AG Mini-A-CAES/2-TES: Above Ground Compressed Air Energy Storage 1 ...
AG Mini-A-CAES/2-TES: Above Ground Compressed Air Energy Storage 1 ...
AG Mini-A-CAES/2-TES: Above Ground Compressed Air Energy Storage 1 ...
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<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>CAES</strong>/2-<strong>TES</strong>: <strong>TES</strong>:<br />
<strong>Above</strong> <strong>Ground</strong> <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> 1 to 10 MW<br />
combined with a two two-level level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong><br />
(“…make Wind Farm / PV dipatchable dipatchable”) ”)<br />
Federico Santi, University of Rome
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> AA-<strong>CAES</strong>/2<br />
<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>TES</strong> Concept<br />
<strong>CAES</strong> is a well known energy storage technology (two existing plants in the world: US and Germany)<br />
Several research groups are exploring innovation in <strong>CAES</strong> techs (RWE/GE Adele, ESPC, SustainX, etc.)<br />
Our proposal “<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> A-AES / 2 <strong>TES</strong>” is an evolutionary <strong>CAES</strong> system with:<br />
• <strong>Above</strong> <strong>Ground</strong> (“<strong>AG</strong>”) compressed air storage (not underground cavern, but steel tanks)<br />
• Medium-Small Size (“<strong>Mini</strong>”) i.e. 1 to 10 MW, about 8 hrs charge / 2 hrs discharge (it can be modified)<br />
• Adiabatic (“A-<strong>CAES</strong>”): heat produced during compression stored/used to heat air before expansion<br />
• Two-level thermal energy storage (“2 <strong>TES</strong>”), molten salt and pressurized hot water<br />
Adiabatic <strong>CAES</strong> concept: compressed air coming out from the<br />
storage system has to be heated before to enter in the air<br />
expander to generate electric power<br />
<strong>CAES</strong> fired → Natural gas combus�on (CO2 emissions)<br />
The heat produced during compression phase is<br />
dissipated (low compression-phase efficiency)<br />
A-<strong>CAES</strong> → Heat stored in a <strong>TES</strong> system<br />
The heat produced during the compression phase is<br />
stored and then used for the power generation
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Wind Farm (or PV)<br />
The (Evolutionary) Idea<br />
Our idea is based on the following, simple 5 main milestones milestones:<br />
Grid<br />
We see 13 good reasons to choose <strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>TES</strong> for smart grids / balancing renewables
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
<strong>Above</strong> <strong>Ground</strong> <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> System<br />
<strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> System: Steel-Pipes (42” o 48”) H or V in a concrete building<br />
�<strong>Storage</strong> Capacity: 0,14 to 14 Mm 3 .<br />
�<strong>Storage</strong> pressure up to 100÷150 bar<br />
�In/Out <strong>Air</strong> Flow about 300 kg/s.<br />
�System response time: few minutes<br />
�Cost: about 40 M€ for 3 Mm 3 system<br />
High-Performance<br />
<strong>Compressed</strong> Natural Gas<br />
(CNG) Technologies<br />
Alternative: Normal Steel Tank<br />
Design Specifications:<br />
�Standard: �Standard: EN 13445<br />
�Max pressure: 55Barg<br />
�Max temperature: 100°C<br />
�Corrosion: 3mm<br />
�Material: P355 NH EN10028-3<br />
Traditional<br />
<strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong><br />
Technologies
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
<strong>Above</strong> <strong>Ground</strong> <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> System<br />
Horizontal Configuration<br />
Vertical Configuration<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>CAES</strong> example (GE Gas Turbine, not “A”, not “<strong>Mini</strong>”, no “<strong>TES</strong>”)<br />
Surface <strong>CAES</strong> – Vertical Configuration<br />
Possible Application in a 1200 MW CCGT<br />
Power Plant (Civitavecchia, Rome)
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Combining <strong>AG</strong> and <strong>TES</strong>: an Optimization Problem<br />
50 MW Wind Farm + <strong>AG</strong> A-<strong>CAES</strong> example (charge 8 hrs eq., discharge 2 hrs eq.)<br />
• Traditional <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> Tanks<br />
• Experimental <strong>TES</strong>: Concrete Blocks<br />
Comments:<br />
• Low Efficiency (54%)<br />
• Experimental <strong>TES</strong><br />
• High Cost of Traditional<br />
Compressd <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> Tank<br />
but…<br />
• Total Investment Cost<br />
(2000 €/kW) less than NaS batteries<br />
• Size optimized for medium-small<br />
wind farms and/or large PV plants<br />
• Fast Response Time<br />
(few minutes)<br />
• Capable to balance RES<br />
• No siting problems (hydropumping,<br />
UG <strong>CAES</strong>, …)<br />
• No cycling problems<br />
• No fossil fuels<br />
• No fire/explosion hazards<br />
• No risks for the environment
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Benefits:<br />
Low cost materials<br />
Flexible design<br />
Small exergetic losses<br />
Small energetic losses<br />
Different <strong>TES</strong> Systems:<br />
<strong>TES</strong> MAIN ISSUE<br />
Two Two-level level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong><br />
Phase Changing Material Low efficiency due to high exegetic losses<br />
Diathermic Oil Can be used both as <strong>TES</strong> and heat transfer fluid<br />
but high cost, safety and environmental issues<br />
Molten Salt Low cost,<br />
but high solidification temperature<br />
Pressurized water Low cost, but low storage temperature<br />
Concrete blocks Variable out temp., low efficiency<br />
Hybrid Solutions:<br />
Super-heated water and concrete<br />
Super-heated water and molten salt<br />
Pressurized water and molten salt hybrid <strong>TES</strong> most promising solution solving the issues shown in the others<br />
High<br />
Temperature:<br />
Solar Grade<br />
Molten Salts<br />
Low<br />
Temperature:<br />
Pressurized<br />
Water
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Two pressure levels plant scheme
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Ex. “Catalogue” Components and Performances<br />
Compression:<br />
35% P / min<br />
response time < 5 min<br />
Generation:<br />
20% P /min,<br />
response time < 10min<br />
GE Turbo Expander<br />
9
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>TES</strong> Cost Estimates<br />
One pressure level<br />
Min/max pressure 13/22 bar<br />
Roundtrip efficiency 63%<br />
Easier control strategy<br />
Lower cost<br />
Cost estimates (10 MW):<br />
• 940 €/kWh<br />
• 2000 €/kW<br />
Two pressure levels<br />
Min/max pressure 34/56 bar<br />
Roundtrip efficiency 64%<br />
Slightly more complex control<br />
Higher cost<br />
Cost Cost estimates estimates (10MW): (10MW):<br />
• 980 €/kWh<br />
• 2330 €/kW<br />
Investment cost breakdown (CAPEX)<br />
Component 1 pressure level (€/kW) 2 pressure levels (€/kW)<br />
Heat exchangers 238 12% 572 25%<br />
Turbomachinery 398 20% 323 14%<br />
<strong>TES</strong> 29 1% 63 3%<br />
<strong>Compressed</strong> air tanks 1152 58% 1099 47%<br />
Contingency/civil works 182 9% 276 12%<br />
Total 1999 2333
10000<br />
8000<br />
6000<br />
4000<br />
2000<br />
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
0<br />
17,1%<br />
12,9%<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> Balance<br />
2 pressure<br />
levels A-<br />
<strong>CAES</strong><br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>TES</strong> Main Features<br />
4,1% 1,2%<br />
Life cycles comparative<br />
1 pressure<br />
level A-<br />
<strong>CAES</strong><br />
Salt <strong>TES</strong> losses<br />
Water <strong>TES</strong> losses<br />
64,6%<br />
<strong>Air</strong> Tank energy losses<br />
Exhaust residual heat losses<br />
Useful energy<br />
NaS Battery Pb Acid<br />
advanced<br />
Battery<br />
Li-ion Battery<br />
3000<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
2 pressure<br />
levels A-<br />
<strong>CAES</strong><br />
Installation cost [€/kW]<br />
1 pressure<br />
level A-<br />
<strong>CAES</strong><br />
NaS Battery Pb Acid ad- Li-ion BatvancedBatterytery<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> A-<strong>CAES</strong><br />
2 <strong>TES</strong><br />
Comparison with other ES technologies:<br />
Enormous durability advantage compared to whatever battery<br />
Installation cost comparable with batteries, less than hydro<br />
More environmental friendly and safe than batteries<br />
Fully made by existing and well proved components, no R&D<br />
Flexible to be used in a wide range of applications<br />
Siting much easier than hydro-pump
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> AA-<strong>CAES</strong>/2<br />
<strong>CAES</strong>/2 <strong>TES</strong> – History / Status<br />
Jul . 2009/Jan.2010: “Study of the maximum installable RES power capacity in the Italian electrical system” – AIEE / <strong>Energy</strong> Foundation<br />
(key-findings: storage convenient, 4 GW in 2020 + 5 GW wind/storage in 2030)<br />
Oct/Nov 2010: Proposal for a full-scal Wind + <strong>Above</strong> gound <strong>CAES</strong> demo project, discussed with ENEL (Donatini, Zulberti)<br />
Aug. 2010: “Electricity <strong>Storage</strong> in Italy: a Long Term Cost-Benefit Analysis Conducted with a Markal-Times Model of the Italian<br />
Electrical System” – IAEE European Conference, Vilnius 26-08-2010<br />
Aug. 2010/Jan.2012: N.6 M.Sc. Thesis in <strong>Energy</strong> Engineering about <strong>Above</strong>-<strong>Ground</strong> <strong>CAES</strong>/<strong>TES</strong> (<strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> with<br />
Thermal Enegy <strong>Storage</strong>) wind-farm integrated”, Professors M.Cumo and F. Santi; simulation/optimization modelling<br />
Sept. 2011: start-up “Celertech Celertech” - financial advisor and business incubator for Smart Grid /ES technologies<br />
Jun. 2012: start-up “StorAge StorAge” - A spin-off company to accelerate the <strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>/2-<strong>TES</strong> technology developement<br />
STATUS: Basic Engineering Design ready for several options, 1 to 10 MW<br />
Front-End Engineering Designed phased-up, to be finished within 6 months<br />
Venture Capital Interest Collected from Potential Industrial Partners<br />
NEXT-STEPS: First Mover (demo, 1 to 10 MW)<br />
Business model / regulation (market or tarifs?)
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Conclusions<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> A-AES / 2 <strong>TES</strong> is an evolutionary <strong>CAES</strong> system with the following charactestics:<br />
• Existing components already available on the market (zero time-to-market, no further R&D activity)<br />
• <strong>Above</strong> <strong>Ground</strong> <strong>CAES</strong> (without any problem of siting)<br />
• Medium-Small Size 1 to 10 MW (smart grid / dispatchable renewables oriented)<br />
• Adiabatic (no needs for fossil fuels)<br />
• Two-level <strong>TES</strong>, molten salt and pressurized hot water (high efficiency , low cost, safe <strong>TES</strong>)<br />
• No fire/explosion hazardous<br />
• No environmental concerns<br />
• Flexible. Fast response to dynamic load (few minutes) during charge and discharge.<br />
• No limits to the number, depth, frequency, duration of the charge/discharge cycles.<br />
• Long lifetime, high IRR<br />
• Low O&M cost (OPEX).<br />
• Efficiency up to 65%, comparable to hydro-pump<br />
• Investment Cost (CAPEX) lower than NaS and Li-Ion batteries<br />
<strong>AG</strong> <strong>Mini</strong> AA-<strong>CAES</strong><br />
<strong>CAES</strong> 7/2 <strong>TES</strong> will play a major role in <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> world market during the next 10 years
<strong>Mini</strong> <strong>Mini</strong>-A-<strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>CAES</strong>: <strong>Compressed</strong> <strong>Air</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong> combined with two-level two level Thermal <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>Storage</strong>, size 1 to 10 MW<br />
Thank You<br />
Federico Santi<br />
Rome University La Sapienza, M.Sc. <strong>Energy</strong> Engineering Professor<br />
Scientific Director of Italian Association od <strong>Energy</strong> Economists (AIEE) / <strong>Energy</strong> Foundation<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> Manager of the Italian Agency for <strong>Air</strong> Traffic Management<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> Manager of Port of Rome (Civitavecchia, Fiumicino and Gaeta)<br />
Managing Director of the independent consultant engineering company:<br />
Studio Santi – Innovation in <strong>Energy</strong><br />
Via Cavour 18 – 00058 Santa Marinella (RM) – ITALY<br />
phone: +39 0766537905<br />
mobile: +39 3666708014<br />
e-mail: mail: federico.santi@studiosanti.eu
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