Atlas Of Ferns Of The British Isles

Atlas of Ferns
of the British Isles
Botanical Society of the British Isles
British Pteridological Society ÷1978

11
MM7i978.
ERRATA
.In a re-drafting of the Introduction an explanihtion
of the significance of the open circle was
inadvertently omitted. Unless otherwise explained,
such open Circles are those squares in whichte
.epecies has been recorded only PRIOR TO 1950 (nineteen
hundred and fifty).
On page95the spelling of "DrToRteria xembrosiae"
phnuld be "Dryopteris x:embroseae". It is
*similarly miapelt in the Index, (p. 100)0

ATLAS OF FERNS
OF THE BRITISH ISLES
edited by
A.C. Jermy
British Museum (Natural History)
H.R. Arnold, Lynne Farrell & F.H.Perring
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
iNSTrTUTE (7;7 FCOLOGY
The Botanical Society of the British Isles + The British Pteridological Society
„
London
1978

Botanical Society of the British Isles
and
British Pteridological Society
c/o British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road, London 5W7 5BD
Botanical Society of the British Isles
and
British Pteridological Society
1978
ISBN 0 901158 01 1
INSTITUTE OF
TERRESTRIAL
ECOLOGY
LIBRARY
SERVICE
5JU11978
osH
REF
I (40
Photoset in Times Series and printed and bound
by
Pendragon Press, Papworth Everard, Cambridge,
England.

It is now 16 years since the publication of the Atlas of
the British Flora (Perring & Walters, 1962). Though it
has proved valuable it was inevitably an imperfect work.
Conditions of the grants under which the work was
carried out meant that the first maps had to go to
printers within six years of the start of the scheme and
the maps of the Pteridophyta were the first to be sent.
Some of these maps e.g. Dryopteris carthusiana (as
D.lanceolatocristata), D.oreades (as D.abbreviata),
D.pseudomas (as D.borrer0, were very unsatisfactory
because of difficulties of identification and the map of
the first mentioned species was accordingly marked P,
indicating it was only provisional. Furthermore,
taxonomic revisions in Asplenium, Dryopteris and
Equisetum were producing data on the distribution of
new taxa worthy of mapping. A recent reprint of the
Atlas (1976) gave the opportunity to revise maps of
about 300 of our rarest species including only five ferns
but production costs ruled out a complete revision, and
this is a situation likely to continue.
The British Pteridological Society had, from 1962,
taken a considerable interest in collecting further data
on ferns for the Map Scheme and these had over the
years been passed to the Biological Records Centre to be
added to the mass of data coming in from the Botanical
Society of the British Isles. The B.P.S. felt that an
interim publication showing the state of our knowledge
of the distribution of British ferns, horsetails and clubmosses,
would, apart from removing the anomalies
mentioned above, give a guide-line for further
concentrated field work. Therefore when the B.P.S.
investigated the possibility of B.R.C. revising the maps
for publication it was very pleased to find the idea
already under consideration as part of a scheme to
revise the Atlas in parts.
Discussions were held to see how the two Societies
could best be involved in drawing together all available
data that was not already in the data bank. A proforma
(the 'Green Book') containing the species to be mapped
was circulated to B.S.B.I. Recorders and to other
interested workers studying regional or vice-county
Floras. This data was transcribed by A.J.Worland
(B.P.S. Recorder) to single species cards to facilitate
their transfer to the data-bank and to manuscript maps
from which we could query any outstanding or
anomalous record. A.C.Jermy arranged for the loan of
critical material from the following university or
municipal herbaria: Aberdeen (ABD), Aberystwyth
(ABS), Bangor (UCNW), Belfast (BEL), Cambridge
(CGE), Cardiff (NMW), Carlisle (CLE), Dublin (DBN),
Edinburgh (E), Glasgow (GL), Kew (K), Liverpool
(LIV), Maidstone (MNE), Manchester (MANCH),
Newcastle upon Tyne (HAMU), Oxford (OXF), Perth
(PTH) and the South London Botanical Institute
(SLBI), and, with the help of the following specialists,
many new records were added to the data bank:
H.V.Corley (Dryopteris), J .A.Crabbe (Polypodium),
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins (Dryopteris), M.Gibby
(Dryopteris), J.D.Lovis (Asplenium), C.N.Page
(Equisetum), R.H.Roberts (Polypodium) and A.Sleep
(Polystichum). Particular attention has been given to
Introduction
the determination of hybrids although it is appreciated
that the maps of these can only be regarded as
preliminary; for detailed information on the
distribution of hybrids the reader should consult
C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and the Flora of the
British Isles, London, 1975. As the data were marshalled
the B.R.C. staff, under the direction of F.H.Perring, set
to work fo'produce the maps and it was Lynne Farrell on
whom fell the major task of checking the maps against
the data cards.
Nomenclature and arrangement of the maps
The nomenclature follows that used in Flora Europaea
(ed. Tutin et al., Cambridge, 1964) with a few later
changes. These together with the arrangement are to be
found in a List of British pteridophytes shortly to be
published (J.E.Dandy & A.C.Jermy, in prep.). The
arrangement of the genera is based on that proposed by
J.A.Crabbe, A.C.Jermy & J.T.Mickel (Fern Gaz., 11;
141-162; 1975).
We have adopted the four genera in Lycopodiaceae as
in Flora Europaea but we agree with Holub (Preslia,
Praha, 47: 97-110; 1975) that Diphasium should be
restricted to a few South American species and that
Diphasiastrum should be used for the European species.
Within Dryopteris two major changes on purely
nomenclatural grounds have been made. There has been
confusion over the past 150 years with regard to the
identity of Polystichum abbreviatum DC., the
basionym of D.abbreviata (DC.) Newm.; D.oreades
Fomin should now be taken as the correct name (see
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A . C. Jermy, Taxon, 25: 659-665;
1976). It is also inevitable that we have to change the
recent name D.assimilis S.Walker; the plant described
by Presl from British Columbia as Nephrodium
expansum has been shown to be conspecific with the
European plant and that epithet must be taken up.
Furthermore our British D.villarii is tetraploid and
sufficiently distinct from the diploid alpine material
described by Bellardi to warrant subspecific separation
(see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy, Fern Gaz., 11:
338-340; 1977). Lastly,European Thelypteris palustris
Schott has been shown to differ from American plants,
originally called T. thelypteroides Michx, solely in the
absence of hairs on the lamina and rachis, a character
which we agree warrants its separation at subspecific
level only. Unfortunately Michaux's epithet has priority
over that of Schott thus removing a well-known name
from the British list.
Comments by A.C.Jermy on the distribution of
species are given beneath the maps. The
phytogeographical elements referred to relate to the
species distribution in Europe as a whole; the concepts
as applied to the Atlantic seaboard are those of
D.A.Ratcliffe (New Phytol., 67: 365-371; 1968). The
distribution of pteridophytes in Europe is to be found in
the Atlas Florae Europaeae 1, Pteridophyta (Psilotaceae
to Azollaceae), ed. J.Jalas & J.Suominen; Helsinki,
1972. For a discussion on the distribution of European
pteridophytes using numerical analyses of those data see
H.J.B.Birks (New Phytol., 77: 257-287; 1976).

Species omitted
Only three aliens have been mapped: Azolla flliculoides
Lam. a species so well established that its status is often
forgotten; Selaginella kraussiana A.Br., a native of
southern Africa, introduced into conservatories from
which it has spread considerably; and Equisetum
ramosissimum Desf., a single population, of interest
because it is the putative parent of E. moorei Newm. In
addition to these there are four species grown as
ornamentals which have escaped and established
themselves in our natural vegetation; none have spread
further other than by vegetative means. They are
Onoclea sensibilis L., Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.)
Tod., Blechnum chilense (Klf.) Mett. and B.pennamarina
(Poir.) Kuhn; Dicksonia antarctica Labill. may
also be included in this category. Three house ferns have
spread to warm locations on walls in various parts of
south and west Britain namely, Cyrtomium falcatum
(L.f.) C.Presl, Pteris cretica L. and P.vittata L. The
latter is also established on a warm slag-heap in the
Forest of Dean, v.c. 34 (see S. Holland,
R. N. Glouc. Nat. Soc., 19: 318; 1968).Although these
produce spores their presence is usually ephemeral.
Acknowledgements
We should like to thank all those, too numerous to
mention individually, who have over the years sent in
records to B.R.C. Similarly we thank also those many
people who will no doubt find gaps in our maps and
rectify the situation by sending in further records. We
are especially grateful to A.J.Worland, for transcribing
all incoming data from the 'Green books' to singlespecies
cards and to manuscript maps. J.W.Dyce, as
Secretary of the B.P.S., was alone responsible for
collating the records made on the meetings of that
Society. Liaison with the vice-county Recorders of the
B.S.B.I.. was initially through the Records Committee
(secretary, F.H.Perring). The following botanists,
either as B.S.B.I. Recorders or as members of B.S.B.I.
or B.P.S., have made a special effort to cooperate with
this revision:
D.E.Allen, G.H.Ballantyne, M.Barron, E.P.Beattie,
P.M.Benoit, J.Bevan, J.H.Bevis, H.J.B.Birks,
T.L.Blockeel, I.R.Bonner, H.W.Boon, E.H.Booth,
R.P.Bowman, M.Briggs, A.B.M.Brewis,
J.M.Brummitt, K.E.Bull, E.R.Bullard, A.R.Busby,
J.K.Butler, M.S.Campbell, J.F.M.Cannon, J.M.Castle-
Smith, E.Chicken, E.R.T. Conacher, P.Copson,
H.V.Corley, R.W.M.Corner, F.E.Crackles,
G.Crompton, T.A.W.Davis, J.G.Dony, D.A.Doogue,
U.K.Duncan, E.S.Edees, P.J. Edwards, T.Edmondson,
E.A.Ellis, G.Ellis, T.G.Evans, I.K.Ferguson,
F.Fincher, B.E.M.Garratt, G.M.Gent, E.J.Gibbons,
M.Gibby, V.Gordon, G.G.Graham, I.F.Gravestock,
E.F.Greenwood, J.M.Gunn, P.Hackney, P.C.Hall,
A.D.Hallam, G.Halliday, S.G.Harrison, C.C.Haworth,
J.G.Hodgson, S.C.Holland, K.M.Hollick,
R.C.L.Howitt, t S.T.Jermyn, Q.O.N.Kay, D.L.Kelly,
A.G.Kenneth, D.H.Kent, M.P.H.Kertland,
J.E.D.Lamb, P.J.Lambley, H.Lefevre, F.LeSueur,
A.G.Long, tJ.E.Lousley, J.D. Lovis, R.McBeath,
D.McClintock, D.J.McCosh, B.M. Mack,
R.Mackecknie, tV.J.Macnair, L.J.Margetts,
M.E.Martin, T.F.Medd, K.G.Messenger, tH.Milne-
Redhead, R.J.Murphy, A.Newton, A.M.O'Sullivan,
C.N.Page, R.C.Palmer, R.J.Pankhurst, C.P.Petch,
E.G.Philp, M.Porter, A.C.Powell, A.L.Primavesi,
M.C.F.Proctor, A.W.Punter, D.A.Ratcliffe, J.E.
Raven, B.W.Ribbons, M.H.Rickard, R.H.Roberts,
C.A.Robinson, R.G.B.Roe, J.Rogerson, F.Rose,
A.Rutherford, C.D.Sayers, M.J.P.Scannell, M.R.D.
Seaward, B.Seddon, S.Segal, B.Shepard,F.W.Simpson,
A.A.Slack, W.A.Sledge, A.Sleep, J.E.Smith,
A.H.Sommerville, 0.M.Stewart, A .McG.Stirling,
K.M.Stevens, R.Stokoe, G.A.Swan, E.L.Swann, D.M.
Synnott, M.A.Turner, I.M.Vaughan, tW.E.Warren,
M.McC.Webster, T.C.E.Wells, D.J.B.White, L.E.
Whitehead, A.J.Willis, A.Willmot, S.R.J.Woodell,
P.Yule.
A considerable amount of general but often difficult
material, sent in by recorders, was identified by
J.A.Crabbe and J.M.Mullin, who also handled some
thousands of specimens sent on loan from other British
Herbaria, filling in 'pink cards' and searching for grid
references when new records were found; such routine
work, so often boring, is gratefully acknowledged.
We also thank those curators and staff of Herbaria
who have cooperated by sending their material of critical
groups to the British Museum (Natural History) or to
Leeds University for checking. Of these we would like to
mention the following whose knowledge of their own
region, both floristically and geographically was placed
continually at our disposal: S.G.Harrison, and
colleagues at the National Museum of Wales, and
M.J.P.Scannell and D.M.Synnott at the National
Herbarium, Glasnevin, Ireland. Funds to enable
students to make out 'pink cards' of critical groups at
Oxford University herbarium were provided by the
Druce Fund.
Last and by no means least, we thank the staff at
B.R.C. especially D.W.Scott, and R.A.Cooke, a
voluntary worker, who prepared the maps on which the
final production of this Atlas was based.
Further recording
The British Pteridological Society Recorder will continue
to monitor additions or amendments to these maps. All
such records will be passed to the Biological Records
Centre at I.T.E., Monk's Wood Experimental Station,
on the appropriate record card, and the relevant B.S.B.I.
Recorder will be notified. New records may be sent to the
B.P.S. Recorder, c/o Botany Department,British
Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London
SW7 5BD.

LYCOPODIACEAE 3
0
7
5
0
8
0
1.1
LYCOPODIUM
ANNOTINUM
Interrupted
Clubmoss
4?
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kibmetres
Md.
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
100
9
8
9 0
2
..
1 2
1
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r
°I8
0
3

6
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UTM GRID
100
a a
Kdometres
Miles
,
100
17:6-
2
0 0 00 °Ls
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0
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1.2 Lywriodium clavatum
A plant of acid grasslands and heaths on sandy soil where the
slope allows drainage water to flush through; otherwise in areas
with higher rainfall. Decreasing in eastern and central England
because of intensification of agriculture and utilization of rough
marginal ground.
8 I e
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LYCOPODIACEAE 5
0
7
8
2.1
LYCOPODIELLA
INUNDATA
Marsh Clubmoss
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
Kilometres
Miles
9
170
9 0
wv
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1:;)
100
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N2
2.1 Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub
(Lycopodium inundatum L.;
Lepidotis inundata (L.) C.BOrner)
A sub-Atlantic species of lowland bogs of which the distribution
has been fragmented considerably by the drainage of acid
wetland sites.
0
4
3
2

6 LYCOPODIACEAE
6
5
0 100
1
kilornstm
Miles
o
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID r
,
100
00
00 0411 .
9
0
2
00 logi
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3.1 Huperzia selago (L.) Berrill. ex Schrank Mart.
(Lycopodium selagoL.)
A northern sub-Atlantic/montane species spread over lowland
areas where frost hollows probably give the required lower
temperatures in areas of high rainfall. Land-use changes in
lowland England have considerably reduced the sites where this
species used to grow. The sites in v.cs 1 and 3 particularly need
conservation.
.
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LYCOPODIACEAE 7
0
6
5
0
0
4.1
DIPHASIASTRUM
0 1 2 3 4
ALPINUM .9 P
Alpine Clubmoss
0 100
Kilometres
0
Mdes
9
8 9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
100
0
0
0 1
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID LT'
0
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8
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4.1 Diphasiastrum alpinum (L.) Holub
(Lycopodium alpinum L.;
aphasium alpinum (L.) Rothm.)
An arctic-alpine species of which the occurrence in lowland
Britain has puzzled ecologists until those plants were
redetermined as D. x issleri. Land-use changes in north
England (e.g. Pennines) have considerably reduced the range
of this species. The Devon records need confirmation.
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

8 LYCOPODIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
4 .1x c
DIPHASIASTRUM
x ISSLERI
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
Kilometres
Miles
9
9
wv
1
100 4457
100
9
8
0
2
1 2
3
0 :
O
1 2
4.1 x c. Diphasiastrum x issleri (Rouy) Holub
(D.alpinum x complanatum (L.) Holub; Lycopodium
var. deelPiens Syme ex Druce)
Following studies by Lawalrée (Bull. Soc. R. bot. Belg., 9: 109-
120; 1957) records of this taxon appeared in British literature
but confusion and doubt has persisted as to its true identity.
J.Wilce (Beih. Nov. Hedw. 19: 93; 1965) suggests it is a hybrid
derivative of the species mentioned above. Work carried out by
I.Kukkonen (Ann. Bot. Fenn., 4:441-470; 1967) and A.Pacyna
(Fragm. Fl. Geobot., 18: 255-297, 309-341; 1972) supports this
and Pacyna has identified British material as being conspecific
with Polish plants. The shape of the ventral median leaf and
elongated leafy peduncles are diagnostic. Sowerby (Engl. Bot.,
ed 3.t. 1834*; 1886) illustrates plants from v.c. 37, named by
0
0
0
3
3 4
0
9
8
4 5
N1
HX
HW N2
7
4
5 6
issleri (Rouy) Lawalrée; Lycopodium alpinum L.
Syme in the legend as Lycopodium alpinum var. decipiens, a
name later validated with a description by Druce (Ann. Scot.
nat. Hist., 1892: 184; 1892). Subsequent botanists have used
this name for a number of atypical D.alpinum gatherings from
Scotland, some of which are most certainly growth forms from
dense vegetation of the latter species. Although of hybrid origin
the spores are only partly abortive and it can spread outside the
range of the parents. However, D.complanatum may yet be
found in Britain in dwarf shrub communities in areas of ancient
woodland.
0
6
5
4
3
2

SELAGINELLACEAE 9
0
5.1
SELAGINELLA
SELAGINOIDES
Lesser Clubmoss
ICionistres
Mdee
9
100
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UTM GRID
100
0
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16
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1
2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
o
9
...
N2
5.1. Selaginella selaginoides (I—) Link
A northern and montane species with a distribution pattern in
Britain and Ireland which is difficult to explain. Localities in
Ireland are disappearing through changes in land-use but it is
hoped that the southernmost sites will be conserved so that the
ecological requirement of this species on the edge of its range
can be studied. In England the south-eastern populations have
disappeared, the species last being seen at Scotton, v.c. 54, in
1948 (J.E.Gibbons, FL Lincolnshire: 80; 1975).
4 6
0
6
5
4
3
2
1

10
0 1 2 3 4
O 0
5.2 x
NW
SELAGINELLA
N2
t:S
7
KRAUSSIANA et'
9
9
O 100
Mamas's
M i Ms
100
8
2
.o
8
N1
0
7 5
SELAGINELLACEAE
6 6
5
CHANNELISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
UTM GRID
9 0
5.2 Selaginella kraussiana (G.Kunze) A.Br.
A species native to the Azores and tropical and South Africa
which was introduced for bedding or ground cover in
conservatories and which has established itself in the more
oceanic areas of S.W. Britain and Ireland where it can
successfully overwinter. It produces spores abundantly and
could spread naturally, although so far the species has shown no
signs of dispersal from introduced areas.
So
O 0
1 2 3 4 5

0
8 9 0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
t;6*
a
1 2 3 4 5 6
6.1 Isoetes lacustris L.
A northern sub-Atlantic species probably more frequent in
upland Scotland than records show. It can tolerate more
mesotrophic waters than I.echinospora possibly through its
ability to compete with other water plants.

1 2
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7
6
5
4
6.2
ISOETES
ECHINOSPORA 9 9
Spring Quillwort
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
Kaornetres
Miles
9
9
WV
6.2 Isoetes echinospora Durieu
(Lsetacea auct.)
100
100
8 . 8
A species with a northern sub-Atlantic distribution similar to
Llacustris, preferring more oligotrophic waters than Llacustris
and will probably prove to be equally common in Scotland at
least. The ecology and distribution of the species in Wales is
discussed by B.Seddon (Ecology 46: 747-748; 1965).
2
44
. 0 0
0
0
Ni
0
7
5
HX
HW
N2
4
6
ISOETACEAE
UTM GRID .6'
t;Z)
A
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
6
5
4
3
2

ISOETACEAE
6.3
ISOETES
HISTRIX
Land Quillwort
0 100
101ornstres
Mi
100
8
1 2 3
A
jo
e
9
8
Ni
0
7 5
6.3 Isoetes histrix Bory
A Mediterranean-Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost location in Britain (v.c. 1). It is terrestrial and the
leaves die down and disappear in March or April. The absence
of this species from S.W. Ireland is difficult to explain.
N2
4 6
13

14
0
7
5
0
8
0 1 2 3 4
7.1 HX
HW
EQUISETUM
HYEMALE
Rough Horsetail
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
Kilometres
Miles
9
too
8
0 8
9 0
0 wv
UTM GRID 11.
1;6
0
9 9
0 00
o
o
7.1 Equisetum hyemale L.
A widespread species which requires its roots to be within reach
of laterally moving water. The drainage of potential sites is
taking its toll and the species is becoming local although in some
places it still occurs in large stands.
0
00
o8o
oo
00
SO
0
000
:6
ioo
0
00
1 2 3 4 5 6
00
00
:0
0
oip
oo
N1
7 5
EQUISETACEAE
N2
4 6
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

EQUISETACEAE 15
0
6
5
0
7.1x r
EQUISETUM
X MOORE!
®EQUISETUM
RAMOSISSIMUM
GUNNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0
UTM GRID
Adorns/NA
Was
9
100
tz)
7.1 x r. Equisetum x moorei Newm.
(E.hyemale x ramosissimum Desf.)
0
8
2
1 2
1 2
This sterile taxon has long been treated as a hybrid of the above
species but, in view of its sterility, its distribution in Ireland and
other areas in Europe where E.ramossissimum is absent, this
is highly problematical. It was originally described from
Rockfield, v.c. H20, in 1856; a plant introduced into a garden in
Shere, v.c. 17, (J.E.Lousley, Flora of Surrey: 94; 1976) has
vigorously maintained itself. There are no specimens to
substantiate previous Scottish records (v .c. 88 and 92);
E.hyemale is found in these localities, however (see
3 4
4
9
8
Ni
0
7 5
N2
4
6
5 6
J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page in C.A.Stace (ed.) Hybridization and
the Flora of the British Isles: 99; 1975).
E.ramosissimum, a southern European species, was ftrst
recorded for the British Isles in 1947 when collected on the bank
of the R.Witham, v.c. 53 (see A.H.G.Alston, Watsonia, 1: 149-
153; 1949). Whilst it has maintained itself it has not spread, and
it is believed to have been introduced with soil when the river
wall was being strengthened. It is therefore regarded as an alien
in the British flora.
ckf
6
5
3
2
1
0

16 EQUISETACEAE
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
0
6
5
7.1x2
EQUISETUM
X TRACHYODON 9 9
I?
Kipmene
Miles
9
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
I AC0
0
0
100
0
8
8
2
.0
1 2
7.1 x 2 Equisetum X trachyodon A.Braun
(E.hyemale x variegatum)
A hybrid with a distinct Atlantic distribution which however
may be under-recorded on the European mainland. The
E.variegatum parent is most likely the lowland (and often
coastal) ecotype of that species and the hybrid is therefore more
rare in Scotland where the mountain form predominates than
the distribution of the parent species would suggest. Some
previously reported records from Ireland have proved to be
forms of E.variegatum. Small plants may be separated from
that species by the long sheath and the long teeth with narrow
membraneous margins; the cones have abortive spores (see
J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 100).
3 4
-(2
8
Ni
0
7
5
HX
HW
N2
5 6
4
6
6
5
4
3
2
1

EQUISETACEAE 17
0
0
7.2
EQUISETUM
VAR I EGATUM
Variegated
Horsetail
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
s.
0 1 2 3
9 9
8
p
2 3 4 5
7.2 Equisetum variegatum Schleicher ex Weber & Mohr
N1
A northern-montane species of wet alpine ledges yet also
characteristic of coastal sand-dune slacks in the west.
E.wilsonii Newm., Originally described from Muckross, v.c.
H2, hitherto regarded as this species needs further investigation
as do sand-dune populations in Britain (see J.A.Crabbe,
A.C.Jermy & G.A.Matthews, Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles, 6:
40-42; 1965).
N2
0
0

1 8
O 1 2 3 4
0 0
6
7.3
x
o o HW
EQUISETUM
mom
so N2
vil So So
FLUNINIVTILE 00 000
9
So 000
ile
VVater HorsetaH 00
00 5555
N 000 N1
oog oo 000
0001000 000 00 a
000000 0 0
41"
8
..
A
go, 4.1.
O 100 Se o
1 i oemio 4141 owilest
IQ.. 100
Op 0 00 0 0
0000 0
maw 0000 "
..
41
0 0 A
owl
000000 0
.2 000 1000 ! no a
00
ol0000 00 0000
00000 4100,000
3
Ofee 000 Of 00
000 0000005
4 "i"
10
000,
00600000
00, 00 00
0 0,
0000 ow ..
e . .. :I.
Goo. ..
" ::ig
4111
000,11__
00
00000000 48
5 . 0 40 : :45 41:iiiii
:ib.
00
0: ..I..::: .. o "
6. 6.
.... Soo So 0000
.... MM.: :::::::
G.... 0 e0 00 molls
.. ...me..
000 *
000 0000
0000 00
00:844
24414"
0000
wee 04
SOO
"
t * 0 0000 0 i: Y
w 00 0 0
00
o0000 is0
goo
00* 0
O
go oe rne
00000000 BO 00
:. "0 oo
ompogrove oil oil So
sow, oo oil
oti og,
000 oeolo gg0000
0'0A., 1014
S.
00 00000000 ONO 000 00
ee , .o..-g
, ,„ . .. . ....... .. se. so
..
..
41:.
.. ..... o .6 r. aim :.
.. ems , ,, , 1 J._ 5. .5 ..... .. .. .. ::
an% o. .. ..... moos m .8 ei 41
000 ee
0-IANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
*
9 0
7.3 Equisetum fluviatile L.
A widespread species of which the ecological requirements are
little understood and need further investigation. Detailed
distribution (e.g. on the tetrad basis) of selected areas or
counties, might shed light onto this problem.
So
00
9
7 5
000 00000000 000
000 0 0 0048100 00 1
0
red ::
00:
0
000
MO
080
0
_ii
owe
000
mug,
0000
SOO
000 0000
1555 00
0000000 00
000 00000010 000
000 00 mee°00 00
oil oomoge 0004100000
00060 ooopeo
000 000,
00
:so:
00
0
EQUISETACEAE
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
4 6
6
5
4
3
2
1

EQUISETACEAE 19
0
7
6
5
0
7.3x7
®EQUISETUM
0
FLUVIATILE X
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PALUSTRE
Kdometres
pnik.
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
1
100
9
8
0
9 0
2
1 2
1 2
7.3 x 7 Equisetum fluviatile X palustre
A single population found in 1962 in Harris, v.c. 110 (see
C.N.Page, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 118-120; 1963 and J.G.Duckett &
C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 100). It is
morphologically intermediate between the parents but
superficially more like E.palustre than the other putative
parent. It may also be confused with E. x litorale but the length
3
3

20
0
0
6
7.4
EQUISETUM
ARVENSE
Field Horsetail
0 100
1
Kianotres
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0
UTM GRID
Miles
100
8
9 0
2
1
0 0 0
0 0 000 00 0
06009
00000,00
000060
90
00
5 o
0
000 06 600
o see :41
ele410
:47411
se...... "
solim
eseeesees
eillessoso
ope, e
mil dose* o ll
eg ole eels
ales
se ego
000000 ego 00000 sss s
0
600000
0000
00
. oolloo oimpososo
000
1
e
oo
00000 00
00
09000,00
06990
000
006090000 0000 000
:Mane eV:.
oremose
W
o
0
m
oo so
ego
so
7.4 Diudsetuln arvense L.
v:9
e
1 2
A widespread species of inorganic soils and therefore absent
from squares which are covered predominantly by peat. An
interesting high mountain flush ecotype would be worth
mapping separately; it could be overlooked as E.palustre but
has the lowermost internodes of the branches characteristically
longer than the main stem sheath subtending those branches.
00
2
3
00 0 0
0 0 00 00
0 0
00 0 0
00
00
0000 00000
06 00000000
See 01:00 60
0000000 60000
ee e 00060
00 00
0:8 099 0 000
O 6090000
00 06800
000 00090
00006 0600
00
6::0:
000090 00
0000090 60 0000
0006000 006000000
600600 0000000
000066 000000000
0000 0000000
0
0006 0000 SOO
9090 0000 090 00
60000000 00900 00
00000000 000
0000000 000
090000000 000
0600 000 900
000 000 00
4
55555 sIsSIe s
es see 0000
essee ee es e
000 e.e.see e
0000 es
1140 5555 5.
se ese se *se
9
8
N1
0
7 5
HX
EQUISETACEAE
N2
MIS esee ese See
000 00000000 0000
See eee00000 0000
00000000e 0000000 Sees
000000000 00000006 000
00 06606600 0000000 00
090 0000000 000000000 00 OS
00000600 06000006 690 06 06.
000000006 0000000 0900000 000
000 0090 06 000060606 9 09 00
0 00000060 6000000 600060 0060
Ov 01:10006 600000660 000006 OS
00 0000 000000 0000000 000
00 00 0006 60000000 00006000 0
60090009 99009009 000990000 609901109
90 096 6600069411 06066600 09660606
o 000060 00090069 090$1006 0600000
00 000 00 01106 060 See 990 0000
600 60 000
00 00000000 000000
9009 00000060 0000
60000 00000600 00060
60000 9600 060000 00
_Ipmwoo 00006 00096000 00
66 000600000 0000600 00660060
060 0000006 8000000 00000660
00000011 Se See 600000
00606000
0000
00006 00
0111
3 4 5 6
4
6
0
1
0
6
5
4
3
2

EQUISETACEAE 21
0
6
5
0
7.4x3
EQUISETUM
X LITORALE
100
1 1
1Gkenstres
OWNS: ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
UTM GRID
Udell
0
100
0
8
9 0
0 2 3 4
0
2
00
0
0
1
e
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
S.
9
8
N1
0
7 5
7.4x 3 Equisetum x litorale Kuhlew. ex Rupr.
(E. arvense xfluviatile)
Considering the dissimilarity of the habitat required by each
parent this hybrid is surprisingly frequent. It is also extremely
variable: in drier habitats specimens often approach E.arvense
and in wet ones E.fluviatile (see J.G.Duckett & C.N.Page, in
C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 101; 1975).
4 6
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

22 EQUISETACEAE
6
5
0
7.7x8
EQUISETUM
X FONT-QUERI
7.4x7
®EQUISETUM
X ROTHMALERI
Kkmatres
Miles
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON wv
UTM GRID
1
loo
tz)
100
9
8
0
9 0
1 2
eh
1 2
7.4 x 7 Equisetum X rothmaleri C.N.Page
(E.arvense x palustre)
A single small colony of this hybrid was found on the
Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104. It resembles a yellow-green
E.palustre with a broader outline and more conspicuously
angled branches.
See C.N.Page, Watsonia 9: 229-237; '1973, and J.G.Duckett &
C.N.Page, in C.A.Stace (ed.)loc. cit.; 102; 1975 for notes on
both these hybrids.
e
3 4
3 4
9
8
N1
0
7 5
HX
HW
N2
4 6
5 6
7.7 x 8 Equisetum font-queri Rothm.
(E.palustrex telmateia)
Similarly found on the Trotternish peninsula, v.c. 104, but as an
extensive colony. It has the overall appearance of a narrower
E.telmateia with cones on the vegetative shoots (as in
E.palustre).
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

EQUISETACEAE
0
6
0
7.5
EQUISETUM N2
PRATENSE
Shady Horsetail
O 100
Lt.
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
UTM GRO
Kilometres
Mies
100
9
8
0
9 0
1 2 3 4
e
0
2
0 0
5 5

24 EQUISETACEAE
0
7
6
7.6
0 1 2 3 4
EQUISETUM 0000
000000
0 000
SYLVATICUM see..
9 9
Wood Horsetail
8
04 00000_0 000 00
::164A1,22 60 00
o 100 000 0
1 1 00a1Ai Os
Kdornetres
100
00000600
00000 00
Miles 00000
e
0000
9 000
..
000
000
000 0 OS fi
2 0000 00001
0600 0,0 00 ...,
000 0
000 0000 0
00000 00
000 00
00000
o 51 . on:.::. 0000 00
0000
0000
000 000 000
000 0000060 0
00 0 0 o 0000 000 00
00 sod
5 oo Go
0
UTM GRID
0 2 0 1 :
.
s,
0 "'
41+4110"41
0 00
00
000 00
o
o
:::: 4:
000 00
7.6 Equisetum sylvaticum L.
A widespread species of wet woodland or upland peat which
was formerly wooded. Absent from a large part of the
agricultural areas of central and southern Britain.
2
00
00
0000 000
00 000000
000 _ 00000
0006 0000
00 00
O 0 I::
fis
oo
0 00 00 000 Oi
, AMO A 0
e
oil (50 to 00
o8 ' i
00 1
: ,188i i. ..
00 00
9
1 00
.
Won
9 0 :0
O
00
0
0
0
0
CHANNEL ISLANDS

EQUISETACEAE
0
6
7.7
EQUISETUM
PALUSTRE
00
Marsh Horsetail 6 00000
0 00
0006
660;1:0 006
u sosoos so
so soo
0066 000
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
urmum
Kicenrnm
Nfts
9
100
9
8
100
0
9 0
cs`
1 2 3 4
55
00
OO 0
6060
00 0000
so 0000
esso osoo
SOO 00
0 0
e
so
..i: 55..
000
00
°Fr
600 0001
2 600
00
00000 00
00000 000
0 0000 000 00
06
n 05
00
60000 0
000 :0 :05
.
0 000 000
0006 00
00000 000
0000 00
" 00_00000 000
::0::0: .41.
0000000 ,-.000 OW. 46:: 19.
6: -- 0 :g 0000 0 0hoe
0 0 06:
5 0 00 66 4100:::::. : 411
so soompo p osooeso
ammo
oss o so i o
000000 00
00 00 0000 0
0 000 00000
. 0 0000
41
.0 o 0000 00 0000
0000
00000 000 00000
00000
000000 00 0006 00
sot) Spo :
0000 00
5
o5 oo
40 :00 000 00
000 "'
0
o go oo
9
8
N1
0
N2
7
4
5 6
O.
, "0
006
00
00
0 0 0 0....
0 40C
o
0
--
il le
460 :
0000
0006000
000000006
000000
0 100000
: 0:000
000000
NO
60
0100000
606 00
0:41: 00
000
000
0000
00000
elm
6 61 : 0 : 46: 40 46
000 00
0 o oo 000
0 0 00 0. o 0 5555555 0000000 0 00 0 00 00
o 00000 0000000 0 60000 NO
I
00 0000 000600 00 000006 ::4646
0 00 0060 00000 00 0000000_
00600 3:0 00 06000660
000000 00 060 010 000
1 2 3
55
44 55
moo
0 mom,
606 My
000
_955 00 0 0000 600
NO00 se ONO 00 000
9 555 m 5555 s000se. so.
saw oil sos oo os se so
o 5555555 5014555.0
4155 55 mmo m oss
0
4 5 6
7.7 Equisetum palustre L.
A widespread species requiring moving ground water with a
medium base-content (calcium/magnesium). The absence of
records from peat and base-poor soils is probably realistic.
6
25
5
4
3
2
1
0

26
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
7.8
6
EQUISETUM N2
TELMATEIA PP!'
9
Great Horsetail
O 100
1
Ki001 110011
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
MMWM
PM.
100
9 0
7.8 Ikpaseturn telmateia arh.
0
00
8 8
A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost
station in Britain. It requires a high base-status and is recorded
on siliceous or peaty soils only where there are base-rich flushes.
2
of
0
0010 0
I° :8
0:800 00
.0 61:16 00
0:
00
0i14100 o
000 00 °
00 0
0
os 00 00
00 00 00
..
00000 000
ilo
0600
00
00 0
N1
0
7
5 6
e4q„,, o
0 o
e: s::
000 14:0
00 00000
mime oo n 061 00
41111. 00 de
-6 44
041, 0:0 00000
moo* oo
00 0 0
000 o
0 00 0 00 :
oil
0
oo
0 0
I:2 MI 0
5 000
6° 2 0 A:
fife :: 0 .44
oio
Ss
EQUISETACEAE
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
6
5
4
3
2
1

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 27
0
0
8.1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
4/5
0
o
BOTRYCHIUM 00 N2
00 00
LUNARIA
Moonwort
1 2 3 4
00
9 9
00 N1
o st
8
—
8
Kikrnonne
Mike
9
100
100
2
68
e
oiloo
00 000 o
00000
0000000
000
000
0
o so oo
003
0
:66
0 41 0°0
00 00.
7
5
4
6
6
0 00 0
.:r 00
6
o
tev
0
5 ,
0
0
0 0
O.
000:::
0 00
0
09 OS
00
000
00
00
5
o o so
o
ioo a
00 0
0
0
:V
0 o
0
i
0 o
5
0
:: 0
0
0
0
0
o
00
00 .
00 0 0 4
1 00
00000
00 0
8
8 8 oo
og 8 o
0
000 4141
00
so
ܤ)
058
oo oo
2 3 4 5
8:*
0 0
8.1 Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz
A widespread northern-continental species requiring welldrained
sites with a high base-content. It is decreasing in
lowland sites due to intensive land management. The specimens
that gave rise to the records of B.lanceolatum (S.G.Gmel.)
Ångstr., B.matricariifolium A.Br. ex Koch and B.multifidum
(S.G.Gmel.) Rupr. (J.E.Dandy, List Brit. Vasc. Pl.: 7; 1958)
are abnormal forms of iflunaria.
00
6
co!
0
4
3
2
1
0

28
0
7
9.1
OPHIOGLOSSUM
VULGATUM
Adder's - tongue
1610metres
Mika
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID r
too
100
9
8
2
1 2 3 4
oft
6 6
o 00
0 o
og
0
090
0
:1?) e.
404, 0
9P
5 0 ewe 0 l 0 5
00
11100 000
I 000 000
00 0
411 00 0001,0Q00
00
0 00 00 00
0 000 0410 00
0
0
4
0
0
0
0.0000
0
a 410111:
00
00 041 0
0
000 I AP
555 0
0 0
0 004,0 410 00 000
040
o
0 0 f of MS
0
o 0
3
ri? 0 00411
00
0 1
::::00 411 00
0:1:1 NO 0
0
o
0 8 SOO 4141 Oi:141
HW
.0 J.." Woo 44- I! :$41 " ::.: erroos r
orir
:: 411.
Ise
es 4141
4.4141
so
6 41 e rorpo
ii:
00.0 .
P.0
9 0 :r i
9.1 Ophioglossum vulgatum L.
A plant of wet meadows and fens and in similar deep loam soils;
also in coastal sand-dune slacks and in Scotland in flushed areas
on machair. Land reclamation is reducing the known sites.
0
os
oo
00
0 .00
0 30
1 2 3 4 5 6
9
8
N1
0
7 5
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
r
N2
4 6
.41
0
2
0

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE 29
0
0
9.2
OPHIOGLOSSUM
0 1 2 3 4
AZORICUM 4
9
0
GHANNEL ISLANDS
Mdes
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
O 100
Kilornatres
9
614
100
8 8
.o
2
6 6
5 5
fir
2 3 4 5
Ni
0
7
5
N2
9.2 Ophioglossum azoricum C.Pres1
(0.vulgatum L.subsp. ambiguum (Coss. & Germ.)
E.F.Warb.)
This is a taxon that requires further investigation and its
relationship to 0.vulgatum is not clear. As in the Critical Suppl.
this map is based on specimens having 14 or fewer sporangia, a
sterile blade less than 3.5cm and occurring in short turf near the
sea.
4
6
0
4
3
2
1
0

30 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
0
6
5
0
9.3
OPHIOGLOSSUM
LUSITANICUM
0 100
I
Kilometres
Mks
9
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 Wv
UTM GRID
9
1
100
t;Z:r
9.3 Ophioglossum lusitanicum L.
0 1 2 3 4
9 9
8
2
fl fifi 6
A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost station in Britain (Isles of Scilly). As the plant is
evident between November and February only, dying down
completely during the rest of the year, it may have been overlooked
in S.W. Ireland.
8
Ni
0
7 5
HX
HW
1 2 3 4 5 6
N2
4 6
0
5
4
2
1
0

OSMUNDACEAE
0
6
0
10.1
OSMUNDA
REGALIS
Royal Fern
moo s
G-IANNEL GLANDS
ow 04
0000o
*00
9
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
Kilometres
.6*
100
-
9
8
0
2
so S.
S.
1 d8
100
1 2 3 4
Meets 0
9
0
:: r
0
.. .. :
.... .. .0
0
... ...... ....
0 8
0 *8° 0 01
0
g .0 i. _ 10
055 0
°,4,
" 0
g S ‘-'
I. 4110
0041100 411
414*
0 00
ii0
oe
0. 0
8
0
0
08.
0 0
00
0
0
O
*co
0
000000
0 SOO
000 00
00
0411
0 0 .00
0 .0 0. 1 8
4
o
o
9
8
N1
0
7
5
0 : :WS
1 2 3 4 5 6
10.1 Osmunda regalis L.
A sub-Atlantic species reaching the northern limit of its natural
distribution in Zetland (v.c. 112). It is a species often removed
from the wild and introduced into gardens, from which spores
spread naturally, thus its native occurrence in some parts of
Britain is difficult to assess. Its distribution shows that it prefers
a high rainfall. It is a feature of western bogs which receive
considerable base cations from salt-laden winds. Further inland
it is characteristic of valley mires.
N2
4
6
0
6
5
4
1
0
31
3
2

32 ADIANTACEAE
0
7
5
8
11.1
CRYPTOGRAMMA
CRISPA
Parsley Fern
J
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
KIlometres
Mites
9
100
9 0
r
100
8
0 1 2 3 4
1
2
00
:
3
6 6
n
500
0
0 05
ior:
11.1 Cryptogramma crispa (L.) Hook.
An arctic-alpine species restricted to calcium-free siliceous soils
and rock screes. Absent from such habitats in the west where
these are enriched with base-rich cations from salt-laden winds.
A very local plant in Ireland. A.P.Conolly & E.Dahl (in
D.Walker & R.West (eds.), Studies in the vegetational history
of the British Isles: 196; 1970) _correlate the present-day
distribution of this species with the 24°C maximum summer
temperature summit (i.e. for the highest places in the landscape)
isotherm for Ireland and Highland Scotland and the 26°C
isotherm for Wales, England and Lowland Scotland.
9 9
0
1
0
0
r 600
0
r, 05i
0 op
§38.
, 0
'66
0
8
N1
0
HX
HW
N2
4
7 5 6
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
rT.
0
5
4
3
2

ADIANTACEAE 33
0 1 2 3
0 0
12 .1
0
6
5
UTM GRID
ANOGRAMMA m2
LEPTOPHYLL A
Jersey Fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
Miles
9
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
100
100
8
9 0
9 9
2
1
.01
4a
.o
8
N1
0
7
5
12.1 Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link
A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost limits in Guernsey (Sarnia). It is an annual plant
and any catastrophe which prevented the maturation of fertile
fronds could seriously deplete a population.
4
6

34 ADIANTACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
8
13.1
ADIANTUM
CAPILLUS -
VENERIS
Maidenhair Fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
MiI
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
1
100
9 0
41"'
13.1 Adiantum capillus-veneris L.
100
9
8
A Mediterranean and south Atlantic species which reaches its
northernmost limits as a native plant on the coast of v.c. H.35.
It is a species frequently grown in gardens or as a house plant
and spores from this source will establish themselves on
calcareous substrates (e.g. mortar or calcareous stone walls) in
warm situations; such records are not mapped.
0
2
1 2 3 4
1
,
2
0
9
8
.41
0
7
5
3 4 5
HX
HW
N2
4 6
01:*
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 35
0 1 2 3
0 0
14.1
5
8
HYMENOPHYLLUM
TUNBRIGENSE
Tunbridge
Filmy - fern
100
Kilometres
0 100
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Nu.
9
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID
tf?' r
So
0
9 9
8
3
6 6
9 0
0
0
0 00 0
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
io
o
oo
14.1 Hymenophyllum tunbrigense (L.) Sm.
7 5
A species of restricted occurrence in Europe not recorded north
of its British localities in v.c. 104. Its distribution in Britain and
Ireland is mainly determined by the occurrence of suitable
microclimates and substrata (see P.W.Richards & G.B.Evans,
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Hymenophyllum, J.Ecol.
60: 245-258; 1972).
N1
N2
5
4
3
2

36 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
0
0
14.2
HYMENOPHYLLUM
WILSON!!
Wilson's
Filmy - fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON
0 wv
UTM GRID r
t;Z)
9
8
0
9 0
14.2 Hymenophyllum wilsonii Hook.
A species of very restricted range (Madeira; Azores; Brittany;
Faeroes; and Norway) generally widespread in W.Britain and
Ireland. Its distribution depends on factors affecting
atmospheric humidity but is more tolerant of exposure and
desiccation than H.tunbrigense. (See P.W.Richards &
G.B.Evans, Biological Flora of the British Isles:
Hymenophyllum, J. Ecol. 60: 258-268; 1972).
1 2 3 4
1
00
D
r
co.
::4455
)
se.
oo
o
:5 055
co
8
*IL 4it
I 0
9
8
N1
0
7
5
HX
HW
1 2 3 4 5 6
Q
N2
4
6
af"
0
6
5
3
2
1
0

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 37
0
6
5
0
8
0
15.1
TRICHOMANES
SPECIOSUM
Killarney Fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
Pities
9
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID
100
100
9
8
9 0
15.1 Trichomanes speciosum Willd.
2
1
1 2
A species confined in Europe to the western seaboard although
the distribution is controlled within that climatic zone by
suitable substrate (preferably a coarse sandstone interbedded
with some impervious layer which can produce lateral
movement of ground water). Many old sites have been made
extinct by the depredation of collectors; it may yet be refound
3 4
3
9
8
N1
0
4 5
7
4
5 6
on Arran, v.c. 100, and on the northernmost locality so far
recorded, Ardlamont Point, v.c. 98 (see W.Stewart, Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 6: 18-21; 1899). The map shows as a
solid dot all squares where the species has been at any time
recorded. Trichomanes speciosum is protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975.
tr?
0
0

38 POLYPODIACEAE
0
6
5
16.1 -3
POLYPODIUM
VULGARE agg . 9
Polypody
o
CHANNEL ISLANDS
0 100
1
Kamotras
PLOTTED ON 0
Mika
100
8
2
116:::
o _ooeil000
1 01:
so
o
1 2 3 4
00 NW
ihoo
N2
::
vow.* 4 okp
'mu 9
oe
0000
aloe ompo
m moo eos0000
omp oolloo ol0000 moo
oemp oomeo foomp000
eoompome oo moo
I
osemo 000mpoo
eo oloom po oul000eo
oo mimeo memo
oloommoo o
el000mmoo moo
osomoopeo oo
omp000 o
o
, oemp000 mime
oo
oes*
wee 0 oo
Goo empoompo
o imeo
mmo ompoompoo .
000000 000000
oso mimeo
m mo
eovel000 4400000
omm00000 olleo 000
: o ::. :::: :::::: o
oo :
5.
0
... oir 4. ::::::::: : 0
. o oo
1 :PH I*
Illooioo::
000 o oill
411:":: :
mil oe oopooto
"
0 moo moo
os ooems oo wo
A.° 80 e lo oo
. -41 6
000 moo oo
" 411 - oo 414 0 o no go
oils*
0 00o .0 6 110 04, : Al
oe
0000000n
ofo
oo
oo 000e
000 o4oleo
oil ol000e 04 oo
odlooroo orloe
ooe 0000000 um
ooe
ism "'moo 000 00
00 000 0000 000 00
000 00000000
00
000 000000
0:::O : 0 000
000 00 000
4041 ill 41 0 00 0000 00
."
104:1in 11 4' ! : III
000 000 000
I i
0000 0000000 000 0 oo oo 0000
0000 000000000
oo so moo
000 0000
1
0000 00000000 .00 000
ouloo vim
000000 00000000 0000000 000 000 oo
Mr "
ommoompo moose moo 000 000
ooloompo oilooeo
::5
oos000 oo
e 0000loo oolloo
. eelreo 00 0000
9
UTM GRID .6r
0
o
8
N1
0
7
5
0 e 00 000 0000 00
000 00 00000 0
:: ::::::: 02i0 00
0000 00000000 .00000
0000 0000000 0000 000 000000
::: :::::::: :::: ::: Utts:::
000000 00 00000 0 000
0000000 00
00000000
00000000
00
0 0
2 3 4 5 6
16.1-3 Pokypoldiurn vulgare aggregate
As many previous records and those for the Atlas were made on
an aggregate basis, treating the complex as a single species, a
map of such general distribution is given here. For taxonomy
and notes on identification see M.G.Shivas, J. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 58: 27-38; 1961; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 65-70; 1962;
P.M.Benoit, Br. Fern Gaz. 7: 277-282; 1966; R.H.Roberts &
D.M.Synnott, Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972.
4
6
6
5
4
3
2
1

POLYPODIACEAE
0
6
5
0
16.1
POLYPODIUM
VULGARE
Polypody
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kimmins
Mice
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
9
100
1
oo
100
9
8
0
2
1 2 3
1
3
Is
000. ugo o*
*goo
er
o::
0
0 '
oo o
o
oo
..
5 obi 4
oo
8 _
, e.
6 0
So
0.
:
0
fio
o
0
0.
9
8
N1
0
7 5
o
- 0
2 3 4 5
o
00
imp
16.1 Polypodium vulgare L.
A widespread species absent from parts of central and N.E.
England through lack of suitable habitat. It is absent from
industrial areas possibly because, not having an annual flush of
new fronds, its leaves become soot covered and non-functional.
0
N2
4 6
o
0
39
6
5
4
3
2
0

40 POLYPODIACEAE
0
7
5
16.2
1 2 3 4
POLYPODIUM N2
INTERJECTUM
Intermediate
Polypody
t?
Kdometres
9
100
1
100
16.2 Polypodium interjectum Shivas
(P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare L. subsp. prionodes
Rothm.)
\
9 9
8
A sub-Atlantic alloploid species derived from hybridization
of 16.1 and 16.3 having intermediate characters, both
morphological and ecological. Its weak lime requirements are
satisfied in coastal habitats by salt-laden winds and it is often a
common component of mature sand-dune systems. It may also
require a generally higher humidity than P.vulgare.
2
o
.o
Oa:
00
,
8
Ni
0
lix
.J71
7
4
5 6
6 6
9
CNANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
WV
UTM GRID
8 0
1:5?
1
00
0
SI
:68 o
*I II
0
I.
0:
.8 Is o8 8
o . t (Poo
our :
o
000
0 0 0 0
0 r ::
.04)
1 2 3 4 5 6
5
4
3
2
1
0

POLYPODIACEAE 41
0
7
8
0
16.2 x1
POLYPODIUM
X MANTONIAE
Xdornetres
Miles
9
100
100
9
6 6
5
0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
8
0
9 0
2
ss
8
8 0
8
9
8
Ni
0
7
5
00
1 2 3 4 5 6
N2
16.2 x 1 Polypodium X mantoniae Rothm.
(P.interjectum x vulgare)
This hybrid can be recognized by its vigour, often forming large
clones; morphologically it is intermediate between the parents.
Frequent throughout Britain but less so in Ireland. The density
of records for this hybrid in north and south-west Wales reflects
concentrated field-work and its apparent scarcity elsewhere may
not be a biological reality.
Q
0
5
4
3
2
0

42
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
0
7
6
5
16.3
POLYPODIUM
AUSTRALE
Southern
Polypody
0 100
Kilometres
Mi
9
9
1
100
16.3 Polypodium australe Fée
9 9
8
(P.vulgare auct.; P.vulgare subsp. serrulatum
/Arcangeli)
A Mediterranean/south Atlantic species reaching its northern
limit on Lismore, v.c. 98. For the most part requiring limestone
or similar high-calcium bearing rock substrate (e.g. mortared
walls); usually on the warmer south-facing aspect when in its
colder locations. Many records under the name P.vulgare var.
serratum Willd. have been shown to be this taxon or a hybrid of
it . (See R.H.Roberts & D.M.Synnott , Watsonia, 9: 34-41; 1972;
A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia, 9: 357-361; 1973).
2
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON owv ei
UTM GRID
t;)
3
o
1 2 3
0
I.
o
0
4
0
8
N1
7
5
HX
HW
POLYPODIACEAE
N2
4 6
5 6

POLYPODIACEAE
0
6
5
0
8
16.3x1
POLYPODIUM
X FONT-QUERI
en,
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
Kilometres
Miles
9
100
100
9 0
0 wv
UT M GRID r
0 1 2 3
9 9
8 8
2
1 2 3 4 5 6
N1
0
7 5
HX
N2
16.3 x 1 Polypodium X font-queri Rothm.
(P.austrate x vulgare)
Recognized by the large thin-textured lamina, often with
twisted pinnae; plants often show hybrid vigour. For the most
part it is intermediate between the parents, preferring base-rich
rocks or as an epiphyte within reach of salt-laden winds. (See
A.Rutherford & A.McG.Stirling, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 233-235;
1972).
4 6
Q
0
6
5
4
3
2
0
43

44
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
0
7
5
8
16.3x 2
POLYPODIUM
X SHIVASIAE
0 100
Kdornetres
Mks
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID
/
1
9 0
C3.
1;;)
16.3 x 2 Polypodium x shivasiae Rothm.
100
(P.australex interjectum)
Occasionally found with parents but an uncommon hybrid and
absolutely sterile. Possibly mistaken for sterile and depauperate
P.interjectum.
9 9
8
40.
N1
7
5
HX
HW
1 2 3 4 5 6
POLYPODIACEAE
N2
4
6
6
5
4
3
2
0

DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
0
0
17.1
PTERI DI UM
AQU I LI NUM
Brac ken
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
OM GRID
100
Kiarriftm I
9
9
8
0
9 0
LZ)
1 2 3 4
8
000 00
000800 00
00800
08000000
06000000
0060000
00004100
00088
00080 60080 08
00008 800000068
000004100 00080000
0800006 00000000
00000000 808 00000
080000600
000000 08868000
00 000 80000000
000000 oomm000
oemp000po **Soo*
imool000s moo*
soviloompo oso
oolosome so
emu.
9
8
N1
0
7 5
00000
0006
000000 0880 00
moor esmmeeo
see oo somm000s
so oo osompo
wpm mos000se so
sws ompoosso oo
oo oomp000 go
moo oil sumo
eom peems soos0000s
soomiloos sse so*
*m olio
spooseso moos
soosooso oo
oommoomos
ofoomps soe So
we* see 'moo
es oomp000
0000 esompeo
owes s000mpoo
sows isemiloo
moos omm0000mil
Somme osoommilee
soso essesoo
os000 esoompoo
N2
moo oessompoo elm
sou s000ssoo cl000s
ommo ools0000s oompoompo *emu
goo* soommoo sompoomee ro
oo oo mpool00000 moose*
Soo oesoes000 ammo so so
oos oompooso osooloomo se see moo
so oommeo Goo sue oil moo es
moo mmoommo oossommo
emi mu.. mm oose. Ur mg "4"
ammo osso woo some. oo moo
osoos soos ern mm ooo on: owl
*sows ossoossoo muses 000 moo
00000000 000000000 0000000 00000 1000
il5o55osoo
000mp000 arn so moo moo
00 00000 0000 00 0000 00 08000 008
06 00 000 00000 0060
000 08008600 0000
04100 80006000 0000 0
080000 000000000 008000600 000
000 0410000 00008000 000
06 000 00000 000000 000060000
0000 00000000 008808000 000800000
0000008 000060 808 0000 0008008
0410008 000 8
00000000
000000000
80008000 000
1 2 3 4 5 6
17.1 Flerfidium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
A widespread and cosmopolitan species absent only from intensely
used agricultural areas. Normally a calcifuge (and
hitherto tetraploid) in Britain; material on limestone in Spain
has been counted as 2n = 52 (diploid). It is impossible to
distinguish this cytotype on morphology but calcicole ecotypes
in S.W. Britain and Ireland should be studied further.
4 6
ote
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
45

46 THELYPTERIDACEAE
0
5
18.1
THELYPTERIS
THELYPTEROIDES
subsp.
GLABRA
Marsh Fern
Kdometres
Miles
9
100
1 2 3 4
O
HX
HW N2
6 6
9
8
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
8
0
2
0
0
18.1 Thelypteris thelypteroides Michx subsp. glabra Holub
(T.palustris Schott)
A widespread northern continental species absent from the
Atlantic seaboard where the annual temperature range is
smaller and winters are relatively warmer. It is becoming rare in
many vice-counties through drainage of mires.
Oft
o
0
0 0
ss
lq)
0
9
8
N1
0
7
4
5 6
00 0
.5
04)
o
o
o
oo ofoo imp
o
0 0
1 2 3 4 5
5
4
3
2

THELYPTERIDACEAE 47
0
6
5
0
19.1
PHEGOPTERIS
CONNECTILIS
Beech Fern
0 1 2 3 4
se
Wie
S. SS
9 9
8
4
J OH S
.43.
see
so
mil el o
..., ..0
se
*MS
411 IN
100 :::::::
Kdootern 00000000 0
100
000000
Mdes 410000000
0114100
9
t
,
541
vim mill
0.0 o
MD 09
2 90 80
ine
e ft 09 00
mil 000 0
-, milimil
o , .9.5. ö 55
0 0 soe*
See ":::::
00 o 411414,
woo 4
0114, ii 0
0
Sou.
immil 4141
, 5
o wil
, SU e
..- 411 4941
9 0
COWINELISLMW
cqq,
PLOTMD01.4 Om
UTMWO
441. o
o mil 0
00
tZ)
o
*ID
mile
441
00 oil
o
.. .8
OS S o
8
.1410
o o 041
41410
9 0 0 0*
1 2 3 4 5 6
o
8
Ni
7 5
N2
19.1 Phegopteris connectilis (Michx) Watt
(Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson)
A northern continental species in the west and north of Britain
with outliers in the Weald and East Anglia; rare in Ireland. It
prefers humid banks where moving water can flush through its
root system.
4
6
0
6
4
3
2

48 THELYPTERIDACEAE
0
O 1 2 3 4
20 .1 HX
00 HW
OREOPTERIS miss. N2
Gem 411
LIMBOSPERMA MM.: otP
oil
9 9
.°
eomn.
@W
Lennon - scented um*
moo 4,0
Fern mimome ore o
?
Kdomatros
Mika
100
8
1 4
100
e N1
Gorno.
s0000000 oo
— owl mos
0 il ammo. ee*
il moo
o::::::: " i
000004/0
::::
8 ILA:
7 75 4 6
*Mg:
2 4111:841:
o t:it°8 94
3,
*ea:: :::e geo: ::
6
.
o
g o::::::: g41::: 8
0
:re os 0
s 0 o
Q
o :Ur w :
o 41,6 too
5 00 me.
goo
solo Gov
.,
411
o
.. :::* Lo Os
olime ow,
es
::g: es.
so
.., o
o .02 :141 . : o
0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
8
o .. -1
0 !lit 0 0 8 i. 0
0 08:
9 0
20.1 Chreopterbilimbospermaa (AL11.) Holub
(Thelypteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Slosson;
Tdimbosperma (All.) H.P.Fuchs)
A northern sub-Atlantic species which prefers ground water
flowing (at least seasonally) through its root system. In the drier
areas of Britain and Ireland it is therefore often associated with
streamsides and changing land-use with drainage is diminishing
the available sites.
ol
°. S
o
o oo so two 0
ow, 1110 0 e
o
o mlo
sm. so.
oils Imo o
Q 000
00000 0
0000 0
oso
414,
00
oo
; 1 2 3 4
5
0
o g mo2
oi
0
:
o
o 0
olopeo
'moo
milesso
so00000
Soo
5 6
oo
V:
0
0
6
5
3
2
1

ASPLENIACEAE
0
6
0
21.1
ASPLENIUM
SCOLOPENDRIUM
Hart's - tongue
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Xiamen,*
Miss
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
VW GRID 0.
1C0
100
C
LI!)
8
0
9 0
2
80
1 2 3 4
r$9
5 r
C
.. .0
00
00 0000
08
0 000
00000
00
000 0000
00 00000 000
00 00 000000000
00000
0000 410
0080
0000 00080000 0000000
000000000 000080000
00 000
0
000
000
000000
80
00000
0000000
0000000
00088
00
00
00 000 0
0 0
ooe so o
oomoempo
ofoolo
odo oo*, oompoosoo o
sou/ 0000mm000
twos moo
oo
ofroosoo00 oiloolo
oompoommo Goo oo oil
ooloompoo moo
000880008 00 000 0
00 00 0 : :
oommehoso 0 si
dmomoo
goo oo
000
00
1
.
I
1 2 3 4
9
8
N1
oo A
0
o
o 0
00
0
00 000:
41
; " 0:0 ii01
0' 0
00
80
0000:1:0
800 80
08 00
0800
000 00
:::1:10
000 :00:041
40000
:100
4,110
00
00
00
80
00
00
01:
00
00
00: : 0
t. 2 200 1 1 VW O WOO
GO
410 2:W 4110 : 64 e
.
142
7 4
5 6
O figfoir
446 eipeoo
::
80
: 41141 :0 .
00
U.
:
0000000
oeiros000
*mom
so o00
n o:::.
0000000
0000000
00000000
ompoomp,
Mr.:
.644:111:
00.0
0;141100 0
000 00
:
so
es
: tir
0:: Am :
ii :fi000
LI
so
es
41::
00 000 00 000
0:::: 00:0011:: 000 ::000 00::0000 08
000000 00 0000 000
08000. 0000
000 000000 00 00000 000 000
0000 000080000 000000 . 0 00000
0000000 000 00 00 00008
000000
41:::::::
:i:
5 6
21.1 Asplemiuln scolopendrium
(Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.)
A southern sub-Atlantic calcicole species which becomes rare in
central and northern Scotland partly through lack of calcareous
substrate and partly because of the lower winter temperatures.
cr!
0
6
5
4
3
2
0
49

50
0
0
7
6
5
8
21.1x7b
ASPLENIUM
X CONFLUENS
21.5 x1
OASPLENIUM
X MICRODON
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
9
8
9 0
0
2
1 2
.//
.61
SI
1 2
21.1 x 7b Asplenium X confluens
(T.Moore ex Lowe) Lawalr&
(A .scolopendrium x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens;
x Asplenophyllitis confluens (T.Moore &
Lowe)
This hybrid was found at Levens Park, v.c. 69, in 1865 and at
Whitby, v.c. 62, and Killarney, v.c. H2, around 1875; it has not
been found since. The plants are more like A .trichomanes with
stouter rachides and thicker leaf tissue, the upper pinnae being
confluent. (See A.G.H.Alston, Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., 152:
139; 1940 and J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridisation
and the Flora of the British Isles: 105; 1975).
3
3 4
9
4 5
Ni
7
5
HX
HW
ASPLENIACEAE
21.5 x 1 Asplenium X microdon
(T.Moore) Lovis & Vida
(A .billotii x scolopendrium; x Asplenophyllitis
microdon (T.Moore) Alston)
This hybrid, intermediate between parents, is likely to
be confused only with A. x jacksonii: the latter has a triangular
frond-shape instead of a tapered one as in A. x microdon. (See
P .J.Girard & J .D.Lovis , Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 1-8 (1968);
J.D.Lovis & G . Vida, Br.Fern Gaz. 10: 53-67 (1969); J. D.Lovis
in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: 104; and A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.:
140).
N2
4
6
6
CZ,
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

ASPLENIACEAE
0
6
5
0
21.2
ASPLENIUM
ADIANTUM —
NIGRUM
Black
Spleenwort
ICAornetres
Mika
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON wv
UTM GRID
00
1
100
9
8
2
1 2 3 4
,
00
000
:000
0, u
00 00
88°
co o0 0
oil
01: o
4141 oe
oo
oim oo gotr000°
o
:44.
.
0 io
olio
mil
illo le
!
o
o
co
we
o' 00
0 0 00
::0
o 0 SO 1.
o 0
o 41:o 0 o
VD
oil
oo o
00
0
oo .
oso 4°
000
0
000 00000 0
OS 0 00
18!
00
00
041 : 41
. ::: :°::
.. ni:
%In
ems
looto 11::: 46:411
:
000000 000
00000
000
°A::
0:. 0:0 00020
1
0000
0000000O
00440004
OM
4,* S
1 2 3 4 5 6
9
8
N1
75
4,4 1'u:el° :
::: :o ::. eineo o
4,18
s
o o
00000
000 SO o
o
00 00
00
0a0
Mule
goo
ow l
1: of
800 OS
000 01 :
900 00
9 0 oo moo mil
iso::
ooloomo
o oo
000 ammo
0
N2
21.2 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L.
A southern sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout
Britain and Ireland. A rock plant with some base (possibly
calcium and/or magnesium) requirement, tolerating medium
exposure; it is frequently found in man-made habitats (e.g.
mortared walls) in lowland Britain. This is a species which can
tolerate considerable shade and it will remain as a terrestrial
plant in climax woodland established over calcium-bearing rock
scree.
4 6
0
6
51
5
4
3
2
1
0

52 ASPLENIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
21.2 x 1
ASPLENIUM
X JACKSON!!
21.2 x 10
OASPLENIUM
8
X CONTREI
0 100
fr
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kibrnetres
Miles
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
1
100
2
9
8
9 0
0
2
1 2
1 2
21.2 x lAsplenium X jacksonii(Alston)Lawalrée
(A.adiantum-nigrum x scolopendrium;
x Asplenophyllitis jacksonii Alston)
A hybrid, with simply pinnate fronds and a lamina the texture of
A.scolopendrium, which could be confused only with
A. x microdon. The latter however has a decrescent frond
whereas A. x jacksonii has the triangular frond-shape of
A.adiantum-nigrum. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.
cit.: 104; J.D.Lovis & Vida, loc.cit.; A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.:
142.)
3 4
3 4
9
8
N1
0
7 5
HX
HW
N2
4 6
5 6
21.2 x 10 Asplenium x contrei
Callé, Lovis & Reichstein
(A.adiantum-nigrum x septentrionale;
A. x souchei auct. non Litard.)
A distinct, hybrid likely to be confused only with
A. x alternifolium from which it differs in having longer
lowermost pinnae giving the fronds a triangular outline. It has
been found once in 1870 on Craig Dhu, Llanberis Pass, v.c. 49
(specimen in herb. K). (See J.D.Lovis in C .A .St ace (ed.),
loc.cit.: 107).
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

ASPLENIACEAE 53
0
7
6
5
0
21.3
ASPLENIUM
ONOPTERIS
21.2x3
0A.X TICINENSE
0 100
Kdornetres
ma.
9
8 9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 w,
UTM GRID cf?'
100
t;Z)
21.3 Asplenium onopteris L.
0
9
8
2
1 2
o
1 2
(A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. onopteris (L.) Luerss.
A.adiantum-nigrum var. acutum (Bory ex Willd.)
Newm.)
A Mediterranean diploid species difficult to separate from 21.2
except in its extreme form where the segments, pinnules and
pinnae are elongate, the latter caudate. R.L.Praeger (Irish Nat.
28: 13-20; 1919) discussed variations and distribution; further
investigation is needed of the N. Irish material which is omitted
from this map. Records for the taxon at the Lizard, v.c. 1,
where the species could be expected, need confirming; all
specimens seen in herbaria could be either 21.2, 3, or 4. Plants
with -narrow a-cute segments from Breiddon Hill, v.c. 47, have
proved to be tetraploid and are omitted from this map.
3 4
3 4
9
8
N1
0
N2
7
4
5 6
5 6
21.2 x 3 Asplenium x ticinense D.E.Meyer
(A.adiantum-nigrum x onopteris)
This triploid hybrid has been verified for one locality in
S. Ireland and is probably elsewhere where the parents occur
together (see R.H.Roberts&M.J.P.Scannell, Irish Nat. J., 19:
75-77; 1977).
(
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

54 ASPLENIACEAE
0
0
7
6
21.4
ASPLENIUM
CUNEIFOLIUM
Serpentine Black
Spleenwort
8 9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
Mdes
9
PLOT TED ON 0 Wv
UT M GRID
21.4 Asplenium cuneifolium L.
1
100
100
9
8
0
2
1 2
(A.adiantum-nigrum subsp. serpentini (Tausch) Heuffl.)
This species is another diploid cytotype of the A.adiantumnigrum
complex, scattered across central Europe and recently
recorded for Scotland; (see R.H.Roberts & A.McG.Stirling
(Fern Gaz., I: 7-14; 1974) where morphology is fully
discussed). It is a plant of serpentine rocks best separated from
21.2 by the straight or concave margins at the base of the
cuneate segment of the frond; in 21.2 this margin is convex.
The above authors have identified all material of those records
0,1
2
3
3 4
9
8
4 5
N1
0
HX
HW
7(i
N2
7
4
5 6
plotted, although not all populations have been cytologically
verified. In some of the populations previously studied, plants
of similar morphology have been found to be tetraploid
(A.Sleep & A.McG.Stirling, pers. comm.) and it may be that a
serpentine ecotype of A.adiantum-nigrum is involved, or that
the plants are autotetraploids having originated from diploid
A.cuneifolium.
0
0
6
5
4
3
2

ASPLENIACEAE 55
0
0
6
5
21.5
ASPLENIUM
BILLOTII
Lanceolate
Spleenwort
21.2 x5
OASPLENIUM
X SARNIENSE
0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON
UTM GRID
Kiometres
9
wv
ql
100
1
100
2--
4111,
9
8
9 0
21.5 Asplenium billotii F.W.Schultz
.obovatum auct. angl. non Viv.)
0
2
1 2
4a
e
4
1 2
A southern sub-Atlantic species whose distribution is mainly
coastal in Britain and Ireland. It reaches its most northern
location in v.c. 108. Outliers in the Weald are authentic and
reflect the oceanic climate of the area; the species is now extinct
there. The Agden Reservoir, v.c. 63, record is also verified by a
specimen in BM but the Goat land, v.c. 62, record of Druce
(Comital Fl.: 381; 1932) is not mapped. We can trace no
specimen and as it was growing on a mortared bridge we suspect
A .adiantum-nigrum.
00
3 4
3 4

56 ASPLENIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
21.6
ASPLENIUM
MARINUM
Sea Spleenwort
0 100
Kilometres
MiI
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON
UTM GRID
1
0
100
8
9 0
0 vw
21.6 Asplenium marinum L.
9
0 1 2 3 4
An Atlantic species absent from the colder shores of E.
England, south of Yorkshire (v.c. 62). It requires salt-spray and
is absent from sheltered shores and those without the necessary
rocky substrate.
2
9
8
Ni
0
HX
HW
N2
7
4
5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
6
5
4
3
0

ASPLENIACEAE 57
0
21.7
ASPLENIUM
TRICHOMANES
a gg .
Maidenhair
Spleenwort
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTEDON
UTM GRID
ICipmetres
Mdes
9
100
1
100
6 :
C .
9
9 0
0 wv
40.4
e 2- -
8
..
0
2
00
*000000::
...g . . .
...ogse .
5 . 00
000 6°
Sr
a
.,
0000080
000 op
00000000
.-
00
000000
00 00000
0000
000 000
000
00
07000
0000
000 00
055
.
....
...
......
.. .... ...... ..... ..... ... ..
......
.6
... .. . ..
........ ..00.... ......
... mm. o... ... ..
........ S... .. .
. .......
... ..
.
.....
0000
080
00
66. '
1 2 3 4
SS 00
000
00 00
e.
e gb
00800
000000
000
.00
00410
000
11_000006 0000
000000 00 SO
000000
000008
00800
m
000
0000 0000
000 00000000
00 0000000
8000 00000000
00 0000
00
:0:1 00000
00 00 00000
0000000
0000000
0808000
00000000
00 0000 00
000000
88,1::
00 000
9
8
N1
0
7 5 5
:
0000
0000
0000
0000
00
000
1110
::
0
00
6
00 0000
000 00000 : 0
00 00
00 000000
000 00800
00 0080
I... 55555
41:11!
0120
0
SO
00
0
00 000 00 #00
00000099 00000 00 0 ::
00000000 045410*
OF 00000000 00 ..... 0
00000 0800000 ::
00000 00000000
O.::: to 1.6
0000000 00::000 00 000
00000800 00 00 0001,0
0000 000 00 00 :0
00 80 :8 40:
00 000
0000 ::::0111
0000
000800
Son
5:114 mil
Sumo* ii 01:00 00
00 000000000
001/ 000 09
0000 00000000 08:0
000008 000000 0::."
2 3 4 5 6
21.7 Aspleniurn trichomanes L. aggregate
Two subspecies are now recognised in Britain (see J.D.Lovis,
Flora Europaea, I: 15; 1964; Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 147-160;1964;
and this Atlas, p.60. The above map is that of the two taxa
combined based on that in the Atlas of the British Flora; it is
followed by maps of the two subspecies based on
identifications by J.D.Lovis. The notes on page 60 have been
provided by Dr Lovis with a view to encouraging British and
Irish botanists to add further records. A hybrid between the
two subspecies (A .trichomanes subsp. x lusaticum D.E.Meyer)
is recorded in several places in v.c. 48 (P.Benoit, pers. comm.)
and is possibly elsewhere where the parents grow together.
4 6
SO
SO
So
c.'
0
6
5
4
3
2
1

58 ASPLENIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
8
21.7a
ASPLENIUM
TRICHOMANES 9
subsp.
TRICHOMANES
fr
Kilometres
Miles
9
1
CHANNEL ISLANDS
0 WV
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
100
9 0
'
tZ)
100
0
8
2
1 2
21.7a Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes
Apart from isolated localities in Northumberland, v.c. 68,
subsp. trichomanes is confined to north and central Wales, the
Lake District and Scotland, although in montane levels rather
than at high altitudes. The taxon avoids calcareous rocks of any
kind. No specimens have so far been confirmed for Ireland
although the number of specimens seen from there has been
comparatively smaller. The subspecies could turn up in v.c. 4
where a hybrid (A. x alternifolium) involving this subspecies
has been found and this parent may yet be found extant.
.41
1
I.
3
fb
4
9
8
N1
0
7 5
HX
HW N2
The following symbols have been used on this map:
All records of any date identified by J.D.Lovis.
o Other reliable records.
® Squares from which populations have been cytologically
studied.
4 6
0

ASPLENIACEAE 59
0
0
5
21.7b
ASPLENIUM
TRICHOMANES
subsp.
QUADRIVALENS
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
MiI
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
100
100
0
9
8
9 0
0
2
!,7
1 2 3 4
.0
S
G o
es
o 0
o
sus
*e V
0
o
o
.
§ I
es
0 SiO
somo
141
I 0
sus es
el
68 0008 :
:411 OS
S
0 :
9
8
N1
0
7 5
.
r
1 2 3 4 5 6
21.7b Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer emend. Lovis
In contrast to subsp. trichomanes,subsp. quadrivalensprefers
calcareous sites and becomes widespread on mortared walls in
the wetter parts of the country. It is clear from the number of
specimens of this subspecies determined in herbaria that it is
the conimonest taxon. There would be a tendency, however,
for collectors to take more specimens from walls near roads
than from natural rock faces in the hills.
i
N2
4
6
0

60
Identification of the subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes L. in Britain
Three subspecies of Asplenium trichomanes are
recognised in Flora Europaea: subsp. trichomanes,
subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Meyer and subsp. inexpectans
Lovis. Only the two first named subspecies are found in
the British Isles; the last is a south-eastern European
taxon of limestone rocks. The absence of subsp.
inexpectans from Britain makes the separation of the
other two often possible on ecological characters alone as
subsp. trichomanes is a calcifuge and subsp.
quadrivalens predominantly a calcicole. The following
notes on identification of these subspecies have been
provided by Dr .J.D.Lovis.
The distinctions between the two subspecies are
particularly apparent in the upper half of the frond; the
most evident field character lies in the aspect of the upper
pinnae, in which the lamina is conspicuously concave
(i.e. the margins turning upwards) in subsp. trichomanes
but convex with inrolled margins, or less commonly, flat,
in subsp. quadrivalens. Both subspecies are very plastic
and present a very different appearence when growing in
exposed as opposed to sheltered conditions.
Plants of subsp. trichomanes from sheltered sites may
be distinguished by the following combination of
characters: stipe thin, wiry, red-brown; pinnae distant,
arrangement mostly alternate, obliquely inserted, with a
distinct stalk, asymmetric (oval to rhombic) up to 8mm
long, often with a perceptible basiscopic auricle; lamina
delicate, that of upper pinnae distinctly concave with
upturned margin; soli small, short (up to 2mm),
relatively few in number (4-6 (-9)); indusia narrow and
delicate.
In contrast, plants of subsp. quadrivalens from similar
sites have: stipe thick, often dark brown or blackish
brown, pinnae more crowded, mostly opposite, with
approximately transverse (square) insertion, almost
sessile, symmetrical in shape, usually oblong, rarely
auriculate, larger (up to llmm long); lamina thicker, flat
or convex, margin ± inrolled, with often crowded, more
numerous sori (4-9 (-12)), longer (up to 3mm long);
indusia conspicuous.
In very shaded situations, the lamina of subsp.
quadrivalens is delicate and the pinnae are distinct, as in
subsp. trichomanes. Moreover the lamina of the upper
pinnae is flat, not convex but the main pinnae are large,
with long sofi and broad indusia, unless the shade is too
.extreme to permit normal growth, when only a few
scattered sori of variable size are produced.
In exposed sites both subspecies are much reduced in
size. Subsp. trichomanes may still be distinguished by a
delicate rachis and orbicular, flat or concave pinnae with
small sori, which are relatively few in number; in contrast
subsp. quadrivalens will have a stout rachis, with oblong,
thick, convex pinnae, and crowded, more numerous sori.
The following micro-characters may also be used:
1. Rhizome scales The scales of subsp. trichomanes
possess a central red-brown stripe; those of subsp.
quadrivalens have a dark-brown stripe, although this
difference is only readily observed in a liquid medium.
There is also a difference in the maximum size of the
scales (3.5mm in subsp. trichomanes, 5mm in subsp.
quadrivalens). This character must be observed with
some care since both bear scales with a wide range in size,
and only the largest provide usable characters. A fair
sample of scales must be examined from each specimen,
and in practice ,the scales do not provide a convenient
character for the determination of a large number of
specimens.
2. Spores These provide the most suitable micro-
character, , where confirmation is necessary. The
sculpture of the perispore is highly variable in both
species, and of no value as a criterion, but the spores of
subsp. trichomanes are paler than those of quadrivalens.
Spore size is often diagnostic and it is usual to measure
only the exospore*. For reasons which are not yet
satisfactorily explained, different workers have reported
different size ranges. Ranges of exospore length
measurements (in gum chloral) recorded by J.D.Lovis
are as follows (mean values in bold): trichomanes 23-29-
36-42pim; subsp. quadrivalens 27 -34 -43 -50pm.
P.M.Benoit (Nature in Wales 9: 75-79; 1964) has found
the .smean size ranges (measured in air) of spores of
Merioneth plants to be quite discrete: subsp. trichomanes
27-34gm, subsp. quadrivalens 38-48pm. It is necessary to
bear in mind that different mounting media have
different effects on spore size. It would be prudent for
new workers each to establish his or her own standards
from material of confirmed identity.
3. Stomata The length of the guard cells can provide a
valuable confirmatory character: subsp. trichomanes 31-
38-43-52pm; subsp. quadrivalens 35-41-49-571.un.
4. Chromosome number The two British subspecies also
differ in chromosome number: subsp. trichomanes is
diploid, with n = 36, whereas quadrivalens is tetraploid,
with n = 72 chromosomes.
An excellent photograph displaying the general
morphology of characteristic examples of fronds of the
two subspecies is given in Welsh Ferns (ed. 5); pl. 10
(Hyde, Wade & Harrison, 1969). The frond of subsp.
trichomanes is very typical of a luxuriant specimen from
a rock-cleft in deep shade. See also J.D.Lovis, Br. Fern
Gaz. 9: 147-160; 1964.
*the outer wall beneath the perispore

ASPLENIACEAE 61
0
0
7
6
5
8
21.8
ASPLENIUM
VIRIDE
Green
Spleenwort
ff-c"
O 100
I
1 .,:=9.
Kilometres
100
000
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Mies
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
00
9 0
21.8 Asplenium viride Huds.
9
8
0
0
2.
1
6
1 2
A northern-montane diploid species found on rocks with
a moderate base content. This species has given rise, by
hybridising with A.trichomanes subsp. trichomanes and
subsequent doubling of chromosomes, to a tetraploid taxon
A.adulterinum Milde found on serpentine rock in central
Europe and Norway. Although A.trichomanes subsp.
00
0 0 0
u g
3
t:
Simi
0
o
o
4 5
trichomanes and A.viride occasionally grow near each other
neither the diploid 'hybrid (A.xproloadulterinum Lovis &
Reichstein) nor A.adulterinum has yet been found in the British
Isles. A plant found in Levens Park, v.c. 69, described as
intermediate between A.trichomanes and A.viride was
doubtfully that hybrid but more likely A.xclermontiae.
0
0
6
5
4
3
2

62 ASPLENIACEAE
0
7
0
8
21.9
ASP LENIUM
RUTA- MURARIA 9
Wall - rue
1
0 1 2 3 4
6
2
3
0 0
of
46604141eoir
es
WI
00
11141rn 4111
1:74*
*414110
0
woe
000
0 5 r
00 000
i' 000000"
00000 :0411
0000 00
00
004400
000 000000
0000
00000000
0 00000 00 00 0
04100 0000000
00000000
00 00 000 00000
eem
I.
000
mil ilmom moi 00
MOO
00000
00000000 I
:::
0000 0000O
SO
1100 011:0
OS
,.
0
000
essommilli seemmil
000000000 000000000 ommoalem,
0 000 0000 000 0000* 000
00000000 0000 mireemo 00 po 0
se olp
0:1 04100004,041
lim
:
:4141:41
00000::
emo
: : 0 : S00
00000 000
00
Some.
:
00
eril
00 000 000
000 00
::: ::: :
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID 04
21.9 Asplenium ruta-muraria L.
100
W
100
8
A sub-Atlantic species widespread in Britain and Ireland. In
lowland Britain restricted to man-made habitats (e.g. walls,
especially of churches); lack of such habitats and of natural
calcareous rock in central and north Scotland is reflected in its
distribution. Two subspecies are recognised: subsp. rutamuraria,
a tetraploid and subsp. dolomiticum Lovis &
Reichstein, a diploid described from N. Italy. Only the former is
recorded from the British Isles (see J.D.Lovis & T.Reichstein,
Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 141-146; 1964).
DI
: 046
: ND
::
00 0
OS : 4111.4
fl
000 00
Mr::
00
9
0 Ni
WW 00 4,0 0: 411
9 7
5
4
6
.. .46.. ........ ...me fig: ... I..e ..
... mi. .:::1:::
..
.:411.:::* ::::::::
...O.... . ...... ..
:. 41. ... .4. '
..
: 4
:. ...
..:. ...mu ..:i.
........ ... ..... 1 .. ....... ... .... :00.
......
... ........ ...:::f
..44..
:. . ... : 00.0
00 00
9 0
.:8
8
0
HX
NW
000 0
O 0 000000
S 0000 000000000
00000 00000110 00,11:
e
00
ISSISI 0::::SIO 0000
000000000 000000.00 00010
1:::::555 415:641:::1 6*:::::
N2
00 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

ASPLENIACEAE 63
0
7
6
5
0
8
21.9 x 10
ASPLENIUM
X MURBECKII
21.9 x 7b
ASPLENIUM
X CLERMONTIAE
0 100
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kdornetres
Mdes
9
PLOT (ED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID r
100
8
9 0
t;;)
9
0
2
1 2
1 2
21.9 x 10 Asplenium x murbeckii DOrfl.
(A .ruta-muraria x septentrionale)
This rare hybrid, seen in recent years only in v.c. 70, can be
confused with A. xalternifolium and from which it can be
distinguished by the narrower teeth on the pinna segments and
the irregular edge of the indusium. (See A.H.G.Alston, loc.
cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 110-113; 1963; J.D.Lovis
in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.: I 1 1; 1975).
3
3
7 5
4 5
N2
21.9 x 7b Asplenium X clermontiae Syme
(A.ruta-muraria x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens)
In view of the abundance of both parents on mortared walls this
is an exceedingly rare hybrid. It was found in 1863 at Newry,
v.c. H38, and has not been recorded since. A plant found in
Levens Park, v.c. 69, tentatively attributed to
A.trichomanesx viride, appears to be this hybrid. (See
A.G.H.Alston, loc.cit.: 137; J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.),
loc.cit.: 109; 1975).
4
6
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

64 ASPLENIACEAE
0
0
7
6
5
21.10
ASPLENIUM
SEPTENTRIONALE
Forked
Spleenwort
0 100
Kdornetres
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 on,
UTM GRID
1
100
8
9 0
d r
ti
0
2
O.&
.61
21.10 Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm.
A northern continental species confined to ancient siliceous
rocks. Although in the mountains of North Wales and the Lake
District it is also found at low altitudes in the clement climate of
West Scotland (v.c. 97) and Ireland (v.c. H16).
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5 6
8
N1
0
HX
HW
N2
7
4
5 6
.,
0
0
6
5
4
3
2
1

ASPLENIACEAE
0 1 2 3
o o
21.10x 7a
ASPLENIUM
X ALTERNIFOLIUM
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
0 100
1 1
Klionleffes
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Miles
9
9
W V
100
8 8
2
9
N.1
0
N2
7
4
5 6
6 6
5 5
7,7
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
21.10 x 7a Asplenium x alternifolium Wulfen
(A .septentrionale x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes)
A hybrid recorded in lime-free rocks from several localities in
Britain where the parents grow together. In the past it has been
over-collected for herbaria. Both the parents are rare in Britain
but, where they are common and growing together on the
European mainland, the hybrid forms freely. It is sterile and
could only be confused with A. x contrei, which has a distinctly
triangular frond. The records for v.c. 69 have not been
confirmed this century. (See J.D.Lovis in C.A.Stace (ed.),
Ioc.cit.: 110;1975; and A.H.G.Alston, loc.cit.: 132).
a
4
3
65
2

66 ASPLENIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
8
21.11
ASPLENIUM
CETERACH
Rustyback
Kdonieres
5
Miles
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
fr
100
9
8
0
9 0
21.11 Asplenium ceterach
(Ceterach officinarum DC.)
2
1 2
aft
S.
00
o o
1 2
A southern sub-Atlantic species reaching possibly its most
northern locality in v.c. 96 (it is also recorded for Gotland,
Sweden). Although a calcicole the lack of suitable substrate is
only partly responsible for its restricted distribution which is
most likely controlled by a complex of interrelated climatic
factors.
0
8.4
0
00000
00
000000
000
000 0
0,000 00
w00 00
00000
00
3
3
e
s
40
f 82°
00
4
io 0
copoo o
00INDO 41
0 Iit i411
0 0
00
:8 0a° mil
8
4 5
N1
00 00
HX
HW
N2
so so 00 SO s
000
00 00 o o 0
0000 000 MI
0000000 lap:
001:000
00
owe
000 0000
011:711
00
00000 ::0:i0
0000 60
00 00 00000 0000:0,
000 0000,0000 w 00 00
00 00 00
so
00
s
00
0
o
4 6
C),
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

ATHYRIACEAE 67
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
22.1
ATHYRIUM
FILIX - FEMINA
69090
Lady - fern 00 60000
6000 00000 00
41006 00 00000
0004: 00000 0
00000 60
?
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON
LITMGRID
8
0:" 0 ta
0
00000000
060600006
000600
0 00 0 0000
000 00 00
4 60000 00
0 00 60 0000
100 411 41 smommil
1 a miloomil miles
4,410411 ern
Kiernan*
100
0060000
was 000000000
, 0000 00
co,
el :::41:41) 1:::.
il oos
n o 10
ilib
n
414 oll
so o
0g
60
to
o
4114,5
4"
0 ii:Oi ::
00 :2
- oe o
(pm,
4141 R 411 4141
00 00000000
000
00 00000 00
000000 411'
00000
00
eofie
9 0
411.
o
000000
000000
00000000
0 00
41
00
00000
00000
000600 00000
0060000 0000000
0000006 60000
0009 900 00
00606 0000000
69000 000 000 0
000600 066000
0000000 0000
900000000 00000 06
66060006 000000 0
00000 000
00090609 000
00000000 000
00000000 00
000000 06 00
0000
9
8
N1
0
7 5
06 06060
00 000000
0000 000 00
000 000006
000 006 000
0000 00 0096 6
09000 00 0060
00000 00
00 1:000060 000
006 6000006 0000
0000 00000 00 1:0060 000
0000 00000 I: 00 000600 00
06 00 0000004,00 00 000
00 000600 000
000 000990 6 000 0
00 000006 00000
O 06 000 0000 09
00 0000 00 0000 00
60 90001:0 9000000 00
0000 0000 00 000 0
000000 000 00000 :: 0
00000000 0000
000000060 06090 i000 :
0000 ill 06 00 06
0 00 .
000 00000 000
06 00000000 00
0009 0090 00 000 00
0 000 60 010000 0
00 000 00 00000
0000 II 0000 00110 0: 06000
000000 0400 000
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
22.1 Athyrium hlix-fernina (L.) Roth
A widespread species but mainly a deciduous woodland plant
and most abundant in flushes and spring lines. The drainage of
wet habitats combined with the decrease of small deciduous
copses in lowland Britain may reduce the abundance of this
species in the future.
4 6
o.!
6
5
4
3
2

68
0
7
6
5
0
8
22.2
ATHYRIUM
DISTENTIFOLIUM
Alpine
Lady-fern
7'
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
8
2
9 0
0 WV
100
0 1 2 3 4
Kdornetres 00 00
0 100
Mk.
9 a
1
22.2 Athyrium distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz
(A.alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands)
An arctic-alpine species characteristic of gullies where snow lies
late in the spring. Whilst such habitats can give a good lead as to
the identification of the species, confirmation can come only
from the checking of mature fertile fronds, which lack
indusia.
2
4
00
9
8
N1
0
HX
HW
ATHYRIACEAE
o
./f-
0
1 2 3 4 5
N2
4 6
0
0
6
5
4
3
2

ATHYRIACEAE 69
0
5
22.3
ATHYRIUM
FLEXILE
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kdometres
nad.
9
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
100
1
100
9
8
9 0
2
1
.6 oo
SO
8
3 4
6 6
0 ' 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
9
8
N1
0
7 5
N2
22.3 Athyrium flexile (Newm.) Druce
(A.distentifolium Tausch ex Opiz var. flexile
(Newm.) Jermy)
A distinct taxon similar to A . distentifolium in frond texture and
cutting although the pinnae are smaller and have fewer pinnules
or lobes. The fronds are characteristically reflexed and appear
adpressed to the ground—a character retained in cultivation.
A.fdix-femina produces, especially in mountain habitats, an
ecotype with a similar habit which may be confused with this
species; the presence of indusia will distinguish it.
4 6
0
5
4
3
2
1

70 ATHYRIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0 1 2 3 4
23.1 HX
GYM NOCARPIUM
DRYOPTERIS
Oak Fern
---LA._
Kilometres
Miles
9
1
100
100
8
0
9 0
\
,
2
OPIUM N2
s ip
v,
00 .. ,.,
9
04410
04.411.
OM,
ogee 4
44400
Ni
* *VAL
o
4114100.41 00 4400
041141*OS
oil
8
. *(woo Sem
444104541 4 :04141
00
40040 4041 8
408 4141
0.0404 04
.0444
'MO
GO
7 4
O.
5
6
um
06 0
0*
mom.
CHANNEL ISLANDS o ,..
0 0 0
PLOT TED ON 0
0
WV 0
UTM GRID el'. N,...,
Le..!
23.1 Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm.
(Thelypteris dryopteris (L.) Slosson)
A northern-montane species with only isolated populations in
east and south-central and south -west England. Decrease in the
south-west and in the Welsh Marches is probably due to the
cutting down of deciduous woodland.
o '
7.-S-
i
Ts."
--Y
o
o o
411* 0 00
110
44111.
o
I:
HW
oo 0
00 g
i
00
I"
.12
04 44141000
W, 444144
64404
Q o
04 4144
0000.0 MI
SIMON 4
00: 0
ais ".
0.
60
SOO
0 8
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
6
5
4
3
2

ATHYRIACEAE 71
0
6
5
23.2
GYMNOCARPIUM
ROBERTIANUM 9
Limestone Fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
Mies
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
100
8
0
9 0
°
1;Z:1
2
1 2 3
0 0
1 2 3 4 5
05
o
.6)
0
9
8
0
N1
0
7
5
23.2 Gymnocarpium robertianum
(Hoffm.) Newm.
So
N2
(Thelypteris robertiana (Hoffm.) Slosson)
A continental species restricted by substrate (limestone) rather
than climate although obviously requiring the shelter of scree
or grykes for establishment. It is a species that has become
naturally established in artificial habitats in urban areas and on
disused railway platforms or sidings in the east of England.
There are outliers on karst limestone in v.cs 88, 108, and H26.
4
6
0
6
5
4
3
2
1

72 ATHYRIACEAE
0
24.1
0 1 2 3 4
HX
00 FPN
CYSTOPTERIS 0 N2 tp,
000
00
FRAGILIS 000 ce
Brittle
Bladder- fern
O 100
1
Kdornetres
maw
' 9 9
00
00
8
1 ,G7 O00 0005
00000.00
-
00
00
:I. or i ICIO 0
0
., Mrer
00
to
00
00 00 00000
0001 00 00000
a os go
041000 00
0
8 I e
7 7 4
000
0000
5
6
00
1
1
2 o
000 ii
9
0000 IIS ! il
...00 49 00
00
6 6
0 o 0.0 0
0
5
,
0 Os
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID Z:3
0 00 0004100
0
00
0
6::::
00
0000
000000000
000dloolle
00000000
000 5
o o 00 000
000
oe
osic)
o
o ni:o I.. 8.
oso
ge.8
0 0
O 0
410 0 00
o
100
9 0
UZI
oo
o
0 S.
o
000
00 o
0041
00 000
0
000
00 0
00,00 i
o
o :..
o
o
o o
o oo
o
1 o AL o
o
24.1 Cystopteris fragilis (L.) &mill.
A widespread species preferring base-rich rock substrate in the
wetter areas of the country. It is occasionally found in manmade
habitats (shady moist walls) in the south and east . Both
tetraploid and hexaploid (and sterile pentaploid) forms are
recorded in Britain; the frond of the former is less dissected but
no distribution patterns have so far emerged in the relatively
small sample studied.
7;
000 2.00
O o
oe GOD 0 0:0
00 OS 000
0 o
viso
O 00 o
4.40
O
r 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
.,
a
0
0
0
4
3
2.
1

ATHYRIACEAE 73
0
6
5
0
8
24.2
CYSTOPTERIS
DICKIEANA
Dickie 's
Bladder - fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
maw
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
100
a
9
8
2
9 0
0 1 2 3
2
3 =v
.o
1 2 3 4 5 6
9
8
N1
0
74 5
..
N2
24.2 Cystopteris dickieana Sim
This species is best distinguished by its rugose mammillate
spores and may well prove to be more widespread especially on
northern mountains. This species was described from material
collected in deep shade in an east-facing sea-cave on the
Kincardine (v.c. 91) coast; it has broad pinnae which give it an
attractive appearance hence it is sought after by horticulturists.
Material from elsewhere in Scotland is identical to C.fragilis
except for the non-spiny spores.
6
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

74
0
0
7
6
5
0 1 2 3 4
24.3 HX
HW
CYSTOPTERIS
MONTANA
Mountain
Bladder - fern
0 100
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON
Kilometres
whk.
9
1
9 0
0 wv
UTM GRID r
24.3 Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Desv.
100
9 9
8 8
go
.47
oeo
woo.
,
7
5
An arctic-alpine species requiring base-rich rocks or gullies
flushed with calcium-rich water. One of our rarer ferns,
occasionally in some quantity locally; restricted to the
Grampian Mountains, with an outlier in the Lake District now
extinct.
2
1 2 3 4 5
N1
0
ATHYRIACEAE
N2
4
6
vs
0

ATHYRIACEAE
0
6
5
0
25.1
WOODSIA
ILVENSIS
Oblong Woodsia
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Klornetres
Mde.
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
100
8
9 7 4
5
6
9 0
1;Z:1
0 1 2 3
9 9
2
aft
8
N1
0
Are;
Zs
142
25.1 Woodsia ilvensis (L.) R.Br.
A northern-montane species which has become very rare
through over-collecting and is now protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. The
history and distribution of this species is discussed in detail by
M.H.Rickard in Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 269-275; 1972. Small plants
of W.ilvensis can look very similar to young plants of
Cystopteris fragilis grown in exposed situations.
All squares from which the species has at some time been
verified are indicated by solid dots.
a
4P,
0
75

76 ATHYRIACEAE
0 1 2 3 4
0 0
25 . 2 .
HX
WOODSIA HVV N2
7
5
0
ALPINA a. f
9 9
Alpine Woodsia
0 10.
fr
Kilometres
Miles
9
1
3.9
6 6
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 yyv
UTM GRID r
9 0
tZ)
25.2 Woodsia alpina (Bolton) S.F.Gray
100
8
An arctic-alpine species also depredated by Victorian botanists.
As with W.ilvensis this species is similarly protected by the
Conservation of Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act, 1975. As
also with the last species it can be mistaken for a small
depauperate Cystopteris fragilis. Its history and distribution is
fully documented by M.H. Rickard (Br. Fern Gaz., 10: 275-280;
1972).
All squares from which the species has at some time been
verified are indicated by solid dots.
2
0 0
8
ri1
7
5
2 3 4 5 6
4
6
5
4
3
2
0

ASPIDIACEAE
0
0
6
5
26.1
POLYSTICHUM
LONCH IT IS
Holly Fern
26.1x 3
OPOLYSTICHUM
X LONCHITIFORME
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
Kilometres
Mies
9
100
9 0
wv
t;Z)
26.1 Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth
100
2
9
0
2
1 2
1 2
An arctic-alpine species requiring a base-rich substrate. Some
more southerly sites in limestone grykes are liable to be
destroyed through quarrying. An outstanding adventive record
from a railway bridge in Wellingborough, v.c. 32, has been
verified by Dr Anne Sleep, but is not plotted here.
3
3 4
0 N2
9
8
N1
0
7
4
5 6
4 5 6
26.1 x 3 Polystichum X lonchitiforme
(Halacsy) Becherer
(P.Ionchit is x setiferum)
This hybrid was found in Glenade, v.c. H29, with the parents
and has been confirmed by observing meiosis in the spore
mother cells (A.Sleep, pers. comm.). Without the cytological
confirmation it is virtually impossible to separate from
P. x illyricum (see M .J.P . Scannell , Irish Nat. J., 19: 79; 1977).
co.°
0
77

78 ASPIDIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
26.2
POLYSTICHUM
ACULEATUM
Hard Shield - fern
100
1 1
Kilometres
PP
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Miles
9
00
1
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID ' 6P,
100
00
0
9
8
9 0
2
o
00
o
1 2 3 4
of.
3
1 2
26.2 Polystichum aculeaturn (L.) Roth
A sub-Atlantic species which is widespread throughout the
British Isles. Its distribution pattern reflects its ecological
requirements for a base-rich substrate, in places provided by
man (e.g. canal-sides, locks and bridges) which in turn have
been polluted by industrialisation. The basal pinnae are
distinctly smaller than those in the middle of the frond and are
only pinnatifid (cf. P.setiferum). The spores are larger than
P.setiferum (ay. 41.31.4m) and papillate (A.Sleep, pers.
comm.).
,
00
00
:
se 8 bil_ A61 e
4). o :: vo Yi
o il
es st
44 es
0
ems
000
7
00000
0
SO 900
000 000 OO
o 00 00 000
00 004100
00 00 folo op
elm
. a*
900 0 000 00
NO 00 O OO
00 00 00000
0800
.0000
O0000
0000
40 O
s
t
*00
0000 0410
0000 00
09 S
ni 6
0 0
0
9
5
HX
HW
Ott 1 0090
O 90,
00 00 0 0 00
0000 00 lit. 0000 ti
50
0000
000
- 0
000
GOtn 0 o
555
. 0
0o
So o l:
"4"1016 o 518 5 o
ill 00
00 45
00
00060 000 0 0 00 0 000
100 00 SO
0041 00
00 00 0 ,ip: 9
00
0000 I set:9 010
04100 00 0o500
00 0000 00.0 04
00 00O0O 00 0 ON 000000
000,
o 00000
0 00000 o

ASPIDIACEAE 79
0
6
5
0
26.2 x3
POLYSTICHUM
X BICKNELLII
26.2 x 1
®POLYSTICHUM
0
X ILLYRICUM
0 100
1
Kamen*
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Mies
9
PLOT TED ON 0 Wv
UTM GRID a
0
100
9
9 0
t:;)
/5
8
0
2
.6
1
e
1 2
26.2 x 1 Polystichum x illyricum
(Borbas) Hayek
(P.aculeatum x lonchitis)
This hybrid was first detected in herbarium material collected in
1932 from Glenade, v.c. H29 (A.Sleep & D.M.Synnott, Br.
Fern Gaz., 10: 281; 1972); it has since been collected alive and
awaits cytological confirmation. It is intermediate between the
parents although most similar, superficially, to P.aculeatum;
the spores are abortive. This hybrid is very difficult to separate
from P. x lonchitiforme if all three putative parents are in the
vicinity. The record from Inchnadamph, v.c. 108, is outside the
known range of P.setiferum however, and therefore is
undoubtedly P. x illyricum. (See A.McG.Stirling, Watsonia,
10: 231; 1974, and A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization
and the Flora of the British Isles: 119; 1975).
2 3
3 4
9
8
Ni
0
N2
7
4
5 6
5 6
26.2 x 3 Polystichum x bicknellii
(Christ) Hahne
(P.aculeatum x setiferum)
A hybrid which appears frequently in habitats where the parents
grow close together. It can appear very similar to P.aculeatum
and is therefore very difficult to recognise. It is best confirmed
by abortive spores. (See A.Sleep in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.:
118).
Css
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

80 ASPIDIACEAE
0
0
7
5
26.3
POLYSTICHUM
SETIFERUM
Soft Shield-fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
0
9 9
8 8
.. ...... ii..
. il..:::. 411
**k)
014,00004,
00. o
se oe
Oito
Oi
26.3 Polystichum setiferum (Forsk.) Woynar
A southern sub-Atlantic species which reaches its northernmost
location in Britain (v.c. 95). Its distribution, whilst to some
extent locally governed by an edaphic requirement of base-poor
soils, indicates an optimum in areas with a warm wet winter. It is
often a hedgerow plant in the south. It may be distinguished by
the basal pinnae which are long, spreading and pinnate. The
spores are smaller than P.aculeatum(ay. 30.5m) with a winged
perispore (A.Sleep, pers. comm.).
1 2 3 4
6 6
o
.:ty: :0a
06 40
00
0
: 41
Os 0441 45 41.
Os 060 ... .. 044 n
:
. ''
0
.
.. 1118 4$41e
6
0
* 00 0
0440 0 0 0
Of 041
0000
00 ts° ell o
O
0 0
000
6*
o
oli o ° i
o41 0 410
00 r o
r :. 0 0
N1
0
74 5
HX
HW
00 .: ko.' :
o
00 0041 006
OS 0
00 MI iF" t
00 00 0000
i0 6
A_w t e
1 2 3 4 5 6
SO
4 i I
: 4111
000 0 0
41:: at:m8 *1 ,: .
, is :i e -1; .:;:i::: :4,
. 000
.... 0000 :::rr : .: :. s :.:::::
9 0 000 000 00000_
N2
6
0
15
5
4
3
2
1
0

ASPIDIACEAE
0
7
0
27.1
DRYOPTERIS
ORE ADES
Mountain
Male - fern
O 100
1
Kilometres
0 100
Miles
9
8 9 0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
tfl r
.8°
9 9
8 8
2
v000
'w
0:o0*
3 00
6 6
5 5
4 4
3
i o:
o
ot
1 2 3 4
Ni
0
7
5
27.1 Dryopteris oreades Fomin
(D.abbreviata auct., non Polystichum abbreviatum
DC.; D.fia-mas var. abbreviataNewm.)
A species with a northern Atlantic-montane distribution, often
misidentified and confused with D.fdix-mas; some of the earlier
lowland records have proved to be the latter species. D.oreades
is frequently a scree plant and is found also on mountain ledges
and in gullies. It is replaced by D.pseudomas on cliffs and gullies
facing the sea suggesting that it may be a plant of nutrient-poor
situations. All records have been seen by H.V.Corley or
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins.
N2
6 .
0
2
0
81

82
Identification of the species in the Dryopteris fdix-mas complex
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, D.pseudomas (Woll.)
Holub & Pouzar and D.oreades Fomin have, since their
inception, been confused by botanists both in England
and abroad (see C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & A.C.Jermy,
Taxon, 25: 659-665; 1976). The following descriptions of
these three species have been drawn up with the help of
C. R .Fraser-Jenkins .
D.filix-mas Rhizome little branched. Fronds
spreading, semi-persistent (although in very clement
western areas they may be persistent) petiole about +
length of the frond, ± densely clothed with pale coloured
scales; lamina ovate-lanceolate, truncate at base, ±
herbaceous, mid-green. Pinnae flat, ± horizontal;
pinnules toothed, teeth ± acute, curved towards the acute
apex, basal pair of each pinna ± stalked, usually longer
than those above, lobes at base of pinnules usually
forming auricles. Indusia 0.5-2mm, convex, thin
sometimes glandular, white or translucent when young,
at least part of the margin adpressed to lamina surface,
amply covering sporangia but shrinking at maturity,
becoming brown when old. A plant of forest, hedgerow
and open places on rocks usually on lighter soils.
D.oreades Rhizome much branched. Fronds upright,
frost sensitive; petiole about length of frond, densely
clothed with pale scales; lamina lanceolate tapering to
base, very slightly coriaceous, pale grey-green. Pinnae
Key to the Dryopteris filix-mas complex
1. Frond texture thick, somewhat glossy and dark
green on top (yellow-green when young); stipe and
rhachis bearing long narrow scales with a dark base
and usually a dark centre, junction of rhachis and
pinna axis darkly coloured; lower margins of
pinnules (pinna-segments) parallel, with few teeth.
D. pseudomas
1. Frond texture thin, mid- or grey-green on top; stipe
and rhachis bearing both narrow and wide concolorous
scales, junction of rhachis and pinna-axis
not darkly coloured; pinnule-shape tapering, lower
margins usually bearing teeth or lobes.
2. Frond grey-green; teeth of pinnules with
obtuse tips spread out in a fan-like arrangement
at the pinnule (or segment) apex;
immature indusum thick, margins involute
(tucked under sporangia) D. oreades
usually concave, inclined to apex; pinnules with an
obtuse or rounded apex with blunt teeth arranged
palmately or like a fan, basal pair adnate or slightly
stipitate, longer than the pair above; basal lobes forming
auricles. Indusia 0.5-1mm, highly convex, thick,
glandular, green when young, fitting closely round
sporangia, scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming
grey-brown when old. A plant of open screes, rocky
banks and open hillside.
D.pseudomas Rhizome little branched. Fronds ±
upright, persistently green throughout winter; petiole
variable in length, densely clothed with gingery scales,
many of which are narrow and with a dark base which
remains as a blackish speck when the scale drops; lamina
variable in shape ovate to lanceolate, leathery, yellowgreen
when young becoming blue-green when old.
Pinnae flat, ± horizontal; pinnules with few or no teeth
on parallel side, teeth at apex acute; basal segments not
obvious; junctions of pinna rhachis with main rhachis
darkly coloured. Indusia 1-2mm, highly convex, thick,
margins inrolled, often glandular, brown when young,
scarcely shrinking at maturity, becoming grey when old.
A plant of woodland, hedgerows, especially on clay soil
and on open hillsides, often replacing D.oreades in
maritime situations.
2. Frond mid-green; teeth of pinnules with acute
tips, converging towards the apex; immature
indusium thin, margins not involute and
usually extended over the lamina.
D. fdix-mas
NB: Hybrids between these species are intermediate in
their morphology but it is likely that D. x tavelii
will key out as D. pseudomas and D. x mantoniae
as D. fdix-mas.

ASPIDIACEAE
0
6
0
8
27.2
DRYOPTERIS
FILIX-MAS
hlale - fern
CHMNELISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
Kilometres
9
0 WV
10
100
9
8
0
9 0
.
2
fir
a
moo
oo oto
oomososo oloo so
oos..
s000spoo
soosso
so s mo
5 'worn
so s000mmeo soo
oso oo o
oompo
moo floo osos000s
opossum moosoomoo
s00 0soos mime stomp
soss000so
oo sos looses smposo so so
Soo
olo imeo
s oomo too
moo
Sul
rn
000
oomoosooms
'moo o me
oo soomp0000
sss
"moo oo
000 os
sosoosso 000 S. foss
soossoeso oo ss
'mom
o
00
50
50
55 00 5 000 60
600006
000066
54,541
86
3
0 41 00
50
5 55
0
0 0 00 041
'moo
al0000
mum
seem.
swum
000ls000
05 5 00 0 0 00000 00
00 60 00 0 000 0 000
0 0 55 0 0 00 0 00
0 55 05 * 55 55
4141 0000 00
5 50 00 0 00 0
000 55555 55
0 0
2
60
60
ammo oo ino
so*
mmoo oomp000me
um. mmo*
Soo 00000
e000 So
4105 0 0000 555
00 0 000 5 541 00
0 5 5415 0 0 55 555 5 00
000 0 0 0 00050
Ss
ils::::!:.
I:
3
ompoommo
Soo oo
oes000mpo
moo.
Soso
0 00 0000
0:41.
000
Z ile
0 0
60
00 4105 40060000
5.541 0410005100
555 60000000
041000 4100006
moos oodo
i:o oe some
um
*::n. S. moos
"moo
ouloo
0000500
000mmoo
eimp0000
goo
3 4
9
8
N1
0
7
5
N2
5 6
27.2 Dryopteris filix-nias (L.) Schott
This species, probably the most widespread in the British Isles is
by no means common in many parts of its range. Basically it is a
woodland species, common in hedgerows and along road-sides;
it is also one of the first fern species to become established on
shady walls of all kinds. A species of wide ecological tolerance it
is frequently planted in gardens, a factor which has possibly
affected its ubiquitous distribution. For notes on identification
see page 82.
S.
0
6
5
4
83
3
2
0

84 ASPIDIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
27.2x1
DRYOPTERIS
X MANTONIAE
27.5x 1
®DRYOPTERIS X
PSEUDOABBREVIATA
8
s,
Kdornetres
Miles
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOTTED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
1
tfi
100
9
9 0
0
2
1 2
%Pa
1 2
27.2 x 1 Dryopteris X mantoniae Fraser-
Jenkins & Corley
(D.filix-masx oreades)
All records have been determined by C.R.Fraser-Jenkins or
H.V.Corley. This is a sterile triploid hybrid likely to be found
when its parents grow together. (See C.R.Fraser-
Jenkins & H.V.Corley, Br. Fern- Gaz., 10: 230; 1972; and
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), Hybridization and
the Flora of the British Isles: 113; 1975.)
3
3 4
E.?
00
.

ASPIDIACEAE 85
7
6
5
4
0
8
27.2x 3
DRYOPTERIS
XTAVELII
0
von Tavel's
Male -fern
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UT M GRID
Kiometres
Mdes
9
100
100
9 0
WV
tz).
27.2 x 3 Dryopteris x tavelii Rothm.
(D.fdix-mas x pseudomas)
9
8
2
1 2
1 2
This hybrid is intermediate in its morphology between its
parent species. Two cytotypes are known, depending on the
ploidy of the D.pseudomas parent; both have been recorded
from the British Isles. Following the discovery by W. Dopp
(Planta, 46: 70-91; 1955) that, in culture, it is capable of a low
level of self reproduction, being apogamous, several authors
have reported it widely on the Continent. Forms of
D.pseudomas that tend towards the morphology of D.fdixmas
are also often mistaken for it and have contributed to its
over-recording.
The fronds have scales with dark bases and the junction of
3 4
..
3 4
9
8
N1
0
7
5
4
6
4,41
5 6
the pinna axes with the main rhachis is darkly coloured as in
D.ps.eudomas. The lamina is a light green but retains the gloss
of the latter species
The pinnules have parallel sides which are toothed or in
some cases, especially on the lowest basiscopic pinnule (i.e.
those at the base of the pinna pointing to the frond base),
deeply lobed; the pinnule apex is pointed. The indusium often
shows the characteristics of both parent species, the margin
being tucked on one side and extended over the lamina on the
opposite side. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.)
loc. cit.: 113; 1975).
tA,
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

86 ASPIDIACEAE
0
0
7
6
0 1 2 3 4
273 HX
DRYOPTERIS
PSEUDOMAS
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 viiv
UTM GRID
00
tD
00 00
9 9
00 :
Scaly Male -fern 000
:::: !I: I: :
NI
000000
* 000000
0:000 O000:
—
8
00
8
00 S. 00000
00000 55 5555
V
b
loo
0800 00 0000
00 00 0
Kdometre s I 100
0000000 SO 0
5555 00
nim. 00000005
9 - 000 V
74
5 6
000
1 00
2 o 00
000000
0000 000 000
SOO 000 00
3
00 ii0
00
41 'di6
Of 0000 00 VO Oil 00
00 080 'geese 541
- : 0 58 : :err 5115u55546 se
es ps
s 555 s e
Goes.
ilil : . :Ulf 6.
lg.
....
se.
oe.0 sm.
00 i-E0
000 00
5 ... ,P4:
: 55 0 6: * 10, .080
85 4.6 :0 s:
Gs 4110
5 9 : e ::: NI: °
S.
e , :.:' 05
g - 8
.,
.
.
o
o o 5. .
° o
woe 001 ..
°U. ill
.4.8 8
o : 8*
6 , 00 09
::.
0
.:: 4110411 O 0 Ste's doe
600 9
4;0:041
'
000
see 00 9 s 411
414" 6.0 0005 0.04,
' 4° :: :::4:::: :
se oeele
00 00
00 99
2
9 0
6:: :
0 00
9 5 0 00
HW
xi es g ow me'
es mo
1 4 u
00000
o
00i0 fa: 11; 0:0 00
::6"::: SO 806°S *WO
80414,
'956808
5558511188
585 84
27.3 fh.p)pfimispseudomas (Wollaston) Holub 6i Pouzar
(D.borreri auct.; D.filix-mas (L.) Schott var. borreri Newm.)
An Atlantic species very common in northwest Scotland and the
oceanic areas of the British Isles. In lowland and south and
eastern England confined to woodlands or shady situations on
heavy soils and clays. A combination of clay soils and higher
rainfall increases its occurrence in the Weald.
The map of this species (21/2) on p. 11 of the Atlas of the
British Flora does not show a true picture as many records were
registered as D.filix-mas agg. and are shown on Map 21/1-2
only.
se
Jr ell
o o :000 0 00
or 9,
88 o
Soe o 4: oil
oboi
erne
tr
es. .6
Gee
05is
48° 0
OS 110000
000 004104,
55 w 415 .5
1 2 3 4 5 6
t:22
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

ASPIDIACEAE
0
6
5
0
27.4
DRYOPTERIS
REMOTA
UTM GRID
Kkenstres
mass
9
9
CHANNEL GLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
WV
41'
soo
100
0
8
2
1 2
27.4 Dryopteris remota (A.Br.) Druce
1 2
An apogamous species probably originating from the hybrid
between D.expansa and D.pseudomas could be expected where
these species grow together. It is, however, rare. Plants brought
into cultivation as Lastrea 'boydii' from Loch Lomond appear
to be this species but it has not been seen in the wild this century.
The two Irish specimens are even more perplexing as D.expansa
is so far not recorded from Ireland; both records (Glen Flesk ,
v.c. H2 and Dalystown, v.c. H15) need refinding (see
3 4
9
8
N1
0
4505;
Zs
N2
7
4
5 6
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 115). It is
known however, that in Europe D.remota occurs in the absence
of either of the above species and probably does not now arise
de novo from hybridisation.
The hybrid D.austriaca x pseudo mas recorded as D. x woynarii
Rothm. from Lochinver, v.c. 108, in A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in
C.A.Stace (ed.) loc. cit.: 115; 1975, is now considered to be
doubtfully of that parentage and more likely D. x ambrosiae.
87

88
0
7
6
5
0
27. 5
DRYOPTERIS
AEMULA
Hay-scented
Buckler - fern
7
so
0.0.
*
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Kilometres
Mike
9
*
oo
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
1
100
oo
0
00
o
100
9
8
0
No*
2
0
ip 0
27.5 Dryopteris aemula (Ait.) Kuntze
0
oo
1 2
A northern Atlantic species found on the higher mountains of
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands and restricted in Europe to
N. Spain, W. France and the British Isles where it has a distinct
oceanic distribution. Its yellow-green frond and purplish stipe
are diagnostic. Hybrids involving this species are very rare (see
27.5 x 1, D. x pseudoabbreviata, p. 84) but juvenile or
00
4:9
Ofill0
: .10°6
2 3
3 4
0
o o
9
8
N1
0
7
5
4 5
HX
HW N2
"moos
ee
ASPIDIACEAE
4
6
ow!'
immature plants which morphologically appear intermediate
between D.aemula and D.austriaca have been found on Mull,
v.c. 103, and Soay, v.c. 104, and need further investigation.
Such hybrids could only be distinguished from the similarly
triploid D.austriaca x expansa by the lack of chromosome
pairing at meiosis.
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

ASPIDIACEAE 89
0
7
5
0
0
27.6
DRYOPTERIS
VILLARII
subsp.
SUBMONTANA
Rigid
Buckler -fern
0 100
Kilometres
Md
9
100
6 6
8 9 0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
ffi r
.
1:z)
2
9 9
8
2
011
3 4
...
0
8
NI
0
7
5
1 2 3 4 5 6
27.6 Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell.
subsp. submontana Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy
(Dryopteris rigida (Swartz) A.Gray)
A member of an alpine and southern European complex
restricted in Britain to limestone pavement. All British material
counted has proved to be tetraploid, a cytotype which is rare
further south in Europe, most of the alpine material
being diploid. (See 0.L.Gilbert, Br. Fern Gaz., 9: 263-268;
1966, and Biological Flora of the British Isles: Dryopteris
villarii. J. Ecol., 58:301-313; 1970.Also C. R .Fraser -Jenkins &
A.C.Jermy, Br. Fern Gaz., I I: 338; 1977).
HW
N2
4
6
0
5
4
3
2
0

90
0
7
6
5
0
27.7
DRYOPTERIS
CRISTATA
Crested
Buckler - fern
0
kdometrm
MiIe
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
1
100
100
9
8
0
9 0
.
1;1)
2
1 2
co%
./7
27.7 Dryopteris cristata (L.) A.Gray
1 2
A northern continental species at one time frequent in the east
of England and N.W. Midlands. Now, because of changes in
land-use and increasing drainage of acid mires, it is almost
restricted to East Anglia where it is locally frequent in the
Norfolk Broads area, v.c. 27. Lack of regular fen cutting allows
tussock growth of Molinia, Carex elata and Sphagnum spp.
upon which establishment of D.cristata depends and the
3 4
9
8
N1
0
7
5
HX
HW N2
ASPIDIACEAE
decrease of such mowing may be encouraging this species to
regain its status. There has been recently a widespread increase
of acid (base-poor) plant communities (including Sphagnum
Jimbriatum, S.magellanicum, S.palustre, S.squarrosum and
S.subnitens) in the fens of the Norfolk Broads, the ecological
reason for which is not fully understood. It is in these
communities that D.cristata becomes well established.
4
6
Ct,
trP
0

ASPIDIACEAE 91
27.8
DRYOPTERIS
1 2 3 4
CARTHUSIANA 0.'
Narrow
Buckler - fern
CHANNEL l'ED ON ISLANDS 0
PLOT
—
wv
UTM GRID
L.)
9 9
8
.-
O 100
i
I
0
Kilometres
100
..
Mica O o
9
—
-.
roe :
MI N1
8
ILA;
00 0 Th
o 0 0
0
GO
2
o
: S .
: 10°8
-,
Moo
6 6
*
4 ..8.6
se se se e
IINI :
i
080
0:4141
GO
o *
5
0 0 41. 411 4908 5
o 0 5
..> 0 0 ne 0000 S.
O 1 411 00
04041 410
n o o
6
40
of
_ o 00 0 4141
4
o l..0 tiii
: 41000841:4,
99
f
V
0001 4,1110.44
00_4141 *ON 41,
o olIND is
o ..0 i s ei0
" ... .
0 y0 Goo
e o
9 0
0440 f_
8 NM 0 MD
1
00
Oil
80 ell
4,0
0410041
74 5
r
:00
N2
:e0S0 al: %et
0 0
081* :0 : * 4616114 411
00
Ten:
6
*sumo 41mo
41414
012:41 0: lia.
'
gm O: 411:4114::0
MU
041 'II
gee"
0451 41410
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
lo3*
27.8 Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) FI.P.Fuchs
(D.lanceolatocristata (Hoffm.) Alston;
D.spinulosa Watt)
A northern continental species widespread in the British Isles
and a common fern in some wet woods of N.W. Scotland,
where it often grows with D.expansa. The hybrid with the latter
species has not so far been found in Britain and should be
searched for in such mixed populations; it has the upright
rhizome of D.expansa but with an intermediate frond (shape,
cutting and marginal teeth): It is however extremely difficult
to distinguish from D. x deweveri without cytological
con firmation.
2
1

92 ASPIDIACEAE
0
7
6
5
0
27.8x7
DRYOPTERIS
X ULIGINOSA
27.8 x2
(DDRYOPTERIS
X BRATHAICA
Kilometres
Miles
9
8 9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON Om
UTM GRID
too
(
t;Z)
100
9
8
0 1 2 3 4
2
(
1 2
27.8 x 2 Dryopteris x brathaica Fraser-
Jenkins & Reichstein
(D.carthusiana x jihx-mas; D. x remota sensu
Druce)
This hybrid has been found only once in woods on the N.W. side
of Lake Windermere, v.c. 69; an offset, passed down through
generations of gardeners, is still alive in Oxford University
Botanic Garden and has been cyiologically investigated. It is
intermediate between the parents in the degree of pinnation and
toothing of leaf segments but has the habit of D.ftlix-mas. (See
C.R.Fraser-Jenkins & T.Reichstein, Br. Fern Gaz., 11: 342;
1977, and A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.), loc.cit.:
114.)
3 4
9
N1
7
5
HX
HW N2
4
6
5 6
27.8 x 7 Dryopteris x uliginosa (A.Br. ex
DM) Druce
(D.carthusiana x cristata)
A rare hybrid now confined to Norfolk; when established,
plants show distinct hybrid vigour. Although many former sites
have been lost through drainage it could easily appear wherever
D.cristata grows with D.carthusiana. (See A.C.Jermy &
S.Walker, in C.A.Stace (ed.). loc.cit.: 116).
0
6
5
4
3
2
0

ASPIDIACEAE 93
6
5
0
27.9
DRYOPTERIS
AUSTRIACA
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 WV
UTM GRID
9
O 1 2 3
Broad 0 006.
oo
600
0.000
um.
u . NI
Buckler- fern mus. Io *mmu*,m.
in,
wimp timil vow, c
a
8
p 000 0000000
0 00000. I
0 100
o 1
0000000 00600
a.wm 0
100 000000es 680
ma.
0006
000111
9 ' *oo
75
o
ma::
2 000 00000
006606 00000660
0000 04000000
000 00000000 0
054000 00 00 00
000 000000 00 0
mi.
4 00000000 000000
800000 000000 00
.. 411 :0:0::11. if ompummoll omimpoloo lp
411,41 oupoil moil mimp
oommoiloo0
wo
(mom moo
00000 0060
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1 2 3 4 5 6
27.9 Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar
(D.ddatata (Ho ffm .) A.Gray)
A sub-Atlantic taxon widespread throughout Britain and
Ireland. A variable species occasionally confused with
D.carthusiana because one common form produces stolons,
from the bases of the stipes, which are mistaken for the creeping
rhizome of the latter species. Leaves on such stoloniferous
shoots have pale almost concolorous scales which add to the
confusion; they eventually form a shuttlecock and the stem
continues growth as an erect rhizome.
4 6
P
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

94 ASPIDIACEAE
0
5
0
8
27.9x8
DRYOPTERIS
X DEWEVERI
0 100
1
Kilometres
Miles
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
100
8
0
9 0
1:Z3f
9 9
2
1 2 3 4
9
7 7 4
5
6
6
4
27.9 x 8 Dryopteris X deweveri (Jansen) Jansen & Wachter
(D.austriaca x cart husiana)
A common hybrid wherever the parents grow together. Easily
recognized as being intermediate in all its characters, the scales
concolorous but pale red-brown and the spores abortive. Such
plants are often very glandular on the young lamina, veins and
rachides and have been described in early literature as Lastrea
glandulosa Newm. (See A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, in C.A.Stace
(ed.), loc.cit.: 117).
e
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1 2 3 4 5 6
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6
5
4
3
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ASPIDIACEAE 95
0
7
6
5
27. 9 x 10
DRYOPTERIS
X AMBROSIAE OT!
9
9
7
Kilometres
Mdes
9
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON 0
WV
UT M GRID
7
100
8 9 0
8
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96
7
6
5
4
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9
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PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
1
100
100
2
1 2 3 4
4/1
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2 3 4 5
27.10 Dryopteris expansa (C.Pres1) Fraser-Jenkins & Jermy
(D.assimilis S.Walker)
Most of the populations recorded show the distribution pattern
of an arctic-alpine species. The taxon was first recognized by
Thomas Moore as Lastrea dilatata var. alpina from Ben
Lawers. It also grows, however, at sea-level in oak woodlands
on the west coast of Scotland and this form (morphologically inseparable
from the alpine form) may represent a more southern
genotype which may yet be found in Ireland. (See J.A.Crabbe,
A.C.Jermy & S.Walker, Watsonia, 8: 3-15; 1970).
9
8
0
HX
HW N2
7
4
5 6
ASPIDIACEAE
0

BLECHNACEAE 97
0
6
5
0
28.1
BLECHNUM
SPICANT
Hard Fern
0 100
1
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9
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28.1 Blechman spdcant (L.) Roth
A sub-Atlantic species widespread throughout wetter parts of
the British Isles. It is restricted by lack of suitable acid sandy
substrate in much of lowland agricultural England. Similarly
absent from the limestone areas of both Britain and Ireland.
6
5
4
3
1
0

98 MARSILEACEAE
0
7
6
0
29.1
PILULARIA
GLOBULIFERA
Pillwort
0 100
1 1
Kilometres
Mikm
5 -V \
0
CHANNEL ISLANDS
PLOT TED ON
UTM GRID
9
8 9 0
wv
29.1 Pilularia globulifera L.
100
9
8
0 1 2 3 4
1 00
2
A sub-Atlantic species spread throughout Britain and Ireland
but generally decreasing because of drainage of marginal lands
and ponds which formerly contained the species. Similarly
declining in Europe where it is regarded as an endangered
species. Unless sporocarps ("pills") and circinnately coiled
leaves are present P.globulifera may be overlooked as a young
Juncus plant.
1
0
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0
0 vm,
0 0
88 0
o
00
00 0
C. 60
00
0
9
8
75
HX
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1 2 3 4 5 6
N2
4
6
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0
6
5
4
3
2
0

AZOLLACEAE 99
0
5
0
8
30.1
AZOLLA
FILICULOIDES
Water Fern
0 100
Kilometres
0 100
CHANNEL ISLANDS
Mdes
9
PLOT TED ON 0 wv
UTM GRID
9
9 0
i3
8
2
,47
6 6
3
9
8
8 0
N1
0
7 5
o
0 : 00 0
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1 2 3 4 5 6
30.1 Azolla filiculoides Lam.
Regarded by most botanists as having been introduced into
Europe from tropical America. It is certainly well-established
here and shows signs of increasing in Britain (cf. map 27/1,
p.15, in the 1962 edition of the Atlas of the British Flora, with
the above). With the present trend in eutrophication of ponds
and inland waters it is difficult to explain this increase. Possibly
the increased drainage operations have created more ditches
and similar open water in drainage channels which have in turn
become colonised. It suddenly, and inexplicably, disappears,
often to return some five or ten years later.
N2
4 6
0
0
5
4
3
2
0

100
Adiantum capillus-veneris 34
Anogramma leptophylla 33
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum 51, 55
var. acutum 53
subsp. onopteris 53
subsp. serpentini 54
x billotii 55
x onopteris 53
x scolopendrium 52
x septentrionale 52
adulterinum 61
x alternifolium 58, 65
billotii 55
x scolopendrium 50
ceterach 66
x clermontiae 61, 63
x confluens 50
x contrei 52
cuneifolium 54
x jacksonii 50, 52
x lusaticum 57
marinum 56
x microdon 50, 52
x murbeckii 63
obovatum 55
onopteris 53
x pseudoadulterinum 61
ruta-muraria 62
subsp. dolomiticum 62
subsp. ruta-muraria 62
x septentrionale 63
x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 63
x sarniense 55
scolopendrium 49
x trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens 50
septentrionale 64
x trichomanes subsp. trichomanes 65
x souchei 52
x ticinense 53
trichomanes 57
subsp. x lusaticum 57
subsp. quadrivalens 57, 59, 60
subsp. trichomanes 57, 58, 59, 60, 61
viride 61
x Asplenophyllitis confluens 50
jacksonii 52
microdon 50
Athyrium alpestre 68
distentifolium 68
var. flexile 69
filix-femina 67
flexile 69
Azolla filiculoides 2, 99
Index
Synonyms are given in italics, map pages in roman
Blechnum chilense 2
penna-marina 2
spicant 97
Botrychium lunaria 27
Ceterach officinarum 66
Cryptogramma crispa 32
Cyrtomium falcatum 2
Cystopteris dickieana 73
fragilis 72, 73, 75, 76
montana 74
Dicksonia antarctica 2
Diphasiastrum alpinum 7
x complanatum 8
x issleri 7, 8
Diphasium alpinum 7
x issleri 8
Dryopteris abbreviata I, 81
aemula 88
x oreades 84
x ambrosiae 87, 95
assimilis 1, 96
austriaca 93
x carthusiana 94
x expansa 88, 95
borreri 1, 86
x brathaica 92
carthusiana 1, 91
x cristata 92
x filix-mas 92
cristata 90
x deweveri 91, 94
dilatata 93
expansa 87, 91, 96
filix-mas 82, 83
var. abbreviata 81
var. borreri 86
x oreades 84
x pseudomas 85
lanceolatocristata 1, 91
x mantoniae 82, 84
oreades 1, 81, 82
x pseudoabbreviata 84, 88
pseudomas 1, 82, 86, 87
remota 87
x remota 92
rigida 89
spinulosa 91
x tavelii 82, 85
x uliginosa 92
villarii subsp. submontana I, 89
x woynarii 87

Equisetum arvense 19, 20
x fluviatile 21
x palustre 22
fluviatile 18
x palustre 19, 20
x font-queri 22
hyemale 14
x ramosissimum 15
x variegatum 16
x litorale 19, 21
x moorei 2, 15
palustre 25
x telmateia 22
pratense 23
ramosissimum 2, 15
x rothmaleri 22
sylvaticum 23, 24
telmateia 26
x trachyodon 16
variegatum 17
wilsonii 17
Gymnocarpium dryopteris 70
robertianum 71
Huperzia selago 6
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense 35, 36
wilsonii 36
Isoetes echinospora 11, 12
histrix 13
lacustris 11, 12
setacea 12
Lepidotis inundata 5
Lycopodiella inundata 5
Lycopodium alpinum 7, 8
annotinum 3
clavatum 4
inundatum 5
issleri 8
selago 6
Matteuccia struthiopteris 2
Onoclea sensibilis 2
Ophioglossum azoricum 29
lusitanicum 30
vulgatum 28
subsp. ambiguum 29
Oreopteris limbosperma 48
Osmunda regalis 31
Phegopteris connectilis 47
Phyllitis scolopendrium 49
Pilularia globulifera 98
Polypodium australe 42
x interjectum 44
x vulgare 43
x font-queri 43
interjectum 40
x vulgare 41
x mantoniae 41
x shivasiae 44
vulgare 38, 39
subsp. prionodes 40
subsp. serrulatum 42
Polystichum aculeatum 78, 80
x lonchitis 79
x setiferum 79
x bicknellii 79
x illyricum 77, 79
x lonchitiforme 77, 79
lonchitis 77
x setiferum 77
setiferum 78, 80
Pteridium aquilinum 45
Pteris cretica 2
vittata 2
Selaginella kraussiana 2, 10
selaginoides 9
Thelypteris dryopteris 70
limbosperma 48
oreopteris 48
palustris 1, 46
phegopteris 46
robertiana 71
thelypteroides subsp. glabra 1, 46
Trichomanes speciosum 37
Woodsia alpina 75, 76
ilvensis 75
101