demand for garment
tion and unemployment.
If we wish to build a democratic society, decent living and human
2016-17 incidents and three bilateral repatriation agreements
manufacturing dropped and over 20 percent (200,000) jobs in the
dignity of the workers cannot be ignored and in fact, I would like
have been signed between two countries in 2017 and early 2018.
industry were lost. Businesses that have worked with European
In a statement of Josep Borrell, EU High Representative for For-
to call for the EU citizens who are the source of policymaking in
Since then, the Myanmar government is proceeding with the
firms have seen signs of withdrawal.
eign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European
the EU to consider the destinies of many people who are living in
implementing of the repatriation process in accordance with
Commission, in January this year, he mentioned that EU will con-
a state of constant concern to make ends meet on a daily basis.
those bilateral instruments, based on which the Bangladesh gov-
Since the current EU GSP/EBA scheme to Myanmar is ending
tinue to provide humanitarian assistance in accordance with the
ernment provided the completed verification forms of displaced
in 2023, with automatic renewal for the next 10 years as a Least
principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence
Though we share a lot of democratic values, there is a visible gap
persons from Rakhine State currently residing in Bangladesh.
Developed Country (LDC), two opposite reactions have emerged.
while condemning the human right violations and calling for all
between Myanmar and EU on the same values. Despite that, we
The Myanmar government has verified the list provided in con-
On one hand, a few trade unions and exiled opposing groups are
concerned parties to pave the way for a meaningful democratic
are willing to cooperate with international actors for the sake of
cordance with the officials registered data and records, updated
lobbying the foreign garment corporations and governments to
process that would truly reflect the will of the Myanmar people.
the people of Myanmar.
annually on the ground by the relevant authorities. While we have
sever trade ties with this sector to put pressure on the current
I would like to unequivocally state that we share the hope and
opened the reception centres and transit camps to commence
Myanmar government. On the other hand, critics of harsher
vision of EU, to restore democracy in Myanmar. But the dem-
118 119

Aerial view of Cocks Comb Island
Panoramic view of Bagan
AS COVID-19 RELATED RESTRICTIONS HAVE
BEEN LIFTED, WHAT PLANS DOES MYANMAR
HAVE TO PROMOTE ITS ECONOMY AND THE
TOURISM SECTOR?
In the realm of economic recovery following the devastation
brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and as a nation faced
with a blockade in hardware and software development assistance
due to political reasons, Myanmar needs to set its priorities
based on the characteristics of self-reliance.
In economic sphere, the State Administration Council (SAC)
government aims to attain prosperity for all and to ensure food
sufficiency in spite of the unilateral sanctions imposed by the
international financial institutions. Therefore, the government
is currently promoting and encouraging the agriculture sector;
Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) and the
tourism sector at the national level.
Since the agricultural sector represents 38 percent of the country’s
GDP and employs 60 percent of its workforce, the agriculture
sector continues to be an essential part of our economy.
Therefore, the government has stressed the importance of striving
for increased per acre yields of monsoon paddy, promoting
value-added products in agricultural and livestock sectors,
exporting double cropping, implementing breeding initiatives
systematically.
With a view to contributing to the development of state economy
and socio-economic life of farmers, the government is disbursing
loans from the national economic development funds for
ensuring greater success in agriculture sector. The Myanmar
Agriculture Development Bank (MADB) announced in June that
it will offer loans of up to Myanmar Kyat 70 million (approx. EUR
31,500) per farmer who require financial support for agricultural
and rural development purposes.
Andaman Sea beach
At the regional level, Myanmar is one of the signatories in the
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This
agreement is expected to eliminate 90 percent of tariffs on
imports between the signatories within 20 years and establish
common rules for e-commerce, trade, and intellectual property.
Regarding investment opportunities in Myanmar, investors are
most welcome in manufacturing value-added foodstuffs, agriculture
and livestock farming such as seafood, fruits and vegetables
and animal products. The Myanmar Investment Commission
(MIC) is inviting potential investors for production of edible
oilseeds, contract farming for edible oil crops and production of
various types of edible oil. Additionally, manufacturing of “one
region-one product” in different states has been encouraged
for implementation. This policy encourages the production of
distinct goods that are specific to each region, leveraging the
diverse geographical and climatic conditions, as well as the
abundance of raw materials available across the country.
Myanmar is rich in ancient history and land of wondrous nature
with splendid culture and traditions. Thus, promoting tourism is
one of the national priorities. In order for tourism to flourish and
help restore the national economy after the lifting of travel restriction,
Myanmar reopened for tourism, including regular international
flights, in May 2022.
There are many tourist attractions in Myanmar including the
ancient city of Bagan, which was selected by UNESCO as a
World Heritage site in 2019. Tourists can make anew the ancient
Myanmar history, beautiful and breath-taking beaches, lakes and
significant religious sites.
We are also introducing community-based tourism including
skill-learning and witnessing traditional cooking skills of the local
cuisines in the villages. Apart from that, certain regulations were
amended to promote tourism, i.e., issuance of e-Visas again and
offering of incentives like special discounts for tourists and tax
refunds, as well as adopting an effective advertising system via
online platforms and online marketing.
Myanmar (known as the Golden Land) is a land chock-full of
incredible pristine nature, scenery and also rich in culture and
tradition. It is also a home to 135 ethnic minority groups/135
ethnicities with the people offering hospitality and warmth with
excellent native delicacies. Taking this opportunity, I wish to send
a message to people all over Europe “you will find out the true
beauty of Myanmar only when you travel there”.
All photos courtesy of the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism of
120 121
Myanmar

H.E. VALERIA VILASECA CHUMACERO
AMBASSADOR OF BOLIVIA
Remarks on occasion of the 198 th Anniversary of
Independence of the Plurinational State of Bolivia
It is an honour and a privilege for me to be here today with all
of you, marking 198 years of Bolivia’s independence. A time to
celebrate our triumphs, lessons, and to focus on the challenges
as a Plurinational State.
With the heart full of life and from my mestizo roots (mixed roots),
I must begin these words of “remembrance” by saluting the
memory of the precursors of freedom in my land.
First, to those who defended the indigenous peoples, who
defended our cultures and traditions for centuries in resistance.
Those unknown faces, anonymous figures who preserved the
wisdom with Mother Earth, whose names have been ignored by
formal history, because it was not convenient to turn them into
heroes.
I also salute the memory of Alejo Calatayud, Tupac Katari,
Kurusa Llawi, Gregoria Apaza, Bartolina Sisa, among other
indigenous heroic rebels who united strength, spirit, and body
to defeat colonial oppression, fought the battles shoulder-to-shoulder,
sacrificing their lives along the way, so that
our generations could walk one freely.
In memory of Juana Azurduy de Padilla, Ignacio de Guarnes,
Moto Méndez, and later Antonio José de Sucre, and of course,
to the memory of the great liberator Simón Bolívar who finally,
after years of battles, with temperance and wisdom in long
deliberation in 1825, from Chuquisaca, Charcas (today Sucre),
proclaimed Bolivia independent.
Throughout the years, Bolivia has faced a series of challenges
and transformations. Since the consolidation of our independence,
Bolivia’s republican journey was an important school with
colonial vestiges, guided by western canons, that taught us the
difference from a dark perspective, difference as a symbol of
division and discrimination. It left us a foreign system of governance
far from our reality that could not solve the problems of
Bolivians as a whole, it only worked for some, limited rights and
measured opportunities.
The indigenous peoples and their important knowledge, their
culture, their rituals, their languages, and their surnames were
marginalized from public life, the systemic imposition of social
class categorization, value systems framed by capital and exploitation,
the heteronormative colonization, and patriarchy kept
Bolivian identities hiding.
From 2006 to 2020, by direct vote, from new contexts but with
the same rebellious spirit, we gave way to the Plurinational recognition,
recovering the presence of our indigenous and mestizo
roots, even living a constitutional break, we rescued the light of
our identities, which leads to the unique but diverse identity of
being Bolivian. Along with the great political awakening we lived
122 123

The Plurinational State has reduced inequality gaps, being
declared a country free of illiteracy in 2008, generating a single
health system with free care for all Bolivians, lowering poverty
rates and eradicating extreme poverty.
We position ourselves as an agent of positive economic change
in the region and a long-term strategic necessity at the global
level.
However, we are aware that we still face important challenges, a
global economic crisis that affects all countries of the world, the
climate crisis, the social crisis, gender violence and the challenge
of multidimensional poverty are also of central concern to us.
At this crucial moment in our history, we look to the future of a
multipolar planet with optimism and determination. As we walk
together toward the Bicentenary, we reaffirm our commitment to
the values of freedom, equality, justice and rebellion against any
imposition, the same principles that inspired our liberators. We
will continue to work to build a more prosperous, inclusive and
diverse country.
I would like to end these words on this afternoon of celebration,
reiterating that the diplomacy of the peoples is a fundamental
pillar of the policy of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and
translates into the bridge of friendship and cooperation towards
the international community and among all countries, regenerating
life and recognizing the commitment to work together and
complementarity to face the current challenges.
On behalf of President Luis Arce Catacora and Vice-President
David Choquehuanca, I thank you for your presence here today
to celebrate with us this anniversary and the sovereignty of our
peoples! Jallalla Bolivia!
Photos: Embassy of Bolivia
another step of independence, this time, with emancipation of
thought and conscience.
Reclaiming and retaking our ancestral knowledge, hand-in-hand
with the recognition of our cultural history, for example with the
revaluation of the coca leaf and its medicinal and traditional uses.
Under the leadership of President Luis Arce Catacora, the
Bolivian State has regained vitality thanks to the Social
Communitarian Productive Economic Model implemented in
Bolivia since 2006 which allows us to return to the path of economic
growth with productive and social public investment.
Bolivia is advancing hand in hand with industrialization; today we
are implementing policies to replace imports, which is allowing
us to grow in quality production, with an eye on food security
with sovereignty and diversification of our economy.
130 new industrial plants are being promoted for cereals, almonds,
fruits, potatoes, vegetable oils, dairy products, agro-inputs,
fertilizers, camelids, meat products, fish wealth; in addition
to industrial plants for lithium, urea, zinc, basic chemicals for
medicines, the Mutun steel plant, ecological biofuel, glass,
among others. This will give us back USD 530 million in annual
import savings.
Today, the Bolivian people have the ownership of many natural
resources, including the largest lithium reserves in the world, with
23 million tons quantified, in addition to possessing concentrations
of strategic critical materials, rare earths and other resources,
indispensable for the change of the energy matrix worldwide.
As a State, this leads us to work in common efforts to face any
conflict with a sense of unity, placing the common good and the
legitimacy of the people as the vertex. Despite an inflationary
context and great international economic uncertainty, Bolivia as
of June of this year has an inflation rate of 0.8 percent, the lowest
in South America and the fourth lowest in the world.
I began this speech with the word “remembrance”, which means
to gather all the members or all the parts, in order to understand
the whole. In order to understand the now.
Today, when we look at ‘all the parts’ in our journey, we can
clearly see how much we have grown as a country: We are
building community, a more inclusive society, where rights and
opportunities are accessible to all. We are not homogeneous and
that is where our strength lies. Bolivia is diverse, with energetic
nodes in the difference of thoughts and cultures, in diversity as a
vehicle to move forward.
124 125

2023 BLED STRATEGIC FORUM
SOLIDARITY FOR GLOBAL SECURITY
The 18th edition of the Bled Strategic Forum took place on 28-29
August under the theme of “Solidarity of Global Security”. This
year, 32 discussions over two days brought together nearly 3,000
participants, 188 speakers and over 100 representatives of
Slovenian and foreign media, solidifying Bled’s position as a
global platform for generating ideas and exchanging views on
contemporary society and its future.
The Bled Strategic Forum opened with speeches by Prime
Minister Robert Golob, President of the European Council
Charles Michel, and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
Foreign and European Affairs Tanja Fajon, with all the leaders
of the Western Balkans in attendance.
How do we ensure security in these times? How do we ensure
safe access to food and energy, not just in Europe but in the
entire world, especially in the developing and least developed
regions? How do we address factors that present themselves as
obstacles to food and energy, in particular climate change and
conflicts with climate-induced economic motivations? These are
some of the big questions that speakers tried to grapple with,
which are also reflective the priorities of Slovenia as a non-permanent
member of the UN Security Council, to which Slovenia
was recently elected for the period 2024-2025.
The major crises of recent times – from the war in Ukraine,
armed conflicts around the world, disruptions in energy and food
supplies and the COVID-19 pandemic – have demonstrated that
global challenges cannot be tackled in isolation. As Minister Tanja
Fajon stressed in her address: “If we do not start solving problems
urgently, our generation and generations to come will collectively
pay a huge price. This world will change dramatically in
an uncontrolled fashion, probably also through natural disasters
and armed conflicts. It is our duty to ensure such scenarios are
avoided. Therefore, the least we can do to ensure stability and
solidarity is to forge a strong international coalition to support
international organisations and institutions”, said Minister Fajon,
adding that despite some deficiencies in the existing multilateral
system, there is simply no alternative to multilateralism.
The chosen theme for this year’s forum – Solidarity – acquired
added relevance in the context of the devastating floods that ravaged
Slovenia and other neighbouring countries in early August.
Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia, Robert Golob, expressed
his gratitude for all the international aid that Slovenia has
received in the immediate aftermath of the devastating floods,
and thanked all those who will continue to help. “By showing
this solidarity, we show that cooperation at international level is
what really makes the world a better place,” the Prime Minister
added. Most of the time, Europeans live under the impression
that bad things happen far away. The extreme weather we are
experiencing may be a local phenomenon, but it is the result of
global events. The impact of climate change can be felt virtually
every year, so we need to face up to its consequences. “It is
not enough to make energy sources cleaner. It is not enough to
start using only electric cars. And it is not enough to reduce the
consumption of meat or give it up altogether. We will have to
change our consumption patterns and habits. This is what we
owe our children,” stressed the Prime Minister. At international
level, mechanisms need to be put in place to deal with the
consequences of such disasters: “No nation, especially small
ones, can face this alone. In fact, neither can the great nations,”
Mr Golob pointed out. He added that Slovenia wanted to make
climate change a top priority during its membership of the UN
Security Council.
As is traditionally the case, the Western Balkans formed the core
of the discussions at the Forum. As for Slovenia’s role in the
process, Foreign Minister Fajon said her country is among the
biggest advocates of enlargement and “will definitely be among
the front-runners in working with like-minded countries in efforts
to accelerate enlargement to the Western Balkans and not waste
the opportunity... If we miss the train this year, I’m afraid we
might leave these countries behind for many years”.
This year’s edition of the Bled Strategic Forum will be remembered
by the announcement (which became to be known informally
as the “Bled pledge”) from the President of the European
Council Charles Michel that the EU must be ready to enlarge
by 2030. To give the necessary context, parts of his speech are
reproduced below: “To be stronger and safer, the EU needs to
reinforce our bonds and become more powerful. That’s why it is
now time to tackle the challenge of enlargement. Both for us in
the EU and for our future member states.
126 127

The road to the EU for the Western Balkans began more than
One way could be to add a so-called ‘confidence clause’ in the
20 years ago. A region at the heart of Europe, surrounded by the
accession treaties to ensure that countries that have just joined
EU. It was also a region emerging from conflict after the break-up
cannot block the accession of future member states.
of Yugoslavia. The Thessaloniki Summit, in 2003, confirmed the
European perspective of the Western Balkans. But the slow pace
To address all these challenges, the EU is strengthening our sup-
of this EU journey has disappointed many, both in the region and
port for you. But we need to do more to close the development
in the EU.
gap.
To be credible, I believe we must talk about timing and home-
First, through gradual and progressive integration into EU
work. And I have a proposal. As we prepare the EU’s next stra-
policies, so the benefits can be felt more quickly — even before
tegic agenda, we must set ourselves a clear goal. I believe we
membership. I put forward this idea last year and the European
must be ready – on both sides – by 2030 to enlarge. This means
Council supported it.
that the EU’s next long-term budget will need to include our
common goals. This is ambitious, but necessary. It shows that
The Commission’s enlargement package – expected in October
we are serious. It will build momentum. It will give a transform-
– is an opportunity to outline the concrete details of this progres-
ative boost to reforms and it will generate interest, investments
sive integration. This could take place in different areas – the
and better understanding, and encourage us all to work together.
single market, for example.
The window of opportunity is open. We need to act on it. That is
why EU leaders will discuss enlargement at our next European
We have ambitious frameworks in place that support the align-
Council meetings. So what will it take?
ment of future member states with the EU acquis. They can take
advantage of existing options, such as the energy and transport
Values and the rule of law. Our Union is founded on the fun-
communities. I propose that we use these frameworks to phase
damental values of human rights and dignity, democracy, and
solidarity. The rule of law ensures that we can live, work, create
in future member states and to integrate them into specific EU
policy areas once membership conditions are fulfilled.
Photo: Bled Strategic Forum
and trade fairly in one big area of liberties. In full respect of our
diversity.
For instance, a country could participate in the correspond-
for all. The GDP of the future member states is about 50-70
The hearts of the people may be our biggest challenge. This
ing Council formation once they complete negotiations in the
percent of the smallest EU economy. This means they will be
involves explaining the EU and highlighting its benefits. It’s a
Enlargement is and will remain a merit-based process. Mem-
given policy chapter. In the same spirit, we have established the
net recipients, while several current net recipients will become
societal choice. It also means moving beyond the language of
bership of the Union brings both responsibilities and benefits.
principle of yearly EU-Western Balkans summits. I will convene
net contributors. So we need to work out how to manage this
the past to focus on the future. With real political will, we can
In order to take on the responsibilities and reap the benefits in a
our next EU-WB summit in December, back-to-back with our
complex transition.
make both the EU and the future member states ready. Now is
highly competitive environment, one needs to be ready.
European Council meeting.
the time to be bold. Now is the time to build our larger European
The EU’s decision-making process has made a quantum leap in
future together”.
This means making sure the judiciary plays an independent role.
Another area for gradual integration could be security and
recent years. Yet we can do more to speed up our decision-
And fighting corruption and organised crime. It also means being
defence. We could invite interested future member states to
making. More members will mean more diversity. We will have
Not all Western Balkan leaders reacted with equal enthusiasm.
ready economically – in particular by adopting the EU acquis.
more actively participate in some policies or instruments, such
to adapt our institutional framework and procedures so that an
Criteria are constantly changing, it was voiced. Prime Minister
And standing with us in foreign policy – more important today
as CSDP missions, our Defence Fund, or the European Peace
enlarged EU is able to make efficient and timely decisions. And
Edi Rama of Albania explained that the process is not as simple
than ever.
Facility.
on the sensitive and difficult issue of unanimity, I believe that
as the EU simply moving the goalposts, and he called for reform.
completely scrapping unanimity could be throwing the baby
“There should not only be reforms and criticism that are neces-
Resolving bilateral conflicts from the past may be more painful
The EU also needs to get ready for enlargement. I fully agree
out with the bath water.
sary, but also the most consistent support, and I’m not talking
than reforms. But it is necessary. You are walking the same path
with President Macron: not reforming on our side before the next
only from the financial point of view, but also the market access
as the founding members of our Union. There is no cooperation
enlargement would be a fundamental mistake. Let’s be honest —
Because unity is at the core of the EU’s strength. Unity is the
of our enterprises,” he said. Rama added that while the EU has
without reconciliation.
we have sometimes used the lack of progress of future member
best way to make sure decisions are uniformly implemented.
been discussing infrastructure for many years through the Berlin
states to avoid facing our own preparedness. We must now take
There are various ways to become united. When we decided to
Process, the tangible investment in the region has come from
Your people, especially the young, want to be inspired by a
a serious look at the EU’s capacity to absorb new members.
activate the Peace Facility to finance arms delivery to Ukraine,
China, Middle East and the United States. We have another 20
brighter, fairer and more prosperous future. Joining our Union
constructive abstention was used to not impede unanimity. And
years of Euro-optimism, and I hope that by then you have fulfilled
would be splendid proof of a collective success. Ideally, you
Integrating new members into our Union won’t be easy. It will
there are different ways to adapt the qualified majority voting —
your promise”, said Rama. Montenegrin counterpart Dritan
would all join together.
affect our policies, our programmes, and their budgets. It will
whether in numbers or how and when we apply it. This will be a
Abazović emphasised that, if the EU wishes to pursue enlarge-
require political reforms and political courage. The EU’s territory
hard nut to crack. But there is no way to avoid this debate now.
ment, a mutually beneficial path must be forged. He commented,
Yet future member states are at different stages on their journey
and demography will get bigger.
Let me share with you my personal conviction. The heart of
“Continuing to postpone enlargement could pave the way for
to the EU. But we need to make sure that past conflicts are not
enlargement is not about processes, assessments, screenings,
euroskepticism and the influence of third parties interested in the
imported into the EU and used to block the accession of their
Yet its relative prosperity will not immediately follow – signifi-
negotiations and treaties. The heart of enlargement is about the
Western Balkans. Nations in this region might lose enthusiasm
neighbours and other future member states.
cant funds will be needed to help countries catch up. We need
people, about the future of our children and the fate of Europe.
for joining the EU if the process is delayed further”. “2030 is too
to make sure that the EU budget brings European added value
So we need to make sure we have their hearts with us.
far for us,” Abazović concluded.
128 129

MYLENE CAPONGCOL
ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF ENERGY
OF THE PHILIPPINES
We expect more EU Member States to invest in the Philippines’
Renewable Energy industry to achieve the target
of at least 50 percent RE share in the power generation mix by 2040
58 percent of the gross power generation in 2022. Renewable
energy comprised 29 percent (8,264 MW) and 22 percent (24,684
GWh) of the installed and gross power generation, respectively.
Hydro and geothermal comprised the largest share, followed by
solar, wind, and biomass.
On 22 December 2020, the “Advisory on the Moratorium of Endorsements
for Greenfield Coal-fired Power Projects in line with
Improving the Sustainability of the Philippines’ Electric Power
Industry” was issued by the Department of Energy (DOE), which
was retroactively effective on 27 October 2020.
Under this moratorium, no new coal-fired power plant applications
shall be processed and approved by the DOE, except
those already existing and operational and those already in the
advanced stage of development at the time of the advisory’s
effectivity.
The National Renewable Energy Program (NREP) 2020-2040,
issued in July 2022, serves as the country’s long-term program
to accelerate the development and utilization of renewables
towards achieving energy security, sustainable development,
and climate change mitigation, which are embodied in the
Philippines RE Act of 2008.
It targets at least 35 percent RE share in the power generation
mix by 2030 and more than 50 percent by 2040. It also provides
the policies and programs to support the goal’s attainment.
COULD YOU GIVE OUR READERS AN IDEA
OF THE CURRENT ENERGY MIX OF THE
PHILIPPINES? LOOKING AHEAD AT THE SHORT
AND MEDIUM-TERM, WHAT SPECIFIC TARGETS
DOES THE PHILIPPINES HAVE TO PHASE OUT
FOSSIL FUELS AND INCREASE THE SHARE OF
RENEWABLES, IN ORDER TO DECARBONISE THE
GRID AND REDUCE EMISSIONS AS OUTLINED IN
ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION
(NDC) AND NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY
PROGRAM (NREP) 2020-2040?
In 2022, the Philippines’ total primary energy supply (TPES)
reached 61.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE). As presented
in the below figure, the country continues to utilize a significant
amount of fossil fuels, particularly oil and coal, accounting
for 63.2 percent (38.9 MTOE) of the TPES. These fuels are
primarily used in transport and power generation. Meanwhile,
natural gas, mainly used for electricity production, accounts for
4.2 percent (2.6 MTOE). The country has a domestic source of
natural gas from the Malampaya Gas Field located offshore of
Northwest Palawan.
Meanwhile, the aggregate share of renewables accounts for 32.6
percent (20 MTOE) of the TPES. This came from geothermal at
14.6 percent (8.9 MTOE), hydro at 4.1 percent (2.5 MTOE), and
other renewable energy (RE) resources (i.e., biomass, biofuels,
wind, and solar) with a combined share of 13.9 percent (8.6
MTOE).
Coal-fired power plants also remain the country’s primary source
of electricity, comprising 44 percent of the installed capacity and
130 131

IN RECENT YEARS, WE HAVE SEEN A FLURRY OF
LEGISLATIVE REFORMS TO FACILITATE INVEST-
MENT INTO THE RENEWABLES SECTOR. WHAT IS
THE ESTIMATED CAPACITY OF THE SECTOR AND
WHAT KIND OF INCENTIVES AND SUPPORTIVE
POLICIES HAVE BEEN PUT IN PLACE TO FACILI-
TATE THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR
AND FOREIGN INVESTORS?
• Corporate tax rate of 10 percent on net taxable income after
seven years of ITH;
• Accelerated depreciation of plant, machinery, and equipment if
the project fails to receive an ITH before full operation;
• Zero percent value-added tax (VAT) rate on the sale of fuel or
power generated from RE sources and zero-rated VAT for the
purchase of local supply of goods, properties, and services
needed for the development, construction, and installation of
2024-2026. A total of 11,600 capacity target was offered under
GEA-2. Meanwhile, the GEA-3 is underway and intended to
cover eligible RE technologies not covered by the feed-in tariff,
namely geothermal, impounding, and pumped-storage hydro.
It is targeted to be conducted in the fourth quarter of 2023.
• Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) – the overarching program
that requires all load-serving industry players to source
or produce a minimum portion of their electricity requirements
the RE facility;
from RE.
To meet the future electricity demand and RE target mentioned
• Cash incentives of RE developers for missionary electrification;
In September 2022, increased the minimum RPS annual per-
above, the NREP suggests that new-build capacities from RE,
• Tax exemption on carbon credits; and
centage increment requirement from 1 to 2.52 percent starting
with a total of 52,826 MW, must be added on top of existing and
• Tax credit on domestic capital equipment and services.
in 2023 for grid-connected areas. The RPS mandate was
committed power plants in the country. This will primarily com-
expanded to achieve the country’s RE target under the NREP.
prise solar at 27,162 MW, wind at 16,650 MW, hydro at 6,150
MW, geothermal at 2,500 MW, and biomass at 364 MW.
INCENTIVES AND SUPPORT POLICIES FOR RE
MAJOR RE INVESTMENT POLICIES AND
PROGRAMS
• Allowing 100 Percent Foreign Ownership in RE. This policy
removed the foreign ownership restrictions on businesses en-
• Executive Order (EO) and Policies for Offshore Wind (OSW) –
Executive Order No. 21, signed by the President on 19 April
2023, directed the establishment of the first policy and administrative
framework for OSW development in the country.
• Open and Competitive Selection Process (OCSP) – The OCSP
is an investment promotion mechanism where potential areas
Chapter VII of the Philippines’ RE Act provides the below fiscal
gaged in the exploration, development, and utilization of solar,
for RE development will be offered to private developers
incentives to support the development and investments in RE:
wind, hydropower, and ocean energy, thereby allowing entry of
through a competitive bidding process. The DOE selected 20
100 percent foreign capital into the country’s RE industry.
PDAs for geothermal, hydro, and wind for bidding under the
• Income Tax Holiday (ITH) for the first seven years of commer-
• Green Energy Auction Program (GEAP) – encourages greater
4th OCSP round.
cial operation;
RE investments by facilitating a centralized, transparent, and
• Duty-free importation of RE machinery, equipment, and materials,
including control and communication equipment, for the
first ten years;
• Special realty tax rates on equipment and machinery not
exceeding 1.5 percent of the original cost less accumulated
normal depreciation or net book value;
• Net operating loss during the first three years of commercial
operation which had not been previously deducted from gross
income shall be carried over as a deduction from gross income
for the next seven consecutive taxable years immediately
competitive selection of RE Projects through an electronic bidding
process. The power generated by GEAP winning bidders/
facilities shall be eligible for RE Certificates, which can be used
to comply with the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS).
On 17 June 2022, the first Green Energy Auction (GEA-1)
round was successfully conducted, which bid out 2,000 MW
RE capacities. At the end of the GEA-1, the DOE issued 18
Certificates of Award covering 1,866.13 MW of RE capacity
which are committed to be operational from 2023-2025.
The GEA-2 conducted on 3 July 2023 generated 3,440.756
HOW ARE THE PHILIPPINES AND THE EUROPEAN
UNION COOPERATING TO EXPEDITE RENEWABLE
ENERGY GROWTH, ENHANCE ENERGY SECURITY,
AND CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
MITIGATION?
Following the liberalization of foreign ownership for RE projects
in the Philippines, Denmark’s Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
(CIP) has signed Offshore Wind Service Contracts with the DOE
Photo: Diplomatic World
EU SUPPORT FOR CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION
AND RE
following the year of such loss;
MW of RE capacities committed to delivering energy from
for its three OSW projects, with a total potential capacity of 2
The EU and its Member States continuously provide funding
GW.
support, technical assistance, and policy advisory services to the
DOE to accelerate the energy transition and RE development.
These CIP Service Contracts were the first 100 percent for-
This includes the EU’s Access to Sustainable Energy Programme
eign-owned RE Service Contracts entered into by the Philippine
(ASEP), which aims to support the government’s rural electrifica-
government. There are also foreign investors that have entered
tion targets through greater utilization of sustainable and renewa-
into joint venture with our local RE Developers.
ble energy, promote energy efficiency, and provide energy access
for the poor through affordable, disaster-resilient energy systems.
The DOE expects more European Union (EU) countries to invest
The ASEP is nearing its completion to date.
in the Philippines’ RE industry to achieve the target of at least 35
percent RE share in the power generation mix by 2030 and 50
Germany’s development agency GIZ also has the ongoing Clean,
percent by 2040.
Affordable, and Secure Energy (CASE) for Southeast Asia project.
It seeks to support a narrative change in the power sector toward
During the last 2023 EU Investment Mission held in UK, Belgium,
an evidence-based energy transition in Southeast Asia through
The Netherlands and Berlin, we met with various potential inves-
technical assistance and support for energy policy formulation.
tors in RE development including service providers such as port
developers and EPC contractors.
We hope to continue receiving technical assistance and support
from EU and its Member States as the Philippines continues to
embark on its energy transition goals.
132 133

A CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE
FOR CENTRAL ASIA
Building New Partnerships to Deliver
the Energy Transition in a Rapidly Growing Region
On 4 July 2023, the Brussels Press Club hosted a first-ever
conference on energy security and sustainability in Brussels
addressing the entire Central Asian region, organised by the
Brussels Energy Club (BEC). The full-day event illustrated how
the region is embarking along the road of alternative ways of
developing its energy economies, to make them more green,
more sustainable and more attractive to the international investment
community.
The conference discussed the many opportunities, but equally
the many challenges, that confront the development of Central
Asia’s energy markets. “Many of us in Europe have long tended
to associate Central Asia as a region deeply endowed with conventional
energy resources, and a possible alternative source of
the energy supply to European and international markets.
We have also looked at the region through the prism of connectivity
and transportation. But just like the world has changed (in
terms of its energy landscape), so too is Central Asia changing”
said Marat Terterov, Principal Representative of the Brussels
Energy Club, at the opening of the conference.
Diplomatic representatives from the five Central Asian Embassies
intervened, and there were some common threads in their
addresses. There was unanimous consensus that ensuring
universal access to reliable and clean energy sources is one of
the most important goals on the path to achieving sustainable
development, energy security, economic growth, mitigating the
adverse challenges of climate change and achieve their commitments
under international treaties like the Paris Agreement.
Each is ready to develop mutually beneficial, long-term and
multifaceted partnerships in the field of green energy with all
countries, international organisations and external stakeholders,
particularly with the European Union and its Member States.
Programmes like the EU-funded project “Sustainable Energy
Connectivity in Central Asia (SECCA)” for 2022-2026 were mentioned
in particular. This project aims at providing a more inclusive
policy, regulatory and institutional framework for the regional
transition to a sustainable energy system, and will help European
companies entering the region in clean energy transition and
decarbonisation projects.
Ambassadors of all five Central Asian countries took to the floor
to outline the state of play in the development of clean energy in
their respective countries, including targets, projects and specific
opportunities for foreign investors.
Kazakhstan adopted its Strategy for achieving carbon neutrality
by 2060, with a specific focus on decarbonizing the energy
sector as a top priority.
Today, the energy sector is responsible for nearly 78 percent of
greenhouse gas emissions in Kazakhstan, primarily due to heavy
dependence on coal for electricity generation (69 percent) and
heating purposes (99 percent). To achieve carbon neutrality,
Kazakhstan recognizes the crucial role of transitioning gradually
from fossil fuels to low-carbon and renewable energy sources.
The green transformation of Kazakhstan will require significant
investments in low-carbon technologies, estimated at USD 610
billion before 2060, including new investments worth USD 224
billion. Therefore, access to global climate finance and active
support from international financial and development organizations
will play a vital role in this regard.
H.E. Margulan Baimukhan, Ambassador of Kazakhstan, referred
to his country’s heavy reliance on natural resources for its
economic development, while at the same time recognising its
shared responsibility for achieving the goals set forth in the Paris
Agreement for tackling climate change. In fact, earlier this year,
Furthermore, establishing an uninterrupted and safe global supply
chain of critical raw materials, especially rare earth metals, is
vital for the development of green technologies. In this context,
Kazakhstan is the first country in the region to sign a Strategic
Partnership agreement with the EU on critical raw materials,
134 135

atteries, and green hydrogen. The REPowerEU Plan envisions
Tenders are organized with the support of international organiza-
import of up to 10 million tons of hydrogen by 2030. In this
tions. For the accelerated development of RES, it is planned to
context, Ambassador Baimukhan mentioned the green hydrogen
widely use public-private partnerships (PPPs). The International
mega-project being implemented by the Svevind Energy Group
Finance Corporation, part of the World Bank Group, is helping
in the western part of Kazakhstan, near the Caspian Sea.
Uzbekistan structure PPP projects in the field of renewable
energy.
For his part, Ambassador of the Kyrgyz Republic, H.E. Aidit Erkin,
emphasized the region and his country’s hydropower potential.
In 2019, Uzbekistan became the first country outside of Africa to
The region is home to numerous rivers, including the Amu Darya
join the World Bank Group’s Scaling Solar Program. The currently
and Syr Darya, which provide ample opportunities for hydroe-
operational Navoi 100 MW Scaling Solar 1 power plant became
lectric power generation. Constructing dams and hydroelectric
the first large-scale, competitively procured, and privately devel-
power plants can create reservoirs for water storage, generate
oped and operated renewable energy facility in the country. The
electricity, and regulate water flow for irrigation and agricultural
new Scaling Solar 2 Project is a major scale-up of solar energy
purposes. Hydropower offers a stable and reliable energy source,
generation with an additional 440MW of capacity in two regions
contributing to energy security and mitigating greenhouse gas
of Uzbekistan, building on the success of the Navoi Scaling Solar
emissions.
1 Project.
The total hydropower potential of the Kyrgyz Republic is 142.5
Today, large-scale projects in the field of solar energy attract in-
billion kWh but currently, only 10 percent of this potential is being
ternational private investors to Uzbekistan. The Tutly solar station
utilized. The construction of dozens of small and medium-sized
near Samarkand, developed by the French company Total Eren,
hydropower plants is underway in Kyrgyzstan. Recently, there
was launched in July 2022. The total amount of foreign invest-
was an agreement reached on the construction of the Kam-
ment in the project is about EUR 100 million.
bar-Ata hydropower plant with a capacity of 1860 MW. The
implementation of this major energy project will contribute to
In May 2021, Uzbekistan announced the winning bidder of the
ensuring energy stability in the region.
PPPs for two separate solar power plants, each with a capacity
of 220 MW in Kattakurgan district of Samarkand region
Uzbekistan’s Ambassador to the EU, H.E. Dilyor Khakimov,
and Gallaorol district of Jizzakh region. Masdar, a United Arab
referred to the adoption in 2020 of the Concept for Supply of
Emirates-based renewable energy company, submitted bids
electric power in Uzbekistan until 2030. Its strategic goal is to
representing the lowest electricity tariffs in the country and the
provide the population and the country’s economy with electricity
broader Central Asian region. These PPP projects, supported by
at competitive prices, as well as the development of a balanced
the IFC advisory services, will benefit from World Bank payment
energy sector. The concept provides for modernization and
guarantees totalling up to USD 12 million under the WBG Scaling
intensity of its products. According to expert estimates, econom-
renewable energy, the Law of Turkmenistan on Renewable
construction of power plants using energy efficient technologies
Solar Program.
ic growth until 2030 will be accompanied by a decrease in energy
Energy was enacted in 2021. This legislation regulates legal
and renewable energy sources (RES), especially solar energy.
consumption per unit of GDP. The National Strategy of Turkmeni-
relations throughout the entire process, from the production of
Uzbekistan has about 330 sunny days a year, and the potential
The solar power plants in Samarkand and Jizzakh regions
stan on Climate Change includes directives to develop measures
renewable energy to attracting foreign investors. Furthermore,
for solar energy is huge.
supported by the World Bank payment guarantees will generate
for reducing methane emissions from the production, transpor-
the National Strategy for the Development of renewable Energy
1.1 Terawatt-hour (TWh) of renewable electricity per year. They
tation, and distribution of natural gas. Turkmenistan plans to
of Turkmenistan until 2030 encourages relevant government
By 2030, it is planned to increase the renewable energy genera-
will avoid CO2 emissions of around 110,000 metric tons per year
achieve zero growth in greenhouse gas emissions in the medium
institutions to promote an agenda on renewable energy.
tion capacity to 25,000 megawatts, increasing its share from the
on average, or a total of about 3.4 million metric tons over their
term, starting from 2030, and to substantially reduce emissions
current 14 to 40 percent.
lifetime.
on an annual basis in the long term.
Currently, within the practical implementation of these strategies,
the construction of a combined solar and wind power plant in
With the dynamic growth of the population and the economy in
Ambassador of Turkmenistan, H.E. Sapar Palvanov, referred to
Ambassador Palvanov emphasized the importance of develop-
Turkmenistan with a total capacity of 10 MW is underway. Also,
Uzbekistan, by 2030 the demand for electricity will reach 120
Turkmenistan as “an energy powerhouse” which does not step
ing hydrogen energy. Turkmenistan’s roadmap for developing
the Turkmenenergo Energy Corporation has planned to build
billion kWh (kilowatt hours). Experts believe that if this demand
away from the issue of mitigating the negative impact on climate
international cooperation in the field of hydrogen energy for
solar power plants with a capacity of over 6 MW in remote settle-
is met by the traditional way of burning natural gas and coal, an
caused by the production, transportation, and utilization of ener-
2022-2023 envisages a number of comprehensive measures
ments across the country. This initiative will not only contribute to
additional 13.7 billion cubic meters of gas will be required by
gy resources. The development of green energy, the implementa-
and practical steps to attract foreign investment in this process.
the production of clean energy but also create opportunities for
this time. However, the transition to green electricity supply will
tion of new eco-friendly technologies, and the pursuit of innova-
These measures are aimed at creating and developing infrastruc-
economic development in these areas.
save use of additional volumes of gas and prevent the growth of
tive solutions in this field are crucial aspects of Turkmenistan’s
ture for the production, storage, and transportation of hydrogen
emissions of 37.4 million tons of CO2.
state policy. These priorities are reflected in national programs
energy. The Hydrogen Energy Center has been established in
Furthermore, Turkmenistan is home to the Karakum, one of the
and international commitments to achieve the Sustainable Devel-
Turkmenistan to achieve the goal of developing this area, and it
largest sandy deserts in the world. This desert contains silicon,
The reforms in Uzbekistan have opened the way for internation-
opment Goals, including its climate-related components.
has now entered its active phase.
a common semiconductor material that can absorb sunlight
al private investment in renewable energy projects. The state
and convert it into electrical energy. The availability of silicon in
gives long-term guarantees for the purchase of green electricity.
In recent years, Turkmenistan has steadily reduced the carbon
In order to reinforce the activities carried out in developing
Turkmenistan positions the country favourably for the production
136 137

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of solar panels, making it an ideal location for advancing solar
photovoltaics.
The environmental advantages of solar photovoltaics are significant
when compared to other alternative methods of obtaining
electrical energy. The production of modern solar panels primarily
requires silicon, which Turkmenistan possesses in abundance.
Silicon oxides, i.e. quartz sands, are concentrated in two deposits
of Turkmenistan, where the balance reserve is estimated at
almost 83 million tons. With significant deposits of quartz sands,
Turkmenistan has the potential to contribute to the global adoption
of solar energy.
In addition to solar energy, Turkmenistan recognizes the importance
of hydrogen energy in addressing global ecological and
climate challenges. As the fourth-largest holder of natural gas
reserves, Turkmenistan is strategically positioned to develop
hydrogen energy. More than 68 percent of hydrogen production
comes from natural gas, making it the most cost-effective
method.
To fully embrace the potential of hydrogen energy, Turkmenistan
aims to establish an industry infrastructure, including the organization
of industrial production, storage, and transportation
networks. An inter-agency working group will be formed to make
decisions and coordinate efforts in this area, seeking consultations
with global leaders in hydrogen energy, concluded the
Turkmen Ambassador.
Chargé d’affaires of the Embassy of Tajikistan, Firdavs Usmonov,
highlighted the role of the European Union in the construction
and reconstruction of hydropower plants in Tajikistan, including
Rogun HPP, Norak HPP, Sebzor and Kairokum HPPs, which are
directed not only to develop this industry in Tajikistan, but contribute
in regional and interregional electricity market development
as well. In Central Asia, a vivid evidence of regional cooperation
is the joint construction of the Yavan HPP with Uzbekistan.
Hydropower is the backbone of low-carbon electricity generation,
providing nearly half of the world’s electricity production
today. Hydropower’s contribution to the green economy is known
to be 55 percent higher than nuclear and more than all other
renewables combined, including wind, photovoltaic solar, bioenergy
and geothermal, highlighted Mr Usmonov.
Along with hydropower, Tajikistan plans to increase electricity
generation through the introduction of other renewable energy
sources, and by 2030, the installed capacity of electricity generation
from solar and wind energy may reach at least 700 MW.
Combining hydro and other Renewable Energy sources will give
Tajikistan a more balanced functioning energy system, especially
during peak loads, which occur mainly in the autumn-winter
period, often accompanied by a very low level of water inflow at
hydroelectric power plants.
Despite achievements in generating clean energy, Tajikistan is
one of the top five most vulnerable countries to the impact of
climate change. The mountainous country is home to some of
the largest glaciers in the world, which are now melting at an
alarming rate. According to experts, the glaciers have lost 30
percent of their volume in the past decades. In order to draw the
attention of the international community to this point, Tajikistan
initiated the UN resolution to declare 2025 the International Year
of Glacier Preservation.
Photos: Diplomatic World
138 139

NAVIGATING THE EU BUSINESS LANDSCAPE
CCCEU’S STRATEGIC VISION
FOR CHINESE ENTERPRISES
XU CHEN, CHAIRMAN OF THE CHINA
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TO THE EU (CCCEU)
In commemorating the 20th anniversary of the China-EU
Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, I am honoured to contribute
to this edition of Diplomatic World. Economic ties have consistently
played a key role in international relations throughout
diplomatic history, often evolving through business relationships.
CCCEU’S GENESIS
Allow me to commence with a brief introduction of the CCCEU.
In August 2018, three prominent Chinese corporations – Bank
of China (Luxembourg), later rebranded as “Bank of China
(Europe),” China Three Gorges (Europe), and COSCO Shipping
(Europe) – came together to establish the entity we now recognise
as the chamber.
This initiative was conceived as a platform bridging China and
the EU, with a dedicated mission to advance the interests of
businesses investing in the EU. The chamber’s remit encompasses
representing the perspectives, recommendations, and
concerns of Chinese companies to European institutions and
Member States. All the while, it aspires to elevate the standing
of Chinese enterprises within the diverse and multicultural
European landscape.
On April 8, 2019, then Chinese Premier Li Keqiang inaugurated
the chamber, articulating a vision for the CCCEU to serve as
a “golden name card” for Chinese enterprises in the EU. He
envisioned it as a bridge of communication, lending an ear to the
voices of both Chinese and European stakeholders and contributing
to the positive image of Chinese businesses.
In my role as the Chairman of the China Chamber of Commerce
to the EU, we take immense pride in being the singular pan-
European China chamber of commerce. Our unwavering commitment
revolves around advancing the interests of Chinese enterprises
within the EU and nurturing robust Sino-EU investments,
business partnerships, and commercial relations.
CCCEU’S STRATEGIC INITIATIVES AND
EVOLUTION
CCCEU orchestrates a multitude of networking events, business
forums, and trade missions, serving as catalysts for connections
between Chinese companies and their European counterparts.
These endeavours facilitate the cultivation of relationships with
both Chinese and EU stakeholders. Furthermore, the chamber
conducts comprehensive research and analysis, equipping
Chinese enterprises with crucial insights into the European
market. By sharing market trends and regulatory information,
CCCEU empowers Chinese enterprises with the knowledge required
to make informed decisions when entering the EU market.
Beyond serving as a hub for Chinese companies in the EU,
CCCEU represents a platform of opportunity for them. Currently,
CCCEU boasts nearly 90 members, collectively representing over
1,000 Chinese companies across the EU, spanning across all the
major EU member states.
Since its inception, CCCEU has consistently released annual
flagship reports detailing the development of Chinese companies
in the EU. These reports have attracted significant attention
from governments, enterprises, think tanks, and media outlets in
both Sino-EU sides. Notably, on January 27, 2023, Mr. Frédéric
Bernard, Head of Cabinet of President of the European Council
Charles Michel, expressed gratitude to the CCCEU for sending
the flagship report for the year 2022 to President Michel. This
recognition underscores the chamber’s contributions to the advancement
of Sino-European economic and trade relations.
CCCEU’S POLICY ENGAGEMENT
The Chamber actively engages in EU legislation, advocating
for the protection of Chinese enterprises’ rights & interests, the
optimisation of Sino-European government-enterprise communication
channels, and the fulfilment of the needs of Chinese
enterprises.
To date, the chamber has expressed the position of Chinese
companies in the EU on various issues, including the EU foreign
subsidies regulations, the EU foreign investment screening
mechanism, the 5G security toolbox, Carbon Border Adjustment
Mechanism (CBAM), supply chain due diligence, banking
regulations, and more. At the same time, in order to better serve
Chinese companies in the EU from different industries, the
CCCEU has established working groups on the digital economy,
green economy, and finance, aiming to consolidate consensus
and generate collective efforts through policy research, strategic
discussions, and forum exchanges.
The chamber actively collaborates with policy-makers and regulators
in China and the EU, aiming to promote policies favouring
the interests of Chinese businesses. This includes advocating for
fair trade practices, the reduction of trade barriers, and the protection
of intellectual property rights. With regard to investment
facilitation, the chamber provides support to Chinese enterprises
seeking investment opportunities in the EU. This includes training
or guidance through regulatory processes and invaluable assistance
in access to the EU markets, fostering deeper economic
cooperation between the two regions.
The chamber also engages in ongoing dialogues with both
Chinese and European institutions and organisations to address
trade-related challenges and opportunities. By facilitating open
Xu Chen, Chairman of the China Chamber of Commerce to the EU
communication, the CCCEU aids in building mutual trust and
understanding between China and the EU.
CCCEU’S COMMITMENT TO FAIRNESS AND
COMPLIANCE
CCCEU is unwavering in its commitment to ensuring fair
competition for Chinese companies in the European market.
This includes advocating for non-discriminatory policies and
challenging any instances of unfair trade practices. Additionally,
the chamber encourages Chinese enterprises to adhere to EU
regulations and standards, cultivating trust among European
consumers and regulators. This dedication to quality and compliance
enhances the reputation of Chinese products and services
in the EU market.
CCCEU’S ROLE IN SINO-EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
RELATIONS
In a time when Sino-European economic and trade relations are
at a critical juncture, the CCCEU actively promotes cooperation
and dialogue. For instance, since last year, the chamber has
organised approximately 30 events, including the first China-
Europe Fintech Summit (December 2022), the Seminar
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“Navigating the New Era: The Evolving Landscape of China-
EU Economic and Trade Relations” (May 2023), and the 2023
CCCEU Europe-China Business Summit (June 2023), significantly
contributing to Sino-European economic and trade exchanges.
The chamber serves as a unifying force for Chinese and
European companies, fostering collaboration and partnership.
For instance, on January 13 2023, CCCEU and its counterpart
in China, the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China
(EUCCC), jointly organised a high-level “China-Europe Business
Leaders Roundtable Dialogue” in Brussels, Belgium. This marked
the first such high-level event since the establishment of both
chambers, representing the strong desire and aspiration of the
Chinese and European business communities to promote cooperation.
CHINA’S EXPANDING EMBRACE OF EUROPE
The growth trajectory of CCCEU is intrinsically linked to the
deepening trade and business connections between China and
the EU. In recent years, the 27-member EU has increasingly
served as a pivotal market and investment destination for
Chinese enterprises.
Notably, last year, China and the EU emerged as each other’s
second-largest trading partners. This partnership showcased
remarkable achievements across sectors such as new energy,
automobiles, machinery, green finance, and more. Statistics revealed
that average trade between the two sides exceeded USD
1.6 million per minute, with bilateral investment stock surpassing
USD 230 billion by year-end.
Bolstered by high-level summits, dialogues, and active communication,
China and the EU continue to reinforce the confidence
of bilateral enterprises, paving the way for further exploration of
each other’s markets.
CHARTING THE PATH FOR CHINESE COMPANIES
IN THE EU
The shared goals of green and digital transformations are central
to both the EU and China, offering substantial and yet untapped
opportunities for collaboration.
Chinese companies in the EU advocate for the EU to uphold
market rules and international economic and trade regulations.
They call for a reduction in unnecessary trade barriers, increased
transparency, and fairness in economic and trade policies.
Moreover, they recognise that the continuous enhancement of
the business environment will contribute to the development of
a more resilient and dynamic EU market. Consequently, they
emphasise the need to join forces to unlock the vast potential for
collaboration.
THE PATH AHEAD
Looking ahead, CCCEU is poised to enhance its internal and
external collaborations. Internally, the chamber aims to share
resources with Chinese chambers of commerce in the EU member
countries, creating a network of chamber resources that will
meet the needs of the expansion of Chinese companies in the
EU. Externally, CCCEU seeks to strengthen its cooperation with
third-country chambers of commerce in the EU. These efforts will
yield tangible results, particularly in monitoring EU policies, expressing
concerns and feedback, and fostering communication
within the same industry.
In closing, the CCCEU and Chinese companies operating within
the EU remain steadfast in their commitment to focusing on business
rather than allowing economic and trade matters to become
politicised, instrumentalized, or weaponized. Their unwavering
focus remains on fostering mutually beneficial commercial
relationships, promoting trade partnerships, and nurturing an
environment conducive to economic growth.
CCCEU stands as a critical facilitator in strengthening economic
and trade relations between China and the EU. Through its mission
and vision, CCCEU not only assists Chinese enterprises in
gaining a foothold in the European market but also contributes to
the dynamism of China-EU economic and trade relations.
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However, recent years have also witnessed certain EU economic
and trade policies which pose challenges and, at times, barriers
for Chinese companies operating in the EU. CCCEU’s annual
flagship report (2022) revealed that the overall rating of Chinese
companies in the EU regarding the business environment of host
countries has declined for three consecutive years.
Furthermore, its advocacy work aims to ensure a level playing
field for Chinese businesses in Europe and promote fairness,
equity, and sustainability in the dynamic global trade landscape.
As China and the EU continue to deepen their economic ties, the
role of CCCEU remains pivotal in fostering mutual growth and
cooperation.
Despite these challenges, Chinese companies in the EU remain
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cooperation between both sides remains intact. They acknowledge
the continued significance of the EU market for China.
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142 143

THE BRUSSELS MORNING MARKET
TURNS 50 YEARS OLD
More than 5,000 people present
throughout the night
On Friday, September 29, the Brussels Morning Market (MABRU)
had the pleasure of celebrating its fiftieth anniversary. To celebrate
this important event, the general director, Laurent Nys,
also chose to honour a country: Poland.
In addition to the 140 companies present on the site, no less
than 45 Polish traders made the trip to the Quai des Usines to
introduce Belgian companies to Polish gastronomy but also to
the folklore and culture of this country.
Benefiting from the support of numerous sponsors, including
the City of Brussels, but also the Polish Investment & Trade
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Agency and the Agency for the Promotion of Tourism, the nonprofit
organization Mabru was able to offer a range of cultural
activities throughout the night.
Many personalities wanted to join the market to share this
moment of joy and emotion. In addition to HRH Prince Laurent;
Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region Rudy Vervoort;
the Mayor of the City of Brussels Philippe Close; Minister Karine
Lalieux; Alderman Fabian Maingain and the Polish Ambassador
to Belgium, H.E. Rafał Siemianowski, were there to cut the ribbon
in the colours of Poland.
On the gastronomic side, the Market was also full of important
people. The Master Chefs of Belgium were in number, alongside
Lionel Rigolet of “Comme chez soi” (administrator of Mabru) and
David Martin, the two-star chef of the Brasserie de la Paix.
Many personalities from the world’s markets also made the trip.
The French Markets Federation, the Polish Markets Federation
and also the World Union of Wholesale Markets expressed their
best wishes for this fiftieth anniversary.
Stéphane Layani, President of Rungis International Market and
President of the World Union of Wholesale Markets, also specified
that “he had to be present to pay tribute to the exceptional
work of Laurent Nys, the director of Mabru. Like Rungis, he has
made Mabru a magical and warm place where the offer of fresh
products from all over the world is ever greater. He participates in
local development and is a model for having equipped itself with
a spectacular photovoltaic roof of more than 26,000 panels to
reduce its environmental footprint and its dependence on fossil
fuels”
Mabru can pride itself on welcoming more than 25,000 visitors
per month with an exchange of 15,000 tonnes of goods each
week for an annual turnover of EUR 500 million.
Mabru’s next projects will be the creation of a live cooking and
training space as well as a reception room in the market galleries.
The creation of a 3,000 square metres building dedicated
to ethnic products is also planned, work on which will begin in
November.
Photos: MaBru
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148 149

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SIX REASONS TO VISIT RIYADH
Mauricio Ruiz, Buscardini Communications
The Bujairi Terrace project has more than 20 world-class restaurants
that offer visitors exquisite international cuisine as well as a
wide variety of traditional local dishes in a beautiful setting.
3. KING ABDULLAH’S FINANCIAL DISTRICT AND
AL-FAISALIAH TOWER
On 16 March 2023, TV5 Monde premiered a new episode of the
though it missed its target, the tip got lodged into the door of the
Riyadh has undergone a meteoric transformation in just a few
Embarquement TV series showcasing the historical beauty and
palace, where it still remains today as a memento of the battle.
years. The small village, surrounded by the desert, has become a
cultural wonders of Saudi Arabia’s capital. Nestled in the Nejd
modern and cosmopolitan capital, home to several skyscrapers
region, Riyadh is a city where history and tradition are still alive.
Once Abdulaziz retook the city, he started the unification of the
and business centres. The King Abdullah Financial District first
A true 21st century metropolis, the Saudi capital is home to the
various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates and kingdoms
started construction in 2006, a master plan designed by Larsen
Kingdom’s historical roots. “The documentary invites you to
of most of the central Arabian Peninsula. The process was
Diriyah and Al-Bujairi © Luc Embise
Architects. It consists of 83 buildings, some high rise towers, and
embark on a journey to discover a city that blends the past with
completed in 1932, with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under King
some skyscrapers. It was designed by several international archi-
the future”, says António Buscardini, Director the Embarquement
Riyadh episode.
Abdulaziz Al-Saud being established on 23 September, marking
the Third Saudi State.
2. DIRIYAH AND AL-BUJAIRI
tects. It’s a city within the city. It creates a huge contrast between
the Saudi architectural identity and the modern architecture.
Located about 20 minutes from downtown Riyadh, Diriyah is a
Al-Faisaliah Tower is one of the most popular skyscrapers in
must-see attraction. Founded in 1446, and overlooking the Wadi
Riyadh. It is 267 meters high with 55 floors. It is famous for being
Hanifa Valley (Ouadi Hanifa), Diriyah encompasses impressive
the first skyscraper built in Saudi Arabia. The tower is notable for
sites such as the historic quarters of Al-Turaif, the seat of govern-
the huge glass globe located near the top. The globe measures
ment at the time, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2010.
24 meters in diameter and is composed of 655 glass panels.
The originality of Al-Bujairi is its mosques, its small houses scat-
The globe is the golden sphere placed at the top of Al-Faisaliah
tered throughout the neighborhood and which testify to the so-
Tower. The globe has three floors with a lounge and a restaurant,
cial life and architecture of that time. Today Al-Bujairi has a lively
perfect for a romantic dinner. There’s a terrace where visitors can
and dynamic atmosphere with many attractions for visitors. It is
discover the city of Riyadh through a 360 degree panoramic view.
also the new high-end gastronomic destination for gourmands.
António Buscardini wearing a “Shemagh” @ Luc Embise
Interview at Al-Masmak Fort © Buscardini Communications
1. AL-MASMAK FORT
In 1995, the palace was turned into a museum dedicated to
the history and unification of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The
fortress stands as symbol of regaining power and the rule of the
A citadel made of clay bricks and dried mud, the Al-Masmak Fort
country, displaying along its corridors the features of that era and
was built in 1895 in the old city. It has been a silent witness to
its leaders through audio-visual exhibitions, works of art, relics
the major events related to the founding of the Kingdom of Saudi
and photographs dating back to the early 20th century.
Arabia. Construction of Al-Masmak Fortress started in 1865,
during the reign of Imam Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki Al-Saud.
Al-Masmak is one of the most prominent national monuments
It was completed in 1895, but by that time, the Second Saudi
still standing today in Riyadh. It is one of the few still remaining
State, under the House of Al-Saud, had collapsed. In 1881, the
older constructions in the city, the old town standing out from
Al-Rasheed family took control over the fortress and with it over
between the surrounding modern buildings and tall glass sky-
the city of Riyadh, driving the Al-Sauds into exile in Kuwait.
scrapers.
On 15 January 1902, Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al-Saud re-
The fortress is built out of clay and mudbricks, its name, Mas-
turned to the city to reclaim his family’s place on the throne. With
mak, meaning a tall, strong building with thick walls. It is divided
only 63 men, 23 of whom were told to wait at the border in case
in six main parts: the gate on the western side, the mosque to
the mission failed, he managed to retake the fortress. During the
the left of the entrance, the majlis facing the entrance, the well on
fight, Fahad bin Jalawi bin Turki, cousin of Abdulaziz, threw a
the north-eastern side, the towers in each of its four corners and
spear at the Rasheedi governor Ajlan with such force that, even
the courtyard.
View of The Globe © Luc Embise
152 153

5. CAMEL CLUB
Today, the link between Saudis and their camels remains strong.
For some years, the “Camel Club” of Riyadh has been defending
the tradition of the camel as an intangible heritage, as well as
promoting the indigenous breeds.
The “Camel Club” organizes several beauty contests, something
that camel lovers know how to appreciate. The contests are
different according to the colours. There are categories for white,
red and black camels. Each contest is separated from the other.
Crew at the Riyadh’s desert © Buscardini Communications
4. AL-THUMAMA DESERT AND CAMEL BREEDING
The competitions often see a display of very expensive camels
who compete against one another. Camels reach very high prices
in the whole Gulf region, some of them being valued at up to
USD 6 million.
Saudi Arabia has one of the largest sand deserts in the world and
offers many activities and excursions for history buffs and adrenaline
junkies. The red sand dunes of the Al-Thumama Desert,
located north of Riyadh, are perfect for outdoor adventures. The
trip is often organized in groups of ten “buggies”, one of the best
ways to experience the desert and feel the power of the dunes.
Another particularity of the desert is the breeding of dromedaries
also called Arabian camels. Their population is estimated at
about 1.6 million in the Arabian Peninsula, 53 percent of which
are found in Saudi Arabia. It is Saudi Arabia’s national animal.
For centuries, the camel was the most important logistic element
for the forefathers of current Saudis. They travelled, they drank
the animal’s milk, they ate its meat. The camel is part of the local
culture.
6. THE SHEMAGH AND JABAL FAHREN
The camel is not the only popular element of the Saudi tradition.
The scarf called “Shemagh” is the most distinctive accessory
of Saudis. There are mainly two types: red is definitely the most
famous one; white is normally used for special occasions like
weddings.
Commonly known as the “Edge of the World”, Jabal Fahren is
located at the end of the Tuwaiq Mountains, north-west of
Riyadh. It is one of the preferred getaways of city dwellers,
perfect for weekends. At the top of the mountain it’s possible
to see the sunset with a feeling of infinity that may not be seen
anywhere else. Almost as if standing at the edge of the world.
Man wearing a “Shemagh” at the Edge of the World © Luc Embise
154 155

H.E. AMBASSADOR HAIFA AL JEDEA
HEAD OF THE MISSION OF THE KINGDOM
OF SAUDI ARABIA TO THE EU
CELEBRATION OF THE
INTERNATIONAL DAY
OF WOMEN IN DIPLOMACY
24 JUNE 2023
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Permanent Observer of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
to the European Union, H.E. Ismat Jahan, delivered a keynote
speech during the celebrations of the first anniversary of the
“International Day of Women in Diplomacy” held in Brussels on
24 June upon the initiative of the Head of Saudi Arabia’s Mission
to the European Union H.E. Haifa Al-Jedea. Her remarks are
reproduced below.
Women throughout history have played and are still playing a
critical role in diplomacy, yet their contributions have often been
ignored or not properly recognized. The time is now long overdue
for celebrating the ways in which women are breaking barriers
and making a difference in the field of diplomacy. Women are
admittedly still grossly under-represented. Gender bias and stereotypes
are seen as obstacles to women from joining the foreign
service. Often they face difficulty in combining family life with a
demanding career.
The annual commemoration of this International Day provides
us an opportunity to reflect on the many and varied challenges
being faced by women diplomats. While we advocate for
increased representation of women in multilateral decision-making,
we must endeavour for urgent actions to achieve the goal
of women’s full, equal, effective and meaningful participation in
diplomacy. First and foremost there is a need for raising public
awareness and support to this effect. This calls for collective
endeavours involving governments, academic institutions, CSOs
and association of women diplomats, where they exist.
In mainstreaming gender and women’s perspectives in our Foreign
Offices it is important to network individually or collectively
with other women diplomats. Such networking surely provides
a platform for women diplomats for exchanging good practices
and lessons learned. Through such solidarity we can promote
gender equality in diplomacy. At least I believe so. I recognise the
good work of Ambassador Saja Majali of the Hashemite Kingdom
of Jordan who is currently coordinating the Women Ambassadors
Networking Group in Brussels.
The cause of women in general, and the cause of women in
decision-making including in diplomacy, have universal appeal
irrespective of where we come from or which government or
organisation we represent. For example, the promotion of women’s
rights and their empowerment remains high on the agenda
of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), a 57 member
inter-governmental body headquartered in Jeddah, which I have
the honour to represent in Brussels.
H.E. ISMAT JAHAN
PERMANENT OBSERVER OF THE ORGANISATION OF
ISLAMIC COOPERATION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
The OIC Plan of Action for the Advancement of Women (OPAAW)
2015-2025 constitutes a comprehensive strategy prioritizing
participation of women in decision making, providing them equal
opportunities and access to education and health care, economic
empowerment, protecting them from all forms of violence, and
specific focus on situation of women in crises including climate
change and natural disasters, as well as women in armed conflicts
and under foreign occupation (e.g. Palestinian women). The
OIC has consistently and strongly upheld the rights of Afghan
women’s full access to education, work and public life.
The OIC Women’s Development Organisation (WDO) based in
Cairo is geared towards the development and advancement of
women and for building their capacities and skills in the member
states. The OIC Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission
(IPHRC) in Jeddah is also mandated to promote the rights
of women within the OIC member states. Both these bodies are
currently headed by distinguished ladies from the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia.
Furthermore, both in the general secretariat of OIC as well as in
its offices abroad a growing number of women are occupying
various important positions. The Missions in Brussels and Geneva
are both headed by women. I am happy to see that there are
quite a number of women heads of Mission and diplomats from
the OIC member states who are serving in Brussels.
Referring to international covenants, Article 8 of the Convention
on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW) obliges State parties to ensure participation of women
at all levels and in all areas of international affairs, without discrimination.
The UN Security Resolution 1325 also provides a
comprehensive framework for intensifying the role of women in
peace-building and conflict resolution.
Many of the OIC member countries have made significant strides
in addressing gender disparities in numerous sectors. Yet, there
are still many areas of concern, gaps and challenges that remain
to be addressed. We do recognize that national-level efforts for
improving women’s rights and empowerment can be buttressed
by further intra-OIC cooperation as well as in coordination with
international and regional organizations and institutions, particularly
through exchange of best practices, ideas and institutional
support, as necessary.
This would be crucial both in designing and implementing
policies on women’s empowerment, their participation in politics
and public life, including diplomacy, promoting their access to
education, elimination of discrimination and violence against
women, upholding women, peace and security agenda, gender
dimension of climate change, to give some examples. Only a few
weeks ago, the 6th OIC-EU Senior Officials Meeting in Brussels
discussed possible cooperation in this area. Last December, the
two sides had co-hosted a virtual technical workshop on “Gender
Based Violence” which was successful.
The Secretary General of the OIC, H.E. Mr. Hissein Brahim Taha,
has consistently affirmed that Islam has always recognized the
role of women in shaping development in societies and upheld
the dignity and rights of women to participate in all spheres of life
including their full rights for education, work and social participation.
The OIC has welcomed the offer of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
to host an international Conference on Women in Islam, in coordination
with the OIC General Secretariat. The Conference aims
at clarifying women’s rights and responsibilities, especially the
right to education and work, as prescribed by the teachings of
Islam, with a wide participation of scholars from the Islamic
Ummah. One of the focuses of this conference will be on the
recent situation of women in Afghanistan.
All photos: Diplomatic World
158 159

CULTURAL TREASURES
OF TURKMENISTAN
On 31 August, the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Brussels, in
partnership with Diplomatic World, hosted an exhibition and
networking reception evening entitled “Cultural Treasures of
Turkmenistan”, to mark 30 years of diplomatic relations between
Turkmenistan and the Kingdom of Belgium and the upcoming
32nd anniversary of Turkmenistan’s independence.
The splendour of the event was evident from the list of honoured
guests, which included representatives from EU institutions –
among whom Special Representative of the European Union
for Central Asia, Terhi Hakala –, members of the European
Parliament and various diplomatic missions in Brussels.
One of the highlights of the exhibition was the presentation of ancient
Turkmen jewellery from the private collection of the Belgian
historian, professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and regular
contributor to Diplomatic World, Prof. Dr. Jan de Maere. These
items, which Dr de Maere acquired in the early 1970s when he
travelled in the region, sparkled with history and craftsmanship.
The exhibition was not just about decorations. It was a panorama
of Turkmenistan’s rich culture, from colourful Turkmen carpets to
traditional musical instruments like the dutar, gyjak, and deprek,
to national costumes that tell the stories of the nation’s past. Various
works of art depicted among others Akhal-Teke horses and
Alabai shepherd dogs, symbols of national Turkmen pride.
One of the memorable moments of the event was the touching
reading of a poem by the Belgian high school student Iustin
Lazer. He chose a poem by the famous 18th century Turkmen
poet-philosopher Magtymguly titled “Imagine”. The depth of the
poem, combined with Iustin’s sincere explanation of his choice,
deeply moved the audience. Justin’s fascination with the culture
and literature of Turkmenistan was evident, and his speech was a
testament to the universal appeal of Turkmenistan’s heritage.
The atmosphere was further enhanced by the magnificent spread
of Turkmenistan’s national cuisine. The guests enjoyed a wide
variety of dishes, including Turkmen pilaf, samsa, and pishme.
The exhibition “Cultural Treasures of Turkmenistan” was a bridge
that linked cultures, histories, and people. It was a reminder of
the beauty and richness of Turkmenistan’s historical and cultural
heritage.
Through initiatives like these, Diplomatic World is committed
to enhancing the visibility of the rich cultural heritage of
Turkmenistan and Central Asian countries to the diverse
Brussels audience.
Photos: Diplomatic World
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162 163

BENELUX
EUROPE PRIZE 2023
AWARDED TO
THE NATIONAL OMBUDSMAN
OF THE NETHERLANDS
REINIER VAN ZUTPHEN
On 10 June, the Netherlands’ National Ombudsman Reinier van
Zutphen received the BeNeLux Europe Prize for his “special
achievements in the field of citizens, government and justice”.
This was announced by the BeNeLux University Center (BUC),
which is active in the fields of education, science, culture and
humanity and aims to contribute to raising the quality of European
society.
fact that I can now receive the BeNeLux prize as an extra incentive
to continue with that.”
The award ceremony took place in the KBC Auditorium in
Leuven. Van Zutphen received the prize from the chairman of
the BUC Prof. Anton van der Geld and Counselor Prince Charles
Louis de Merode.
The BeNeLux Europe Prize has been awarded since 1999 to individuals
or institutions that have made exceptional achievements
in strengthening cooperation and friendship in the Benelux. It
has previously been awarded to former Dutch Prime Minister Jan
Peter Balkenende; former European Commissioner for Competition
and the Digital Agenda Neelie Kroes; former President of the
European Council Herman van Rompuy; Executive Vice President
of the European Commission for the European Green Deal
Frans Timmermans and Prime Minister of Luxembourg Xavier
Bettel, among others.
Photos: Diplomatic World
In addition to Van Zutphen, this year’s prize was also awarded to
Prof. Koenraad Baron Lenaerts, who has presided the Court of
Justice of the European Union since 2015.
HUMANITY AND JUSTICE
The year 2023 has been declared by the Board and Advisory
Board of the BUC as the year of ‘Humanity and Justice’. In that
perspective, they see the “numerous, tireless efforts for society
of Reinier van Zutphen in the Netherlands since 2015”.
Van Zutphen: “It is an honour to receive the BeNeLux Europe
Prize. As the National Ombudsman, I work with more than 200
colleagues every day on a better relationship between citizens
and government. I think it is very important to also build a bridge
to other ombudsmen in Europe and the Caribbean part of our
Kingdom. To learn from each other and share insights. I see the
164 165

THE ALBANIAN DIASPORA
ENVOYS OF ECONOMIC INCLUSION,
FORGING DIPLOMATIC BRIDGES
AND CATALYSING
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Gjergji Kajana – Ermelinda Hajdari
Nestled in the Western Balkans with a rich history influenced
by foreign empires, Albania embarked on a quest for European
Union accession in 2022. Amidst this transformation, the country
has assumed an increasingly prominent role on the international
stage, leading regional initiatives and making its mark at the
United Nations.
However, Albania’s story is not confined to its political endeavours;
it is intertwined with the resilience of its diaspora and their
contributions to their homeland’s growth and development. The
evolving narrative of Albania faced with the challenges during its
transition and the dynamic role played by its diaspora sheds light
on the initiatives and partnerships that hold the promise of
a brighter future for the country.
ALBANIA’S EVOLVING GLOBAL ROLE
Albania’s history bears the imprint of foreign empires, most
notably the Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans, until it ultimately
gained independence in 1912. More recently, starting in 2022,
Albania has taken proactive steps in the pursuit of EU membership
through active negotiations.
The country’s presence on the international stage has been
steadily growing. It has become a member of NATO and actively
participates in regional cooperation initiatives across Southeast
Europe, including the Central European Initiative (CEI), Central
European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), South-East European
Cooperation Process (SEECP) and the Berlin Process.
Notably, Albania chaired the OSCE in 2020 and held a nonpermanent
seat on the United Nations Security Council from
2022 to 2023. Additionally, it hosted the EU-Western Balkans
Summit in December 2022, is preparing to host the Berlin
Process summit in October 2023, an is poised to lead the
SEECP from July 1, 2024.
Photo: Diplomatic World
At the recent Bled Strategic Forum, European Council President
Charles Michel suggested that the EU should be prepared to admit
candidate countries by 2030, a notion welcomed by Albanian
Prime Minister Edi Rama. Rama emphasized the significance
of allowing aspiring EU. Member States like Albania to actively
participate in projects that help them align with EU standards
as they fulfil their obligations. He also underscored the urgency
for the EU to move beyond planning connectivity projects in
the Western Balkans and initiate their implementation, given the
growing influence of non-European powers in the region.
THE IMPACT OF EMIGRATION ON ALBANIA’S
DEMOGRAPHICS AND ECONOMY
The Albanian Diaspora
Following its alignment with the communist bloc during the Cold
War, Albania embarked on a challenging transition in the early
1990s, transitioning to a free-market economy and establishing
Photo: Diplomatic World
166 167

These institutions include a minister of state with a dedicated
cabinet, legislative enhancements, strategies, and action plans.
This development led to the creation of a national agency, a development
fund, a business chamber, a new press agency, and
the placement of coordinating officers in foreign missions in Italy
and Greece. Albania also increased cooperation with specialized
international institutions, such as IOM, and partner countries like
the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and the
Italian Cooperation Agency for Development (AICS).
the rule of law. However, this journey came with significant challenges,
including the destruction of economic infrastructure,
civil conflicts, and political disputes. During this period of economic
hardship and institutional crises, a substantial number
of Albanians emigrated to other European countries, primarily
neighbouring Italy and Greece, as well as North America. This
emigration had a profound impact, leading to a decline in
Albania’s human capital and population.
The global Albanian diaspora comprises an estimated 1.25
million people. Their financial remittances, often sent informally,
constitute nearly 10 percent of Albania’s GDP. Official data
from the Italian Ministry of the Interior in January 2022 indicated
396,918 regular Albanian residents in Italy, with 36,342 individual
enterprises owned by Albanians. In March 2023, the Greek Ministry
of Emigration and Asylum reported 281,000 regular Albanian
residents in Greece, including approximately 15,000 Albanian
owners of small and medium-sized enterprises. The integration
of Albanian immigrants in their host countries involves acquiring
citizenship, mixed marriages, and engaging in independent
economic activities.
In recent years, a notable trend has emerged, with increased
emigration of Albanians from both Albania and its diaspora to
Northern Europe, particularly Germany and Great Britain. Prime
Minister Edi Rama described emigration as “a journey to explore
different experiences and cultures” in a May 14, 2023 interview
with Corriere della Sera.
DIASPORA ENGAGEMENT AND INITIATIVES FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Immigration is a universal phenomenon driven by collective
needs and legitimate aspirations for development, often unattainable
in immigrants’ home countries. Development, as recognized
by the UN in a 1986 declaration, is an inclusive concept of
progress and an “inalienable human right.”
Photo: Diplomatic World
Diasporas play a vital role in transnational activities, such as
sending remittances, making investments, promoting cultural and
economic diplomacy, contributing to humanitarian efforts, engaging
in trade and business, and transferring human and social
capital. This involvement makes them instrumental agents of development.
Until 2017, the Albanian diaspora primarily engaged
with their homeland on an individual basis, without institutional
support. However, in that year, Albania began to establish state
Between 2018 and 2021, IOM Albania implemented the program
“Engagement of the Albanian Diaspora in the Social and Economic
Development of Albania.” This program focused on Italy,
France, and Belgium and aimed to map and profile diasporic
communities, promote economic ties with Albania, and assist
Albanian embassies and consulates in Rome, Milan, and Bari by
enhancing their capabilities. The program included the Diaspora
Business Chamber (DHBD), a non-profit and independent business
advocacy organization founded by Albanian businesspeople
residing in Albania and abroad. DHBD played a crucial role
in implementing a knowledge transfer program in agriculture in
Albania and managing the Connect Albania investment platform.
The Chamber’s long-term objectives include the integration
of Albanian businesses in their host countries, establishing
partnerships to attract foreign direct investments through the
diaspora’s network of entrepreneurs, and promoting joint projects
for local development. DHBD, in collaboration with Diplomatic
World Institute (DWI) and Finnova Foundation, plans to develop
a training program for women-led startups. This program aims
to equip them with the skills needed to access EU funds and
enhance their digital recognition. This initiative was announced
during the fourth summit of women in the Albanian diaspora,
held in Tirana on September 14-15. DWI participated alongside
Albanian government and parliamentary representatives and
professionals from the Albanian community living abroad. This
project aligns with Albania’s efforts to strengthen its digital capabilities,
as evidenced by the approval of a law on startups in 2022
and the implementation of programs within the Western Balkans
Investment Framework (WBIF), an initiative between the EU and
financial institutions aimed at increasing investments in Balkan
countries aspiring to EU membership by 2030.
Albania’s economic prospects are positive, marked by an increase
in the number of tourists, sustainable economic growth
forecasts, and a 72 percent increase in exports from 2018 to
2022, particularly with regional partners in the CEFTA free trade
area. Albanian communities, well-integrated in countries where
Albanian emigration is rooted, can serve as ambassadors to
strengthen their homeland’s capacities. They can achieve this
through institutional cultural centres of the diaspora, which
can act as agents of economic diplomacy in coordination with
Albania’s diplomatic missions. As Albania continues its journey
toward EU accession and economic growth, engaging with its
diaspora and leveraging their expertise and resources will be
essential in achieving its goals on the global stage.
Photo: Diplomatic World
institutions dedicated to diaspora engagement. Photo: Bled Strategic Forum Photo: Diplomatic World
168 169

My name is Martin Algrain and I am 27. I am a second-year
master’s student at the Université de Mons (UMONS) Faculty
of Translation and Interpretation (FTI-EII), where I am studying
translation in an intercultural context, from Spanish and Russian
into French.
This summer I spent a month in Uzbekistan. I was hosted by the
National University of Uzbekistan, where I did a summer internship
in the international relations department and took part in the
summer school they organize.
I ended up there by chance. I wanted to go to a Russian-speaking
country so that I could practise my Russian in a real-life
situation. Therefore, I spoke to one of my Russian teachers
who asked me if I had a preference between Kazakhstan and
Uzbekistan. As I am already going to Kazakhstan next February
for my professional integration internship, I decided to visit
Uzbekistan to take my first steps in Central Asia.
The FTI-EII has had Erasmus exchange agreements with the
National University of Uzbekistan for several years now, which
made it easier to organize my trip.
TESTIMONY
OF A BELGIAN STUDENT
IN UZBEKISTAN
I travelled from Tashkent to Bukhara, then onwards to Khiva,
before heading back to Tashkent. The first two journeys took
about seven hours each, and the last about 14 hours. That may
sound like a long time to us little Belgians, but in this part of the
world it is normal to take several hours by train to get from one
city to another.
This trip to Uzbekistan was an extraordinary experience that
transported me into a fascinating world where history, culture
and natural beauty were intertwined in a captivating way.
Uzbekistan is a country in Central Asia that is often overlooked
by travellers, but, in my opinion, that is precisely what makes it
such a special destination.
However, it was by travelling through the ancient cities of
Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva that I really immersed myself in
the history of Uzbekistan. These cities are full of splendid monuments,
madrasas, mosques and mausoleums, that are testament
to the importance of the Silk Road in the history of trade and
culture. The breathtaking architecture and artistic detail of these
sites left me speechless, and I felt like I was travelling back in
time. Another memorable aspect of my trip was the Uzbek cuisine.
Dishes such as plov, manti and delicious pastries gave me
a taste of a cuisine rich in flavours.
Meeting the local people also enriched my trip. The Uzbeks are
incredibly warm, hospitable and welcoming people, and I had the
opportunity to learn more about their way of life, traditions, and
history through enriching exchanges. They were thrilled to know
that I enjoyed learning languages and took pleasure in teaching
me a few words and expressions in Uzbek.
Uzbekistan is not a country you immediately think of when looking
for a travel destination, yet it is full of riches. What you see in
photos is nothing compared to what you feel when you see the
great historical buildings. I highly recommend this destination to
all travellers looking for an authentic and enriching experience.
Uzbekistan has captured my heart, and I am already dreaming
of coming back to explore more of this wonderful country and to
see my friends again.
During my internship, I worked on writing a guide for international
students wishing to study at the University. The guide provides
information on the administrative procedures to be followed and
gives advice on how to get off to a good start in Uzbekistan.
I also accompanied the Vice-Rector, Shirinova Raima Khakimovna,
to meetings with various delegations, including Diplomatic World.
I also took part in the summer school organized by the National
University of Uzbekistan, on the theme of the Silk Road. Students
from all over the world took part in this summer school.
There were students from China, South Korea, Russia, and
Azerbaijan, as well as from Europe (Hungary, Poland, France and
Belgium). It was a very interesting and enriching mix of cultures.
During the week, we took courses on Uzbek culture, literature,
and cuisine; we visited many museums, and the country’s cultural
capital: Samarkand. We also went to a dacha in the mountains,
where we made our own plov (an Uzbek national dish).
The week after the summer school, I asked for a few days off
so that I could travel around Uzbekistan. I travelled by night in
sleeper trains, and visited historic cities during the day.
170 171

i-d-s.com
THE DIPLOMATIC
Bartender
ENJOY YOUR FAVORITE DRINK, WHEREVER YOU ARE
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• Easy online ordering
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IDS supplies beverages and grocery products exclusively to Embassies, consulates, NGO’s and
military bases who enjoy diplomatic privilege. Headquartered in Dubai, with hubs in London,
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Africa and Europe is just a few clicks away.
Every purchase supports charities in Ethiopia, Sudan, Philippines and Haiti
INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC SUPPLIES | Trusted to Serve Diplomats Worldwide
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SERVED WITH INTEGRITY
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LIQUEURS
As an aperitif or to create cocktails,
IDS stocks familiar and unique liqueurs,
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SPIRITS
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172 173

THROUGH IDS, YOUR CHOICES CAN POSITIVELY
IMPACT THE LIVES OF CHILDREN AND STUDENTS IN
SUDAN, ETHIOPIA, THE PHILIPPINES AND HAITI
Here’s how...
Stock up for the
festive season with
IDS and receive an
early yuletide gift
to spend!
It’s never been easier to make
a difference. The act of being
conscious about where you
spend your money can improve
circumstances for needy children.
By utilising a transaction you’re already going to make and
choosing to place it with IDS, you’re connecting with a cause
and fostering change.
In other words, if you are going to buy beverages, order from
a company that gives back, just like IDS. With IDS, you can be
sure that we’ve done our due diligence to ensure that donations
go into the hands of those who need it, covering costs for food,
accommodation, tuition and even Christmas
presents, for hundreds of children in more
than four countries every year.
The values that drive our mission to
exclusively supply embassies are the same
values that guide us to be of service to the
In other words, if you are going
to buy beverages, order from
a company that gives back,
just like IDS.
citizens of the countries where we operate.
Through our work, we’ve had the privilege
to witness how some people live, and be in
a unique position to offer help while we go
about our core business.
One of the first causes that came to our attention was
Kids for Kids, a British non-profit charity that supports children
in Darfur, Sudan. Through our annual Ambassadors Ball, and the
collection of ‘spare change’ through our Round-Up campaign
via IDS website transactions, we’ve been able to support the
installation of hand pumps for clean water and facilitate loans
for the purchase of goats.
Not long after this, we discovered the work that Shamida
Ethiopia is doing to provide a better life for abandoned children.
And in the Philippines, we provide funding for Gentle Hands,
a welfare agency dedicated to providing medical, psychological,
and educational support for many at-risk
children, as well as providing IDS staff
with opportunities to volunteer.
More recently, we have partnered
with Life Skills Haiti, providing tuition
”
IDS have partnered with Shamida
and is literally saving lives. We know
that while we struggle to get some
things for the children, because of
the generous support of IDS, we can
be guaranteed that the children at
the Shamida home WILL have food.
KAREN KENDALL
Shamida, Etihopia
for nursing students, so they can improve
their employment prospects and rise out
of poverty. To do this, IDS will continue to
donate 1.5% of every $100,000 spent by
US embassies and match any additional
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IDS will continue to donate 1.5% of every $100,000
spent by US embassies and match any additional
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Please note terms and conditions apply:
• Be eligible for this offer when you purchase and redeem your cashback
from our SPIRITS category
• Every eligible customer will receive one cashback promo during the period
• Redeem your cashback between 1st Nov to 31st Dec 2023
• Cashback is earned after a minimum spend of €60 and redemption
is applied after a minimum spend of €40
• All products purchased using your cashback will be counted towards
your quota
• Cashback is automatically applied in your next SPIRITS transaction
For more details, please visit i-d-s.com/brussels
IDS stocks a selection of beverages priced
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174 175

CREATORS OF THE MOST DESIRABLE, MODERN LUXURY BRANDS, PROVIDES GLOBAL
DIPLOMATIC SALES THROUGH ITS PARTNER, AM CAPURRO, WHICH IS STRATEGICALLY
HEADQUARTERED IN GIBRALTAR, ON THE SOUTHERNMOST TIP OF EUROPE.
THROUGH ITS EXCEPTIONAL AND SPECIALISED GLOBAL DIPLOMATIC SALES PROGRAMME,
JAGUAR LAND ROVER IS DEDICATED TO THE SUPPLY OF WORLD LEADING VEHICLES
TO THE MOST DISCERNING OF CLIENTS WITHIN THE DIPLOMATIC COMMUNITY,
FROM EMBASSY AND CONSULATE PERSONNEL TO QUALIFYING MEMBERS
OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS POSTED INTERNATIONALLY.
Just as diplomacy is built on relationships, so is the Diplomatic
Sales Programme’s customer service and through its unique
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day. It’s a service which allows diplomatic clients to confidently
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and includes privileged tax-free pricing for qualifying individuals.
Urgent missions and spontaneous journeys also deserve an
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The Diplomatic Sales Programme is specifically focussed on rapid
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around accurate quotations from first contact in just one working
In addition to available stock vehicles, the Jaguar Land Rover’s
Diplomatic Sales Programme offers bespoke factory-ordered
luxury vehicles that reflect personal style and preferences.
176 177

Everything, from colour palettes to interior finishes, can be
curated to match the client’s vision, delivering a vehicle that is as
impressive and distinctive as the mission.
Once an order is placed the programme team’s exceptional
attention to detail continues. Meticulously engineered to adhere
to end-country specifications, all vehicles arrive fully compliant
with local requirements via a worldwide shipping service provided
by reputable industry partners. The Diplomatic Sales Programme
features a convenient and secure online customer portal that
offers real-time order tracking, allowing client monitoring of the
progress of their vehicle from production update to delivery
schedule through a single point of access.
For more information regarding the Jaguar Land Rover Diplomatic
Sales Programme and its bespoke services visit the programme’s
website jaguarlandroverdiplomatic.com or contact the team
directly at sales@jaguarlandroverdiplomatic.com to discuss your
requirements.
Photos: AM Capurro
THE ORIGINAL INFLUENCER
The Jaguar Land Rover global warranty ensures diplomatic
journeys are backed by comprehensive coverage that transcends
geographic boundaries. A further advantage of the luxury brand’s
Diplomatic Sales Programme is that it is able to take advantage
of Jaguar Land Rover’s global network of franchised retailers to
ensure clients continue to be supported by localised customer
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Diplomatic clients worldwide are empowered to drive
confidently in a truly aspirational luxury vehicle, knowing they are
protected wherever their responsibilities lead.
JAGUAR LAND ROVER
GLOBAL DIPLOMATIC
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Our Global Diplomatic Programme, in partnership with A.M. Capurro,
provides qualifying individuals with access to all market vehicle
specifications (excl. UK), worldwide delivery options as well as exclusive
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A.M. Capurro
20 Line Wall Road, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA
+350 200 72598
jaguarlandroverdiplomatic.com
Vehicle shown is (23)MY Range Rover with optional features. Specifications, options and availability may vary between markets and should be verified with your local
Retailer. Official Fuel Consumption Figures (excluding PHEV) in mpg (I/100km): Combined 36.8 (7.4-12.0). CO2 Emissions 196-271 g/km. PHEV in mpg (I/100km):
Combined up to 386 (0.6-0.8). Electric energy consumption (combined): 275.5 kWh/km. CO2 Emissions 16-19g/km. Equivalent electric range: 73.9 miles (118.9km). The
figures provided are as a result of official manufacturer’s tests in accordance with EU legislation on a fully charged battery. For comparison purposes only. Real-world
figures may differ. CO2, fuel economy, energy consumption and range figures may vary according to factors such as driving styles, environmental conditions, load,
wheel fitment accessories fitted, actual route and battery conditions. Figures shown are for European EU6 markets. Other market fuel economy certifications and figures
are available upon request.
178 179

INTRODUCTION
Brussels, being an international hub in diplomacy, hosts numerous
international organisations. These international organisations
tend to have a Seat Agreement with the Belgian hosting State
that offers them immunity from jurisdiction before Belgian Courts.
It is settled doctrine and case law, both in Belgium and internationally,
that international organisations that enjoy immunity from
jurisdiction cannot, a priori, be sued before the courts of a state. 2
Belgian Courts, however, tend to apply particular conditions
to grant jurisdictional immunities, that may go beyond what is
required from a Human Rights perspective.
This article will explain the Belgian stance on the immunity from
jurisdiction for International Organisations.
THE IMMUNITY OF JURISDICTION OF AN INTER-
NATIONAL ORGANISATION HAS AN “ABSOLUTE”
CHARACTER.
The jurisdictional immunity of international organisations in
Belgium has an absolute character 3 , and is therefore not to be
confused with the jurisdictional immunity of States. 4 The latter
immunity only applies to acts falling within a State’s imperium
(iure imperii acts).
Illustrative Example: Conflicts relating to the administration of
staff in an international organisation can benefit from jurisdictional
immunity whereas conflicts relating to the administration
of staff in a State may not be regarded as iure imperii acts (and
rather as iure gestionis acts) and would then not benefit from
immunity from jurisdiction. 5
Avenue Louise 146 | Brussels | +(32) 2 643 33 01 | info@billiet-co.be
THE BELGIAN STANCE
ON IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION
FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
JUSTIFICATION OF JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITY
FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
The principle of jurisdictional immunity of international organisations
is justified by the necessary independence that must be
granted to international organisations in the execution of their
mission. 6
The immunity essentially aims to prohibit interference by national
governments, and in particular the government of the country
where the organisation has its headquarters, through the
application of their domestic law. 7 The aim is also to preserve
the effectiveness of the organisation’s actions and to maintain
equality between its members. 8 The immunity further enables to
strengthen international collaboration.
CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO THE JURISDICTION-
AL IMMUNITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISA-
TIONS:
THE IMMUNITY MUST BE RATIFIED IN
BELGIAN LAW
The Belgian Supreme Court clarified that, contrary to the immunity
of States, there is no general principle of public international
law that establishes immunity from jurisdiction for international
organisations. 9 Consequently, the jurisdictional immunity of
international organisations can therefore only be derived from a
conventional basis.
As a consequence, the Belgian State must only grant immunity
to an international organisation when it had agreed to do so. 10
Such Agreement can be derived from provisions of the Seat
Agreement (when the international organisation is hosted in
KEY CONTACTS
Johan Billiet
johan.billiet@billiet-co.be
Dr. Konstantinos Adamantopoulos
konstantinos.adamantopoulos@billiet-co.be
Philippe Billiet
philippe.billiet@billiet-co.be
Vladimir Lincautan
vladimir.lincautan@billiet-co.be
Belgium), an international convention (when the Belgian State
entered into a relevant treaty), or from the act that incorporates
the international organisation (when the Belgian State is Member
of the international organisation). 11
In addition, that relevant basis must also have been ratified
internally within the Belgian state for it to form part of the Belgian
legal order. 12
AD-BillietCo.indd 2 28/07/2020 15:16
GRANTING OF THE IMMUNITY MUST NOT VIOLATE
ARTICLE 6(1) OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION
ON HUMAN RIGHTS
The coexistence of jurisdictional immunities and article 6(1) of the
European Convention on Human Rights which requires that every
person is entitled to have access to Justice, raises questions
about the relationship between such immunities and this fundamental
right.
The European Court of Human Rights and the Belgian Supreme
Court have both acknowledged that the right of access to Justice
is not absolute and that it can be subject to limitations in so
far as those limitations would not affect the very substance of
this fundamental right. 13 In addition, such limitations must pursue
a legitimate aim and must be proportionate. 14
The European Court of Human Rights has held that the granting
of immunity from jurisdiction to international organisations pursues
a legitimate aim which constitutes an indispensable way for
the proper functioning of the latter, without unilateral interference
by any government. 15
The European Court of Human Rights has also held that, to
determine whether the immunity from jurisdiction is proportionate
to the pursued aim, it must be examined whether the applicant
has had other reasonable alternatives to effectively protect its
rights granted by the European Convention on Human Rights. 16
If a reasonable alternative remedy is available, the granting of
jurisdictional immunity is always proportionate.
However, the requirement for a reasonable alternative remedy
to be available can – as such – not be derived from the jurisprudence
of the European Court of Human Rights, since other
criterions may also allow to conclude compliance with the said
Article 6(1).
The reflection on a reasonable alternative remedy is – from a
Human Rights perspective – merely situated amongst other
reflections that could be of equal relevance, all to assess whether
the recognition of jurisdictional immunity of an international organisation
would be proportionate to the objective it pursues. 17
EXISTENCE OF AN IN-DEPTH AND IN CONCRETO
REASONABLE ALTERNATIVE REMEDY
The Belgian Supreme Court derogates from the doctrine and
jurisprudence of and relating to the European Court of Human
Rights by suggesting reasonable alternative(s) as a conditio sine
quae non when assessing the proportionate character of the
immunity of an international organisation. 18
Reasonable alternatives may then be found in the form of a
choice of court clause, arbitration clause, submission to the ILO
Tribunal, etc.
Where Belgian Court decisions initially related to immunity from
execution of international organisations, later court decisions applied
the same approach to cases on immunity from jurisdiction
of international organisations. 19
Moreover, Belgian Courts have to date not explicitly confirmed
that the existence of a reasonable alternative remedy must in se
suffice for the finding of proportionality.
Instead, Judges have indicated that their assessments are made
to appreciate the proportionality of the damage that would be
caused by the immunity to the right of access to Justice in light
of the particular circumstances of each case. Such far reaching
ad hoc approach may go beyond a mere assessment on the
existence of a reasonable alternative. 20
Moreover, when assessing alternatives, the Belgian Courts
are stricter than the European Court of Human Rights. Belgian
Courts apply an ‘in-depth’ (maximalist) procedural approach
rather than a ‘simple’ (minimalist) procedural approach.
Belgian Courts will therefore verify whether the alternative(s) offer
the same guarantees of impartiality and independence as those
binding a State party to the European Court of Human Rights. 21
Illustrative Example: The European Court of Human Rights, in its
assessment of what is reasonable, may find it sufficient 22 that an
internal commission exists within the international organisation to
properly handle conflicts, whereas the Belgian Courts would go
further and would analyse the concrete functioning there of and
reflect on independence, the public character of the correlating
decision-making process, etc. 23
Whilst Belgian Courts apply a strict approach ratione materiae,
they tend to be lenient ratione temporis. It suffices that an indepth
and in concreto reasonable alternative remedy was available
at some point in the past, without the need for such alternative
to still be available on the date of the court’s assessment. 24
180 181

Furthermore, Belgian Courts may internally be divided and appear
to apply different perspectives to their assessment exercise.
The perspective of certain lower Belgian Tribunals tends to be
that a Judge seized of an action against an international organisation
is de facto called upon to choose to give precedence to
immunity from jurisdiction over access to Justice (or vice versa),
in light of the interests of the parties. 25
The perspective of higher Belgian Courts tends to rather be that
a Judge seized of an action against an international organisation
is called upon to assess whether the immunity from jurisdiction
can resort effects towards the counterparty in the matter
at hand. 26 Both perspectives are driven by the insight that, by
granting jurisdictional immunity to an international organisation,
alternative remedy the recognition of immunity is not ipso facto
constitutive of a violation of the right of access to a Court. 29
Derogations from the Belgian stance may raise issues regarding
favouritism of the Belgian Receiving State towards one or more
international organisations in the execution of its Agreements.
CONCLUSIONS
The jurisdictional immunity of an international organisation has a
legitimate aim and an absolute character.
To be able to effectively enjoy such immunity in Belgian Courts,
it is strongly recommended that the international organisation
1
This Article was kindly offered by Philippe BILLIET to the Brussels Diplomatic
Academy (BDA) and to Diplomatic World (DW). If you wish to contact the author,
feel free to send an email to Philippe.Billiet@billiet-co.be. The author is a
Belgian Lawyer specialized in alternative dispute resolution and in the provision
of legal services to diplomatic missions in Brussels.
2
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 April 2020,
19/3890/A. (not published)
3
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 March 2021,
21/2724/A. (not published)
4
Ch. F. AMERASINGHE, Principles of the Institutional Law of International
Organizations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, p.
322. Regarding the relevance of such distinction, see also : N. ANGELET and
A. WEERTS, « Les immunités des organisations internationales face à l’article
6 de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme: la jurisprudence
strasbourgeoise et sa prise en compte par les juridictions nationales », Journ.
dr. intern., vol. 4 (2006), pp. 14-15;Cour eur. D.H., 5 March 2013, Chapman /
Belgium, §§ 47-52.
Germany; §68 and Beer and Regan v. Germany, §58.
17
N. ANGELET and A. WEERTS, “Les immunités des organisations internationales
face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme: la
jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et sa prise en compte par les juridictions nationales
», Journ. Dr. Intern., 2006/4, p.19 : A. LOUWETTE, « Les juges belges face
à l’appareil judiciaire des Etats étrangers aux mécanismes quasi-judiciaires
des organisations internationales », in Les juges belges face aux actes adoptés
par les Etats étrangers et les organisations internationales, Brussels, Bruylant,
2016, p. 159.
18
A. LOUWETTE, « Les juges belges face à l’appareil judiciaire des Etats
étrangers aux mécanismes quasi-judiciaires des organisations internationales
», in Les juges belges face aux actes adoptés par les Etats étrangers et les
organisations internationales, Brussels, Bruylant, 2016, p. 160-161.
19
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 March 2021,
21/2724/A. (not published)
20
Cass., 21 December 2009, R.G. n° C.07.0407.F.
the Belgian State is not allowed to violate its own human rights
obligations.
Several Peer Authors have criticized the fact that Belgian Courts
go beyond what is required by the European Court of Human
Rights. It is indeed remarkable that the Belgian Receiving State
goes beyond the protection standard of Human Rights 27 to mitigate
jurisdictional immunities. One could argue that, in doing so,
the Belgian. Receiving State may violate its underlaying Agreement
with the international organisation to respect immunity from
jurisdiction.
NO WAIVER OF IMMUNITY
puts in place a reasonable alternative remedy to ordinary Court
litigation.
The alternative must be tailored in such manner that would
survive an in-depth and in concreto analysis that Belgian Judges
tend to make when they are asked to assess whether jurisdictional
immunity should be pronounced.
It is therefore recommended that international organisations
reflect on whether their Staff Regulations need to be updated
accordingly and, in that exercise, involve an Expert Lawyer in
alternative dispute resolution who can advise them on the broad
realm of available options.
When a reasonable alternative remedy is unavailable, the interna-
5
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 April 2020,
19/3890/A. (not published)
6
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 April 2020,
19/3890/A; Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15
March 2021, 21/2724/A. (not published)
7
J. VANDERSCHUEREN, “De quelques considerations sur les Immunités
octroyées aux organisations internationales », J.T., 2014, p. 146. See also:
E. DAVID, « L’immunité de juridiction des organisations internationales »,
note under cass., 21 December 2009, R.C.J.B., 2011/2, p. 254. See also the
following cases: European Court of Human Rights 18 February 1999, Beer and
Regan v.Germany, § 53; European Court of Human Rights 18 February 1999,
Waite and Kennedy v. Germany, § 63; European Court of Human Rights 13
November 2008, Mazéasv France, p. 7; European Court of Human Rights 7
July 2009, Lopez Cifuentes v. Spain, § 26; European Court of Human Rights,
11 June 2013, Stichting mothers of Srebrenica and others v. the Netherlands,
§§ 139 - 164.
8
J. VANDERSCHUEREN, “De quelques considerations sur les Immunités
21
A. LOUWETTE, « Les juges belges face à l’appareil judiciaire des Etats
étrangers aux mécanismes quasi-judiciaires des organisations internationales
», in Les juges belges face aux actes adoptés par les Etats étrangers et les
organisations internationales, Brussels, Bruylant, 2016, p. 168.
22
European Court of Human Rights, 13 November 2008, Mazéasv. France, p.
7. See also : J. VANDERSCHUEREN, “De quelques considerations sur les Immunités
octroyées aux organisations internationales », J.T., 2014, p. 146. See
also : E. DAVID, « L’immunité de juridiction des organisations internationales »,
note under cass., 21 december 2009, R.C.J.B., 2011/2, p. 148, n° 14.
23
Brussels, 4 March 2003, J.T. 2003, p. 684; Brussels, 17 September 2003, J.T.
2004, p. 617; Cass. 21 December 2009, S.04.0129.F/20, R.C.J.B. 2011, p. 203.
24
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 April 2020,
19/3890/A. (not published)
25
Tribunal du Travail francophone de Bruxelles, 1stchamber, 15 March 2021,
21/2724/A. (not published)
Jurisdictional immunities form no part of Belgian public order
tional organisation could still have a small chance to benefit from
octroyées aux organisations internationales », J.T., 2014, p. 146.
26
Cass., 21 December 2009, R.G. N° C.07.0407.F.
and can therefore be waived by the international organisation.
When the international organisation did not in limine litis invoke
arguments on immunity from jurisdiction, such may be interpreted
as an (implicit) waiver to still be able to invoke jurisdictional
immunity arguments.
International organisations should therefore be very careful in
communications to ensure that they make no waiver of immunity.
jurisdictional immunity by arguing that this is needed for its good
functioning and that the immunity can be reconciled with article
6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Philippe Billiet
9
Cass., 12 March 2001, R.C.J.B., 2002, p. 385, note J. VERHOEVEN.
10
F. BOUQUELLE and A. FRY, « Actions en Justice contre des sujets de droit
international public », in Droit du travail tous azimuts, Brussels, Larcier, 2016,
pp. 938-939.
11
F. BOUQUELLE and A. FRY, « Actions en Justice contre des sujets de droit
international public », in Droit du travail tous azimuts, Bruxelles, Larcier-ULG-CUP
2016, p 936 a.f.;E. DAVID, Droit des organisations internationales,
Bruylant 2016, p. 629 a.f.; S. EL SAWAH, Les immunités des Etats et des
organisations internationales, Larcier 2012, p. 319 a.f.
27
E. DAVID, Le droit des organisations internationales, Bruylant, 2016, p. 671
and 673; A. LOUWETTE, “Les juges belges face à l’appareil judiciaire des Etats
étrangers aux mécanismes quasi-judiciaires des organisations internationales”,
in Les juges belges face aux actes adoptés par les Etats étrangers et les
organisations internationales - Quel contrôle au regard du droit international?,
Bruylant 2016, p 159 – 162.
28
Brussels (17thch.), 26 June 2012, R.G. 2011/AR/558, Belgian State v. International
Hotels Worldwide Inc., (not published)
29
European Court of Human Rights, 11 June 2013, Stichting mothers of Srebrenica
and others v. the Netherlands, § 164.
DEROGATING DECISION OF THE BRUSSELS
COURT OF APPEAL IN 2012
The Brussels Court of Appeal derogated in 2012 from the general
If your mission needs
legal assistance,
feel free to contact
Philippe.Billiet@billiet-co.be
12
Articles 167 §2 and 190 of the Belgian Constitution.
13
A. LAGERWALL and A.LOUWETTE, “La reconnaissance par le juge belge
d’une immunité à un Etat ou à une organisation internationale viole-t-elle le
droit d’accès à un tribunal ? », R.D.C., 2014, p. 31;European Court of Human
Rights, McElhinney v. Ireland, 31253/96, judgment 21/11/2001; Cass., 21
December 2009, R.G. n. C.07.0407.F.
Belgian stance on the jurisdictional immunity for international organisations.
28 In that case, the Brussels Court of Appeal granted
immunity from jurisdiction also when no reasonable alternative
remedy was available. The Court did so by finding that the im-
14
European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 1999, Waite and Kennedy v.
Germany,§§59 -63; Beer and Regan v. Germany, §§49 - 53; Lopez Cifuentes v.
Spain, § 26; Stichting mothers of Srebrenica and others v. the Netherlands, §§
139 - 164; Cass., 21 December 2009, R.G. n° C.07.0407.F.commisison
munity (of NATO) was necessary for the good functioning of the
international organisation.
Shortly thereafter, the European Court of Human Rights came
to a similar finding in which it clarified that in the absence of an
15
European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 1999, Waite and Kennedy v.
Germany,§§59 -63; Beer and Regan v. Germany, §§49 - 53; Lopez Cifuentes v.
Spain, § 26; Stichting mothers of Srebrenica and others v. the Netherlands, §§
139 - 164; Cass., 21 December 2009, R.G. n° C.07.0407.F.commisison
16
European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 1999, Waite and Kennedy v.
182 183

DIPLOMATIC LAW DESK
Avenue Louise 146 | Brussels | +(32) 2 643 33 01 | info@billiet-co.be
OUR MISSION
Advising States, International Organizations and their Diplomatic Missions, multinational.
corporations and non-governmental organizations.
Representation before national courts, international courts and arbitral tribunals .
Poland is one of the economically most stable and fastest
growing countries in Europe. In the first quarter of 2023, Poland’s
GDP grew at the fastest rate in Europe, as reported by Eurostat.
In 2022, according to fDi Markets, Poland attracted close to 500
FDI projects, placing it 5th in Europe in terms of number of FDI
projects. According to EY’s European Investment Monitor 2023,
Poland is among the top 10 European host countries for foreign
direct investment. What’s more, at 23%, Poland obtained the
second-highest growth level in FDI projects compared to 2021
AD-BillietCo.indd 2 28/07/2020 15:16
of all European countries. The country benefits from a sound
OUR EXPERTISE
institutional system, a stable political environment, strong human
Compliance with Belgian, European and International Laws and Regulations.
capital, a central location, a large domestic market, and investment-friendly
policies. Currently, nearly all market sectors Legal issues surrounding seat agreements.
in
Diplomatic immunity and consular support, rights and obligations.
of guest missions in the Belgian hosting state.
Investor-state disputes.
Inter-state disputes.
Legal questions surrounding International Organizations.
International arbitration and dispute resolution .
Trade and WTO law.
Global fraud and asset recovery.
Enforcement proceedings against state entities.
OUR TEAM
Is headed by Philippe Billiet, specialist lawyer for diplomatic matters
and lecturer at the Brussels Diplomatic Academy.
Has helped to shape Belgian jurisprudence in relation to Diplomatic Missions .
Is familiar with sensitive matters.
KEY CONTACTS
Johan Billiet
johan.billiet@billiet-co.be
Dr. Konstantinos Adamantopoulos
konstantinos.adamantopoulos@billiet-co.be
Philippe Billiet
philippe.billiet@billiet-co.be
Vladimir Lincautan
vladimir.lincautan@billiet-co.be
Poland are open for business and can offer attractive investment
opportunities.
To attract investments, Poland developed a system that includes
tax reliefs and grants, which are financed from the European
Union’s funds as well as from domestic resources.
To support investments, Poland created the Polish Investment
and Trade Agency (hereafter “PAIH”) that helps businesses and
investors throughout these support measures. The agency has a
strong expert position on the market. It has an extensive network
of contacts gathering business entities and business environment
institutions around it. PAIH has also concluded numerous
industry agreements that significantly facilitate cooperation at the
interinstitutional level.
To execute its mission, PAIH has established a network of support
offices all over the world that support Polish exporters and
that serve as a contact point for investors that are looking for
new opportunities into Poland.
INVESTING IN POLAND
WHAT CAN PAIH DO FOR YOU?
Ewa Kurlanda (Billiet & Co Lawyers)
The Joint Venture, backed by Umicore and Volkswagen Groupowned
PowerCo, aims to produce battery materials capable of
providing power to 2.2 million battery-electric vehicles annually
and is expected to create about 900 industry jobs in Nysa by the
end of the decade. The plant will be located next to Umicore’s
existing CAM plant in Nysa.
IONWAY reports to have chosen Nysa and Poland for its
€ 1.7 billion worth investment due to the strategic location,
offering access to renewable energy sources to power the
plant’s production, the access to skilled workforce, as well as
the support received from the Polish government.
Matthias Miedreich, CEO of Umicore, shared: “We are thankful
for the Polish government’s support in IONWAY’s choice for
Nysa. The strategic location of the joint venture’s battery materials
plant in Poland, right next to Umicore’s own battery materials
plant, which is still unique in Europe, will further enable the
transition to electric driving that is truly sustainable.”
The choice for Poland is not surprising. According to Transparency
International, Poland is a regional leader in Transparency
International’s Corruption Index. Poland also offers a stable and
transparent legal climate, which contributes to the ability to obtain
accurate legal guidance to investment projects.
Lawyer Philippe Billiet, who heads the Brussels law firm
Billiet&Co, noted in this regard: “Poland has a very investor-friendly
climate. Our clients welcome the high level of
legal certainty that the Polish jurisdiction can offer.”
If you consider investing in Poland you can contact PAIH via
invest@paih.gov.pl.
“SUCCESS IS A CHOICE”
CONTACT INFO
BILLIET & CO LAWYERS
Avenue Louise 146 - B-1050 Brussels
www.billiet-co.be
+(32) 2 643 33 01
One of the PAIH offices is located in Amsterdam. It is a local
PAIH hub operating on the 3 Benelux markets. Ms Magdalena
Lekan, who heads the Benelux office of PAIH in Amsterdam,
informs about the following example of a success story:
On October 7th 2023, the Brussels-based European EV battery
materials producer IONWAY announced having chosen to build
its first cathode active material (CAM) production plant in Nysa,
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Ewa Kurlanda is a legal consultant
at Billiet & Co Lawyers,
where she heads the Polish desk.
Any legal question regarding doing business
with/within Poland is welcomed at info@billiet-co.be
184 185

ZERO WASTE TO LANDFILL
FAST TRACK
TO ZERO WASTE COMMUNITIES
Municipal solid waste is expected to face a 50 percent increase by 2050, creating over 3 billion tons of waste
annually. We now generate over 0.7 Kilograms per person per day on average, ranging from 0.1kg/day in the
poor countries to 4.5kg/day in the wealthy countries. Over 37 percent of the waste is deposited in landfills.
According to the World Bank municipalities spend between 4 to 19 percent of their budgets on solid waste
management. Landfills are not an acceptable way to deal with waste. Current strategies for incineration and
landfilling have a negative impact on the environment. Existing strategies of composting, incineration and landfilling
have limited results. New technologies are required to achieve our net zero emissions goals and improve
the quality of our lives.
Waste is an inevitable by-product of our modern way of life and development. As our
living standards increase the amount of waste increases. As we advance in healthcare and
in industrial facilities, we add biomedical waste and industrial hazardous waste that adds
severe environmental and health risks. Every year we have more and more municipal solid
waste, sludge from wastewater facilities, industrial, agricultural, and hazardous waste.
Thanks to recent breakthroughs in technology, waste has become a valuable resource that
provides electricity, thermal energy, cooling, raw materials for production, and fertilizers
for agriculture. Through an efficient circular economy that turns waste into wealth, we can
now fast track to zero waste communities. Blockchain technology provides transparency
and data traceability to the entire ecosystem.
Through smart tokenization and localization strategies, communities can be involved in
funding, governance, wealth creation and even complete ownership.
Zero-waste-to-landfill would not only improve the lives and well-being of communities, but
is a wealth creation strategy. Transport of waste can be drastically reduced, and climate
change mitigation will be achieved. We can achieve ZERO WASTE & ZERO LANDFILL,
community by community, country by country, much sooner than anticipated through the
Waste 2 Wealth Strategy.
ZERO WASTE HIERARCHY
The Zero Waste Hierarchy is a sustainability framework that prioritizes waste reduction strategies in a cascading order, aiming to minimize
environmental impact. At its core, it encourages individuals and organizations to prevent waste generation. Reuse, emphasizing the
extension of product lifespans through repair and sharing. Recycling is promoting the transformation of materials into new products.
Through energy recovery, waste is converted into energy as a last resort. Finally, disposal, the least favourable option, involves sending
waste to landfills or incineration. The Hierarchy guides sustainable practices by promoting a circular economy and resource conservation.
The Zero Waste Hierarchy is a very popular concept used by
many governments to develop strategies for waste management.
While it is a valuable framework for waste reduction,
it had limited results for several reasons: lack of awareness,
economic constrains, infrastructure challenges, regulatory
barriers, technological limitations.
A new framework is required so that the goals for 2050 can
be achieved. Sending waste to landfills or incinerators is not
a good option. We now have technology that eliminates the
landfill completely, turning Waste 2 Wealth.
186 187

THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
THE REGENERATIVE FINANCE (REFI)
The circular economy is a transformative and sustainable
economic concept that aims to revolutionize how we produce,
consume, and manage resources. Unlike the traditional linear
economy, which follows a “take-make-dispose” pattern, the
circular economy is designed to minimize waste, maximize
resource efficiency, and reduce environmental impact.
In a circular economy, the focus is on creating closed-loop
systems where products and materials are kept in circulation for
as long as possible. Products are designed to be long-lasting,
repairable, and easy to disassemble for reuse. The emphasis
is on quality rather than planned obsolescence. Resources are
shared among individuals and businesses to optimize their utilization.
Examples include car-sharing programs and co-working
spaces. Products are refurbished and re-manufactured to extend
their lifespan. This reduces the need for new products and conserves
resources. Materials are recycled into new products, and
upcycling repurposes waste materials into higher-value goods.
Businesses adopt strategies to minimize waste generation and
reduce resource consumption through practices like lean manufacturing
and efficient supply chain management.
The circular economy is not only environmentally beneficial but
also economically advantageous. It promotes innovation, job creation,
and resilience in the face of resource scarcity. By closing
the loop on materials and resources, it reduces the pressure on
ecosystems, conserves energy, and minimizes greenhouse gas
emissions. The circular economy represents a fundamental shift
towards a more sustainable and regenerative economic system
that prioritizes resource stewardship, minimizes waste, and
seeks to balance economic growth with environmental preservation.
It holds the potential to address some of the most pressing
challenges of our time, including resource depletion and climate
change. For a detailed video explanation of the circular economy,
you can watch a less than 3-minute video from the Ellen
MacArthur Foundation.
We can take the circular economy to the next level if we add
to it the Waste 2 Wealth element. With the technological
breakthroughs that we have now available we can transform
all municipal waste into wealth so that no waste ends up in a
landfill. Municipalities can implement
new waste management practices,
through commitment to sustainability,
resource conservation and reducing
negative environmental consequences
associated with landfills,
including pollution and greenhouse
gas emissions.
The notion of a “regenerative economy” has been examined by
Paul Hawken in his work, “The Ecology of Commerce”. John Fullerton,
the founder and president of Capital Institute has further elaborated
on the concepts of regenerative economics and regenerative finance.
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has also actively advocated
for the advancement of the regenerative economy concept.
THE EIGHT PRINCIPLES OF REGENERATIVE
FINANCE
Regenerative Finance represents a significant departure from
traditional finance models. While conventional finance primarily
emphasizes profit maximization, Regenerative Finance shifts the
focus toward holistic sustainability, regeneration, and resilience.
It seeks to address pressing global challenges, such as climate
change, wealth inequality, and ecosystem degradation, by integrating
financial systems with ecological and social principles.
1. In Right Relationship – As the core principle of regenerative
finance when applied to Waste 2 Wealth initiatives using
blockchain technology, “In Right Relationship” signifies the
importance of establishing a balanced and ethical connection
between waste management, resource recovery, and
blockchain solutions. In this context, blockchain can enhance
transparency and traceability in waste-to-wealth processes,
ensuring responsible disposal, recycling, and re-utilization
of materials. It also fosters community engagement and accountability,
aligning economic incentives with environmentally
sustainable practices. “In Right Relationship” encourages
stakeholders in Waste 2 Wealth projects to prioritize not
only financial gains but also the well-being of ecosystems
and communities, ultimately promoting a regenerative and
responsible approach to waste management with the aid of
blockchain technology.
By integrating blockchain into Waste 2 Wealth solutions,
this principle aligns financial incentives with sustainable
practices, fostering a regenerative and inclusive approach to
resource management.
3. Innovative, Adaptive, Responsive – a principle within regenerative
finance, that when applied to Waste 2 Wealth strategies
with blockchain, underscores the importance of embracing
innovation and flexibility. It encourages the development and
utilization of blockchain technology to adapt and respond
to dynamic challenges in waste management and resource
recovery. Blockchain’s transparency and real-time data
tracking capabilities empower stakeholders to make informed
decisions and swiftly respond to changing waste streams and
recycling needs. By embracing this principle, Waste 2 Wealth
initiatives can continually innovate, optimize processes, and
remain agile in addressing emerging environmental and economic
demands. This approach not only enhances resource
efficiency but also promotes a sustainable and adaptable
ecosystem for waste management through blockchain technology.
The Waste 2 Wealth Strategy starts with a strong commitment for zero waste landfills. Waste would not be a
problem with negative effects on the environment and communities any longer. Waste becomes a resource that
produces green energy and wealth. The enhanced circular economy model balances economic growth and
environmental preservation. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. There would be no need for landfills,
starting our FastTrack to zero waste communities.
2. Views Wealth Holistically – in the context of Waste 2 Wealth
initiatives and blockchain Regenerative Finance underscores
the need to consider wealth beyond mere financial gains. It
encourages a broader perspective, encompassing environmental,
social, and economic factors. Blockchain technology
plays a pivotal role by providing a transparent and immutable
ledger that tracks the entire lifecycle of waste, from disposal
to its transformation into valuable resources. This holistic
approach ensures that wealth is not solely measured in
monetary terms but also considers the reduction of environmental
harm and the promotion of community well-being.
188 189

4. Empowered Participation – is a principle of Regenerative Finance
that resonates with blockchain technology in the context
of Waste 2 Wealth endeavours. It emphasizes inclusive
decision-making and active engagement of all stakeholders,
including waste generators, recyclers, and communities.
Blockchain enables transparent, decentralized governance
structures where participants have a say in waste management
processes, recycling initiatives, and the allocation of
resources. This principle fosters collective responsibility,
encouraging individuals and organizations to contribute to
waste reduction, resource recovery, and sustainable practices.
Empowered participation, facilitated by blockchain, not
only enhances environmental outcomes but also creates a
sense of ownership and shared responsibility, promoting a
regenerative and community-centric approach to Waste 2
Wealth efforts.
5. Honour Community and Place – is a central principle of regenerative
finance when applied to Waste 2 Wealth initiatives
using blockchain technology. It emphasizes the importance
of considering local communities and ecosystems in waste
management strategies. With blockchain’s transparency and
traceability, Waste 2 Wealth projects can prioritize the reduction
of environmental harm and the well-being of communities
affected by waste disposal. By involving and empowering
local stakeholders, these initiatives ensure that economic
gains from resource recovery directly benefit the community
and the environment. This principle encourages a sustainable
and place-based approach to waste management, fostering
a sense of responsibility, pride, and shared prosperity within
the community, all while leveraging blockchain for transparent
and accountable processes.
6. Edge Effect Abundance – within the realm of regenerative
finance finds resonance in Waste 2 Wealth projects enhanced
by blockchain. It draws inspiration from ecological systems
where diverse ecosystems converge at their boundaries, creating
conditions for abundance and diversity. Applied here,
it suggests that at the intersection of waste management,
resource recovery, and blockchain technology, opportunities
for innovative solutions and holistic abundance emerge.
Blockchain fosters transparency, efficiency, and traceability
in Waste 2 Wealth efforts, allowing diverse stakeholders to
collaborate and uncover new value streams. This principle
encourages creative thinking and collaborative problem-solving,
resulting in a more resilient and regenerative approach to
waste management and resource utilization in harmony with
the environment.
7. Robust Circulatory Flow – in the context of Waste 2 Wealth
initiatives and blockchain underscores the importance of
creating resilient and efficient systems for the circulation
of resources. Blockchain technology plays a vital role by
providing a transparent and traceable ledger for managing
the flow of waste materials, recycling processes, and the
subsequent distribution of reclaimed resources. It ensures
that resources are continuously repurposed and re-utilized,
reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact. By embracing
this principle, Waste 2 Wealth projects using blockchain
can establish closed-loop systems, fostering sustainability,
and contributing to the regeneration of resources within
the circular economy. This approach not only enhances
resource efficiency but also reduces the ecological footprint
of waste management processes, aligning with regenerative
finance principles
8. Seeks Balance – within regenerative finance, when applied
to Waste 2 Wealth initiatives with blockchain technology,
emphasizes the need for equilibrium between economic
prosperity, environmental sustainability, and social well-being.
It recognizes that waste management practices must harmonize
financial gains from resource recovery with the preservation
of the environment and the welfare of communities.
Blockchain’s transparency and accountability mechanisms
ensure that these initiatives strike a balance by tracking the
environmental impact, economic benefits, and community
involvement in Waste 2 Wealth processes. This principle
promotes responsible resource utilization and waste reduction,
fostering a holistic approach that aligns with regenerative
finance ideals and contributes to a more sustainable and
harmonious future.
Regenerative Finance involves a variety of practices and initiatives
aimed at aligning financial systems with its principles.
Impact investing directs capital toward businesses and projects
that generate positive environmental and social impact, alongside
financial returns. These investments prioritize regenerative
solutions. Regenerative Finance often supports community-based
banking and credit unions, which reinvest in local
communities and support economic resilience.
In agriculture, Regenerative Finance promotes regenerative farming
practices that improve soil health, promote biodiversity, and
reduce the negative environmental impacts of farming. Green
bonds are a financial instrument that raises capital for environmentally
beneficial projects. They are a key tool for financing regenerative
initiatives, such as renewable energy and sustainable
infrastructure. Regenerative Finance encourages ethical financial
Blockchain is an emerging technology that addresses important
environmental issues that can enhance the entire ecosystem
in a significant way. Decentralized tools provide controls and
incentives at scale, democratizing ownership to shift the power
back to the people. The technology improves transparency and
the integrity of data for measurement, reporting, and verification
(MRV). The key benefits of the blockchain are in the areas of
transparency, privacy, immutability, traceability, reliable data storage,
compliance, identity management, decentralization, governance,
smart contracts, web3 and community development.
1. Decentralization – Blockchain technology offers decentralization
as a fundamental principle. Unlike traditional centralized
systems, where data and control are concentrated in a single
entity, blockchain distributes data and authority across a
network of nodes. This decentralization enhances security,
as there is no single point of failure vulnerable to attacks
REGENERATIVE FINANCE
IN PRACTICE
or manipulation. It also fosters trust by enabling transparent
and tamper-resistant transactions without the need for
intermediaries. Decentralized applications (DApps) and smart
contracts operate autonomously, reducing the reliance on
third parties. This paradigm shift is reshaping industries, from
practices that prioritize transparency, fairness, and the well-being
of all stakeholders. It promotes the integration of ecological and
social metrics into financial accounting, ensuring that businesses
and financial institutions account for their impacts on the planet
and society.
The Waste to Wealth Strategy is based on Regenerative
Finance principles that foster local community engagement
and accountability, aligning economic incentives with
environmentally sustainable practices. Wealth transcends
mere financial gain. Innovation, continuous improvement,
and adaptability enhances resource efficiency. The community-centred
approach results in creative thinking and
collaborative problem-solving.
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
finance and supply chain to governance and healthcare, empowering
individuals and organizations with greater control,
transparency, and security in their digital interactions.
2. Reliable data storage – Blockchain technology provides reliable
data storage by distributing data across a decentralized
network of nodes. Each transaction or piece of information
is cryptographically secured and linked to the previous one,
forming an immutable chain. This redundancy and transparency
make data stored on the blockchain highly resistant to
tampering, corruption, or single points of failure. As a result,
it offers a robust and trustworthy means of storing critical
information, ensuring its permanence and integrity. Industries
such as healthcare, finance, and legal services can benefit
from this reliable data storage, as it reduces the risk of data
manipulation and unauthorized access, fostering greater
confidence in digital record-keeping.
3. Immutability – Blockchain technology’s immutability is a foundational
attribute that ensures once data is recorded on the
blockchain, it becomes nearly impossible to alter or erase.
Each block in the chain contains a cryptographic reference to
the previous block, creating a continuous and unbroken history
of transactions or records. The decentralized network of
190 191

nodes further secures this data, as consensus is required for
solution for compliance by providing a transparent, immuta-
code is immutable and verifiable on the blockchain. They find
improvements, and ensure the integrity of the system. This
any changes to be made. This immutability has profound im-
ble, and auditable ledger of transactions and data. Smart
applications in various fields, from financial services, where
collaborative ethos transcends traditional hierarchical struc-
plications for industries requiring unforgeable records, such
contracts, self-executing agreements with predefined rules
they facilitate secure and instant transactions, to supply
tures, promoting transparency and inclusivity. Open-source
as finance, supply chain, and legal sectors. It enhances trust
and conditions, enable automated compliance enforcement.
chain management, where they automate complex logistics
blockchain projects welcome contributions and feedback
and integrity, making blockchain a reliable and tamper-proof
This technology streamlines regulatory processes by ensur-
processes. Smart contracts have the potential to streamline
from a global community, democratizing innovation. Addition-
source of truth, ultimately reducing fraud and errors in various
ing that transactions adhere to established standards and
operations, reduce costs, and mitigate disputes, making
ally, token incentives within blockchain ecosystems reward
applications.
automatically trigger actions or alerts when violations occur.
them a powerful tool for enhancing efficiency and trust in a
participants for their contributions, aligning interests and
Additionally, blockchain’s cryptographic security ensures
wide range of industries.
encouraging community involvement. The result is a culture
4. Transparency – blockchain technology offers unprecedented
data integrity and privacy, aiding in regulatory reporting and
where stakeholders actively shape the technology’s direction,
transparency by creating a tamper-resistant and immuta-
audits. Industries subject to stringent compliance require-
11. The Web3 trend, powered by blockchain technology,
creating a dynamic and inclusive environment that drives
ble ledger of transactions. This transparency ensures that
ments, such as financial services and healthcare, can benefit
envisions a decentralized and user-centric internet. In
innovation and resilience in blockchain networks.
information whether it’s financial transactions, supply chain
significantly from blockchain, as it simplifies and accelerates
Web3, users have greater control over their data and digital
events, voting records, can be verified by anyone with access
compliance procedures, reduces the risk of errors, and en-
identities, while blockchain-based applications (DApps) offer
to the blockchain network. The decentralized nature means
hances trust with regulators and stakeholders.
services without relying on central authorities. This paradigm
that there is no single point of control, reducing the risk of
shift aims to replace traditional web platforms with trust-
manipulation or fraud. This newfound transparency promotes
8. Identity Management – Blockchain technology offers
less, open-source networks, fostering greater transparency,
The Waste 2 Wealth Strategy uses blockchain
trust, accountability and integrity fostering a more open and
innovative solutions for identity management by enabling
privacy, and security. Tokenization and digital assets play a
technology to enhance security, traceability, efficiency,
honest digital environment. All transactions are visible in real
secure, self-sovereign digital identities. Users can control
central role in Web3 economies, enabling new business mod-
incentives, and automation through smart contracts.
time.
their personal information and selectively share it with trusted
els and digital ecosystems. While Web3 promises to disrupt
parties without relying on centralized authorities. Decentral-
the current internet landscape, it also faces challenges like
The tokenization process democratizes investments
5. Privacy and Opacity – blockchain technology provides a
ized identifiers (DIDs) and verifiable credentials are used to
scalability, regulation, and user adoption, which need to be
and communities become involved in the governance
unique blend of privacy and opacity. It achieves this bal-
create and manage these identities. This approach enhances
addressed for its full realization.
process. The carbon credits will be tracked and traded
ance through cryptographic techniques, ensuring that data
privacy, reduces the risk of identity theft, and simplifies iden-
through the blockchain, ensuring transparency and
is secure and confidential while still being part of the public
tity verification processes. It is particularly valuable in sectors
12. Collaborative culture and the role of community – Blockchain
trust. Peer-to-peer transfers democratize access and
ledger. Users can have pseudonymous identities, safeguard-
like healthcare, finance, and online services, where robust
technology fosters a collaborative culture by emphasizing
to benefits for the community.
ing their personal information, yet their transactions and
identity management is essential. Blockchain technology
community-driven development and governance. Decen-
traceable and verifiable. Additionally private or permissioned
ensures that individuals have greater control over their digital
tralized networks rely on a community of users, developers,
blockchains enable selective disclosure of data to authorized
identities, fostering trust and security in the digital realm
and validators who collectively make decisions, propose
participants, maintaining sensitive information’s confidentiali-
while mitigating issues associated with centralized identity
ty. This duality of privacy and transparency is particularly val-
providers.
uable in scenarios like financial transactions, where individuals
and entities seek to protect their identities and sensitive
9. Governance – Blockchain technology introduces novel forms
details while benefiting from the security and immutability
of governance through decentralized autonomous organi-
that the blockchain offers.
zations (DAOs) and smart contracts. These systems allow
for transparent, rule-based decision-making, often without
6. Traceability and Time Stamping – Blockchain technology
a central authority. Participants in a blockchain network
offers powerful traceability and time-stamping capabilities.
collectively determine protocol upgrades, code changes,
Every transaction or piece of data entered into a blockchain
and transaction validations, fostering a more democratic and
is precisely time-stamped, creating an immutable record of
inclusive governance model. Additionally, blockchain-based
when it occurred. This feature ensures a transparent and
voting systems offer secure and tamper-resistant methods
auditable history, crucial for supply chain management,
for elections and referendums. These innovations can reduce
provenance tracking, and compliance verification. Through
corruption, improve transparency, and empower individuals
the blockchain’s distributed ledger, stakeholders can trace
to participate actively in the governance of networks and
the origin and journey of products, assets, or information with
organizations, disrupting traditional hierarchies and promot-
unparalleled accuracy. This not only enhances accountability
ing fair and accountable decision-making in a wide range of
but also facilitates rapid response in case of issues, such as
sectors.
product recalls or fraudulent activities. The traceability and
time-stamping features of blockchain technology give organ-
10. Smart Contracts – Smart contracts are self-executing con-
izations and individuals valuable insight into the life cycle of
tracts with predefined rules and conditions that automatically
data or assets, fostering trust and efficiency across various
execute when these conditions are met. Enabled by block-
domains.
chain technology, they offer a revolutionary way to conduct
and automate agreements, reducing the need for intermedi-
7. Compliance – Blockchain technology offers a powerful
aries. Smart contracts ensure trust and transparency, as their
192 193

WASTE 2 WEALTH
TECHNOLOGY
The new technology is designed to turn the unrecyclable
Municipal Solid Waste into energy with zero carbon emissions,
turning Waste 2 Wealth, protecting the environment, and
supporting a low carbon circular economy.
The new waste to energy technology recovers raw materials
which can be used in construction or recycling.
The system is powered by electricity from its own production
and no gas is required.
The plant functions 24/7 all year round.
Waste 2 Wealth is a dynamic and sustainable strategy that
converts various types of waste materials into electricity,
eliminating the landfills.
The molecular disintegrator can process city waste,
sludge from black waters, petroleum sludge,
used tyres and biomass. Molecular disintegration
breaks down the chemical bonds within molecules resulting
in smaller compounds.
The process exposing the molecules to high temperatures
in the absence of oxygen, so combustion is prevented.
This process contributes to both waste management and
renewable energy generation with zero carbon emissions.
194 195

Waste 2 Wealth has many benefits. It reduces the
environmental impact by eliminating landfilling which
can emit harmful gases and contaminate groundwater.
DEMOCRATIZING WEALTH
Additionally, it contributes to a more circular economy by
extracting energy from waste resources, reducing the need for
fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
It also helps to address waste management challenges in
densely populated areas with limited landfill space.
In stage one the raw materials are processed, undergoing drying,
shredding and pelletizing, so that the waste is transformed in
highly efficient feedstock, ready to be converted into valuable
energy. In stage two the advanced technology involves high-temperature
pyrolysis and mixed gasification. As a result it generates
clean and versatile syngas that produces electricity, hydrogen
and other valuable materials.
Waste 2 Wealth strategy can be financed through the tokenization
process allowing communities to become owners and
beneficiaries of the technology. On chain governance can be implemented
through the blockchain technology allowing members
of the local community to make decisions through transparent,
rule-based decision-making.
The Waste 2 Wealth Strategy uses revolutionary
technology that turns waste into energy through
molecular disintegration with zero carbon emissions
and zero chemicals.
The new technology turns city waste, sludge from
black waters, petroleum sludge, used tires and other
biomass materials into green energy and other raw
materials. The system runs 24/7, is powered by a
small amount of electricity and offers a fast return on
investment.
Welthee is empowering people to create wealth even in volatile
markets. Welthee operates as a decentralized investment fund
that seeks to help people navigate and create wealth in the
emerging digital asset class. Turning waste into wealth is a
significant market that is going to be digitized and will enable
millions of people to invest.
Welthee is taking Wall Street on Main Street offering to individuals
and communities the tools and opportunities that once were
available only to a few. The tools are available for individuals,
families, businesses and governments. Welthee is making investments
smart, safe and easy. The technology offers money back
guarantee through non-custodial smart contracts.
One of the biggest problems in investing is volatility. But now
with Welthee’s new technology volatility is not merely a problem
to be feared, but an opportunity to be harnessed. The groundbreaking
platform is set to revolutionize the way investors
manage risk in their investments. In a world where markets can
swing from euphoria to despair in the blink of an eye, navigating
the unpredictable nature of volatility has long been a challenge
for investors.
Throughout history we have witnessed market booms and busts,
economic crises, and periods of stability. In recent times the
speed and intensity of market volatility has accelerated. The rise
of global interconnectedness, technological advancements and
the ever-present information age have propelled volatility to new
heights, demanding our attention and strategic response.
Our solution empowers the investors to take control of their
financial destinies. Welthee equips investors with the tools and
strategies to thrive in the face of market volatility.
Welthee offers investors the possibility to choose their risk level
from 0 to 100 percent, offering a money back guarantee if funds
are invested with zero risk. The platform is non-custodial, so
FUTURE OF FITNECH
EXCLUSIVE MONACO MINISTER OF STATE
EXCLUSIVE
THE
JUST
100
Welthee does not have access to any client accounts and funds.
Each investment is made through a smart contract that has a
profit target, a stop loss and a time limit. Each investment has
a treasury wallet with funds allocated for the money back
guarantee. For each individual
investment funds are transferred
from treasury to the smart contract
for risk mitigation. Welthee’s technology
is the future of investments!
You can install the application by
scanning the QR code or visit
www.welthee.com
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DEMOCRATIZING WEALTH
HIS APP USING SMART CONTRACTS IN BLOCKCHAIN
FOR RISK MITIGATION HAS CHANGED THE FUTURE OF
INVESTING. WITH A “RISK BUCKET” AND “STOP LOSS”
STRATEGY, ZERO RISK CAN BE GUARANTEED—EVEN IN
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OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 2021
196 197

WE NEED MORE FOCUS
TO CREATE EUROPEAN
UNICORNS
Why does Europe find it hard to turn inventions into successful
innovations and get our companies into the top 10 global tech
companies? Innovation platform Living Tomorrow asked that
question to no fewer than 15 (international) decision makers
during an animated debate at the opening of its new Innovation
Campus. Joachim De Vos, managing partner and co-chairman
of Living Tomorrow, was happy to draw some interesting conclusions.
“We need to focus more on a few selected developments
– research, people and capital – to market them effectively and
successfully, and to create our own European ‘unicorns’ within
the next 5 to 10 years.”
Innovation and future-proofing are increasingly important
topics for companies, governments and organisations. Europe
is firmly committed to it. Through the Next Generation Europe
programme, Europe is investing no less than EUR 800 billion in
innovation – mainly in digitalisation and climate change solutions.
And that still needs some work in Europe. For instance, we can
see that no European company ranks among the top 10 global
tech players, even though we count ourselves among the world’s
top innovators. So, there is a gap between being good at inventing
and scoring in successful innovation.
“According to the 2022 Europe Innovation Scoreboard (EIS),
we are doing better and better: our European ‘innovation performance’
– based on parameters such as intellectual impact,
funding and digitalisation – has increased by almost 10 percent
since 2015,” Joachim De Vos explains. “We have improved our
position against our global counterparts. And Belgium is also
doing well: we are labelled ‘innovation leader’ and we are fifth
in the ranking of most innovative countries.”
“However, we should view this EIS with due scepticism. The
system mainly looks at inputs and not outputs. And the latter
is needed for successful innovation. Sweden, for example, has
been the absolute number one for years according to the EIS,
but if you look at what those inputs effectively produce in terms
of innovation stimulation, Sweden only lands in 22nd place. It will
be crucial for Europe to pursue the right definition of innovation.
We are good at inventing, but an invention only becomes innovation
when it is widely applied and sold.”
What can we do about it? Here are some interesting observations
from the innovation debate with 15 decision makers.
OBSERVATION 1: THE RIGHT TIMING OF
INNOVATION IS KEY
Must you be a first mover to win the innovation race? Or is it
better to wait and see what happens as a fast follower? “There is
obviously something to be said for both. The panel was divided
on this point,” says De Vos. If you invest heavily in a new technology,
you may well end up being overtaken by the competition
or by another (global) player. For example, there are companies
that have invested a lot in large language models with the intention
of making this a revenue model, but these investments have
been completely undermined by the arrival of ChatGPT.
On the other hand, sometimes it is also very important to claim
your spot before the competition does. If you depend on a
198 199

certain part of the infrastructure, like for example a fibre network
for 5G and 6G, which Proximus is rolling out now, you do have to
be the first to jump on it. But the very best infrastructure only becomes
successful when smart cloud applications run widely on
it. That is why Proximus follows a dual strategy: investing in top
infrastructure and at the same time rolling out the cloud services
of the future with customers.
But you do not always have to be the first with the technology
to make a difference. You can also use existing technology in
a different way and be first to do so. For example, the Port of
Antwerp-Bruges is now the first port to deploy drones to monitor
where maintenance is needed. And our partner BDO, for example,
has developed a tool that provides automated advice on a
company’s energy costs based on AI.
You do not necessarily have to be the first, but you do have to
keep up with what is happening in terms of technology. And
above all, use it creatively. The right timing is not only important
to avoid falling behind technologically, it also determines how
your company embraces innovation. Nobody wants to become a
second Kodak.
OBSERVATION 2: SUCCESSFUL INNOVATIONS
SHOULD DRIVE SUSTAINABILITY
To become successful, new technology must above all fit into a
social purpose. “Sustainability is absolutely paramount in this,”
says Joachim De Vos. “We need to evolve towards a CO2-neutral
world as soon as possible, and technology will play a crucial
role in achieving this. For instance, thanks to smart control and
monitoring of our water systems, Farys can cope with floods as
well as droughts.
Today, we can also store drinking water underground and turn
brackish water or sea water into energy-efficient potable water.
Building materials can also be individually tagged so that they
become traceable and easier to recycle upon demolition, as construction
company Cordeel and window manufacturer Schüco
are doing, for example. These are basic principles needed for
circular construction to succeed.”
Safety and health are also important drivers of innovation. “For
example, water dispensers from BWT have filters that alert owners
when they need replacement, to prevent people from drinking
contaminated water. There are also more and more predictive
200 201

management systems where machines or materials can generate
“Creativity, boldness and inventiveness need to be rewarded
an alert when they need maintenance. And drones and robots
more. This is going to make all the difference with the pervasive
will play a major role in surveillance as our partner Securitas
automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI) coming, as consultants
proves.”
Sopra Steria and HR partner Group S are pointing out. These
technologies will help us move away from manual and repetitive
The government has an important role to play here. “On the
tasks towards greater efficiency, so that we have time to exper-
one hand in terms of regulation: a (legal and fiscal) framework
iment and develop, and to cultivate human relationships. That
must be created to enable new technologies. On the other hand,
is why we need to develop new skills, in terms of digitalisation,
stimulation is needed: innovations that improve sustainability and
creativity and soft skills.”
safety, for example, should be encouraged and possibly subsidised.
This is exactly what the Department of Mobility and Public
Works indicates.”
OBSERVATION 4: MORE FOCUS AND RISK IN
INVESTMENTS
OBSERVATION 3: NEW SKILLS NEEDED TO EXCEL
To truly excel and innovate, we obviously need to invest. “The
capital for this is available. But we spread it too much”, Joachim
Our way of training and assessment must change if we want to
De Vos points out. “Everyone gets a share, but no one gets
increase our capacity for innovation. “We still focus too much on
enough to really grow. We need to dare focus on a few selected
the average. It’s a culture of mediocrity. To really move towards
technological developments. Taking risks will deliver results. We
an innovation culture, we must strive for excellence, as our
see this in China and the United States.”
Advisory Board chairman Jurgen Ingels points out. We must want
to be the best and cultivate this in our education to compete with
“If we do the right things and do them right, I am sure we will
other superpowers, such as the United States and China, where
this is inherent in the education system. Anyone can excel, each
manage to have at least one but possibly even three European
unicorns within five to ten years.”
Indringingsweg 1, 1800 Vilvoorde / +32 2 263 01 31 / info@sapor.eu /
sapor.eu
at their own level and in their own sphere of interest. This also
motivates.”
More info on livingtomorrow.com
Photos: Living Tomorrow
202 203

MAX STUDENNIKOFF
THE MISSION OF
CC INVESTMENT FORUM IS
TO MAKE THE WORLD
A BETTER PLACE
Max Studennikoff is the founder of the Climate Change Forum
years has been contributing towards forging this new model of
– CC Forum in short. Since 2017 it has established itself as a
entrepreneur who is more concerned with the long-term conse-
leading investor conference in this important sector, helping to
quences of both environmental and social impacts, rather than
raise funds for innovative change drivers and awareness. Dieter
making short-term profits. The attitude of investors – I am talking
Brockmeyer, Co-Founder of Diplomatic World Institute, talked to
about institutional investors as well as private investors, angel
him about his vision and the state of the world.
investors, VC capital firms, family offices – is that the attention is
being directed towards that.
WE HAD A YEAR OF DEVASTATING FLOODS AND
WILDFIRES IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD. IT
WAS A HORRIBLE YEAR. WHAT CAN THE CLIMATE
CHANGE FORUM DO ABOUT THAT?
Only five years ago, people laughed at me: “Max, another green
conference? Come on, give us a break, it is such a crowded
space.” I am only a humble event organizer, there is obviously a
lot of teamwork involved. I am by far not the only pebble on the
Different countries experience the impacts of climate change on
a different scale. What might be seen with a bit of positivity: in
Norway, for example, a couple of years ago they branched off
into planting cherry trees. This would have been unimaginable
20 or 30 years back. And winemaking is returning to the UK
beach. It is kind of a paradox because investors who had been
sceptical, are now nudging us, not the other way around. That
is the main momentum that the forum has gained so far. And,
obviously, we are no longer in the embryonic state and not in the
toddler state either. But we still have a long way to go. Because
it is nowhere near the speed and pace we should really look at if
DOES THE GROWING DISCUSSION ABOUT
NATURAL CAPITAL AND HOW TO CREATE AN
UNDERSTANDING OF THE VALUE OF NATURAL
ASSETS ALSO SUPPORT YOUR PLATFORM?
On the contrary, we benefit from this backdrop. Every senior
thought leader and many Heads of States and Government will
be heading to Dubai anyway. We are a complement – or supplement
– focusing on the investment niche. We focus on investment
and startups. That is the other very important aspect.
on an industrial scale, which is also quite weird. These can be
we want to achieve tangible results in the near future.
Without any doubt. The investors are getting increasingly choosy
considered as “positive” impacts of the climate change, in no
about where they invest, how they invest, whether it really has a
The practicality of the CC Forum is connecting under one roof
way comparable to the situation in other parts of the world that
long-term environmental or social benefit. Since many are self-
the savviest of the investors with the brightest of the startups.
are very much hit by tragedies. It is undoubtedly the nations that
less enough, they begin to think in terms of future generations,
Our event will centre around the gala dinner and the awards cer-
centre around the Equator that bear the brunt of climate change
they all have their own children and grandchildren. I simply do
emony, preceded by a series of workshops, and brainstorming
which includes ever increasing droughts, floods, wild fires and
not wish my children to be fighting for food and water in 20 or 30
sessions during a two-day period.
hurricanes.
years. It is as simple as that. That is the really important factor.
CAN YOU ALREADY SEE A MOMENTUM
DEVELOPING OUT OF YOUR INITIATIVE?
HOW DO YOU OPERATE?
We normally hold one or two annual editions. A CC Forum edition
CC FORUM BEEN ENDORSED BY MANY
IMPORTANT FIGUREHEADS. CAN YOU GIVE
SOME EXAMPLES?
Absolutely. What had not been possible 10 or 15 years ago,
is typically a four or five-day event which is stuffed with vari-
Indeed, it has been endorsed or patronised by quite a few fig-
even five years back, is possible now. There are several factors
ous sorts of plenary sessions, roundtables, investor meetings,
ureheads including his Serene Highness Prince Albert of Monaco
really working towards that. As you rightly pointed out, over the
gala dinners, receptions... We intersperse these with a series of
(2020), His Royal Highness, the Crown Prince and Prime Minister
past years we have seen a drastic rise in the number of natural
investors’ dinners and business speed dating sessions all around
of the Kingdom of Bahrain (2022) and Prime Minister of Malta
disasters. I would think that what really helped was this: the
the world. We take the forum to different countries. What we will
(2019) to make but a few. We even received a short greeting by
COVID pause and reset were like nature telling all of us: “Do not
be doing during COP28 in Dubai is not a full-fledged four-day
the late monarch Queen Elizabeth. This really helped a lot. The
run too fast, think twice of what you are doing.” Answering your
event because we do not wish to be in competition with them,
ball is rolling and the momentum is there, but, as mentioned,
question, it is a resounding yes. Because what the CC Forum
particularly knowing that we are an apolitical event and the niche
much is yet to be done.
has been doing progressively and successfully over the last
we occupy is an investment conference.
204 205

GIVE US A LITTLE OF YOUR BACKGROUND.
WHAT HAS BROUGHT YOU INTO THIS POSITION
TO LAUNCH AND LEAD THE CC FORUM?
I am normally not in the habit of speaking about myself, but I am
very happy to speak about my brainchild. I have been wearing
many hats in my life, and I have been an entrepreneur for over 30
years. But it is all of secondary importance in comparison to CC
Forum, a global initiative that we have been driving forward since
2017. The whole concept of the forum was born over a cup of
coffee with a very senior British official whilst in Davos.
When you look at the World Economic Forum, it resembles a
bit of a vanity fair where people tend to come to showcase their
wealth. This is not what the world needs. However, it is still a
global conference focusing on how you can invest into climate
conservation. All political aspects left aside, this is the sort of
things that form the backbone of our actions.
Come for our great range of Volvo cars.
Stay for our service and personal attention.
Find the Volvo Diplomatic Sales Dealer near you.
And from that time onwards, we have been building this up and
I am very pleased to say that, six years later, it is governments
which are vying to host our editions globally. Because they know
how much value it can bring to them in terms of foreign direct
investment. We are very keen to take the CC Forum to new
heights.
1,0 – 8,8 L/100 KM I 23 – 207 G CO 2 /KM (WLTP)
Contact your dealer for information about your vehicle taxes.
Environmental information RD 19/03/2004: www.volvocars.be
Photos: Max Studennikoff
206 207

PROF. RUDY AERNOUDT
EUROPE: STILL ROOM
FOR INDUSTRY?
The one thing that the European Commission has surely
Mechanism (CBAM) aims to avoid further offshoring, but why not
achieved during the (first) Presidential term of Ursula Von Der
go one step further and bring back the ‘offshore’ industry? Many
Leyen is the European Green Deal, an ambitious goal for Europe
industries turned their backs on Europe because of the high
to become the world’s first carbon-neutral continent. And who
wage costs but the world has changed. We have already referred
can argue against it when we see, daily, the state of the planet?
to the spectacular rise in Chinese wages and logistics costs.
The fundamental question however is whether there is still room
Moreover, producing in China and serving the European market
for industry in an environment-driven Europe.
from there is not really the most ecological choice. People want
to produce and consume increasingly more locally, certainly
INDUSTRY: PLEASE GO
since the COVID-19 crisis.
Rising costs, the environmental footprint and consumer aware-
Photo: Prof. Rudy Aernoudt
In the first decade of the 21st century industry had a bad
reputation for polluting. Industry would rather be lost than rich.
Between the year 2000 and 2010, 40 percent of companies with
ness mean that the profits of offshoring are no longer compensated.
Many companies would actually have an interest in returning.
Based on an American study, it appeared that, if you look
INDUSTRY: BE COMPETITIVE
TOWARDS A LOYAL PLAYING FIELD
50 employees or more left Europe wholly or partly, mainly in
at the total cost of industry, 57 percent of the former offshore
In addition, we must make European industry more competitive
This brings me to the unfair competition. Take electric cars,
search of low-wage countries. Logistical problems, excessive en-
companies would have an economic interest in returning, i.e. to
with further digitalization. The road is still long here. The resil-
for example. As part of the Green Deal, electrification of our
vironmental regulations, administrative burdens, tax regulations
reshore. It would be no different for Europe, although we have no
ience of the industry can increase through collaboration,
car parts is crucial. Electric cars are batteries on wheels. But
and the predominance of the unions all pushed industry out. The
studies on the matter. Studies also show that active government
alliances and ecosystems. A striking example is the alliance
Chinese constructors are less respectful of environmental and
result of this exodus is that the specific weight of industry is less
policies can promote reshoring, not through subsidies but, for
that the Commission has set up in the field of chips and sem-
social issues, and compete with European companies that have
than 20 percent of the GDP in Europe.
example, through return guidance, such as identifying suitable
iconductors. The market share of these strategic products is
to scrupulously respect those issues, and are obliged to report
industrial sites or training suitable personnel.
barely 9 percent of global capacity. By setting up an alliance of
annually in this respect. Global markets are now flooded with
This average hides big differences between, for example, coun-
companies from the entire value chain between different compa-
cheaper Chinese electric cars. And their price is kept artificially
tries such as Belgium or France, where the weight of industry
So, let us start an active reshoring policy in Europe and set up
nies and countries, Europe wants to increase this to 20 percent
low by huge state subsidies. The same happened with solar
is now only about 15 percent, whereas at the other end of the
a tailor-made industry policy 4.0 to realize this objective. For
by 2030. Leuven’s IMEC is one of the companies spearheading
panels.
spectrum, in countries such as Germany or regions like the
example, a company that has left Belgium, Germany or France
that alliance. Such an alliance is necessary.
Basque Country, industry represents 25 percent of GDP. The
because of wage costs could now return due to the changed
One cannot create a level playing field if not all the players have
UK takes a middle position with 19 percent. But is an economy
circumstances. Case by case, we could examine what could
Just think of car companies, such as Volvo Car Gent, a Belgian-
to respect the same rules. Therefore, Europe should impose the
whereby 75 to 85 percent of its GDP is composed of services
enable the company to decide to reshore. If the wage difference
based car factory, which was shut down for months in 2021 be-
proof of compliance with the strict European rules, on all prod-
or “services to services”, respectively the third and the fourth
remains a decisive factor, as is the case with mass production,
cause the chip supply from China failed – ironic for a 50 percent
ucts entering the European single market.
sector, a sustainable model?
for example, the return may not go to the country of origin, but
Chinese-owned company. This philosophy reflects the aim of
to a low-wage country within Europe, such as Bulgaria, Croatia
making Europe the home of industry as set out in the industrial
An open market in which parties do not compete with the same
INDUSTRY: PLEASE COME BACK
or Romania, where the labour cost is three times lower than in
Belgium or Germany (EUR 14/hour compared to EUR 42/hour),
countries that today can compete with countries such as China
strategy updated by the Commission in May 2021. The objective
is a digital, green and resilient European industry.
weapons is no longer a win–win. Anyone who conquers the
European market through social dumping practices, subsidies
or by flouting environmental considerations is not respecting
The exodus came to a halt during the last decade, partly
or Vietnam without any problems.
The recovery fund of EUR 750 billion should give a boost to this.
the same rules of the game. Hence my proposal to replace the
because of the rising wage costs in China and the spectacular
And the climate fund of EUR 72 billion, supplemented by emis-
concept of a level playing field with the concept of a loyal playing
increases in logistics costs. A container from China to Europe
But let us not forget that due to far-reaching digitalization,
sion rights, should also bring solace. All this leads to favourable
field. Anyone wishing to enter the European market with goods
has become up to twenty times more expensive in recent years,
labour costs make up an increasingly limited share of the total
future prospects for industry, something that has not escaped
or services is welcome as long as that country respects the same
while labour costs have increased by 300 percent in ten years
costs. Europe could therefore pursue an active reshoring policy,
the attention of the Americans. There is however a danger that
social achievements and the same environmental criteria. Such
(between 2005 and 2016). The question now is whether this
analogous to the reshoring agencies in the United States and the
the Inflation Reduction Act and the Green deal leads to a subsidy
an approach is particularly required with regard to the ambition
exodus will resume because ambitious climate targets could also
United Kingdom. Unfortunately, it is too afraid of incurring the
race amongst continents, which would, as most economic
to make Europe the first CO2-neutral continent. If all industry
drive out remaining industry, or whether, on the other hand, there
accusation of protectionism, which is a geopolitical choice, not
models show, lead to inefficient use of public funds and further
disappears from Europe, it will no longer pollute. Industrial policy
is an opportunity for companies. The Carbon Border Adjustment
an economic one.
increase public deficits.
must go hand in hand with foreign economic policy.
208 209

In addition, it is important that Europe maintains its independence
in strategic sectors. Open strategic autonomy should not
BY WAY OF CONCLUSION
be an idle word here, but lead to political action at the European
If one delocalises all industry, it is certain that the climate objec-
level. Fortunately, COVID-19 has opened our eyes here. Europe,
tives in Europe will be attained. But this is not a lasting model
for all its industrial talent, was unable to produce simple masks
for Europe. The Green deal should therefore not only become
because all the relevant production capacity had been delocal-
a Green and Industrial deal, but targets in the field of climate
ized.
should be accompanied by targets for the share of industry.
And the Ukraine crisis put a finger on unacceptable energy
We must prove that modernisation and decarbonisation can go
dependence.
hand in hand, as Ursula Von Der Leyen stated in her State of the
Union 2023. I propose therefore that Europe strives to have 25
Foreign investment and trade policy should therefore be aimed at
bringing back industry and based on the preservation of an open
percent of its GDP based on industry.
Indringingsweg 1, 1800 Vilvoorde / +32 2 263 01 31 / info@sapor.eu /
sapor.eu
market, but only for those who respect the rules of the game in
Only in this way will we have a sustainable model for Europe,
the market. It takes political courage to impose social and envi-
guaranteeing welfare for its citizens and well-being for the planet.
ronmental rules on a trading partner such as China, but that too
Isn’t that what sustainability is about?
should be possible thanks to the European Union.
210 211

FRANK E.P. DIEVERNICH
SOCIAL TOGETHERNESS IN OUR CITY,
THAT’S WHAT WE WERE FOUNDED FOR
Professor Frank E. P. Dievernich is chairman of the Stiftung
Polytechnische Gesellschaft (Polytechnic Foundation) in Frankfurt
am Main, which was established to support the urban society
in Germany’s financial centre. He discusses this unique structure
and its much older parent organization, the Polytechnische
Gesellschaft e. V. (Polytechnic Society), with Dieter Brockmeyer,
co-founder of Diplomatic World Institute.
FROM THE OUTSIDE, YOUR ORGANIZATION’S
STRUCTURE LOOKS RATHER UNUSUAL. THERE IS
THE POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY AND THE POLYTECH-
NIC FOUNDATION OF WHICH YOU ARE CHAIR-
MAN. CAN YOU EXPLAIN THIS A LITTLE?
The Polytechnic Society is the starting point. It was founded in
1816 by dedicated citizens who wanted to do something for the
City of Frankfurt. They created the Sunday School for craftsmen,
for instance. The challenge was how to train them in accounting,
languages or calligraphy, skills which sound ancient to us but
were very important at that time. The other major accomplishment
was the founding of a local public bank, the “Sparkasse
von 1822”, so that citizens could save the money they earned
and the bank could work with these funds.
USUALLY, FOUNDATIONS ARE CREATED THE
OTHER WAY AROUND
Indeed. And the Museum of Applied Arts (Museum Angewandte
Kunst Frankfurt) also has its roots in the Society. Johann Wolfgang
von Goethe, for instance, was an honorary member. I do
not want to drop names, but it illustrates that civil engagement
has always been an important issue in Frankfurt. Polytechnic is
a term that comes from the Age of Enlightenment, meaning that
people have many skills and talents, a combination of head and
hands. Language skills are very important from the polytechnic
perspective. The Society was founded in 1816. It founded
the bank in 1822 and, to come to today, 18 years ago, in 2005,
this bank was sold and the shareholders decided to give the
proceeds as capital for a new foundation, the one I am heading
today. The Society is the parent organization, and the Foundation
is the most important subsidiary because it holds the capital.
THAT MEANS YOU FINANCE THE SOCIETY?
No, but we support some of the other subsidiaries with the existing
infrastructure. The subsidiaries are generally entities of their
own, such as the Cultural Forum (Kuratorium Kulturelles Frankfurt)
or the Bee Institute (Bieneninstitut). However, the Foundation is
the largest entity. And here as well, we return to our polytechnic
roots. We focus on the City of Frankfurt and invest the return
on our capital in specific areas: language education in is one
example; science and technology are another that also includes
support for the craft sector. A third area is our civil engagement,
where we offer a Civil Academy and scholarship programs. We
also have the area of humanitarian and charitable work with
the Welcome Days for New Parents (“Willkommenstage in der
frühen Elternzeit”), a project that supports families after the birth
of a child and in the first year of its life. Another area is cultural
heritage and the arts.
These are the main four areas, and we are always driven by the
idea of enlightenment, humanism and education. Looking back
at the last nine months, we focused on this even more with our
slogan “Wir bauen am Wir” [We are building on us]. We, the
Foundation, are building on “us”, meaning the big social “us”.
This highlights the direction in which we are moving forward.
Social togetherness in our city, that’s what we were founded for.
This is underpinned by a second objective, personal development.
Everything in which we invest our money should foster
personal development and strengthen social participation.
IN GERMANY, FRANKFURT IS KNOWN AS
SOMETHING LIKE THE FOUNDATION CAPITAL.
HOW DOES THIS AFFECT YOUR WORK?
There is a debate about this. Some say Frankfurt ranks first.
Depending on how you count, total number of foundations or
foundations per citizen, we rank among the first four. The total
number of currently active foundations in Frankfurt is close to
700, some dating back to the 13th century. It is not only the number
but also the diversity, with foundations close to corporations
to civil foundations. When talking to international guests, this is
something special that needs to be mentioned and that strongly
affects the atmosphere in this city.
LET’S COME BACK TO YOUR FOUNDATION.
WHAT ARE YOUR MAJOR PROJECTS?
I think that Germany generally succeeds in including most citizens
in our education system. But there is a problem with people
who are left outside the system. That is where we need to do
something – and for those who are at the top, the “elites”. These
are the groups we put an increased focus on in the coming years.
Education projects like Deutschsommer or the Diesterweg
Scholarship are especially important in a multinational city like
Frankfurt and the surrounding region. Each year, Deutschsommer
accepts 160 schoolchildren in the third grade who require language
coaching. Over three weeks, they have not only German
lessons but also drama classes, and they explore the city. These
kids, some of whom would not have the chance to go on vacation,
get to enjoy some real action. All of them take a giant step
forward after this program. To enable them to succeed in the
fourth grade and to make it into the fifth means huge progress.
For the Diesterweg Scholarship, named after the educator who
was one of the founders of the Polytechnic Society, we not only
focus on individuals but on the entire family. Parents are becoming
coaches for their children’s education.
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE PROJECTS IN THE
OTHER AREAS YOU ARE WORKING IN?
For science and technology, I can mention the Saturday School
(“Samstagsschule für begabte Handwerker”), which used to
be the Sunday School and goes back to the beginning of the
Society, to support talented craftsmen and craftswomen. Via
scholarships, we support them on their path to establishing their
own businesses, help them to create their business plans, to
improve their presentation skills, etc. In the area of civic engagement,
I would like to mention the District Ambassadors (“Stadtteil-Botschafter”),
usually young people who want to accomplish
something for their neighbourhoods. They notice that something
is missing and act accordingly. We help them, for instance, to
set up a bicycle repair workshop, a school café or a skateboard
parkour, in cooperation with the city.
In our main humanitarian project, in cooperation with the German
Child Protection Association (Deutscher Kinderschutzbund), all
six local maternity clinics are our partners. Trained social workers
(“Babylotsen”) screen 85 percent of all births in Frankfurt and ask
the mothers, some of them single, how they are doing. If they
need support, they immediately put them in touch with relevant
institutions. We do that to give the very youngest a relatively
good start in our society.
I would also like to give an example from the area of cultural
heritage: For many years, we have had district historians
(“Stadtteil-Historiker”). That’s a scholarship too. Everybody can
apply for it to explore the history of specific buildings or anything
else in their neighbourhood. We do that together with a local
Frankfurt newspaper that then reports about it. If you know all
these things, you can identify much better with your surroundings,
with streets, houses and people.
I want to mention a last project that is connected with our
understanding of democracy, the “Junge [Young] Paulskirche”
[St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt, where the first German parliament
met in 1848], where we discuss current issues with young people,
teaching them to argue and find compromises.
YOU HAVE MORE IN THE PIPELINE FOR THE
FUTURE. CAN YOU GIVE US A GLIMPSE?
As I mentioned earlier, in the coming years we will increase our
focus on education. For pupils, we hope to launch a program on
emotional intelligence next year. In education, we have always
had this cognitive approach but are noticing that, for instance,
the tone in social media is getting rougher. We therefore think
that schools should also teach empathy and social skills. We are
thinking about a project for principals who want to reflect about
the school of tomorrow. This will be another scholarship where
we want to bring together like-minded heads of schools who
want to take the future into their own hands. In addition, we want
to go into schools with craftsmen and craftswomen to teach
practical skills and promote crafts as a career. These are just
some examples of what we intend to add to our project portfolio.
212 213

DR. BOLA OLABISI
FROM THE CLIMATE CRISES
TO FOOD SHORTAGES,
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING,
ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY,
WOMEN ARE DEVELOPING
GROUND-BREAKING AND NOVEL CONCEPTS,
PROJECTS, SERVICES AND PRODUCTS
THAT REALLY MATTER
Dr. Bola Olabisi founded the Global Women Inventors & Innova-
pand into Europe and changed our name to the European Wom-
tors Network (WIIN) 25 years ago in the United Kingdom and acts
en Inventors and Innovators Network. It did not take long before
as its CEO. Today it is a global network that has grown into an
other countries outside Europe took an interest, so we became a
inspirational gathering of leading exceptional creative, inventive,
global network. A lot has happened in 25 years, we have had our
and innovative women and male champions from across the
fair share of ups and down but overall a lot of achievements we
globe. Diplomatic World Institute co-founder Dieter Brockmeyer
are proud of.
talked to Dr. Olabisi about the progress and the challenges women
experience in this space.
A QUARTER OF A CENTURY OF YOUR GLOBAL
WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION, QUITE AN ACCOM-
PLISHMENT. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF OF
GLOBAL WIIN?
It stands for Global Women Inventors and Innovators Network.
When we first started in the UK 25 years ago, we called it the
British Female Inventors Network. We came together as women,
HOW MANY WOMEN ARE CELEBRATING
WITH YOU?
I believe we have grown into thousands over the years, and that
each feels that we have accomplished a great deal. A key feature
of our network is our shared vision and intellectual capacity
to tackle global issues with powerful collective world-leading
organisations, thinkers, and creatives. This has assisted us in our
bid to increase the percentage of women inventors and promote
the importance of intellectual property, equity and commercial-
matter where there are challenges, crises or a need to create a
better quality of life. From the climate crises to food shortage,
health and well-being, energy and to creating a more sustainable
environment, women are developing ground-breaking and novel
concepts, projects, services and products that really matter.
Photo: Dr. Bola Olabisi
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE THREATENS INTEL-
LECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, NOT ONLY FOR
WOMEN. DO YOU HAVE AN IDEA OF HOW TO
HANDLE THIS? IDEA OF HOW TO HANDLE THIS?
a mixture of failed and successful inventors creating open and
ization. The journey has proven there is a big gap around IP
The platform provides the opportunity to hold conferences and
We need to continue to advocate what we believe should be the
constructive dialogue based on real and practical experienc-
protection which include the understanding of the complexities
showcases with various stakeholders all under one roof. These
right way forward. Women should have a voice and we should be
es, while fostering a better understanding of the world’s best
of patents, design registration, trademarks, and copyrights. It
include investors, product developers, patent attorneys, entre-
at the table when these issues are discussed. I think there is a lot
practices and policies that help with the advancement of many
does not matter whether you have the most brilliant idea, unless
preneurs, and the academic world. The journey is not an easy
of blur areas that are unclear and needs regulation. However, AI
ingenious services, processes, and products.
you understand the steps needed to take it further it can be a
one especially when you put in so much effort, money and face
is here to stay and we need to capitalize on the positive aspects.
fruitless journey.
the setbacks that come when some people do not necessarily
AI can be designed to make life easier, faster, better, but we must
We came together with the main aim of building our capacity to
believe in your invention. Inventors are sometimes stereotyped
be aware of the negative side.
succeed and to increase the share of women in the innovation
I set up GlobalWIIN to provide a one stop shop to network, ac-
and quite a number would rather be referred to as innovators or
space. At the time there was no data that could be used as
cess support and information as well as a platform that attracts
entrepreneurs. I really do believe that we need to acknowledge,
I believe there is so much more that remains uncovered in the
evidence that women were participating as inventors. We found
experts and specialist organizations like the Intellectual Property
recognize, and appreciate inventors as without them, many items
world of AI. We need a platform where we hold dialogue on
that when we went to exhibitions, there were women, but very
Awareness Network (IPAN) and the World Intellectual Property
that make life easier for us today would not be available. A ma-
issues like this, therefore we have created think-tanks where we
few would claim to be inventors. Our call for inventors attracted
Organization (WIPO). In the world that we live in today, women
jority of inventions improve our quality of life and help make this
brainstorm, analyse these issues, and can collaborate with the
amazing women inventors across the UK. We soon began to ex-
across the world are taking action and finding solutions that
world a better place.
academic institutions.
214 215

Once we reach out into a new country or territory, we do our best
to build strong relationships with various partner organizations.
This has helped open many doors and created a far better understanding
of open innovation, sustainability, equity, and commercialization.
This has allowed us to address the misconceptions,
the consequences, the ethical concerns and the untapped
opportunities concerning women inventors and innovators. It has
also provided a great opportunity to acknowledge and recognise
the many ground-breaking contributions, while assisting with
building capacity, sharing knowledge that can lead to tremendous
social and economic impact.
HOW DID YOU PERSONALLY COME INTO DOING
WHAT YOU DO TODAY?
I am a simple woman with a family consisting of my husband
and children with little interest in the world of inventions at first. I
however visited an exhibition fair here in London in 1998 and became
fascinated by many of the inventions I saw. It was just by
coincidence that I started asking the women who were displaying
and asked them to explain the inventions they had on display.
Their response revealed many of the inventions were owned by
their husbands, male partners or in some cases their brothers or
fathers. At the time, I could not find a single woman inventor.
Be a member of ANADE
WE ARE AT A TIME WHERE INNOVATION AND IN-
VENTIONS ARE URGENTLY NEEDED, TO PROTECT
THE PLANET, MAKING IT SUSTAINABLE. WHAT
CHALLENGES DO YOU SEE HERE?
There are lots of challenges, however we continue to work with
governments, leading industry experts, voluntary organisations,
educational establishments, and the private sector, to bridge
the gender gap in this space and find effective ways of bringing
support, tools and information to empower women in achieving
significant growth.
From building digital infrastructures, new science to low technology,
high viability concepts and products. Some of the best
inventions come from people that discover a problem and find a
solution. I feel that a lot of organizations that offer funding should
do much more than they are currently doing. They should reach
out more to independent inventors and innovators and we are
the voice that raises awareness that there is a lot going on.
This spurred me on to meet with the organisers and asked why I
was not able to pinpoint a single female inventor here. This was
25 years ago, things have changed, at least slightly. I know a lot
of women who are scientists and engineers coming up with great
ideas. Why are we not celebrating them enough and putting
them on the spotlight as role models?
I found a mentor who had a brilliant magazine. I approached her
and said that I lacked the money but felt that this is something
we need to be doing. With the support of the Executive Women
magazine, we were able to start. When we got the data, we
found that only three percent of women had their inventions
patented in the UK at the time.
Today, it stands across the globe at approximately 12 percent.
Support for inventors is generally slow and as a result we need to
advocate for recognition and capacity building in many respects.
The question is: who is brave enough to support female inventors?
A LOT OF PEOPLE IN OUR SOCIETY FEAR THE
WAVE OF INNOVATION THAT IS APPROACHING
THEM, AND THEY FEEL THEY ARE LOSING THEIR
COMFORT ZONES. HOW CAN WE HANDLE THIS?
It is time that we have a consortium, specifically bringing the key
stakeholders together. Many years ago, when we first started
here in the UK, Lord Sainsbury (former UK Minister of Science
and Innovation) had an innovation group within the Ministry with
people like me, inventors and innovators. We brainstormed, they
listened and new ways of raising awareness and creating support
mechanisms relating to the innovation world were established.
People are constantly having great ideas, constantly thinking out
of the box, however government departments need to engage
more with local communities, with organizations, nonprofit ones,
such as mine in order to exploit and develop these great ideas. I
find that this is a challenge that is worth addressing. Perhaps this
is the hardest step, to get them to work with us.
Photo: Dr. Bola Olabisi
216 217

LUXURIOUS LOFTS
IN THE HEART
OF VILVOORDE
WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF THE REAL ESTATE
PROJECT ‘DE HEERENHUIZEN’?
Imoya is a true advocate for urban core development and redevelopment
projects. Our grand vision to optimize the town centre
of Vilvoorde started with the real estate project ‘de Kantfabriek’.
Later we further developed ‘Kantfabriek,’ and ‘de Heerenhuizen’
truly is the crowning glory of this beautiful story. When we became
aware that the old town houses, once the director’s residences
of the Kantfabriek, were for sale and were being left to deteriorate,
we did not hesitate. The conversion of these two buildings
perfectly aligns with our ambition.
WHAT MAKES THESE LOFTS SO UNIQUE?
The ten individual lofts combine the best of two worlds: on the
one hand, the charm and authenticity of the past thanks to the
majestic façade and high ceilings, and on the other hand today’s
comfort and sustainability.
The old painter’s studio in the garden has been restored as a
place where you can truly relax. You will be able to enjoy a summer
cocktail, have a barbecue with friends, or watch the sunset
after a hard day’s work. It’s also an ideal place to get to know
your neighbours. In addition to the spacious communal garden,
each flat has its own private outdoor area.
The most distinctive feature of the lofts is the sense of space
they exude. With ceilings up to 4.40 meters high, residents
experience a feeling of spaciousness that is hard to match.
At the same time, the houses are equipped with an up-to-date
ventilation system, a heat pump, and underfloor heating, to make
living in these lofts as comfortable as possible. With a home in
‘de Heerenhuizen,’ you are set for now and for the future.
The highlight of the project possibly is the beautiful communal
garden, measuring a whopping 1,000 square meters. It is one of
Vilvoorde’s largest private leafy green spaces.
WHERE ARE THE LOFTS LOCATED?
The project is situated in the Witherenstraat in Vilvoorde, right
next to Leuvensestraat, the town’s main shopping street. With
a location in the heart of the centre, everything is within walking
distance. Supermarkets, fashion shops, the bakery, the pharmacy,
the bus stop, the train station, and more... This proximity
makes the lofts an ideal location. Moreover, thanks to excellent
public transport connections, you can be in Brussels within ten
minutes. You can experience the tranquillity and cosiness of a
small town while finding yourself in our vibrant capital in no time.
218 219

VISIT THE MODEL LOFT,
A PERFECT REFLECTION
OF STYLE AND CRAFTSMANSHIP
TOGETHER WITH RENOWNED INTERIOR
DESIGN BRAND FLAMANT,
EVERY DETAIL HAS BEEN CAREFULLY
CHOSEN TO CREATE A WARM ATMOSPHERE
WHICH PROVIDES AN OASIS OF CALM IN
THE HEART OF THE TOWN OF VILVOORDE.
COME AND TAKE A CLOSER LOOK
AT THE MODEL LOFT.
YOU CAN SCHEDULE A VISIT BY
SENDING AN EMAIL TO
INFO@IMOYA.BE
OR BY PHONE +32 (0)2 787 02 05
FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT
WWW.DEHEERENHUIZEN.BE
220 221

222 223

224 225

WHERE ART MEETS ARCHITECTURE
SHINES IN UNIQUE
RECONVERSION PROJECT
THE HEERENHUIZEN IN VILVOORDE
226 227

Royal Warrant Holder
of the court of Belgium
MAKE YOUR HOUSE
A HOME WITH A TOUCH
OF FLAMANT
In the Belgian village of Herent, just a few minutes from Leuven,
a residential area named Meadow is now part of the scenery.
Designed by architects BINST and POLO and developed by
BESIX RED and Vanhout Projects, this residential district covers
58,000 m² and will provide 259 modern, energy-efficient apartments
in a new attractive landscaped setting. The complex is
being constructed in phases and the Dahlia building, finished in
May 2023, has received special attention. A recent visit from interior
design company Flamant turned one of its apartments into a
unique show flat. It combines design, personality, and individual
touches with harmonious elegance.
WHAT ROLE DID FLAMANT PLAY IN THE MEADOW
SHOW FLAT PROJECT?
Together with BESIX RED, we wanted to do something
different and unconventional. In just a few months, Flamant
tackled redesigning the kitchen, laying out storage space,
designing the bathroom and bedrooms, as well as choosing
MICHÈLE BEERLANDT, WHO OVERSEES THE
MEADOW PROJECT FOR FLAMANT, GUIDES
US THROUGH THE DESIGN PROCESS.
COULD YOU DESCRIBE FLAMANT IN A FEW
WORDS?
Flamant is a curator, creating atmospheres, concepts and experiences.
In the past few years, the Flamant brand has struck a fine
balance between tradition and innovation, between heritage and
modern interior trends. Flamant’s speciality is offering interior
architecture expertise alongside a very comprehensive range of
products.
Flamant and my studio, MBO Architecture, complement each
other very well. Together, we have access to a vast range of
furnishings and decorative objects made in Europe, giving our
clients a broader selection of products to choose from. We like
to always use handcrafted, vintage, and artisanal products in all
our projects, to keep that human, authentic side. True perfection
involves some imperfections.
Michele Beerlandt
Photo: Utku Pekli
228 229

all the furniture, objects, lighting, and window dressings. This is
a show flat like no other. It proves we can create a very intimate
atmosphere in a district that’s still being built.
DID YOU PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION
TO ANY ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT?
COULD YOU GIVE OUR DIPLOMATIC WORLD
READERS A FEW TIPS ON INTERIOR DESIGN?
SOMETHING THEY CAN EASILY INTEGRATE
IN THEIR OWN HOMES?
I could give you so many, but here are my top three for a warm
home.
- Colour, colour, colour: do not be afraid to play with different
HOME VISIT BY
A FLAMANT INTERIOR EXPERT
Want to give your home an autumn makeover,
but don’t know where to start?
The right styling is about so much more than adding a
EXCLUSIVE SHOWROOM VISIT
Curious to see the entire Flamant collection?
Or maybe you’re considering giving your home,
your second residence or your business a makeover?
A visit to Flamant’s showroom is a feast for the senses –
We looked in particular at harmonising colours and fabrics:
shades and adapt them to the changing seasons and fashions.
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Photography Utku Pekli
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Photo: Utku Pekli
230 231

232 233

SYMPHONY OF GIVING
ANTWERP, 12 NOVEMBER 2023
“Symphony of Giving” is a very ambitious benefit concert which
When a new symphonic orchestra was formed in Lier, “La
will take place in the Queen Elisabeth Hall of Antwerp on 12
Passione”, I was asked to preside it. At first I hesitated because
November 2023, raising funds to support civil aid projects in
music was not my habitat. But they insisted and I agreed to try it
Ukraine, Sierra Leone and Madagascar. Diplomatic World talked
for three months, this was fifteen years ago…
to the initiator and organizer Walter Maes about the idea, the
progress and future plans.
Our orchestra plays only on demand. We played in Belgium, The
Netherlands, France… Once a year we play our own production
All info about tickets, location and programme can be found
at our own responsibility: The “Symphony of Giving” is the result
here: www.symphonyofgiving.be
of an intense brainstorming within our board.
WHAT IS YOUR BACKGROUND THAT YOU ARE
NOW DOING THIS KIND OF PROJECT?
THE BENEFIT CONCERT “SYMPHONY OF GIVING”
IS GETTING REALLY HUGE. WHAT IS THE IDEA
BEHIND IT?
That is a very simple story. I am a GP, a general practitioner,
My wife and one of our daughters are playing the cello and violin.
retired, and my wife, Hilde, also GP, is since almost 50 years my
They are having concerts twice a year after many rehearsals. It’s
dear companion. We have four children who love to play music.
been more than a year now when I thought: “It is too much work
Family Maes, Willeke Dijkhoffz, Kristina Engels and Jan Engels
Photo: Diplomatic World
On the 50th anniversary of Hilde I organized a concert in
for only two concerts. I want to organise something bigger!”
a church in Lier with Freddy Marien.
I am the president of a symphonic orchestra, La Passione, and
this gives me the possibility to realize my dream. At that moment
THE PROGRAMME OF THE EVENT:
• UNICEF and Mercy Ships: They will use their databases to
invite their donateurs.
the war in Ukraine started and my plan became reality. I contacted
Starting with a short piece of the Belgian composer August De
• Dalilla Hermans: the coordinator of Bruges, cultural European
UNICEF, who was already active in Ukraine. Then I read the news-
Boeck, Dahomese Rapsodie. Followed by the marvellous Triple
capital 2030.
paper and I noticed that a whole lot of attention went to Ukraine to
concerto of Ludwig van Beethoven for solo cello, piano and
• Willeke Dijkhoffz: CEO of twelve hospitals in Antwerp and
the disadvantage of other parts of the world, like Africa.
violin. Three famous soloists will perform. The violinist, Veronique
member of the board of Mercy Ships.
De Raedemaeker, is preparing for the Queen Elisabeth contest in
• Christian Stoop: Honorary Consul of Ukraine.
A new Mercy Ship – The Global Mercy – was equipped in the port
Brussels.
• Sebastien Verbraekel: Honorary Consul of Sierra Leone.
of Antwerp by many volunteers. The launch of the ship took place
• Kathy Berx: Governor of the province of Antwerp.
in the presence of Queen Mathilde of Belgium. So I contacted
In the second part, the orchestra “La Passione” and four choirs
• Jan Engels, CEO of Engels Group and Kristina Engels,
also the directory of Mercy Ships. Normally the orchestra “La
will bring the enchanting “Jubilate Deo” composed by a young
member of the board of vzw-Anade
Passione” performs in the church in Lier. But with this two large
American, Dan Forrest. The huge orchestra and the 160 choris-
• Gert Vercammen: jeweller in Heist-op-den-Berg, socially
organizations at our support the idea grew. To realize this project
ters will bring you this music in eight languages. Because of the
engaged.
I contacted my friend, Freddy Marien, the former director of the
difficulty level this masterpiece is seldom heard live.
• Voja-travel: Netherland-based fair travel organization.
Antwerp conservatory, and he agreed to accompany me on this
• Pierre Huyllenbroeck: journalist of the newspaper
road. After a constructive discussion with the directors of the
queen Elisabeth hall, we are scheduled on 12 November 2023 to
go on stage in one of the most beautiful theatres of Belgium.
GOOD VIBES ARE IMPORTANT. HOW IS THE RE-
SPONSE AND THE SUPPORT OF THE AUDIENCE?
“De Standaard”.
• Ben Granjé: CEO of Flemish Federation Investors.
With such a fantastic group, we hope, together with UNICEF and
THERE ARE MANY PEOPLE INVOLVED ON STAGE
AND THE PROGRAM IS QUITE IMPRESSIVE. WHO
IS CURATING THE CONCERT?
The support is just fantastic! Many people and organizations are
stand by.
• Barbara Dietrich: CEO of Diplomatic World.
• Seven Beaufort: Belgium-based quirky management consult-
Mercy Ships, to realize such an event every two years, as start of
a new great tradition.
Hope to see you all in Antwerp on 12 November 2023
Vera Van Eyndhoven, art director of “La Passione”, Freddy
ing agency. They created our great website and will accompa-
Walter Maes
Marien and I, Walter Maes, the three musketeers.
ny us till the end pro bono because it is such a lovely concept.
Walter Maes
Photo: Diplomatic World
• Polestar: major sponsor.
234 235

ANADE
WE ARE WORKING DIRECTLY WITH
HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS
THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT
AT THIS TIME AFTER THE PANDEMIC
ANADE, a charity foundation headquartered in Antwerp, was set
up in Belgium to help children. But there is more to it.
How they connect with the Royal Houses in Monaco and
Belgium and which plans they have for the future is what Kristina
and Jan Engels, the brains and souls behind the foundation, are
talking about with Diplomatic World Institute co-founder Dieter
Brockmeyer.
LET’S TALK ABOUT YOUR VERY INTERESTING
FOUNDATION WITH A VERY INTERESTING
HISTORY. CAN YOU PLEASE HIGHLIGHT HOW
THIS COMPLEX SITUATION SHOULD BE
UNDERSTAND?
Jan Engels: The original name was AMADE – Association
Mondiale des Amis de l’Enfance”, with the “M” standing,
236 237

for “Mondial” (the world). The “N” we are using now in the
name stands for “National”. AMADE was created by Princess
Grace in Monaco in 1964 establishing so-called “Antennas” in
every country, local independent organizations. We got involved
when Jean-Marie Piret, Chief of Cabinet of King Boudewijn,
approached us in 2006 and asked for our engagement. We were
appointed for Belgium.
238 239

We wanted to focus fully on our Belgium activities to support
poor and sick children under 18 years of age.
BUT YOU KEPT THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE?
Kristina Engels: Belgium is a national organization, but every
province has their own antennas: in Antwerp, in East and West
Flanders, Brussels etc. Every provincial president has to create
a budget to carry out their own projects. But we help each
other when there is a problem. ANADE works faithfully with His
Majesty, the King’s Social Affairs Service and special requests.
It also cooperates with the OCMW (the Public Centre for Social
Welfare), social assistants and juvenile judges.
We pay their hospital bills. When they cannot afford to pay their
part for a school trip, we cover that when parents ask us for help.
We check with the school if it is true and then we can help.
ARE YOU INVOLVED IN OTHER CULTURAL
PROJECTS?
Jan Engels: Here in Antwerp, we have a private Museum of
African Art with over 900 pieces. Quite a big collection. We
regularly invite groups of people who are interested in the African
culture and arts. We also cooperate with Musica Mundi and support
children who do not have the opportunity to buy their own
musical instruments.
Be a member of ANADE
ANADE enjoys the patronage of Her Royal Highness Princess
Astrid which is very important. We are also working directly with
hospitals and schools. This is especially important at this time after
the pandemic. For many organizations it was a difficult period
and it is not easy to start again.
YOU ARE ALSO SUPPORTING CHARITY
PROJECTS?
We support a great concert that will host 4,000 spectators.
We are working together with Walter Maes’ charity concert
“Symphony of Giving”, to be held in Antwerp on 12 November
2023. All the money raised in this concert will go to children in
distress. We are sending 2,400 invitations to our network
in support of this project
YOU MENTIONED YOU ARE WORKING WITH
HOSPITALS. HOW EXACTLY?
I sit on different hospital boards. I have very good connections
with this world. We also organise therapy with our two mini horses.
They have the character of a cat. They come to you and want
to cuddle. They are marvellous animals for therapy. We founded
a small company for this called “Horspital, Mini Therapy Horses”.
In the hospital we are visiting children in their room together with
them. It is fantastic, also for my children to realise how well off
they are. We have a department in ANADE called “Children for
Children”. So if there are children in our organization they can
organize something on their own.
YOU ARE A MEMBER-BASED ORGANIZATION?
We are always looking for new members. They pay a membership
fee of EUR 50 yearly. We try to do as much as possible to
raise money, through events for instance. At Christmas we have
a stand with Christmas bouquets on the market. There are many
things that can be done. You only need to do it. We also have
our in-house concerts and try to re-establish the idea of the old
culture salons from the 19th century. Here for instance we also
spoke about the Arabic language program of the Free University
of Brussels (VUB).
WHAT DO YOU ENVISION FOR THE FUTURE OF
YOUR ORGANIZATION?
We are still in the process of building the organization. I am also
in the business of renewable energy, importing heat pumps and
solar panels. Every year there is a significant donation from the
factory in China we work with. We have many people who give
donations via our links to the King Boudewijn Foundation.
All photos: Family Engels
YOUR FOCUS IS ON POOR AND SICK CHILDREN.
WHAT ARE THE PROGRAMS TO HELP THEM
BESIDES THE HOSPITAL?
240 241

This autumn, Europalia dedicates an arts festival to Georgia. The
starting point for this edition is the country’s fascinating culture
and the art scene of its bustling capital, Tbilisi, alongside that
of lesser-known regions of this country located in the Southern
Caucasus. Starting 4 October 2023, visitors can enjoy a rich programme
of exhibitions, literature, film and an impressive number
of performances, concerts and dance and theatre productions
across Belgium.
the East and West in a unique art that fell into oblivion due to the
repression and censorship of the Soviet regime. The exhibition
brings together paintings, drawings, film, photography, poetry
and costume and theatre designs from this artistic laboratory and
gives a voice to these artists, many of whom were persecuted
during the Soviet era. The exhibition is completed by Meggy
Rustamova Adeishvili’s new video installation, which starts from
her own family history in Georgia.
The festival’s opening exhibition, The avant-garde in Georgia
(1900-1936) at the Bozar Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels,
highlights, for the very first time, a largely forgotten chapter of
avant-garde art in Europe. In the 1910s and 1920s, an artistic
scene blossomed in Georgia, centred on taverns and cafes
opened and decorated by artists from different backgrounds.
These artists blended Georgian traditions with elements from
The opening and the entire programme revolve around two
themes. First, polyphony, which sounds completely different
from our Western polyphony and which plays an important role in
Georgian society. Choirs are given a central place in the festival –
in traditional evenings but also in interdisciplinary creations.
In a broader sense, polyphony represents the multitude of voices
we highlight in various Europalia events: voices of the forgotten
Sketch for ‘Malshtrem’(1924) by Kiril Zdanevich © Georgian State Museum of Theatre Music Film and Choreography Art Palace
Photo: Diplomatic World
avant-garde artists, voices from lesser-known regions or conflict
zones, of women in a traditional male society, of different generations,
of minority groups, etc.
Secondly, the festival revolves around memory. For instance,
together with artists, we look at how, as a nation and as individuals,
you deal with the complex history of your region, and we
will address the unique commemorations of the dead in Georgia.
Above all, these themes are translated into new creations and
contemporary projects.
Georgia: A Story of Encounters, a cultural heritage exhibition at
the Art & History Museum (Brussels), will bring together unseen
treasures from museums throughout Georgia, providing fascinating
insights into this complex region, and testifying to multiple
cultural exchanges and migrations, starting from the Neolithic
era. These include Georgia’s wine culture – the oldest in the
world – and the forging of (precious) materials, which attracted
diverse cultures to the region and created unique cross-pollinations.
242 243

Photo: Diplomatic World
Photo: Diplomatic World
At the same museum, there will be a contemporary exhibition of
sculptures by Andro Wekua, and at WIELS, an exhibition of new
work by Thea Djordjadze, both diaspora artists working in Berlin.
S.M.A.K. is also showing a monograph: the work of Karlo
Kacharava – who died in 1994 – which takes a look at the 1980s
and early 1990s in Georgia. M HKA (Museum for Contemporary
Art in Antwerp) explores common points of departure in the
practice of Elene Chantladze and the designers of Rooms Studio.
For the performing arts and music programme, Europalia Georgia
takes inspiration from Georgia’s rich dance, music, and theatre
traditions, which are often part of daily life: dance with the
Sukhishvili Ballet (Théâtre National Wallonie-Bruxelles, a.o.),
theatre with the famous Gabriadze puppet theatre (Théâtre Les
Tanneurs) and music with polyphonic choirs (Ostbelgien Festival,
Concertgebouw Brugge, Amare, a.o.).
Many other productions add a contemporary layer to these
vibrant traditions. Nino Haratischwili (DE SINGEL, KVS) and
Zinaïda Tchelidze (beursschouwburg) create modern-day versions
of the traditional supra, a Georgian meal accompanied
by toasts, speeches and singing. Politics of Colours (Monty,
KAAP, Bozar) by Bojan Djordjev departs from colourful Georgian
mosaics and carpets to explore the desire for revolution. Young
choreographer Maisie Woodford (Théâtre Les Tanneurs) creates
a dance solo for and with a puppet. Composer and musician Dijf
Sanders (Ancienne Belgique, Flagey, among others) bundles his
encounters with Georgian traditions in a new album and show.
Numerous other creations bring Georgian and Belgian artists
together on stage: in the musical theatre production Motherland
(DE SINGEL, KVS), vocalist Timo Tembuyser explores the mother
figure and the motherland with Basiani Ensemble, a male choir.
On All Saints’ Day, a Georgian choir and a Belgian choir meet in a
cemetery to honour our different ways of mourning. We also push
a new generation of artists to the forefront, to present dance
performances with live music. In these dance creations, electronic
music producers work alongside choreographers, such as
Femke Gyselinck and Anushka Chkheidze (kunstencentrum nona
in Mechelen, PILAR/VUB, a.o.).
Alongside the younger generation, there are also established
names on the programme: the highly acclaimed Nino Haratischwili
presents her work as a theatre director for the first time in Belgium
with the play Phaedra in Flames (KVS), the first part of a trilogy
about strong women in Greek mythology. Celebrities such as Lisa
Batiashvili and Khatia Buniatishvili pay tribute to Georgian classical
music.
The festival, in collaboration with dozens of artists and partners,
runs until 14 January 2024 and features more than 60 events,
including many new, interdisciplinary creations.
ABOUT EUROPALIA
Every two years, Europalia compiles a diverse artistic programme
focusing on a country or a theme. For four months, in Belgium
and its neighbouring countries, Europalia, in collaboration with
a wide network of cultural partners, presents a biennial with a
myriad of artistic and socio-cultural projects that bring together
visual arts, performing arts, film, music, literature and debate to
stimulate an exchange of ideas. Newly commissioned projects
and artistic residencies hold a central place in the programme,
which engenders a unique interaction between heritage and art.
www.europalia.eu
Photo: Diplomatic World
244 245

TURKMENISTAN’S
ETHNIC JEWELLERY
Univ. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jan De Maere
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Indians, and Dagestani-Laks. It is believed that the latter brought
a new jewellery technique, niello, to Turkestan.
To become a master jeweller in Turkestan, one had to be born
into a master’s family or to become an apprentice to a master for
at least five years. The apprentice was only allowed to observe
and to imitate the master. For Bukhara zargars, this apprenticeship
was obligatory. The absence of his teacher’s approval as
seen as a failure.
Turkmen women were adorned with heavy silver jewellery, often
Turkmenistan was until 1991 part of the Soviet Union. At the
ing was done by specialized masters. In Turkestan, jewellery
studded with carnelian and turquoise: an indication of wealth and
crossroads of regional civilizations for centuries, it was visited
production was mainly concentrated in the cities of Andijan,
status in the community, also used as talisman. Traditionally a
by the travellers along the Silk Road. Turkmenistan has approx-
Bukhara, Karshi, Kokand, Samarkand, Tashkent, Shakhrisya-
woman acquired her jewellery through her family and at her wed-
imately 30 tribes, of which the Teke, Yomut, and Ersari are the
bz, Urgench and Khiva. There were also specialized kishlaks of
ding as part of her dowry. Carnelian stones set in silver mounts
largest. The Turkmen were already documented in written sourc-
zargars, such as Zargarlik near Jizzak.
are believed to protect against miscarriages.
es in the 9th century. By the 11th century, some had migrated
westward as far as Iran, Syria, and Anatolia.
In the Trans-Caspian area, jewellers were present not only in
Jewellery was a significant financial investment, as it was hand-
the city of Merv, but also in every large Turkmen village. The
crafted from precious materials. There were cases when, in times
Others remained in the area which corresponds to present-day
best works of embossing, filigree, openwork carving, cloisonné,
of dire need, a woman would part with her jewellery in order
Turkmenistan. The Turkmen, part of more than two dozen tribal
and turquoise-encrusting were made in Bukhara. Kokand was
to help the survival of the tribe. Significant in size and weight,
groups of Turkic ethnic and linguistic heritage, were pastoral no-
famous for its niello and enamels. Samarkand masters used
Turkmen jewellery objects were made of silver, decorated with
mads who lived in encampments, raised livestock, bred horses,
open-work-filigree technique. Urgench, Merv, and Khiva are
semi-precious stones, and sometimes gilded for an added colour
and occasionally plundered settled areas for booty and slaves.
In order to ensure year-round green pastures for their animals,
known for massive cast decorations, such as the bracelets
without closures (bilesik). Among the jewellers were Tajiks,
effect and value.
Turkmen woman selling jewellery.
the tribes moved two or three times a year. While not merchants
Turkmens, Uzbeks, but also Jews, Persians, Lyuli Gypsies,
Common shapes found on Turkmen jewellery include mountains,
themselves, they often provided transport and protection for
animals, horns, and plants. The mountain motif is part of the
long-distance caravan trade. They did not subject to any of the
Turkmen creation story and is significant for its ancestral and
turquoise from Khorasan, and pearls mainly from Europe. Glass
neighbouring Islamic states with whom sometimes they formed
heavenly connection Each Turkmen tribe holds a specific moun-
beads were of both local and European origin.
alliances.
tain in their region sacred and only that tribe can ascend it. The
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
mountain ram is a sacred animal to the Turkmen and its horns
are frequently used in rituals The double leaf and two-leafed
flower motifs are connected to the growth of human existence,
and are part of a long-established decorative tradition.
JEWELLERY AND ISLAM
Although nominally Sunni Muslim, the Turkmen kept many of
Although all jewels of Central Asia have a common aspect,
their pre-Islamic customs and beliefs, which were often embod-
the tribal groups of north-east Iran, Turkmenistan and north
In addition to the shape and theme of the silver metal itself,
ied in the jewellery they made and wore. Turkmen silver jewellery
Afghanistan have distinctive local and original aspects. Unlike
the semi-precious stones that embellish the jewellery are also
carried deep symbolic meanings and often marked an individu-
the Tekke people, the Ersari favour not gilded silver, free of
imbued with protective powers. Pieces of carnelian, a bright red
al’s passage from one stage of life to another. From a very early
filigree and rarely adorned with carnelian stones. They convey
coloured stone, are popular because they are believed to protect
age, a woman started wearing jewellery whose shapes and ma-
magic, symbolic meanings, reminiscent of the outfit of Iranian
the wearers from illness and death Turquoise is less commonly
terials were believed to ensure her ability to bear healthy children
warriors. Jewels were made for Akhal-Teke horses, woman, and
used among the Turkmen, but serves as a symbol of purity and
later in life. The amount of embellishments a girl wore increased
children, to protect them from evil and disease. Female warriors
chastity. In some cases, less expensive glass beads of the same
as she approached marriageable age. Once she had had her
are mentioned in old texts in that region. Where they the famous
colours are used instead of semi-precious stones.
first children, and her fertility had been established, the amount
‘amazons’ mentioned by the Greeks? Archaeological excavations
of jewellery she received and wore decreased. In addition, silver
in early settlements of Merv and Nisa civilizations document
From the second half of the 19th century, local jewellers mas-
jewellery believed to ward off evil and illness was worn by men,
jewellers also as healers and dentists.
tered the production of so-called European jewellery, a process
women, and especially by children.
intensified with the integration of Turkestan into the Russian
Turkmen jewellers travelled between nomadic tribes. They
Empire. Russian settlers arrived in the region. Most of the jewel-
The term Islamic art does not only describe the art created in the
hammered into shape sheets of silver, inlaid with gilded silver.
lery produced in Turkestan was made of silver, although gold was
service of the Muslim faith, which is not only a religion but a way
They used foliate and scroll motifs which carnelians set in raised
also widely used in Bukhara from the end of the 19th century.
of life, but also the art and architecture historically produced in
mounts. The cuff bracelet openings are always aligned with a
Bars of gold and silver came from Russia; silver was also import-
the lands ruled by Muslims, produced for Muslim patrons, or
series of dentated, projecting cast prongs. They used silver wire,
soldering and granulation. Chasing stones, gilding, and engrav-
European woman dressed as a Sartan woman (Ph. Henri Moser, 1870).
ed from China. An alloy of Chinese, Russian, and Persian coins
was also used. Carnelian and coral were imported from India,
created by Muslim artists. The lands newly conquered by the
Muslims had their own pre-existing artistic Greco-Roman,
246 247

Turkmen Jewellery, Department of Islamic Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Byzantine and Sasanian traditions. These artists continued to
work in their own indigenous styles but for Muslim patrons,
relying on earlier techniques, styles, and forms. It reflects the
blending of classical and Iranian decorative themes and motifs
with the slowly emerging Islamic art. Ornamentation in Islamic art
included figural representations, drawn from a variety of sources.
The often-cited opposition in Islam to the depiction of human
and animal forms holds true for religious art and architecture, in
the secular sphere such representations were present in nearly
all Islamic cultures.
This resistance to the representation of living beings stems from
the belief that the creation of living forms is unique to God. The
strongest statements against it are made in the Hadith (Traditions
of the Prophet), where painters who ‘breathe life’ into their creations
are threatened with punishment on the Day of Judgment.
The Qur’an condemns idolatry. It uses the Arabic term ‘musawwir’
(maker of forms, or artist) as an epithet for God. Therefore,
figures were often stylized. The destruction of figurative artworks
also occurred in the Byzantine and Judaic world, not only in the
Islamic world. Due to their aniconic quality, geometric patterns
developed in Islamic art. The sources intricate patterns already
existed in late antiquity among the Greeks, Romans, and Sasanians.
Islamic artists elaborated them and stressed the importance
of unity and order, emulating the contributions of Islamic mathematicians,
astronomers and scientists in their new style.
Inversed Cordiform pendant with beads in the form of fish.
Dorsal ornaments in heart-shaped or ashik form. They hung from
the wearer’s head and extended onto their backs. A cylindrical
tube or ‘tumar’ used to hold talismanic Muslim prayer scrolls that
crowns the piece.
Crowns: Turkmen women wear a variety of headdresses called
‘sinsile’. Young girls wore them every day until their marriage, often
richly embellished with turquoise beads and table-cut carnelians.
Pendants in teardrop form were hanging from chains at the
bottom section of the crown. The upper section is often decorated
with three half moons, a symbol of the rise and decline of life.
Triangular amulet holders: A silver triangle, or a tumar, rested
on the wearer’s chest. Tumar-shaped jewellery usually consists
of three sections: a triangular mountain motif, a ‘bozbend’ tube
meant for prayer scrolls, and an inverted mountain symbol with
spherical pendants.
Armband: Bracelets and armlets, known as bilezik, were usually
worn in pairs and decorated with several rows of semi-precious
stones. While commonly worn on special occasions, wealthy
women often wear them every day. This pair of bilezik is decorated
with three rows of table-cut carnelians and two rows of
turquoise beads at each end. The silver is decorated with an
embossed and applied design and wire. The ends are bordered
by motifs known as snake’s head, or yilan bash.
Some were Qur’an holders named ‘doga-kumus’, a small box
that hangs from a chain, hung over the shoulder or around the
neck. These symbolize the power of Islamic over evil spirits. The
front of the box is often decorated with gilded and embossed
silver disks in half-moon and triangle shapes, set with carnelians.
Silver wire and horn motifs decorate the border of the plates.
Spherical pendants hang from double-link chains.
Bibliography
- Department of Islamic Art. “Turkmen Jewelry.” In Heilbrunn
Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of
Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/turk/hd_turk.
htm (August 2011)
- Diba, Layla S. Turkmen Silver: Jewelry and Ornaments from the
Marshall and Marilyn Wolf Collection. New York: Metropolitan
Museum of Art, 2011.
- Mackie, Louise W., and Jon Thompson, eds. Turkmen Tribal
Carpets and Traditions. Washington D.C.: Textile Museum,
1980.
- Schletzer, Dieter, and Reinhold Schletzer. Old Silver Jewellery
of the Turkoman: An Essay on Symbols in the Culture of Inner
Asian Nomads. Berlin: D. Reimer, 1983.
- Thompson, Jon. Timbuktu to Tibet: Exotic Rugs & Textiles from
New York Collectors. New York: Hajji Baba Club, 2008.
Photos: Univ. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Jan De Maere
248 249

THE ACADEMIA BELGICA
CENTRE FOR HISTORY,
THE ARTS AND SCIENCES IN ROME:
A UNIQUE BRIDGE BETWEEN
BELGIUM’S SCIENTIFIC AND ARTISTIC
WORLDS AND ROME
Situated in the verdant and tranquil surroundings of the Villa
Borghese, in the heart of Rome, the Academia Belgica – Centre
for History, the Arts and Sciences in Rome, is a foundation of
public utility supported by the Federal Belgian Science Policy
Office (BELSPO) whose goal is to promote the cultural and academic
cooperation between Belgium (and its federated entities),
Italy and the international scientific and artistic communities
settled in the Eternal City. It is a unique meeting place for creation
and interdisciplinary research in the field of humanities, that
offers accommodation to both Belgian researchers and artists,
and organizes activities presenting high-level Belgian artistic and
scientific achievements.
Belgian Historical Institute in Rome and the National Princess
Marie-José Foundation.
To give shelter to this prestigious Academy, the Italian architect
Gino Cipriani (1890-1972), together with the Brussels architect
Jean Hendrickx-Van den Bosch (1890- 1961) designed an exceptional
monument merging modern and Art Deco architecture,
that would eventually be inaugurated in 1939, on the eve of the
The Academia Belgica
Photo: Monkeys Video Lab
A BIT OF HISTORY
The presence of a Belgian academic institute in Rome goes back
to the foundation in 1902 of the Belgian Historical Institute in
Rome (Belgisch Historisch Instituut te Rome / Institut Historique
Belge à Rome) devoted originally to the study of the religious
history of Belgium and later on to the study of modern history
and the mutual relations between Belgium and Italy. In 1930 princess
Marie-José, sister of king Leopold III, is wed to the crown
prince Umberto of Italy and a national fundraising campaign is
organised in order to present a gift to the royal couple.
Following the wish of the princess, part of the raised funds are
allocated to the creation of the National Princess Marie-José
Fondation (Nationale Stichting Prinses Marie-José / Fondation
Nationale Princesse Marie-José) which offers the opportunity to
Belgian artists and young art historians to further their studies
in Italy.
Simultaneously, the project emerges to establish an Academia
Belgica in Rome aimed to foster the scientific and cultural
relations between Italy and Belgium by accommodating Belgian
researchers and artists and hosting the various activities of the
Second World War. Only after the end of the war, the Academia
Belgica would truly start to flourish. For more than eighty years, it
carried out its mission in continuous and close collaboration with
the Belgian Historical Institute in Rome and the National Princess
Marie-José Foundation. At the end of 2018, the respective action
areas of these three organisations are joined in one single
institution: the Academia Belgica, Centre for History, the Arts and
Sciences in Rome. Furthermore, since 1947, the Academia Belgica
is part of an international network of 38 academies and research
institutes from 19 countries who are active in the Eternal City.
THE ACADEMIA BELGICA TODAY
Today, the institute welcomes over 200 to 250 residents a year.
With the support of the FWO-Vlaanderen (Flemish Research
Foundation), the Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles and the Fonds
National de la Recherche (FNRS-FRS), the Academia Belgica
annually awards more than 20 fellowships to PhD students and
post-doctoral researches affiliated to a Belgian university. In
doing so, the Academia Belgica gives these scholars access
to research and cultural resources and networks in Rome, and
offers them the opportunity to work with experts from different
disciplines and backgrounds.
In close collaboration with Belgian and foreign universities and
specialized research centres, foreign academies in Rome and
Belgian federal scientific establishments, the academy also hosts
summer or winter schools, colloquia, study days, seminars and
workshops on regular basis. In order to disseminate the research
conducted within the institute, the Academia Belgica publishes
several internationally renowned series.
The Academia Belgica also welcomes artists and authors
receiving grants from the Flemish Community and the Wallonia-
Brussels Federation, as well as musicians from Belgian conservatories.
As a matter of fact, the academy boasts a magnificent
Steinway piano and regularly organizes concerts as well as
exhibitions of works by the artists in residence. By setting up
scientific and cultural activities, the Academia Belgica thus plays
an essential and active role in the diffusion of Belgian knowledge
and contributes to the enhancement of the international scientific
and cultural reputation of Belgium and its federated entities
abroad.
Last but not least, the Academia Belgica is also renowned for its
rich historical library, which is accessible to all researchers and
contains over 80,000 volumes on heritage sciences, archaeology,
history, the arts and literature, as well as several valuable
250 251

collections belonging to eminent Belgian researchers, such as
the historian Henri Pirenne, the archaeologist Joseph Mertens or
the Belgian historian of Eastern religions Franz Cumont.
Among the long-term collaboration projects between Belgian
and Italian researchers that the Academia Belgica has helped
to promote, archaeology occupies an important place. Several
Belgian universities and museums have been or still are involved
in excavation campaigns in Italy, whose teams and activities are
regularly hosted at the Academia Belgica. These include Alba
Fucens in Abruzzo (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Royal Museum
of Art and History of Belgium, Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici
dell’Abruzzo); Potenza in Marche (Ghent University and
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche) and San
Gimignano, Tuscany (Université Catholique de Louvain and
Università degli Studi di Firenze).
The links between Belgian universities and the Ostia Antica site
are also strong and long-standing: excavations have been carried
out there by the University of Namur since 1992. Since 2010, a
team from University of Liège has been coordinating the archaeological
research programme at the Schola del Traiano. Finally,
a project to document certain structures is underway under the
direction of Université Catholique de Louvain and University of
Namur.
One of the Academia Belgica’s priorities today is to study,
digitalise and make the most of its archives and rich library that
are accessible online. This is why it continues to develop its own
research projects centred on this heritage (archives linked to its
history, holdings of eminent Belgian researchers, etc.), in collaboration
with Belgian and international academic partners and with
the support of private sponsors.
whose 75th death anniversary was commemorated in 2022
(in collaboration with Ghent University and the University of
Toulouse, under the patronage of the International Academic
Union (UAI).
A second project is devoted to the construction of the modernist-Art
Deco edifice of the Acdemia Belgica in the Roman context
and Italian-Belgian cultural and political relations between the
wars (in collaboration with the KU Leuven and the Sapienza
Università di Roma, with the support of the René and Karin
Jonckheere Fund, managed by the King Baudouin Foundation).
The architects Cipriani and Hendrickx-Van den Bosch not only
designed the building, but also most of the (still existing) furniture
of the building, of which the interior decoration is in Art Deco
style and uses precious materials such as Belgian black marble.
Despite its unique character and undeniable heritage value, the
Academia Belgica building had never been the subject of an
in-depth study. The research chiefly draws on the Academia
Belgica’s own archives, which contain numerous plans and drawings
of the building (mostly plan layers, elevations and architectural
details) and its interiors, as well as correspondence and
other documents relative to their realisation. The results of the
research project will be the subject of a richly illustrated book,
published by the Mercator Fund, and scheduled for publication
in autumn 2023. It will be the first monograph ever published on
the history and architectural program of the Academia Belgica
building and its interior design.
At the same time, an exhibition on the topic, based on the Academia
Belgica’s rich archives, will open in Rome on November
9 and run until January 9, 2024. We look forward to seeing you
there!
Be a member of ANADE
Two projects are currently underway: one on the scientific
archives bequeathed to the Institute in 1947 by Franz Cumont,
Photos: Kristina Engels
252 253

KOEN VANMECHELEN
SOCRATES TEMPTATION
As one ventures through the labyrinthine alleys of Venice, past
the bustling Piazza San Marco, there lies a sanctuary of art and
contemplation – the illustrious Museo Correr. Here, the exhibition
‘IMAGO IUSTITIAE’, curated by Marina Mattei, unfurls its wings,
soaring across epochs and canvases, inviting visitors to traverse
the ancient corridors of justice, virtue, and truth.
Together with Kendell Geers and Ai Weiwei, I was invited to create
a contemporary work of art for this exhibition, at the historic
glass ovens of Berengo Studio. Among the luminaries contributing
to this tapestry of contemplation, my work ‘Socrates
Temptation’ stands as a testament to the unending dance
between the philosophical and the visual, the unceasing quest
for justice, and the ever-evolving nature of truth.
Like a chameleon, justice has donned myriad hues across time
and cultures. It is an idea that springs forth from the fertile soil of
our collective yearning for fairness, yet it slips through our grasp,
much like the tendrils of evening mist that obscure our path. In
our age, where information intermingles with misinformation and
truth grapples with distortion, the notion of justice becomes an
enigma entwined with ambiguity.
In the heart of the exhibition, ‘Socrates Temptation’ gazes intently,
at Weiwei’s glass security camera, embodying the confluence
of ancient wisdom and contemporary discourse. The figure of
Socrates, the indomitable seeker of truth, intertwines with the
Ibis, a symbol of introspection and rebirth. With its head adorned
by egg fragments, the sculpture evokes the birth of ideas and
the creation of new paradigms. The egg, a timeless emblem
of potential, offers a challenge to transcend the constraints of
conventional thought, abandon the well-trodden paths of reason,
and embrace the uncharted territory of transformation.
Photo: Nicola Facchini
Photo: Francesco Allegretto
254 255

Photo: Nicola Facchini
Photo: Nicola Facchini
My sculpture encapsulates the essence of Socratic thought,
that perspectives, like brushstrokes on a canvas, come together
where questioning is revered, and curiosity flourishes. Like an un-
to shape the tapestry of truth.
yielding flame, Socrates dared to challenge the prevailing norms,
and our perceptions. Socrates’ gadfly-like presence reminds us
The philosophy of Thomas Berry, the eco-theologian and
probe the foundations of justice, and question the very nature of
The quest for justice takes on new dimensions in our modern
that pursuing justice requires the courage to confront our biases
visionary thinker, resonates in ‘Socrates’ Temptation.’ Berry’s
truth. In his relentless pursuit, he paid the price, symbolized by
age, where the digital realm shapes our realities. Algorithms sift
and prejudices. It is a reminder that the scales of justice must be
call to recognize the intrinsic value of all living beings, the inter-
the poisoned chalice that sealed his fate. For daring to disturb
through data, casting shadows and illuminating facets that chal-
held with an unwavering hand, even when the weight of public
connectedness of life on this precious planet, and the urgent
the tranquil waters of orthodoxy, Socrates met his demise, ignit-
lenge our perceptions. Finding the Minotaur of truth becomes an
opinion threatens to tip them askew. And so, ‘Socrates Tempta-
need for ecological justice intertwine with the essence of this
ing a dialogue that resonates through the annals of time: what is
odyssey in the labyrinth of information.
tion’ beckons us to reawaken our innate curiosity, to venture into
artwork. With its role in various ecosystems, the Ibis becomes
justice, and can it ever be immutable?
the uncharted territories of thought, and to acknowledge that
more than a symbol – it becomes a reminder of our responsibility
The digital age has bestowed upon us a new Promethean
justice, like a flowing river, may change its course but never loses
to protect and preserve the delicate balance of nature.
The scales of justice, an enduring symbol, oscillate with the
gift, the fire of information that illuminates and burns in equal
its essence.
shifting tides of human progress. As centuries unfurl, the sword
measure. Just as the titans of old faced the consequences of
In the grand tapestry of our existence, the concept of justice is
of retribution, the lion of strength, and the blindfold of impartiality
their actions, so do we grapple with the repercussions of our
As I stand before this creation, I am reminded of the ancient
woven into the very fabric of our being. Just as threads intertwine
join this allegorical dance. Yet, their genesis is veiled in the mists
ever-connected world. In the age of social media and instant
concept of “Ma’at” in Egyptian philosophy – the cosmic balance
to create patterns, so do the threads of ethics, philosophy, and
of antiquity, reminding us that the search for justice predates
communication, truth has morphed into a kaleidoscope of
that upholds the universe. Ma’at is not an absolute, fixed decree
culture weave together to form the intricate design of our soci-
even the ink strokes of history.
perspectives. As digital algorithms curate our realities, the line
but a fluid, dynamic force that requires vigilant stewardship. Like
eties. The question of justice has echoed through the corridors
between fact and fiction blurs, leaving us in a perpetual haze of
justice, it must be constantly tended to, for even the slightest
of time, from the ancient philosophers of Greece to the modern
From the East, the whispers of Confucius and Laozi join this
uncertainty. In this shifting landscape, the beacon of justice flick-
deviation can send ripples of chaos throughout the world.
thinkers of our digital age. And within this timeless exploration,
conversation. Their teachings remind us that justice is not a
ers, threatened by the storm of misinformation. Our Sisyphean
the figure of Socrates stands as a luminous beacon, illuminating
solitary sentinel but exists in the harmony between individuals
task is to decipher, discern, and navigate through this maelstrom,
In the echo chamber of our times, ‘Socrates Temptation’
the path to understanding.
and society. In their wisdom, the virtuous ruler brings stability
seeking the elusive shore of truth.
emerges as a clarion call. It urges us to embrace the discomfort
to the realm, ensuring balanced scales. Across the continents,
of uncertainty, venture into the uncharted waters of discourse,
As visitors tread the hallowed halls of Museo Correr, may they
the African proverbial wisdom sings its refrain. “Until the lion
As we stand at the crossroads of history with the fierce winds of
and engage with ideas that challenge our preconceptions. The
leave with the whispers of Socratic inquiry echoing in their
tells his side of the story, the tale of the hunt will always glorify
change swirling around us and questioning the very foundations
ivory tower of complacency crumbles before Socratic inquiry as
minds, reminding us all that the pursuit of justice is not a desti-
the hunter.” In this refrain, justice is not a singular narrative but
of our societal values, ‘Socrates Temptation’ invites us to peer
we are beckoned to emerge from our intellectual cocoons and
nation but a journey and that within this journey, art, philosophy,
a chorus of voices that paints the whole picture. It is a reminder
beyond the fog of ignorance, to question the world around us
engage in the marketplace of ideas.
and open minds shall forever be our guides.
256 257

HEINZ MACK
TRANSIT BETWEEN OCCIDENT AND ORIENT
WE SEE THE SAME STARS
WE SHARE THE SAME SKY
THE SAME WORLD SURROUNDS US
This quotation by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (384 AD) accompanies
the book “Mack -Transit between Occident and Orient”
on the exhibition of the same name, which was on show at the
Museum of Islamic Art/Pergamonmuseum in Berlin in 2006-2007.
At the end of the 1950s, the German artist Heinz Mack founded
the group ZERO in Düsseldorf together with Otto Piene and
later with Günther Uecker. ZERO developed into an international
movement with many artists such as Yves Klein or Lucio
Fontana. Heinz Mack and his ZERO colleagues dared a radical
departure in the post-war period that still has a great resonance
in art today.
Heinz Mack’s central artistic theme is light. His abstract sculptures
and paintings serve as media for this interest. He developed
his own language of light and colour: “The light is crucial
for my art. As far as light is concerned, I want to go to the limits
of what is possible”.
His complete oeuvre is extraordinarily versatile: sculptures made
of different materials, light stelae, light rotors, light reliefs and
light cubes. His oeuvre also includes paintings, drawings, ink
works, pastels, collages and photography, as well as the design
of public spaces, and sculpture projects in pristine landscapes.
Heinz Mack- Cityof light in the desert, 1976. Photo: Thomas Höpker, Archiv Heinz Mack VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn Heinz Mack during the shooting of the film “Tele-Mack’ in the Tunisian desert. Photo: Edwin Braun, Archiv Heinz Mack
VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
258 259

DR. MARION AGTHE
THREE QUESTIONS
WITH HEINZ MACK
FOR YOU, THE PAINTER AND SCULPTOR, LIGHT
HAS A SPECIAL SIGNIFICANCE. WITHOUT LIGHT,
PAINTING, SCULPTURE, ART AND LIFE WOULD
NO LONGER EXIST FOR YOU. YOUR OUTPUT CAN
THUS ONLY BE COMPREHENDED AND APPRE-
CIATED IN ITS ENTIRETY IN THE OVERRIDING
CONTEXT OF LIGHT. THE FILM “TELE-MACK”
MADE IN 1968 SHOWS VARIOUS LIGHT EXPER-
IMENTS IN THE SAHARA. IN 1974, YOU TOOK
PART IN THE FIRST SOUTH-NORTH EXPEDITION
THROUGH THE TÉNÉRÉ DESERT IN AFRICA AND
IN 1976 THROUGH THE SOUTHERN ALGERIAN
DESERT. WHAT NEW DISCOVERIES DID YOU MAKE
CONCERNING LIGHT? HAS THE IMPORTANCE OF
LIGHT FOR YOUR WORK CHANGED AS A RESULT?
I recently saw a rainbow that surpassed all my conceptions of
an ideal rainbow to such an extent – almost definitively – that I
am incapable of making any attempt to describe it. Of course,
I can expect to see more rainbows – but none will ever equal this
beauty and truly celestial intensity. I am certain of this in so far
as one is never confronted twice with the same revelation. What
I mean is that I may now have an idea of what is meant by the
term “revelation”: It is the veritable mystery in its total unlimited
visibility, the experience of which can never be shared with
anyone else.
The contradiction inherent in this is essentially designed for a
dialectic contained solely within it. Which one would also wish to
say of the encounter with a unique work of art whose aura, entirely
immaterial, is simply incommunicable, an aura that cannot
be captured on film. The rainbow that I saw in its absolute and
I am asked such questions again and again and I try to find fresh
extreme beauty would not have been reproducible photographi-
answers to them – often in vain. I agree: Light is the theme of
cally, nor in painting, music or poetry, and certainly not in a
my life as an artist, shade included. Allow me to quote Albert
Einstein, who said: “For the rest of my life, I will reflect on what
Heinz Mack - Light Reflector in the Wahiba Sands, 1997 Photo: Archiv Heinz Mack, VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2023
VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
light is.”
Now, over one and a half thousand years ago, Plotinus and St
His “Sahara Project” is one of the first examples of Land Art,
al assets of Islam, which continues to this day, but also elective
Dionysius the Areopagite had just a single answer. For them light
which he advanced in a series of visionary projects and which
affinities. He shares this practice of non-figurative images with
was the incessant and infinite emanation of God, comparable to
continues to exert an unbroken fascination on us today.
the art of the Orient, albeit not out of religious but artistic-aes-
the radiation of the sun. The Islamic mystic al-Ghazali shared this
thetic conviction.
view unreservedly, albeit accompanied by a radical rejection of
After a long break following ZERO painting, the artist turned back
all rational and intellectual explanations of light. Light’s immateri-
to pure colour in painting. Since 1991, he has been creating his
Heinz Mack is currently in the process of creating an interde-
ality fascinates me just as much as it moved the philosophers to
so-called “Chromatic Constellations”. Chromatics is a term from
nominational “Room of Silence” – a place for meditation that is
the ultimate questions. For me as an artist, light is an immaterial
music and Heinz Mack remains a passionate piano player to this
accessible to everyone, regardless of their religions affiliation.
medium that can convert material objects into immaterial phe-
day. In his paintings he understands “colour as light and light as
nomena. If I leave God out of the equation (a somewhat arrogant
colour”, which he seeks to capture and shape in his paintings.
He is not a political artist, Heinz Mack says about himself. He
proviso), what remains is the phenomenon of emanation, i.e. of
is aware that he is nevertheless an Ambassador of art, not only
radiance, of the glow or shine in the appearance, what we call
His work has also been influenced by his travels to far-flung plac-
since he was honoured in 2004 for his work and his work as
the aura. This is for me of absolutely crucial importance. The
es such as Iran, Oman, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Japan and Egypt,
an ambassador of cultures with the Great Cross of Merit of the
interpretation of this significance gives rise to repeated questions
to name a few. Not forgetting the Balearic island of Ibiza, where
Federal Republic of Germany as a first award.
that preoccupy not only philosophers, but me as well.
he lives at times.
“A world without art would be a gray world”, says the artist. It is
Allow me to continue this line of thinking. If I am to believe my
The artist moves between worlds, between cultures and his art is
his inner conviction that the beauty of art is existential important
experiences as an artist, any creative act (unless I were blind),
the universal language and has opened paths to a common
for every citizen of the world. Without beauty, man cannot be.
any form would be inconceivable without light; without form,
understanding. From being a European Mack became a com-
From the beginning, it was his intention and attitude to counter
light would be mere brightness, just as colour without light would
muter between Occident and Orient. There are not only overlaps
and parallels with his preoccupation with the artworks and cultur-
the often unbearable ugliness in the world with a beauty in which
light is immanent.
not be colour. As a painter and sculptor, I am aware of this sine
qua non.
Heinz Mack -Ensemble of Light-Stelea. Photo: Archiv Heinz Mack, VG Bild-Kunst,
Bonn 2023
260 261

scientific formula. In other words, this experience is accompanied
by the loneliness of this experience – an experience,
however, that is by no means unfamiliar to me as an artist.
Your question about the significance of light in my work refers
to my experiments in the desert. As for my experiments in the
desert, light exists there entirely in itself, just as the desert exists
entirely in itself. That fact that light is especially at home in the
desert may be because in its calm, boundless expanse is itself a
kind of desert. Light and the desert come together manifestly in
any mirage – that is where they celebrate their love for each other.
It has taken me a long time to comprehend this bond between
the desert and light.
MR MACK, I KNOW THAT YOU NO LONGER
DREAM YOUR DREAMS IN THE SAHARA, BUT
ON THE ISLAND OF IBIZA. YOUR WORK REFERS
AGAIN AND AGAIN TO THIS DREAM. FOR IN-
STANCE, ONE OF YOUR PICTURES IS ENTITLED
“THE COLOURS OF IBIZA”. YOU HAVE VERY
AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED AN ARTIST’S
BOOK TO IBIZA, THE “ISLAND OF LIGHT”.
IN YOUR WORK, YOU USE PRETTY SIMPLE,
STRICT FORMS. IF ONE LOOKS AT THE IBIZA
BOOK, ONE CAN IDENTIFY THIS FORMAL
LANGUAGE – IN THE CUBES OF THE HOUSES,
THE FLIGHTS OF STEPS AND ABOVE ALL IN THE
GEOMETRY OF THE REMNANTS OF MOORISH-
ARAB ARCHITECTURE. WHAT EFFECT DID THE
STRENGTH OF THE SOUTHERN LIGHT AND THE
REDUCED FORMS OF THIS MAGNIFICENT ISLAND
HAVE ON YOUR WORK?
Light, of course, feels at home all over the world. Ibiza is particularly
hospitable to sunlight. This also applies to the night sky. This
is why I call the Ibiza the “Island of Light”. Strangely, the island
has not been given this name before.
On late summer evenings, this island is sometimes transformed
into a gleaming, atmospheric, transparent, warm gold that glows
in an entirely dematerialized way.
The primeval substance, which Anaximander called “apeiron”,
the infinite from which everything comes and to which everything
returns.
This is a light in which the soul finds its peace – a state that
artists rarely find!
Everything and anything then becomes a pure, intangible apparition
and the observing thinking ends in pure thinking, in wordless
astonishment. It is not without good reason that it was Ibiza
where Walter Benjamin developed his aesthetics of the aura.
And, as for the clarity and austerity of forms that you mention: I
like the morality that corresponds to light, for light never moves
in roundabout ways, but always shines directly in a straight line.
Light may conceal its secret, but never its truth. It was in such
light that Islamic art evolved – and in this light, my sculptures
become sculptures of light and my colours colours of light and
my dreams dreams of light.
So that I am not suspected of being a Romantic, I should like to
quote Seneca again who said the following two thousand years
ago under the same Mediterranean night sky: “It is for a man
who has awoken from sleep to tell his dreams!” In my art, I tell
my dreams. When I then also consider that the light of some
stars only reaches us long after the stars themselves have extinguished,
their fate becomes a strange parable on the glitter and
misery of many an artist’s existence.
THE ISLAMIC PROHIBITION OF REPRESENTATION-
AL IMAGES IS NOT EXPRESSLY FORMULATED IN
THE KORAN, BUT IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED:
“THE MAKERS OF THESE PICTURES WILL BE
PUNISHED ON THE DAY OF RESURRECTION.”
THIS IS WHY ISLAMIC ART HAS MADE THE
NON-FIGURATIVE ORNAMENT ITS THEME. THE
IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENT FOR THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF ABSTRACT ART WAS UNDERESTIMATED
FOR A LONG TIME. FOR INSTANCE, THE LOVE OF
THE ORNAMENTAL IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD
HAS BEEN A STRIKING FEATURE.
YOU YOURSELF SAID IN A LECTURE:
“ORNAMENT IS STRUCTURE; IT CORRESPONDS
TO THE STRUCTURALISM OF OUR TIME MORE
AS THE FORM OF THE FIGURE.” CAN YOU
EXPLAIN THIS IN MORE DETAIL?
This issue is of very special significance for me because people
believe they know what an ornament is although in reality they do
not. Our European definition covers only the basics and merely
serves the prejudices about the decorative that are current,
particularly in this country. The purely phenomenological, purely
visual affinity between the microstructures that the atomic physicist
sees with his scanning electron microscope and the networks
in biophysics, on the one hand, and the structural graphics
that I create independently of these has a certain structural logic.
Its ornamental quality is an unexpected spin-off that seems to be
just as inherent in the oriental arabesque as in my visual energy
structures.
The relativity theory of the Modern Age also posits the interdependence
of all parts within which, on the principle of “pars pro
toto”, the part stands for the whole and vice versa. The whole
appears to be a complex network in which the individual is present
in all parts, with the consequence that the individual remains
isolated without the whole and loses his strictly functional raison
d’être. Its veritably holistic sovereignty and uniqueness has, so to
speak, rendered itself superfluous in the structure of the network,
probably for ever. Even as a student, I asked myself why western
painting ends with Pietro Cavallini and Cimabue only to be resumed
with Giotto.
The development of central perspective and the rules of drama
as well as the hierarchical laws of picture composition associated
with them have undoubtedly given the drama of our lives not only
expression but also orientation. What has been overlooked, however,
is that nature, which was to become the stage of the human
condition, is unaware of the drama and the resultant tragedy.
Just as oriental art is also unaware of drama and the concept
of tragedy. The crucifixion of Christ, for instance, is incomprehensible
to the eastern mind and conflicts fundamentally with
its conception of God. The move away from composition and
its derivatives towards structure started for me way back with
Cézanne. Even though he still adheres to composition, his way
of painting – like that of Van Gogh, for that matter – is purely
structural.
In the analytical Cubism that soon followed, all we can then see
is structural energy fields.
To approach your question about ornament again: Like the arabesque,
this is a special case within the open concept of structure.
The serial, the suggestive insistence of repetition contained
in it and its injection with rhythm with the aid of varying intervals
Heinz Mack - The Caravan of Colors, 1976 Photo: Thomas Höpker,
Archiv Heinz Mack
and their accentuation – all this in turn generates itself from itself
and beyond itself, so that we can refer neither to a beginning nor
to an end.
In its simplest form (which, admittedly, can be complicated
enough), it is the ornament that contains and renders visible
the quoted paradigms. I see the structure as being much more
complex as a structural energy field, in which a sublime interaction,
convergence and interpenetration of particulate elements in
tension and oscillation is set in vibration.
Expressed in musical terms: In its complexity, the holistic experience
of an acoustic chord is totally different from the sum of
the experiences of the individual notes. My painting is based on
related realizations.
A linear, progressive and goal-oriented transcription of an anthropomorphic
figure in the sense of the Greek “eidos” is replaced
by something totally different and new. I call it a type of visual
diagram of sensory relationships that generate themselves out of
nothing as it were, with the surprising consequence that they can
take the place of a static world view. This is what I meant when I
thought of the images under the scanning electron microscope,
whose precision extends from the nano range down to the atomic
structure.
But even the truly spectacular photographs of a Gerster or
Arthus Bertrand, who make the world visible to us from above,
show the fractal manifestations of nature as structure, grid and at
the same time as ornament.
VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
This applies just as much to untouched nature as to that cultivated
by man. Because of their fascinating structure, I would wish
for the resurrection of a Dürer or a Caspar David Friedrich. In my
262 263

Heinz Mack in front of his painting “Rhythm, Colour, Light”, 2006. Photo: Archiv Mack, VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2023
VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
Heinz Mack - The Painter’s Garden, 2001. Photo: Archiv Heinz Mack, VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2023
VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn
country, the concept of beauty as well as that of the ornamental I feel that the transitory nature of this encounter between the
or the decorative has been so fundamentally corrupted that my two cultures in my works remains evident. I must also admit that
art is necessarily suspected of being superficial. Even Matisse the affinity with Islamic art is purely accidental in 50 percent of
was confronted with this objection for a long time.
my works, a similarity that was not intended at the time of their
execution and that I only became aware of much later.
Picasso’s dictum that sculpture has to be an art of the superficial
is ignored just as much as Goethe’s: “Our lives take place
I am one of those artists who have replaced composition that
in coloured reflections.” My own compass does not only point dominated European art for 700 years with the serial or, better
west, but also south and east. My encounter with the art of the still, structure whose harmonic beauty and dignity I wish to neither
question nor justify. Hence, my relations, which one can see
Orient has yielded suggestions and ideas which I was neither
able nor willing to resist. Peculiar to its largely non-figurative
and recognize between western art and Islamic art, must be seen
nature (and its sole content is the glorification of the prophet) has against a historic and equally contemporary background whose
always been a poetic spirituality that I can intuitively grasp in its superficiality shows the “depth of surface” that a German poet
abstraction (following Goethe’s “West-eastern divan”).
once claimed was the secret of beauty.
SHORT BIOGRAPHY
Heinz Mack was born in 1931 in Lollar and attended the Arts
Academy of Düsseldorf from 1950 to 1953; furthermore, he studied
philosophy at the University of Cologne until 1956, graduating
in both programmes with state exams. In 1957, Heinz Mack
founded the ZERO group in Düsseldorf, Germany, together with
Otto Piene.
Besides his participation in documenta III (1964) and documenta
VI (1977), the artist represented the Federal Republic of Germany
at the 35th Venice Biennale in 1970. Also in Venice, in June
2014, the sculpture ensemble “The Sky Over Nine Columns”
was inaugurated on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore. The nine
columns, each measuring eight metres, are covered with more
than 850,000 gold-plated tesserae.
Mack also obtained a professorship in Osaka, Japan in the same
year and became a full member of the Akademie der Künste,
Berlin to which he belonged until 1992.
The artist has been honoured with major awards including the Art
Prize oft he City of Krefeld (1958), the Premio Marzotto (1963),
the Premier Prix Arts Plastiques at the 4th Paris Biennale (1965),
the Adolf-Grimme Recognition Award for his “Tele-Mack” movie
(1970), first prize in the International Competition of Light 79 in
the Netherlands (1979), the Conferment of the Order of Merit of
North Rhine-Westphalia, the Grand Culture Prize of the Rhineland
Savings Banks Association (1992), the Grand Federal Cross
of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his work and
function as a Cultural Ambassador (2004) as well as the Prize oft
he Cultural Foundation oft he City of Dortmund (2012).
He was also awarded the Grand Federal cross of Merit with Star
of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2011. In the summer of
2015, the senate of the Arts Academy of Düsseldorf unanimously
elected Mack as an honorary member. In 2016, the city of
Düsseldorf bestowed the Jan-Wellem-Ring upon Heinz Mack.
He received the Moses Mendelssohn Medal in 2017. In the same
year, Mack received an award as Düsseldorfer of the Year 2017
for his lifetime achievement.
Heinz Mack’s works of art have been shown in 400 solo and
numerous group exhibitions. His works are among the holdings
of some 136 public collections. A multitude of books and catalogues,
as well as two films document his work.
The artist lives and works in Mönchengladbach, Germany and
Ibiza, Spain.
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265

FONDATION LINDA ET GUY PIETERS
SAINT-TROPEZ
JULIAN SCHNABEL
WHAT ARE WE PAINTING AFTER ALL
Julian Schnabel (b. 1951, Brooklyn, NY) is one of the most
seminal and virtuosic artists working today. His multidisciplinary
practice extends beyond painting to include sculpture,
film, architecture and furniture. He is an award winning movie
director but primarily a painter. His use of preexisting materials
not traditionally used in art making, varied painting surfaces and
inventive modes of construction were pivotal in the reemergence
of painting in the United States in the late 1970’s and the rest
of the world. In 1978, he began to make Plate Paintings, imagic
works with sculptural surfaces produced by layering shards of
broken dishes with thick applications of auto body putty, dental
plaster and oil paint on wooden structures. His unorthodox,
highly experimental approach to use of materials, gestures and
form and large scale and shaped paintings have blurred the
distinction between abstraction and figuration, making the battle
between the two obsolete. Throughout his practice, he sustained
the use of objet trouvé and chance-based processes, transforming
painting and opening the door for new generations of young
painters today.
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“Emerging from an American artistic tradition that deliberately
challenged reigning ideas of surface and form
in paintings, since the late 1970s the artist has sought
to transform the realities and possibilities of the medium:
what a painting is, what it can be, and how it can
be done . . . Free of precisionist or calculated formulas,
Schnabel’s works become receivers for a poetry that is
both personal and universal. In his case, intentionally
painting the unknowable yields a more faithful representation
of experience than any attempt to realistically
depict the physical world ever could.”
“The surfaces look physically quite turbulent . . . That
makes the surface restless and adventurous. They also
seem impatient. Julian is an eager painter who cannot
wait to finish a painting. Such urgency increases the restlessness
of their appearance... I wanted to explain things,
but forgot that an artist at work is not at all concerned
with the state of art in general. That is art that already
exists. Julian in his studio, however, was looking for a
painting that had never been made before. Nothing less.”
Rudi Fuchs
Max Hollein
FONDATION
LINDA ET GUY PIETERS
PLACE DES LICES
28 BOULEVARD VASSEROT
83990 SAINT-TROPEZ
WWW.FONDATIONLGP.COM
INFO@FONDATIONLGP.COM
+33 4 22 84 01 89
268 269

MICHAEL SCHMIDT-OTT
I always try to give visitors in the exhibition
a face and an idea of the person
that is behind the artwork
Michael Schmidt-Ott is a Vienna-based independent art consultant
and founder of Fund-Art who devotes his free time to
charity work, raising funds for hospices, education projects
and others. His latest project was a charity art auction held on
October 5 to support the dementia aid organization Desideria
Care, in partnership with three Rotary Clubs and Sotheby’s at the
Palais Oppenheim in Cologne. To collect all the auctioned art, he
travelled 25,000 kilometres. He explains why he did this and the
vision behind his charity work to the co-founder of the Diplomatic
World Institute, Dieter Brockmeyer.
THE CHARITY ART AUCTION YOU DID ON
OCTOBER 5 SEEMS TO BE A HUGE THING.
WHAT MADE YOU TAKE ON SUCH A TASK?
I have been doing these charity projects for the last decade.
For example, during this time I have raised over EUR 1.3 million
for a hospice in Vienna. Then, by chance, I was approached by
Desideria Care after meeting through my last charity project. We
found out that we are very much alike in our approach. As such,
we had to do something together. I started to collect artworks
for that project. We went more and more international. We had
artists from 53 different countries in this auction, from Australia to
Benin, from Japan to Morocco and from Venezuela to Zimbabwe.
YOU SAY YOU TRAVELLED 25,000 KILOMETRES
TO GET ALL THESE ART PIECES TOGETHER.
THAT WAS QUITE AN EFFORT.
Travelling 25,000 kilometres by car is nothing you really want to
do, but in this case, the Tour de Art is magical. However, shipping
artworks from all the countries I mentioned earlier costs a
fortune. It is impossible to pay for that. This is why I started the
“Tour d’Art” in three parts. In the longest segment, I spent
33 days on the road. The entire effort was 75 days travelling,
visiting 120 Studios in 46 different cities in 14 countries across
Europe to collect all the artworks. Together with the artists I
decide which artwork we are selecting for the auction, and it is
also great to meet the artists in person. It is always good to go
in-person to their studios to understand what they do and what
their work is about. When the exhibition started on 28 September,
people came to me and ask who is (Ugandan artist) Collin
Sekajugo or (Finnish ceramic sculptor) Kim Simonsson. I get to
explain what they do, what their work is about and what they
want to express. I always try to give visitors in the exhibition a
face and an idea of the person that is behind the artwork.
NOBODY IS WILLING TO PAY ANY MONEY FOR
ART HE DOES NOT UNDERSTAND, I WOULD
ASSUME.
There are some artworks that explain themselves. Others do not.
To give you an example, if you take a work from Kris Martin, a
conceptual artist from Belgium, which consists of a white paper
where he writes on it “Beat Us” at the top, repeating it all the
way down the page, gradually shortening the distance between
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the two words – in the end you have “Beatus”, the Latin word for
“happy” and the Victory sign formed in the background. To
some people I have to explain because they may not understand
at first glance. We always choose works that need some
The mother of Desiree von Bohlen und Halbach (daughter of
Princess Birgitta of Sweden) took over the patronage of the
auction. Queen Sylvia, the aunt of Desiree, runs her foundation
from Sweden. That’s why Desiree founded her organization in
YOU ARE NOT ONLY DOING CHARITY AUCTIONS,
AND DEFINITELY NOT FOR A LIVING. GIVE US A
LITTLE BIT OF YOUR BACKGROUND.
artworks for a good cause. It started in 2017 as a two-months
pop-up project. It has been running since then.
explanation. Of course, all art is about emotion, and what I feel is
2017, focussing on the German speaking countries, Austria,
This charity project is what I am doing in my so-called spare
what I see. For those unable to come, all the information is in the
Germany, and Switzerland. Sweden deals with dementia in a
time. A project of that size takes about two years to organize,
catalogue.
totally different approach. You can get so much more support
more or less. After the auction, all the unsold works go to stor-
for the caretakers. And this is what Desiree wants to offer for the
age, and we have to take care about transportation to get them
TELL ME A LITTLE BIT ABOUT HOW THIS AUCTION
WORKED.
It works like an international auction. We also streamed the entire
auction on the internet. There were several ways of taking part.
German speaking countries, too.
AND THAT IS WHY YOU JOINED HER IN SUPPORT-
ING HER TASK?
back to the artists.
I guess the project will be finished by the beginning of next year.
I can only do that because I am working in the art industry. I’m
an art consultant. So, I have the network. I know the people, I
know how to approach artists, and I can use that for my busi-
Of course, the easiest way is on site at the Palais Oppenheim by
I think she’s doing a great job. And I think what this organization
ness background as well. Going to the studios is also part of my
signing up on the website. You could do telephone bidding that
does is really what this society needs. We try to bring dementia
professional job.
means we call you one or two minutes before your lot is offered.
out of the dark and get people to talk about it. Just take Germa-
A member of staff works through with you through this auction
ny. We have 1.8 million people suffering from dementia. Officially,
I started my first charity project in 2012. Before that I had been
process, which might take just one two or three minutes because
the numbers that we at Desideria Care think about are three to
working on different other things. I started charity as a child.
an auction with 200 lots is pretty fast. You also could do a classi-
four times higher, because many people do not get diagnosed.
My parents used to send me to the Red Cross at the Christmas
cal written offer.
People are afraid of going to the doctor. And you can say that
market in my hometown.
each and every person suffering from this horrible disease has
YOUR AUCTION HAD STRONG SUPPORT. THE
CHAIRWOMAN IS CONNECTED TO THE ROYAL-
HOUSE OF SWEDEN. DESIDERIA CARE HAS AN
ORIGIN IN THE FOUNDATION OF QUEEN SYLVIA
OF SWEDEN.
on average three people around him or her taking care. Based
on the official figures alone that makes 5.4 million people who
are caretakers. They need support because the person you have
been living together with for 20, 30 or 40 years suddenly is not
the person he or she used to be before.
We were selling raffle tickets. This was always fabulous for us
kids, because we were running around the town hall selling raffle
tickets to, of course, mostly people we knew.
Nowadays I am a gallerist without a gallery, and I have another
charity project, the “Challery”. This is a charity art gallery selling
272 273

TINTIN
THE IMMERSIVE ADVENTURE
In the autumn of 2023, an unprecedented exhibition devoted
to the most famous Belgian comic strip characters will be held
at Tour & Taxis, Brussels: ‘TINTIN / KUIFJE, THE IMMERSIVE
ADVENTURE’.
Extending over a 1,600 m2 projection surface, the digital exhibition
will enable children and adults to immerse themselves in the
world of Tintin. The fruit of a close collaboration between Culturespaces
and Tintinimaginatio, the event was a huge success
in Paris in 2022.
The transfer from paper to digital is but a short step, which
the two partners decided to take by combining their expertise.
Tintinimaginatio, the exclusive holder of the world rights for the
exploitation and representation of Hergé’s work, is collaborating
with Culturespaces, a pioneer in the production of immersive
exhibitions that are unique in the world.
From the first edition of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets in 1929
to the most recent publications, ‘Tintin: the Immersive Adventure’
pays tribute to the famous reporter with the powder puff, an
inveterate traveller whose voyages around the globe have been
part of popular culture for almost one hundred years. A unique
interpretation of Hergé’s work, this immersive exhibition enables
both young people and adults, ‘from 7 to 77’, to (re)explore the
creative and fictional world of one of the 20th century’s greatest
cartoonists.
The entire ‘paper family’ of the famous saga is present in the
exhibition: Tintin and Snowy (Milou), as well as the faithful ‘family’
made up by Captain Haddock, the Thompson Twins, Professor
Sunflower, Castafiore, and many others. Not to mention, of
course, the disagreeable – but truly indispensable – villains.
COMPOSED OF 8 CHAPTERS, A PROLOGUE AND
AN EPILOGUE, THE EXHIBITION INVITES THE
VISITOR TO DIVE INTO THE WORLD OF TINTIN
© Culturespaces / C. de la Motte Rouge / © Hergé - Tintinimaginatio - 2023
PROLOGUE: THE GENESIS OF TINTIN
or the terrifying Rascar Capac who plunges the visitors into a
The immersive creation opens with the famous covers of all the collective hallucination. We see strange creatures of the Cigars of
albums in The Adventures of Tintin, gradually coming to life
the Pharaoh, mirages of black gold, gigantic mushrooms of The
before our very eyes. The clear line of the famous reporter
Shooting Star…
and his faithful companion Snowy will evolve over the albums,
first in black and white in Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, then TO ADVENTURE AND BEYOND
rapidly in colour with The Shooting Star.
Constantly pursued, our heroes take the visitors in a rocket going
to the Moon, in the jungle of the Picaros and in the cabin of flight
TINTIN, THE GREAT REPORTER
714. Tintin and his faithful friends happily emerge victorious and
Tintin is above all a great reporter. Our young hero takes the visitor
along with him, travelling thousands of kilometres and using
always celebrate the triumphant end of their adventures.
all means of transportation on land, air and even under the sea EPILOGUE
with the famous bathyscaphe, a shark-shaped submarine.
‘Tintin: the Immersive Adventure’ ends on the famous blue endpapers
of the Adventures of Tintin albums, before giving way to
Hergé drawing his favourite character one last time.
CAPTAIN HADDOCK AND THE ENTOURAGE
Regardless of the adventure, who would be Tintin without his
faithful friends? There is Snowy, his most faithful companion, as
well as Captain Haddock and his fiery temper, Professor Calculus
TOUR & TAXIS
as a dizzy genius, the clumsy policemen Thomson and Thompson,
among many others.
From 27 September 2023 to 7 January 2024
Book your tickets:
THE BIG BAD GUYS
www.tintin-immersiveadventure.com
Tintin and allies must also thwart the plans of unscrupulous characters
such as the dreadful Rastapopoulos, the vile Mitsuhirato
© Culturespaces / C. de la Motte Rouge / © Hergé - Tintinimaginatio - 2023
274 275

PRINCESS
LELLI DE ORLEANS E BRAGANÇA
BERKO FINE PAINTINGS
KNOKKE-HEIST
All Photos: Berko Fine Paintings
276 277

MAISON LEEA
FURNITURE THAT TRANSCENDS TRENDS
AND STANDS THE TEST OF TIME
WHAT DEFINES MAISON LEEA?
Maison Leea’s commitment to excellence lies in the meticulous
hand craftsmanship, attention to detail, fusion of form and function,
implementing boat design elements in the aesthetic present
in the furniture pieces.
Using a wide range of rare materials, Maison Leea is executing
bespoke creations that seamlessly meet the demands of
exclusive properties and boat world with a contemporary nautical
aesthetic. This ensures their owners can enjoy the perfect fusion
of form and function, where style is never compromised.
Through Maison Leea, I aim to create a synergy between the
interior and exterior aspects of houses and boats, blurring the
boundaries and ensuring a harmonious design flow.Each piece of
furniture is carefully curated to enhance the ambiance of the interior
spaces, creating a luxurious retreat that reflects the owner’s
individuality and personal style.
DOES YOUR INTERNATIONAL BACKGROUND
PROVIDE AN ADVANTAGE IN THE ART SECTOR?
It is a great privilege for Maison Leea to be featured alongside
iconic artists such as Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Tom
Wesselmann, Keith Haring, Robert Indiana, and Alex Katz
thanks to the partnership with Wynn Fine Art Gallery and Aktion
Art in Palm Beach. This highlights the success of our efforts to
create furniture pieces that would seamlessly integrate within
the art realm.
Maison Leea’s ultimate goal for these pieces was to complement
and harmonise with the revered icons exhibited in the gallery.
Its discerning clientele, who are art connoisseurs themselves,
appreciate and collect art, choosing to proudly display their
pieces within their residences. Consequently, they seek furniture
that exhibits the same level of distinction and artistic sensibility
to enhance their curated collections.
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Our clients consistently express their admiration for our furniture.
Each piece undergoes thoughtful and meticulous handcrafting,
eschewing mass production in favour of a bespoke approach.
This allows us to cater to the unique vision of every interior we
curate, ensuring a seamless alignment between our furniture and
the art it accompanies.
WHAT INSPIRED YOU TO DELVE IN THE WORLD
OF FURNITURE DESIGN?
After studying in art school, I immersed myself in the world of
architecture. This groundwork established a solid foundation for
my comprehension of design principles and played a pivotal role
in shaping my artistic vision in creating interiors and furniture.
HOW DID YOUR DIVERSE BACKGROUND IN
BUSINESS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, ARCHITECTURE
AND ART DRIVE YOU TO ESTABLISH MAISON
LEEA?
Having degrees in international business and entrepreneurship
my path was somehow decided, but I was advised to not just do
it’s the result of me wanting to encompass everything I know in
a brand of high-end furniture for a high end state of spirit.
WHAT PROJECTS ARE YOU CURRENTLY
WORKING ON?
Through its unwavering dedication to impeccable craftsmanship
business but to follow my passion, so did I.
Currently we are engaged in an exceptional project in Palm
and artistic sensibilities, Maison Leea establishes a profound
Living on a boat for quite a while, played a big role in making me
Beach, completely redesigning a grand property among our
connection to the art world. It offers furniture that not only em-
realise that the interiors of yachts have a unique charm and ele-
But by having been studied architecture before, that was a pas-
portfolio of bespoke projects. Our team has embarked upon a
bodies creativity and functionality but, most importantly, serves
gance that is very distinct from traditional home interiors. I loved
sion that could not be forgotten. Subsequently, I embarked on a
comprehensive reimagining of the interior spaces, using the
as a perfect complement for the art collections of its clientele
the lines present in the yacht aesthetic, that inspired me to create
journey of studying international business and entrepreneurship,
Maison Leea’s style. It is our esteemed clientele’s preference to
with a sharp ability to perceive and distinguish quality, value.
the Maison Leea’s furniture pieces and interiors concepts.
in Switzerland and in the UK (London and Oxford).
have the style of their boat present in their residences too.
Having a multilingual background, I have the possibility of connecting
with people from various cultural backgrounds, understanding
their unique preferences. Ultimately, this process grants
me a deeper comprehension of clients and their requirements,
Furthermore, this passion extended beyond the confines of the
sea, inspiring me to reinterpret these concepts and seamlessly
incorporate them into traditional houses as well.
Drawing upon my educational background in business and my
artistic inclinations, together with my team, I embarked on a
mission to bring a new style in furniture defined by impeccable
handcraftsmanship and boat aesthetic lines.
WHICH ARE THE LEADING FORCES IN YOUR
VISION FOR A FURNITURE DESIGNER?
taking into account not only their aesthetic vision but also their
As a furniture designer and entrepreneur, I believe in the power
unique backgrounds, ensuring that their wants are brought to life
I started by designing the interior of my personal home, that led
of passion and following one’s personal vision. By venturing
through Maison Leea’s bespoke creations.
me to more projects that ultimately, on this passion flow, would
into the niche market of high end furniture, I have been able to
make me create Maison Leea, which is a combination of my
combine my love for interiors with the beauty of boat design, and
backgrounds on business, entrepreneurship, architecture and art,
more important with the influence that art has had in my life and
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still does. Maison Leea strives to bring a breath of fresh air in the
employing a dedicated team of over 200 skilled individuals.
In addition to our furniture line, Maison Leea has extended our
We firmly believe that every piece of furniture we create should
conventional approach to furniture, revolutionising the way we
Each factory focuses on a specific aspect of production,
production to encompass a comprehensive range of other inte-
not only exude elegance but also embody durability. Our dedi-
perceive and experience this essential aspect of our lives, but
including wood craftsmanship for intricate marquetry, upholstery,
rior essentials, including carpets, curtains, lighting and outdoor
cation to excellence extends beyond the present moment and
never losing sight of the artistic one. Furthermore, I am motivated
chair manufacturing and accessory production. This strategic
furniture. We believe that every element of interior design contrib-
serves as a guiding principle for our future endeavours.
by the desire to leave a lastly impact. I want to create furniture
move has allowed Maison Leea to leverage the expertise and
utes to the overall ambiance and aesthetic of a space, and thus
that transcends trends and stands the test of time. Designing
craftsmanship found within Romania’s furniture manufacturing
we strive to offer our clients a holistic experience.
With every furniture piece that leaves our factories, we aim to
pieces that have a timeless appeal and continue to bring beauty
heritage. It enables us to have the highest quality standards
provide our clients with a lasting sense of satisfaction and pride,
and utility to people for years to come is a fundamental aspect of
my vision as a furniture designer.
TELL US ABOUT THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
In the beginning production was taking place in England, more
exactly in Surrey as I wanted to be able to have a hands on pro-
while ensuring efficient production that bring our exquisite
designs to life.
With the main focus on keeping the highest standard, Maison
Leea sources raw materials from Italy, Brazil, and Iran, while incorporating
systems from Germany into our production process.
This global approach ensures that we have access to the finest
quality materials and technologies to create exceptional furniture
CAN YOU PROVIDE A FEW WORDS UPON THE
FUTURE YOU ENVISION FOR MAISON LEEA?
In the future, I envision expanding Maison Leea’s reach, not only
in the realm of interior spaces and boat furniture, but also in the
field of aircraft interiors. By staying true to our commitment to
simplicity, exclusivity and impeccable design, Maison Leea aims
knowing that they have acquired a truly remarkable piece that
embodies not only our vision, but their needs also. Our pledge to
quality is a testament to our constant pursuit of ideal, ensuring
that Maison Leea will bring refinement to any curated interior.
ABOUT LEEA A. STEFANESCU
cess approach as I was living in London, however valuable ad-
pieces.
to become synonymous with elegance and sophistication in the
Leea A. Stefanescu is the founder of Maison Leea. Originally
vice led me to explore the rich furniture manufacturing tradition in
world of high-end furniture.
from Transylvania, she was brought up in Switzerland, following
my home country, Romania, dating back to World War I.
At our production facility, each piece undergoes a meticulous
her education path in London getting two university degrees in
crafting process, involving over 60 precise steps. From the initial
Regardless of what lies ahead, one thing remains unwavering:
International Business with French, one Master in Entrepreneur-
As a result, we made the strategic decision to relocate produc-
design concept to the final finishing touches, our skilled artisans
our commitment to maintaining the highest level of quality and
ship and afterward continuing expanding her economics horizons
tion to Romania, where we collaborate with established manu-
work on each detail to achieve our standards for design, func-
design. At Maison Leea, we understand that quality and differ-
at Oxford. Speaking five languages, Leea’s diverse linguistic
facturers boasting over 25 years of experience in the industry.
tionality, and durability.
ent design are the cornerstones of our success and the keys to
skills enable her to connect with a global audience and navigate
Our furniture is now hand crafted in four specialised factories,
exceeding the expectations of our clients.
international markets with ease.
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MAISON LEEA
FURNITURE THAT TRANSCENDS TRENDS
AND STANDS THE TEST OF TIME
WWW.MAISONLEEA.COM