Internet Protocol - Research by Kirils Solovjovs

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Skype protocol 80 Packet compression Packets can be compressed. The algorithm is a variation of arithmetic compression that uses reals instead of bits. Legal issues Reverse engineering of the Skype protocol by inspecting/disassembling binaries is prohibited by the terms and conditions of Skype's license agreement. However there are legal precedents when the reverse-engineering is aimed at interoperability of file formats and protocols. [9][10][11] In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act grants a safe harbor to reverse engineer software for the purposes of interoperability with other software. [12][13] In addition, many countries specifically permit a program to be copied for the purposes of reverse engineering. [14] Notes [1] Skype for Asterisk – Production Released! (http:/ / blogs. digium. com/ 2009/ 08/ 31/ skype-for-asterisk-production-released/ ), By pengler, August 31st, 2009, Digium - The Asterisk Company [2] Page 11 in Salman A. Baset; Henning Schulzrinne (2004). "An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol". arXiv:cs/0412017v1 [cs.NI]. [3] Skype "3.3 Utilization of Your Computer" (http:/ / www. skype. com/ intl/ en/ legal/ eula/ #you_expect), End User License Agreement, August 2010 [4] Introduction Skype analysis Enforcing anti-Skype policies (http:/ / www. ossir. org/ windows/ supports/ 2005/ 2005-11-07/ EADS-CCR_Fabrice_Skype. pdf), Skype uncovered Security study of Skype, Desclaux Fabrice, 7/11/2005, EADS CCR/STI/C [5] http:/ / support. skype. com/ en_US/ faq/ FA153/ Which-protocols-does-Skype-use [6] http:/ / www. oklabs. net/ category/ skype-reverse/ [7] Dario Bonfiglio et al. “Revealing Skype Traffic: When Randomness Plays with You,” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 37:4 (SIGCOMM 2007), p. 37-48 (https:/ / www. dpacket. org/ articles/ revealing-skype-traffic-when-randomness-plays-you) [8] Fabrice Desclaux, Kostya Kortchinsky (2006-06-17). "Vanilla Skype part 2" (http:/ / www. recon. cx/ en/ f/ vskype-part2. pdf). RECON2006. . [9] Sega vs Accolade, 1992 [10] Sony vs Connectix, 2000 [11] Pamela Samuelson and Suzanne Scotchmer, "The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering", 111 Yale Law Journal 1575-1663 (May 2002) (http:/ / www. yalelawjournal. org/ pdf/ 111-7/ SamuelsonFINAL. pdf) [12] 17 U.S.C. Sec. 1201(f). [13] WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act [14] In the French "intellectual property" law set, there is an exception that allows any software user to reverse engineer it. See code de la propriété intellectuelle (http:/ / legifrance. gouv. fr/ affichCodeArticle. do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414& idArticle=LEGIARTI000006278920& dateTexte=20080329& categorieLien=cid) (French). This law is the national implementation of a piece of EU legislation: Council Directive 91/250/EEC (http:/ / eur-lex. europa. eu/ LexUriServ/ LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:31991L0250:EN:NOT), since then repealed by Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs (http:/ / eur-lex. europa. eu/ LexUriServ/ LexUriServ. do?uri=CELEX:32009L0024:EN:NOT) which also has a very similar provision allowing reverse engineering/decompilation for the purposes of development and testing of independent but inter-operating programs). References • Salman A. Baset; Henning Schulzrinne (2004). "An analysis of the Skype peer-to-peer Internet telephony protocol". arXiv:cs/0412017v1 [cs.NI]. • P. Biondi and F. Desclaux (March 3, 2006). "Silver Needle in the Skype" (http:/ / www. blackhat. com/ presentations/ bh-europe-06/ bh-eu-06-biondi/ bh-eu-06-biondi-up. pdf). • F. Desclaux and K. Kortchinsky (June 6, 2006). "Vanilla Skype - part 1" (http:/ / www. recon. cx/ en/ f/ vskype-part1. pdf). • F. Desclaux and K. Kortchinsky (June 17, 2006). "Vanilla Skype - part 2" (http:/ / www. recon. cx/ en/ f/ vskype-part2. pdf). • L. De Cicco, S. Mascolo, V. Palmisano (May 2007). "An Experimental Investigation of the Congestion Control Used by Skype VoIP." (http:/ / c3lab. poliba. it/ images/ d/ d2/ Skype_wwic07. pdf). WWIC 07. Springer.
Skype protocol 81 • L. De Cicco, S. Mascolo, V. Palmisano (December 9–11, 2008). "A Mathematical Model of the Skype VoIP Congestion Control Algorithm." (http:/ / c3lab. poliba. it/ images/ 2/ 22/ Skype_voip_model. pdf). Proc. of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control 2008. • Dario Bonfiglio, Marco Melia, Michela Meo, Dario Rossi, Paolo Tofanelli (August 27–31, 2007). "Revealing Skype Traffic: When Randomness Plays With You" (https:/ / www. dpacket. org/ articles/ revealing-skype-traffic-when-randomness-plays-you). ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. External links • Repository of articles on Skype analysis (http:/ / www1. cs. columbia. edu/ ~salman/ skype/ ) BitTorrent BitTorrent is a protocol that underpins the practice of peer-to-peer file sharing and is used for distributing large amounts of data over the Internet. BitTorrent is one of the most common protocols for transferring large files and it has been estimated that, collectively, peer-to-peer networks have accounted for approximately 43% to 70% of all Internet traffic (depending on geographical location) as of February 2009. [1] Programmer Bram Cohen designed the protocol in April 2001 and released the first available version on July 2, 2001. [2] Currently, numerous BitTorrent clients are available for a variety of computing platforms. As of January 2012, BitTorrent is utilized by 150 million active users (according to BitTorrent, Inc.). Based on this figure, the total number of monthly BitTorrent users can be estimated at more than a quarter of a billion. [3] At any given instant, BitTorrent has, on average, more active users than YouTube and Facebook combined (this refers to the number of active users at any instant and not to the total number of unique users). [4][5] Research has also shown that, since 2010, more than 200,000 users of the protocol have been sued. [6] Description The BitTorrent protocol can be used to reduce the server and network impact of distributing large files. Rather than downloading a file from a single source server, the BitTorrent protocol allows users to join a "swarm" of hosts to download and upload from each other simultaneously. The protocol is an alternative to the older single source, multiple mirror sources technique for distributing data, and can work over networks with lower bandwidth so many small computers, like mobile phones, are able to efficiently distribute files to many recipients. A user who wants to upload a file first creates a small torrent descriptor file that they distribute by conventional means (web, email, etc.). They then make the file itself available through a BitTorrent node acting as a seed. Those with the torrent descriptor file can give it to their own BitTorrent nodes which, acting as peers or leechers, download it by connecting to the seed and/or other peers. The file being distributed is divided into segments called pieces. As each peer receives a new piece of the file it becomes a source (of that piece) for other peers, relieving the original seed from having to send that piece to every computer or user wishing a copy. With BitTorrent, the task of distributing the file is shared by those who want it; it is entirely possible for the seed to send only a single copy of the file itself and eventually distribute to an unlimited number of peers. Each piece is protected by a cryptographic hash contained in the torrent descriptor. [7] This ensures that any modification of the piece can be reliably detected, and thus prevents both accidental and malicious modifications of any of the pieces received at other nodes. If a node starts with an authentic copy of the torrent descriptor, it can verify the authenticity of the entire file it receives.
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An Introduction to Computer Network
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Internet 11 Digital media streaming
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Internet 15 Internet, Berdal also n
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Internet 17 [32] Walter Willinger,
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Internet 19 • "The Internet sprea
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Internet protocol suite 21 The netw
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Internet protocol suite 23 Layers i
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Internet protocol suite 25 3. The S
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Internet protocol suite 27 Applicat
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Page 103 and 104: Hostname 101 rr.pmtpa.wikimedia.org
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Internet Protocol - Research by Kirils Solovjovs

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