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July‐September 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ himself. The graves were filled up during the retreat of the Germans. At Stalins’s command, after the recapture of the land, the Soviets also asked for examination, asking some ´outstanding experts´. Aleksei Tolstoi, the writer and many metropolitans came to the conclusion that the Nazis are responsible for the murders. The story of Katyn after that is known, the relationship between the Polish government in London and the Soviets went from bad to worse and came to an end. The allies supported the lies of Stalin; kept the silence about the affair, and made sure that those who conducted the examinations disappear. After the war the Polish lawyer Roman Martini, who urged an inquiry, was murdered. The murder was well‐known to George VI and Churchill as well, via the Britisch officers who participated in the examination, but these leaders only admitted it at the start of the Cold War. Ferenc Orsós was a very important scientist for the NKVD so he had to escape to the West in December 1944 where he got American protection, but he had to stay quiet. A dedicated Soviet group is looking for him in Budapest. They impound, confiscate his files and test results, and the occupiers take everything. Ferenc Orsós diagnosed the exact time of the murders with his pollen study, by the lime deposition thickness in the skull and by the size and breed of the corpse insects. The time is certified by the witnesses, the found documents, the papers and the trees which were planted on top of the mass graves. Orsós was excluded from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at the same time as Bálint Hóman. Ferenc Orsós’ rehabilitation is still waiting to happen. By presenting his work to the world would not only mean his recognition as an important scientist, but would also help the recognition of the Hungarian science. Dr. Ferenc Orsós Translated by Andrea Muerth _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001‐2010 26
July‐September 2010 JOURNAL OF EURASIAN STUDIES Volume II., Issue 3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract MARÁCZ, László Multilingualism in the Hungarian Kingdom (1867‐1918): Language Policy and Practice With the Compromis of 1867, the Hungarian kingdom received an equal status within the Austrian part of the Austro‐Hungarian Dual Monarchy. Hungary became a sovereign entity within the Hapsburg Monarchy. Next to a common monarch from the House of Hapsburg who had the title of ‘emperor’ in Austria and that of ‘king’ in Hungary, three ministries were in common, including the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Finances and Defence. The Compromis marking the autonomous position of Hungary in the Double Monarchy ended in 1918 with the dissolution of the Hapsburg Empire. Hence, the time framing from 1867 until 1918 of this study. The Austro‐Hungarian Monarchy was a clear multilingual state in which fourteen languages were officially recognized, including Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Romanian, Ruthanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian and Turkish. Although not all the languages were spoken throughout the empire and sometimes very much restricted to certain regions and local areas multilingualism was regulated by law. In this paper, I will concentrate on the Hungarian, i.e. the Transleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy paying credit to the pioneering studies of Goebl (1994) and especially Rindler‐Schjerve (2003) who insightfully analysed multilingualism in the Cisleithanian part, i.e. Austria adopting a sociolinguistic framework. 1 I will break with post World War I tradition in historiography claiming that multilingualism was severely restricted in the Hungarian kingdom and that the non‐Hungarian state languages were suppressed being the only reason for causing harsh language and ethnic conflicts. 2 Rather the analysis of multilingualism in the Hungarian kingdom is more complex than 1 This paper appeared in Jolán Róka (ed). 2010. Concepts & Consequences of Multilingualism in Europe. Budapest: Századvég Kiadó. 55‐96. It is my conviction that the phenomenon of multilingualism and the phenomena related to it in both parts of the Austro‐Hungarian Empire, i.e. Cisleithania and Transleithania cannot be studied separately. It is obvious that the relation between Vienna, Budapest and the regions in both parts are a kind of power triangle that was inherently connected. In the case of Bosnia or Croatia, Vienna and Budapest were even in competition. Here I am indebted to Nikola Rasic for bringing this to my attention. To get deeper insight into Cisleithania and Transleithania and their mutual relation these cases must be studied in a comparative framework. Also comparing separate case studies, like the multilingual cities of Trieste and Fiume in both parts of the empire would offer an interesting insight into the policy and practice of multilingualism in the whole empire. 2 It is not easy to find unbiased historic studies of the Hungarian kingdom under dualism. The reason for this is that historiography of the non‐Hungarian successor states of dualist Hungary has been dominated by the nationalist paradigm. This favors a bipolar analysis of all the nationality conflicts in the Hungarian kingdom in terms of the Hungarian versus non‐ _____________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001‐2010 27
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